About Edgar Allan Poe's Death
Edgar-Allan-Poe-介绍
III Historical position
( I ) He is one of the most famous American Poets, fictionists and literature critics.
Influence
Poe and his works influenced literature in the United States and around the world, as well as in specialized fields, such as cosmology and cryptography. Poe and his work appear throughout popular culture in literature, music, films, and television. A number of his homes are dedicated museums today.
Life Experience
Final days: a His wife died in 1847, 10 days after his birthday. b After losing his wife, Poe collapsed from stress and was also in poor health . c He died in October 7, 1849 with some uncertain reasons.
as long as “The Raven”). 3. Its chief aim is beauty, namely, to produce a feeling of
Edgar Allan Poe作品Thou art the man 就是你(新浪华理杯)【我的参赛译文】
彭尼费瑟被收押的结局是显而易见的。
他会在所有喧嚣堡市民的唾骂声中，接受法庭的下一期刑事审判。
当这一系列详实的证据（因一些额外的事实而更加确凿，）看上去是那样牢不可破、无懈可击时，陪审团连站起来都不用，就会立即判他犯有“一级谋杀罪”。
不久之后，这个悲惨的家伙就被判处死刑，送进县监狱等待法律的无情惩罚了。
与此同时，朴实的自治区市民也因“老查理·古德费瑟”的高尚（侠义）行为而对其倍加喜爱。
他成了一个十倍于以往的好人，结果自然而然地受到了大家的热情款待，在一定程度上，他对此毫不拘束。
必然地，他的贫困状况迫使他养成了极为节俭的习惯，他很少在自己家里举办聚会。
当然了，当他沉浸在欢愉之中时，偶尔谈起他已故好友的侄子不幸而可悲的命运，他会觉得有点扫兴。
有一天，天气不错，这个宽宏大量的老绅士又惊又喜地收到了下面这封信：——喧嚣堡市查尔斯·古德费瑟绅士《收》A级1号的瓶装马尔戈庄园红葡萄酒6打（半罗）1。
豪格斯，弗洛格，保格斯公司亲爱的查尔斯·古德费瑟先生：两个月前，我们公司受尊贵的客户——巴纳斯·沃特沃斯先生的委托，今天早上，特地给您送去一大箱带有紫罗兰印章的羚羊牌马尔戈庄园红葡萄酒。
我们对箱子进行了编号，且在各边上做了标记。
您最忠实的仆人豪格斯，弗洛格，保格斯公司18XX年6月21日于XX市附：在您收到这封信的第二天，这箱酒将会通过货车运到贵处。
请向沙特沃思先生致意。
“豪格斯，弗洛格，保格斯公司”事实上，在沙特沃思先生遇害后，古德费瑟先生就不再奢望能收到曾经许诺给自己的马尔戈庄园红葡萄酒了；因此他现在将其看成是上帝对他的格外恩赐。
他当然高兴极了，为了打开尝尝好人沙特沃思老先生送的酒，他兴高采烈地邀请了很多朋友第二天出席他举行的小型晚宴。
但是当他发出邀请时，并没有提到“好人沙特沃思老先生”。
事实上，他左思右想，最终决定只字不提。
他没有提到任何人——如果我没记错的话——他已经收到了一箱马尔戈庄园红葡萄酒的礼物了。
埃德加·爱伦·坡：玛丽·罗杰斯是他的缪斯女神还是他的谋杀受害者？
埃德加·爱伦·坡：玛丽·罗杰斯是他的缪斯女神还是他的谋杀受害者？埃德加·爱伦·坡被认为是一位文学天才、恐怖文学之父和侦探小说的发明家.爱伦·坡无疑是一位才华横溢的天才，他能精心策划情节.他展现了人类灵魂中最黑暗、最复杂的一面，能够激起读者的恐惧、痛苦和不安，使他们有足够的胆量沉浸在自己的故事中，从1842年11月到1843年2月.其中一个故事是玛丽·罗杰之谜：一个“whodunit”故事，分三个部分讲述了一个可爱的黑发女人的神秘死亡.作者受到一个真实事件的启发：玛丽·塞西莉亚·罗杰斯的谋杀，1841年7月28日，在纽约被称为“美丽的雪茄女孩”的一名年轻女子被发现漂浮在哈德逊河的水中.在很长一段时间里，埃德加·爱伦·坡可能是一名谋杀嫌疑犯，玛丽·罗杰斯是一名年轻貌美的女子，自1839年起在纽约一家著名的雪茄店当店员.玛丽被认为是一个品行端正、品味朴素的好工人，她的特点是总是给进店买东西的绅士留下很好的印象，她的美貌和善良甚至使许多男人都为她写诗，从朴素的工人到最重要的商人，所有的顾客都被这个年轻的女人奉承了.爱伦坡有一种天赋，能激起读者的恐惧、痛苦和不安，而读者却乐于欣赏他的故事，在玛丽遇刺前一年，她在当时的小报上出演了一个非常奇怪的事件：她失踪了，两周后又神秘地出现在她的工作场所.当她声称自己刚刚住在一个朋友的家里时，警方在她的同事的关心下调查了她的失踪，认为这可能是一次绑架.一段时间后，玛丽又在另一次失踪后引起了警方的注意.这次警方的调查导致了约翰·安德森，雪茄店的老板.安德森先生作为一个绅士，每天在玛丽下班的时候陪她回家.然而，尽管安德森没有不在场证明，他还是被释放了，因为警方开始怀疑女孩的未婚夫大卫佩恩.佩恩在一份声明中证实，在玛丽失踪的那天，他和她在一起，但否认与她的失踪有关.1841年7月28日，玛丽·罗杰斯的尸体被发现漂浮在哈德逊河的水中，有明显的暴力痕迹.在她尸体被取回的地方附近的森林里，发现了一条披肩、阳伞、腰带和一条绣有他名字首字母的手帕.，1841年7月28日，玛丽·罗杰斯的尸体被从哈德逊河的水中拖了出来.埃德加·爱伦·坡（1852年）的短篇小说《玛丽·罗杰特之谜》（Wikimedia Common s）的插图，同一天，佩恩因过量吸食鸦片而自杀，但没有留下一张字条，上面写着：“对世界来说，我就在这里.”.“愿上帝宽恕我浪费的生命.”在他自杀后，公众确信玛丽的未婚夫有罪，但警方几天内证实佩恩确实有不在场证明，因此不可能犯罪.玛丽·罗杰斯的死是当时出版的最著名的罪行之一，由于警察工作的笨拙和公民委员会的介入，使其成为最早轰动性的刑事案件之一，这一罪行震惊了纽约社会，爆发了大规模的*** 活动，年轻玛丽的死暴露了警察和司法系统的无能，并导致了政治斗争.这也激起了无良企业家的贪欲，也激起了一场轰轰烈烈的生意，调查过程复杂，有很多虚假线索，嫌疑人的*** 和导致警方走向死胡同的各种理论成倍增加，一年后，犯罪仍未解决，警察和社会利益开始减退玛丽死后，她的一位前客户埃德加·爱伦·坡创造了玛丽·罗盖特，《玛丽·罗盖特之谜：爱伦·坡的侦探角色C·奥古斯特·杜平出现的第二个故事》中一个悲伤的主人公.这个角色被认为是亚瑟·柯南·道尔爵士-夏洛克·福尔摩斯创作的著名侦探的基础.，夏洛克·福尔摩斯雕像的剪影，位于伦敦贝克街.这个著名的虚构侦探几乎肯定是受到了奥古斯特·杜平的启发，他主演了埃德加·爱伦·坡的一些故事.（Flickr），当时的爱伦·坡最近出版了停尸房街的谋杀案，开始写下一本关于玛丽·罗杰斯第二次失踪和随后死亡的有趣故事的书.爱伦·坡把他的故事放在巴黎，改了名字，但没有改变基本细节.他想运用奥古斯特·杜平的推理能力，如果一切按计划进行，这个故事将是一个获得成功和名声的机会，作者的意图是他的小说侦探将首先发现罪犯，但由于篇幅的原因，故事分为三部分，在最后一个交付之前，当局恢复了调查，结果与杜平的调查结果相悖.因此，坡被迫根据法庭的判决调整自己的结论.，在坡的故事中，他讨论了真实案件的各个方面，包括测试和发表在主要报纸上的有关玛丽谋杀案的数据，正是由于他的故事的详细程度，才开始出现关于坡是否知道太多的谣言，包括一些没有公开的数据.于是问题接踵而至——坡是罪魁祸首吗？，1842年11月出版的《女伴》（Ladies Companion）一书的副本，坡在其中出版了他根据玛丽谋杀案撰写的三篇小说中的一篇（维基媒体共享），非官方的故事说，在这位漂亮的店员被杀的三年前，坡参观了她工作的雪茄厂，就在那天被发现和她调情在这女孩失踪前，两个星期内，第一次，而且，似乎在她被谋杀前三天，有人看见玛丽和一个男人走在一起，这个男人的描述和埃德加·艾伦·坡的完全吻合.，玛丽和爱伦·坡之间的真实关系仍然是个谜，我们知道的是，埃德加·爱伦·坡一生中可怕的个人经历在他身上创造了一种世界观，对他的作品产生了深远的影响.1860年代末，奥斯卡·哈林根据1849年的一张照片拍摄了埃德加·爱伦·坡的肖像.（公共领域），特色图片：埃德加·艾伦·坡（Edgar Allan Poe）肖像的数字插图（Flickr），本文首次以西班牙语发表在antigen-origins.es/上，并经许可翻译.，作者：MarilóTA，Edgar Allan Poe和Mary Rogers之谜misteriosdelmundo./Edgar-Allan-Poe-y-el-misterio-de-Mary-Rogers/，Edgar Allan Poe和Mary Rogers之谜bibliotecanegra/curiosidades/Edgar-Allan-Poe-y-el-misterio-de-Mary-Rogers-13021，评论书籍：埃德加和玛莉罗杰斯之谜.elpostiguet.es/51583116，Stashower，丹尼尔.埃德加和美丽雪茄女孩之谜：玛莉罗杰斯可怕死亡的调查.Alba社论.2010，这是古代起源小组，我们的使命是：“通过分享研究、教育和知识，激发人们对过去的开放式学习，以改善我们的未来”.阅读Mor.。
Edgar-Allan-Poe生平简介
Poe entered West Point. He was dishonorably discharged next year, for intentional neglect of his duties
• Virginia —his only wife in his life span
• Nancy Richmond ---girlfriend
• Sarah Helen Whitman --- his second fiancée
• In 1826 Poe left Richmond to attend the University of Virginia, where he accumulated considerable debt. The miserly Allan had sent Poe to college with less than a third of the money he needed, and Poe soon took up gambling to raise money to pay his expenses. By the end of his first term Poe was so desperately poor that he burned his furniture to keep warm.
He attended Manor School at Stoke Newington. He wrote several poems when he was a student. Later
it becomes the setting for his story 'William Wilson'.
Edgar Allan Poe 研究综述
埃德加•爱伦•坡研究综述埃德加•爱伦•坡（Edgar Allan Poe)（1809～1849），十九世纪美国诗人、小说家和文学评论家，在世时长期担任报刊编辑工作。
其作品是在任何时代都是“独一无二”的风格。
语言和形式精致、优美，内容多样。
爱伦•坡是侦探小说(detective story)鼻祖、科幻小说(science fiction)先驱之一、恐怖小说(horror fiction)大师、短篇哥特小说巅峰、象征主义(symbolism)先驱之一，唯美主义(aestheticism)者。
爱伦•坡最著名的文艺理论是“效果论”。
爱伦•坡是一位有争议的作家。
人们对他的评价褒贬不一。
不同时期的不少伟大作家都给予他截然不同的评价, 如: 萧伯纳(Bernard Shaw)认为: “美国出了两个伟大的作家——埃德加•爱伦•坡和马克•吐温”。
丁尼生( Tennyson) 说坡是“美国最具独创性的天才”。
( the most original American genius) 叶芝(Yeats) 说他是“美国最伟大的诗人, 而且永远是全世界伟大的抒情诗人”。
( a great lyric poet of the world)。
(Belgion: 1951: 51) J•S•戴也说: “坡在小说中,对环境造成的极度痛苦的恐怖,能给读者留下最深刻的印象”。
(Russell Blankenship,1973: 215)爱默生(Emerson)称他为“打油诗人”。
( a jingle man)惠特曼(Whitman)说他“在想象文学的电光之中明亮、旋目, 但没有热”。
(among the electric lights of imaginative literature, brilliant and dazzling, but with no heat) 还有人则无视爱伦•坡的才华, 认为他的艺术是: “不道德的或没有道德意识的”。
Edgar Allan Poe and his death theme
Edgar Allan Poe and his death themeDeath is one of the eternal themes of literature, in this passage I want to introduce the death theme in his works and the relationship between the death and his life experience.Note1: paraphrase notesWhat kind of reasons lead to Poe so fascinated death and death beauty? Poe has a very misery childhood, when he was two years old, his father died and one year latter, his mother also passed away because of tuberculosis. There are two important changes for his latter life. In his letter to his friend, he says, his mother was very beautiful in his memory and he was too young to enjoy his parents love, so he always pursue the love of parents, and this pursue become the most heavy burden for him, especially the love of mother. And in his life, he prefer keep the relationship with women who can play the part of his mother. There are several women occurred in his life, but unfortunately, they all leave him alone because of death. The fist person he fell in loved is his friend’s mother, in other words, this woman is Poe’s first love, and she likes his mother kind, beautiful, and so on. He also create poem “To Helen” for her, but one year latter, she died. After four years latter, his foster mother also died. In 1836, his beloved wife died. These three women are all died of tuberculosis.He experienced so much death, and his mother and his young wife all died of 24 years old, that is a very young age, the beautiful age in women life, for Poe, this is a very heavy attack to him. Now, we can realize the true reason why does Poe always write death and beauty in his works.聂方冲.爱伦坡创作中的美女之死[J].江西师范大学学报, 2006( 10).Note 2 paraphrase notesAccording to Cao Man,Allan Poe writes most death theme works for his reader, and these death theme works can be divided two categories, one of death theme is beautiful women death and the other is other people’s death. “Beautiful women’s death is the most poetic materials of Poe pursued, it make us readers feel agony and pity, give us melancholy and misery felling. While other’s death is write for make a atmosphere of terror, the aim is shock our heart, they make us feel terror, make us hair standing on end, and give us a huge mystery atmosphere, in this death theme, we can feel author’ s thirsty about life and the pursuit of love.曹曼. 爱伦·坡死亡主题的内涵读解[J]. 华中师范大学学报,2000Note3 direct quotation notesAccording to Zhao Ting ting,Poe’s poetry is full of fantasy elements, which is mainly because of his pursuit of the aesthetics of the beauty of death. The world after the death is the most wonderful and brilliant. The utmost restraint of beauty is death. On the one hand, death can cause people’s sadness on theDisappearance of beauty; it can also inspire people’s regrets and cherishment for beauty. It guides people to meditate on the glory of the other world and to ponder the essence of immortality.赵亭亭.论埃德加·爱伦·坡诗歌创作中的死亡美学[J].山东师范大学硕士论文,2010Note4 summary notesIn his article, He tries to realize eternal beauty and express his love for life in writing. Poe successfully puts His aesthetic principle "poetry for poetry's sake" into practice through his depicting beautiful woman's deaths in poems. In his poems, through describe the women’s beauty, he want to express one ultimate beauty. Such as his famous poem“To Helen”，Helen is the embodiment of ancients classical beauty, here we can feel Poe’ s pursuit of this beauty. And Poe wants to through describe death beauty not to express his negative emotion, the destination is awake people’s thirsty of life, and express the eternal beauty. And the most important is he wants to inspire people face death calmly, and taste the real beauty of life, furthermore cherish life.邹霞爱伦·坡诗歌中死亡主题的生命内涵大理学院外国语学院Note5 combinationAbout Poe’s works deathRebecca Ebeling thinks,“Poe’s my sterious felling of death and the illusion of afterlife were all reflected in his poetry,these poetry are all reflected his aesthetic view.”By giving a new implied meaning of death, Poe’s poetry bey ond the social life, leading readers roam in the aesthetic world, and let readers enjoy the heart shock trough eternal beauty, moreover,realized life meaning deeply.Cao man says,“We can detect Poe’s fierily pursuit of beauty life and the planning for the future through his desolate terror description about death and the contempt of cruel real word.” though his works full of despair,lost, unconcerned, sadness, fear and so on, this exactly implied his longer and pursuit about love. That is the real meaning of his death theme.Now,we may realized Poe’s works and his death theme. In my mind, Poe was lack of love and care, he writes lots of melancholy poetry and terror novels, this not mean his inner world is unhealthy, he writes this just want to express his fearful about this cold world, the beautiful women he loved were passed away gradually. He was too isolate to live in the world alone. He writes this works, in other word, expressed his thirsty about happiness life.〔1〕林书舟，凌海衡.海伦意象新辩：读爱伦坡的《致海伦》〔J〕.名作欣赏，2010（3）：93.〔2〕曹曼.爱伦·坡死亡主题的内涵解读〔J〕.华中师范大学学报：人文社会科学版，2000，39（2）：63-6。
弗洛伊德理论在黑猫中的体现英语作文
弗洛伊德理论在黑猫中的体现英语作文Born in Boston, Massachusetts, in January 1809, and died in Baltimore, Maryland, in October1849, Edgar Allan Poe lived only forty years in this world, but his name brings to mind images ofmurderers and madmen, premature burials, and mysterious women who return from the dead. Hisworks have been in print since 1827 and include such literary classics as “The Tell-Tale Heart” ,“The Raven”, and “The Fall of the House of Usher”. This versatile writer’s oeuvre includes shortstories, poetry, a novel, a textbook, a book of scientific theory, and hundreds of essays and bookreviews. He is widely acknowledged as the inventor of the modern detective story and an innovatorin the science fiction genre, and he made his living as America’s first great literary critic andtheoretician. Poe’s reputation today rests primarily on his tales of terror as well as on his hauntinglyric poetry.Poe’s short stories are abounded with bloody violence, murder and even supernatural events.And the places where the stories occur are usually dreary and gloomy castles, bleak cellars orchurches, and thrilling grave yards. All these are the recurrent and indispensable elements inestablishing Poe’s prevalent terror,which is strong enough to shake readers’interior feelings.Among these stories, Poe can not stop interpreting his “death wish”. “Death” has become one of hisconstant themes, especially the death of a beautiful woman, and he made assertions in his famousarticle “The Philosophy of Composition” that this is “the most poetical topic in theworld”. Suchstories as “Ligeia”“Morella” and “Berenice” are good examples. And personal tragedy was anotherrecurring theme throughout Poe’s life.In his early childhood, his father deserted the family andlater his beloved mother died. He was adopted by a wealthy tobacco family but seldom had a goodtime with them. It is his miserable life experience and his pessimistic temperament that led Poe tobe obsessed with his “death fantasia” and dark romanticism. It is not difficult to find that Poe has anastonishingly strong and meanwhile twisted and weird power of imagination which is quitebewildering, and this is one of the reasons that he isdrawn much attention.Allan Poe himself is also one of the most controversial figures in the American literaryhistory. Although his contributions to the literature have been widely acknowledged at present, hewas misunderstood at his time because of his wired character. For example, his literary executor- - 1 -Rufus Griswold spared no pains, after Allan Poe’s death, to sully his reputation—he painted Poe asa Bohemian, depraved, and demonic, a villain with no virtue at all. Professor Chang also mentionedthat Poe’s own work did at times seem to corroborate the view of Griswold’s and many others thathis was an evil genius and thus the legend steadily building up about Poe placed the man in a veryunfavorable light; therefore Emerson dismissed him in three words “the jingle man”and MarkTwain declared his prose to be unreadable. Henry James madethe ruthless statement that “anenthusiasm for Poe is the mark of a decidedly primitive stage of reflection”. And Whitman, whowas the only famous literary figure presented at Poe Memorial Ceremony in Baltimore in 1875,hada mixed feeling about Poe: he did admit Poe’s genius, but it was“its narrow range and unhealthylurid quality”that most impressed him.However, needless to say, the majority of critics today, in America as well as in the world,have recognized the real, unique importance of Poe as a great writer of fiction, a poet of the firstrank, and a critic of acumen and insight. His works are read the world over with appreciation andunderstanding.thEdgar Allan Poe’s works didn’t bring him fame and fortunate before he died. Since the 20century, with the irrationalism philosophy and Fraud’s psychoanalysis rising and developing, AllanPoe and his works have been wildly accepted.Freud proposed that the human psyche could be divided intothree parts: Id, ego, andsuper-ego. Id represents human being’s basic desire, impulse and vitality for living. It is thesubconsciousness part of human being’s spiritual activities. The super-ego is the moral component of the psyche, which takes into account no special circumstances in which the morally right thingmay not be right for a given situation.The rational ego attempts to exact a balance between theimpractical hedonism of the id and the equally impractical moralism of the super-ego; it is the partof the psyche that is usually reflected most directly in a person's actions. When overburdened orthreatened by its tasks, it may employ defense mechanisms including denial, repression, anddisplacement.There are always conflicts between Id and super-ego. If a person keeps balance between bothof them, he will be a mental healthy man. If not, he will become anoia. Apparently, the hero in theBlack Cat was a twisted-mind person after experiencing a series of spirit change including impulse,crime, guilt and fear. In this thesis, the author analyzes the hero’s personalities in The Black Cataccording to Freud’s psychoanalysis, which will help us understand Poe’s other works and his- - 2 -artistic thoughts easily.Chapter 2 PsychoanalysisThis chapter consists of two parts, mainly dealing with the theories of psychoanalysis. Thefirst part is a brief introduction to Freudian psychological theories, aimed to present a panoramic view of the school. The second part gives an account of one major theory of psychoanalysis—thestructural model of personalities. Serving as an interpreting vehicle for the criticism to be conducted, the theroy will be adopted and applied later to the analysis of the unreliable narrator in The BlackCat.2.1 OverviewThe theory of psychoanalysis initiated by Sigmund Freud, the famous Austrian neurologist, isa set of creative ideas and was originally employed for thetreatment of mentally-disordered patients.thComing at the turn of the 20century, this theory provided a radically new approach to the analysisof human behaviors in the medical field. Resting on the convincing evidence obtained throughmany carefully recorded case studies, Freud claimed that most of our actions are motivated bypsychological forces over which we have very limited control. Based on years of fruitful researchwork, Freud finally established his own theoretic realm of psychoanalysis, resulting in a vehementrevolution in the field of Psychology. The foundation of the theory mainly consists of the followingthree premises Freud has ever proposed:1)most of the individual’s mental processes areunconscious;2)all human behavior is motivated ultimately by sexuality;3)many of our desires andmemories are repressed because of the powerful social taboos attached to certain sexual impulses.In the two epoch-making works, The Interpretation of Dreamsand A General Introduction toPsychoanalysis, Freud’s original ideas and pioneering explorations aremostly embodied, eachgiven a detailed explanation exhaustively. In the first work mentioned, Freud elucidates theory ofthe unconscious, the formation of dreams and 9 ways of interpreting them; in the second one, heimproves theory of the libido, proposes stages of psychosexuality and explicates the specializedterminology such as Oedipus complex, Repression, Anxiety etc. Another significant work thatdeserves mention is The Ego and the Id, in which Freud gives an elaboration on the threecomponents of personality—the id, the ego and the superego as well as the interactive relationshipamong them.The innovative and daring work Freud has made offers a brand-new view to the- - 3 -understanding of human mind, which contributes to the establishment of a general belief that humanbehaviors of any kind, as a matter of fact, are not meaningless or random but meaningful andgoal-oriented. In this sense, the psychoanalytic theory can be employed as an effective vehicle tounderstand human behaviors which are really informative and explainable.Apart from Freud, efforts are also made by such psychoanalysts as Anna Freud, Carl Jungand Marie Bonaparte, whose endeavor not only enriches the theory with new concepts and values,but also impels the development of the school of psychoanalysis. Because of its universalapplicability, the theory goes beyond the medical field and is introduced into the literary world,exerting great influence on both the creations and interpretations of literary works.2.2The Structural Model of PersonalityOne of Freud’s most influential findings is thethree-layered structure of personality. FromFreudian point of view, personality is composed of three elements which are known as id, ego andsuperego. These three parts, interacting with one another, work together and result in many complexhuman behaviors.The id, as the primary component of personality, is entirely unconscious, including thebehaviors that are instinctive and primitive. Characterized by vitality and untamedness, the only aim of the id is to strive for instant satisfaction and gratification by following the Pleasure Principle, with the least regard for social conventions, legal ethics, or moral restraints. The ego, quite differentfrom the id, operates on the basis of the Reality Principle, attempting to satisfy the id’s desires inrealistic and socially appropriate ways. Developing out of the id’s interaction with theexternalworld, the ego ensures the impulse of the id can be expressed in an acceptable manner. The lastcomponent of personality is the superego, which is supposed to hold all the internalized moralstandards and ideals that we acquire from society. The major function of the superego is to perfectand civilize human behaviors, suppressing all unacceptable urges of the id and struggling to makethe latter act upon idealistic standards instead of realistic principles. In other words, it is responsiblefor“transmitting the constraints that culture exercises over the individual, and for imposing thenecessary and ultimately excessive sacrifices of instinct demanded by civilization”.According toFreud, these aspects of personality often work together in bringing out a certain kind of humanbehavior. How one behaves is actually the result of the wrestling of the three. Therefore, a healthypersonality entails a balance among the three—the id, the ego, and the superego.- - 4 -Chapter 3 A Psychoanalytic Interpretation of The Black Cat This chapter mainly gives an interpretation of the narrator in the Black Catfrom Freudianpsychoanalytic perspective. The Black Cat is one of Allen Poe’s finest horror tales. Poe’s horrortales, featured by the psychiatric traits and psychological significance, serve as a good source for the psychoanalysts to understand both Poe and his works.Traditionally, The Black Cat is taken as a classic horror story permeated with gothic elementssuch as superstition and murder, yet from Freudianperspective, it can be treated as a case study of a patient who is troubled with psychological problems. And this horror tale can be more vividlycompared as a mind-disordered patient’s confession to a psychology doctor.3.1 Ego of the NarratorAt the beginning of the narrator’s retrospect, he described what he was like at his young age.“From my infancy I was noted for the docility and humanity of my disposition. Mytenderness of heart was even so conspicuous as to make me the jest of my companions. I wasespecially fond of animals, and was indulged by my parents with a great variety of pets. With theseI spent most of my time, and never was so happy as when feeding and caressing them. This peculiarof character grew with my growth, and in my manhood, I derived from it one of my principalsources of pleasure. ” (Poe, Tales 161)From above we can see the narrator was very kind and humane when he was young. This isego of the narrator. The ego, according to Freud, operateson the basis of the Reality Principle,attempting to satisfy the id’s desires in realistic and socially appropriate ways. During this period,the narrator liked animals and he gained pleasure by feeding and caressing them.What’s more, when the narrator got married early, he felt very happy because his wife alsoliked animals and had same nice characteristics like him. They raised animals together and thenarrator formed firm friendship with a black cat—Pluto, his favorite pet. “I married early, and washappy to find my wife a disposition not uncongenial with my own. Observing my partiality fordomestic pets, she lost no opportunity of procuring those of the most agreeable kind. We had birds,gold-fish, a fine dog, a small monkey, and a cat.”(Poe, Tales 161) The narrator’s ego enables himwent on a happy and normal life in realistic and socially appropriate ways.3.2 Id of the Narrator- - 5 -However, after he became addicted to alcohol, “a disease”what the narrator called, hisdisposition gradually changed and turned to a villain. He began to ill - treat his once loving pets andwife."I grew, day by day, more moody, more irritable, more regardless of the feelings of others. Isuffered myself to use intemperate language to my wife. At length, I even offered her personalviolence. My pets, of course, were made to feel the change in my disposition."(Poe, Tales 162)He even harmed his favorite cat."One night, returning home, much intoxicated, from one of my haunts about town, I fanciedthat the cat avoided my presence. I seized him; when, in his fright at my violence, he inflicted aslight wound upon my hand with his teeth. The fury of a demon instantly possessed me. I knewmyself no longer. My original soul seemed, at once, to take its flight from my body and a more thanfiendish malevolence, gin-nurtured, thrilled every fibre of my frame. I took from mywaistcoat-pocket a pen-knife, opened it, grasped the poorbeast by the throat, and deliberately cutone of its eyes from the socket! I blush, I burn, I shudder, while I pen the damnable atrocity." (Poe,Tales 162)At last, he killed his wife with an axe out of rage."One day she accompanied me, upon some household errand, into the cellar of the oldbuilding which our poverty compelled us to inhabit. The cat followed me down the steep stairs, and,nearly throwing me headlong, exasperated me to madness. Uplifting an axe, and forgetting, in mywrath, the childish dread which had hitherto stayed my hand, I aimed a blow at the animal which, ofcourse, would have proved instantly fatal had it descended as I wished. But this blow was arrestedby the hand of my wife. Goaded, by the interference, into a rage more than demoniacal, I withdrewmy arm from her grasp and buried the axe in her brain. She fell dead upon the spot, without agroan." (Poe, Tales 168)All his behaviors showed signs of mental distortion. The narrator was not born a bad person.He himself sensed his changing disposition. He did fell remorse about cutting an eye of his first cat.However, he couldn’t restrain himself from his inner evil. Again hesubmitted the cat to hisviolence--hanging it. He attributes his maltreating and killing of his first cat to the “FiendIntemperance”and “the spirit of perverseness”. He believes perverseness was “one of the primitive impulses of the human heart--which give direction to the character of Man”. Perverseness gives thereason of his unjustifiable acts, suck as hanging his first cat, rapping with a cane on the wall that- - 6 -concealed the body of his wife. Poe gave further arguments on the spirit of perverseness. Hebelieved man often do bad or stupid things just because we know we should not, and tend to violatelaws only because we are aware that is wrong. This exactly dovetails with id, one part of the humanpsyche Freud proposed in his late work. The id is the completely unconscious, impulsive, child-likeportion of the psyche that operates on the "PleasurePrinciple" and is the source of basic impulsesand drives; it seeks immediate pleasure and gratification, with the least regard for socialconventions, legal ethics, or moral restraints. In The Black Cat, the narrator’s unconscious evil wasawaked by the addiction of alcohol.3.3 Superego of the NarratorEvery time after the narrator’s perverse acts, his superego would appear.The first time is that after the narrator cut one of Pluto’s eyes from the socket when id wascontrolling him, he felt sorry and was frightened by what he had done to the poor cat, when hewaked up the next day. “When reason returned with the morning --when I had slept off the fumes ofthe night's debauch --I experienced a sentiment half of horror, half of remorse, for the crime ofwhich I had been guilty”. (Poe, Tales 162:163)The second time is that after the fire accident, the narrator was haunted by the terror of killingthe cat. “For months I could not rid myself of the phantasm of the cat; and, during this period, therecame back into my spirit a half-sentiment that seemed, but was not, remorse. I went so far as toregret the loss of the animal, and to look about me, among the vile haunts which I now habituallyfrequented, for another pet of the same species, and of somewhat similar appearance, with which tosupply its place.” (Poe, Tales 165)The last time appears at the beginning of the tale. The narrator was already in the prison andwas to die. He confessed his crime and said, “These events have terrified --have tortured --havedestroyed me.” (Poe, Tales 160)The narrator seemed to be a normal man in sanity and regret what he had done in this tone. Atall this times, superego dominated the narrator and let him be conscious of what he had done.According to Freud, superego holds all the internalized moral standards and ideals that we acquirefrom society. The major function of the superego is to perfect and civilize human behaviors,suppressing all unacceptable urges of the id and struggling to make the latter act upon idealisticstandards instead of realistic principles. The narrator in The Black Cat regretted every time when hefinished a crime. When the narrator recovered from alcohol or his irritation, he would act as a- - 7 -normal person. This is the result of the narrator’s superego. At this moment, the narrator realized his crime because his behaviors surely went against the society’s moral standards. Consequently, hewould feel sorry and terrified.Id, ego and superego are three parts of human psyche that Freud proposed. Normal people aredominated by ego and superego and superego can repress id. If id overweigh superego, like thenarrator in The Black Cat, the person will become spirit disordered and commit a series of abnormalthings against social conventions, legal ethics, or moral restraints. Every reader will take thenarrator in The Black Cat as a psycho, he killed his pet, ill-treated animals and murdered his wife.The narrator, indeed, is not a normal person. The beginning of this tale is the narrator’s confession,which will let others feel that he is mind-clear. As the story is scrolling, people will be frightened by the change of the narrator’s disposition and his deeds. In most parts of the tale, the narrator’sactivities are crazy and unbelievable. While his regret or horror about his doing is just in fewsentences. That means, the id of the narrator overweighs the superego in a great extend. It seemsthat the narrator is fond of cruelty and violence. And his conscience is just a piece of ice in front ofhis deep evil.The murderer is an unreliable narrator. He told the story, confessed his wrong-doing andregretted. This was just one of the short times when his superego dominated the narrator’s mind.The narrator was a mind-disordered patient rather than a murderer, because when he committed hiscrime, he didn’t think it was wrong, but took it as a normal thing. When the narrator killed his wife,he was not frightened, he did not fell upset or depressed. On the contrary, he figured out a good wayto hide the body calmly and showed out later in front ofthe police. He did all of these just as normalas his daily routine. This is a typical example ofmind-disordered patients’ behaviors.For common people, they behave themselves because of the moral standards or the law. Thatis, their superego wins over their id. People cannot do whatever they like because superego teachesthem not to go against those rules. Once the relationship between superego and id is broken, peoplewill abnormal, or worse, mad. In The Black Cat, the narrator’s id occupied his mind, thoughsometimes his superego would come out now and then, so he became crazy and cannot controlhimself. It seems that a monster was released from the deep evil of the narrator.- - 8 -Chapter 4 ConclusionWinning high praise from many critics, The Black Cat is considered one of the finest horrortales ever created by Poe. The innovative handling of the gothic elements as well as the dealing ofthe mentally disturbed protagonist, makes the taledistinct from its traditional counterparts. In the story, Poe drew upon superstitions about cats and explored into the human psyche, creating a horrornot only on a cultural scale but also on a psychological level. This thesis has analyzed the narrator’spsyche using Freudian theory.The Black Cat looks into the dark side of man, witnesses the down fall of a man, examinesthe primitive impulse of a man—perverseness. This makes it a classic gothic novel. As a master ofshort stories of horror, Poe applied different types of elements of horror, which are either from hispersonal writing technique, like the imagery and symbolisms suggesting horror, and thesynchronization of peak and emotional explosion, or from his personal psychological illusion, likethe description of dark unconsciousness and the death and resurrection of beauty. Poe’s horror talesare still very popular nowadays, because he is good at illustrating the heroes’abnormal spirit.Needless to say, the analysis of Allen Poe’s works through Freud’s psychoanalysis has greatsignificance.。
Edgar Allan Poe Death in His Life and Works
Edgar Allan Poe: Death in His Life and WorksChapterⅠIntroductionThe popularity of a new literary in the late eighteenth century, the Gothic story, was owing greatly to Edgar Allan Poe, whose "horror" tales conjure up the dark side of human being.Ed gar Allan Poe’s writing is synonymous with terror, death, and Gothic horror. Clearly he had an obsession with the topic of death, as well as an extremely morbid fantasy life.The subject of death makes an excellent climactic plot device, as many generations of writers have discovered. But there is no American author who dealt with death more exclusively or more memorably than Edgar Allan Poe. In most of Poe’s short stories, his preoccupation with death revealed the downside of the American dream, and the loneliness, which resulted from materialism and competition.As Kenneth Silverman remarks that the reason why Edgar Allan Poe is confined to his dreadful subject may be attributed to the loss of so many of his female relatives and loved ones: first, his mother who died when Poe was at an early age; then his wife at his prime. It was the misery in his soul that provided Poe with his unique perspective on reality.Poe's father apparently abandoned his family around the time of Edgar's second birthday. His mother took Edgar, his brother and sister with her to Richmond, and she died there in December of that year. Edgar was separated from his siblings and placed in the care of couple Allan. Edgar was taken to England to spend his early childhood at prestigious boarding academies.While returning to Richmond in 1820, Edgar continued his education at private schools, studying verse and oratory. Poe received support and encouragement from the mother of a classmate, Jane Stith Stanard, but she died of brain tumor when he was fifteen years old. Allan looked upon this woman as his idealized mother, and her untimely death was the apparent cause of his first extended period of psychological depression, during which he often visited her grave.Poe married his cousin Virginia Clemm, who was just thirteen years old at the time. In 1842, his young wife Virginia suffered a burst blood vessel and contracted tuberculosis. The influence of the latter on Poe's mind may be reflected in Poe’s frequent participation of extende d drinking binges, his final resort to the liquor bottles after Virginia’s illness became more serious.Poe suffered the horrible, never-ending oscillation between hope and despair after his wife’s death and lapsed into depression and hard drinking. H e converted to the composition of theoretical works about literature, human nature: A Prose Poem (1848), in which he advanced a complete theory about God's will and the universe.On October 3rd, 1849, Poe died in poverty in a local hospital after uttering his final words and epitaph, "Lord help my poor soul,"However, the most profound influence on Poe's writing career and emotional stability came from Virginia Clemm.It is his wife’s death that promotes Poe to preserve her image in his art, as a kind of romantic lover ideal. Often, in Poe’s works, goodness is presented as something of perfection, and primarily takes a feminine form. It is also usually portrayed as being quite fragile, and vulnerable to external threats.Anyone who knows anything about Edgar Allan Poe, knows that his poems and stories are often quite disturbing. They are tales and poems that address some of the most hidden aspects of mankind. They speak of regression, repression, egos, denial, delusion, sexual fantasies, and many other conditions known to the psyche of humans. In any of Poe's works we see some of the man, his character, and his struggles.The Black Cat is a good representative of short stories by Edgar Allan Poe. It is reflected in The Black Cat,the capacity for violence and horror lies within each of us, no matter how docile and humane our dispositions might appear.Poe tells the story from the first person point of view to intensify the effect of moral shock and horror. The reader is invited to delve into the inner workings of the dark side of the man mind.The Black Cat is one of the most powerful of Poe's stories, and the horror stops short of the wavering line of disgust. Poe constructed this story in such a way that the events of the tale remain somewhat ambiguous. As the narrator begins to recount the occurrences that "...have terrified--have tortured--have destroyed [him]," he reminds the reader that maybe "...some intellect more calm, more logical, and far less excitable than [his] own,"will perceive "...nothing more than an ordinary succession of very natural causes and effects."Chapter ⅡDeath Theme in His WorksIn the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, a new literary genre sprung up, the Gothic story. In the United States, the most prominent exponent of Gothic fiction was Edgar Allan Poe, whose "horror" tales conjure up the dark side that many of us at least half-believe is hidden just beneath the surface of the most conventional lives.Critic Mark Edmunson calls Gothic literature "the art of haunting", adding that "Gothic shows that life, even at its most ostensibly innocent, is possessed, that the present is in thrall to the past. All are guilty; all will, in time, pay the price. And Gothic should also possess the reader, scare him, so he can think of nothing else. He has to read it--or see it--again and again to achieve some peace." Edmunson quotes Chris Baldick, author of a splendid book on the Frankenstein myth, that Gothic literature "should combine a fearful sense of inheritance in time with a claustrophobic sense of enclosure in space, these two dimensions reinforcing one another to produce an impression of sickening descent into disintegration".Ever since Edgar Allan Poe began writing in the early 1830s, his work has become synonymous with terror, death, and Gothic horror. Clearly he had an obsession with the topic of death, as well as an extremely morbid fantasy life.The subject of death has been considered throughout literary history. It is the inevitability that all life forms share, not to mention it makes an excellent climactic plot device, as many generations of writers have discovered. It presents an indestructible force, and forever alters the course of human events. There is no American author who dealt with death more exclusively or more memorably than Edgar Allan Poe. In most of Poe’s short stories, the protagonists are much like the author himself -- lonely and alienated who attempt to isolate themselves against an unknown fate -- caused either by the forces of nature or by themselves. On a larger scale, Poe’s preoccupation with death revealed the downside of the American dream, and the loneliness which resulted from materialism and competition, which are often depicted in ghostly appearances which resemble "images of death in life".While Edgar Allan Poe's obsession with death has been well-documented, both in hisbiographies and within his short stories and poems, the motivation behind it reveals much about the tortured writer. Recently some critics, notably Kenneth Silverman, have postulated that the source of this morbid imagination may have been the loss of so many of Poe’s female relatives and loved ones, beginning with his mother who died when Poe was only two. Many of his biographers also suggest that this may have had some basis in the loss of his parents at an early age, or the fact that he did not successfully bond with the family who raised him.Edgar Allan Poe's life was marked by death when he was still a very young child. Although good fortune smiled on Poe on numerous occasions, he could never relish the good because of all of the bad that preceded it. However, it was the misery in his soul that provided Poe with his unique perspective on reality, which blended the macabre into the fabric of the everyday and the commonplace.ChapterⅢ A Glimpse of Edgar Alla n Poe’s LifeEdgar Allan Poe was born in Boston on January 19th, 1809. His mother, Elizabeth Arnold Poe, was an actress who had attained some prominence as a leading lady. His father, David Poe, Jr., had pursued a somewhat less successful career on the stage punctuated by alcoholic binges. Although the precise dates and other details are unclear, Poe's father apparently abandoned his family around the time of Edgar's second birthday. We do know that his mother took Edgar, his brother William, and Sister Rosalie with her to Richmond, Virginia sometime in 1811, and that she died there in December of that same year. Edgar was separated from his siblings and placed in the care of a childless couple, John and Frances Allan. John Allan was an English/Scottish merchant who kept a tight hold on the family's purse strings but who also recognized the value of education. In 1815, he took his wife and "stepson"(Edgar was never legally adopted by the Allans) to England on an extended business trip. In England, Edgar spent his early childhood at prestigious boarding academies.When Allan returned to Richmond in 1820, Edgar continued his education at private schools, studying Latin, verse, and oratory. He was also an athletic youth, a superior swimmer and marksman. But he was not popular. He was taunted by his peers as the son of actors (a disreputable profession) who occupied an odd status in the Allan household as an unadopted stepson. Poe received support and encouragement from the mother of aclassmate, Jane Stith Stanard, but she died of a brain tumor when he was fifteen years old. More so than Elizabeth Poe or Mrs. Allan, he looked upon this woman as his idealized mother, and her untimely death was the apparent cause of his first extended period of psychological depression, during which he often visited her grave.In 1825, however, John Allan inherited a large sum of money, and this abrupt reversal of fortune enabled him to enroll Edgar at the University of Virginia. Shortly before his departure for college, Poe began to court a fifteen-year-old woman named Sarah Elmira Royster. Whether the two were engaged before he left for college is unclear; that he was serious about his intention to marry Sarah is fairly certain. Poe entered the University of Virginia in 1826 at the age of seventeen, concentrating on classical and modern languages. But he found it difficult to maintain a gentleman's life style on the relatively meager allowance that John Allan furnished to him. He took to gambling and compiled debts of honor amounting to some $2,000, an enormous sum in the 1820s. John Allan refused to pay these debts; Poe left school and returned to Richmond where he worked for a time in Allan's counting house. When he tried to renew his courtship of Sarah Royster, he eventually learned that she had become engaged to another young man.In February 1829, Poe's stepmother, Frances Allan, died. The death of Frances Allan set the stage for reconciliation between Poe and John Allan. According to some accounts, it was through Allan's influence that Poe received an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point. He did enter West Point in July 1830, but a few months later he learned that John Allan had remarried a woman with children and realized that he would never receive any inheritance from his stepfather. Poe resumed his losing ways at cards, drank heavily, and neglected his duties, refusing to leave his room at the Academy for days on end: he was dismissed from West Point in March, 1831. Poe took up residence at the home of his aunt, Maria Clemm, with her young daughter (and Poe's cousin) Virginia Clemm, and Poe's paternal grandmother, Elizabeth Poe.On May 16th, 1836, Poe married his cousin Virginia Clemm, who was just thirteen years old at the time. In 1842, his young wife Virginia suffered a burst blood vessel and contracted tuberculosis. The influence of the latter on Poe's mind may be reflected in his 1842 allegory of epidemic disease, The Masque of the Red Death, published at a time when Philadelphia was suffering from an outbreak of cholera. In March, 1843, he went to Washington, D.C. in search of a job with the federal government. But he was waylaid byan extended drinking binge, Poe taking to the bottle with increasing frequency after Virginia became ill.Poe now watched as his wife Virginia's health deteriorated. In his own words, he suffered "the horrible, never-ending oscillation between hope and despair." But on January 30th, 1847, Virginia Poe died. Poe lapsed into depression and hard drinking. But he pulled out of this descent, turning to the composition of theoretical works about literature, human nature, and the cosmos at large, including Eureka: A Prose Poem (1848), in which he advanced a complete theory about God's will and the universe.On October 3rd, 1849, an Election Day, Poe was found deliriously ill, lying half-conscious in the street outside of a polling place and a few yards away from a tavern. Whether Poe was drunk or not has ever been conclusively determined. He was taken to a local hospital, still in a delirious state and calling for a polar explorer of the day named Reynolds. He uttered his final words and epitaph, "Lord help my poor soul," on October 7th, 1849, and was buried the next day in Baltimore's Presbyterian Cemetery.Chapter ⅣEmotional & Psychological ProblemsThroughout his life, Edgar Allan Poe was unable to escape the grim reaper. It seemed to be everywhere. However, the most profound impact on Poe's writing career and emotional stability came in the form of Virginia Clemm. Their marriage was hardly normal, as Poe himself revealed to a friend that the couple lived as "brother and sister" for the first two years of their marriage, hence her nickname "Sissy". Virginia Clemm Poe suffered from tuberculosis, and her health declined precipitously. Although she wasted away for years, Poe considered her as one of the living dead years before her heart ceased beating, and dedicated himself to preserving his wife's image in his art, as a kind of "romantic ideal". Though frightened by his wife's impending death, Poe was also perversely fascinated by the process in which the body dies.But for whatever reason, there can be little doubt from reading Poe’s fiction that he derived not only titillation, but a peculiar comfort, from the idea of death.Although many critics have tried to link this with either the death of his mother (who died when Poe was three) or the death of his young wife Virginia, whom he married when she was thirteen and who died at twenty-four. But Poe’s work is so much of a piece that it is impossible to tell the poems or stories he wrote before Virginia’s death from the oneshe wrote after it, so this clearly is not as much of an influence as previously thought. Poe’s obsession with death was simply endemic in the young man’s disturbed personality, and his writings are simply a reflection of an emotional problem he’d always had.Our first clue that Poe had a somewhat peculiar interest in death occurred when he was yet a child; he enjoyed playing practical jokes, dressing as a ghost or a corpse and frightening family guests. This is not in itself an unusual sport for a young boy, but Edgar seems to have done it so realistically that people were actually frightened. He also wrote letters home from school describing in the most graphic terms fights and accidents he had witnessed: "I saw the arm afterwards -- it was really a serious matter -- it was bitten from the shoulder to the elbow -- and it is likely that pieces of flesh as large as my hand will be obliged to be cut out".All of Edgar Alan Poe's work is known for its use of all elements of writing in portraying incredible stories that often haunt the reader. He was skilled in every aspect of writing it seems especially in relationship to anything that was slightly obscure or eerie, which are also elements of the writer himself. His stories The all of the House of Usher and The Tell-Tale Heart are no exception to these conditions or realities. They present many elements of writing that serve to illustrate many different effective methods of approach, as well as illustrating the man himself.There was no more tortured literary soul than Edgar Allan Poe, which is probably why the haunting quality of his short stories and poems have successfully withstood the test of time, unlike any other nineteenth-century author. His life was frequently marred by tragedy, with the desertion of his father, the deaths of his mother, his beloved Aunt Fanny and the wasting away and eventual death of his wife Virginia left him with an ever-increasing number of moral questions. Why were all of these catastrophes happening to him? Was he being punished by God for some type of evil tendencies that lurked within the darkest recesses of his soul?Moral philosophy is essentially the consideration of good and evil, and the prevailing themes of Poe’s short stories and his most famous poem, The Raven, considered how goodness, whether it be represented as a dream or an ideal, is always somehow tainted by the forces of evil. Often, in Poe’s works, goodness is presented as something of perfection, and primarily takes a feminine form. It is also usually portrayed as being quite fragile, and vulnerable to external threats. Most of Poe’s protagonists desire toclose themselves off from the rest of the world, often retreating into gloomy houses, with only remnants of a distant past for company and security.Anyone who knows anything about Edgar Allan Poe, knows that his poems and stories are full of images that are often quite disturbing, to say the least. On the surface, his works seem to touch a morbid spot within human nature and within human spirit. They are tales and poems that address some of the most hidden aspects of mankind. They speak of regression, repression, alter egos, denial, delusion, sexual fantasies, and many other conditions known to the psyche of humans. But, at the same time they are works that clearly address who Edgar Allan Poe was. We all, as human beings, have elements within us that are less than pleasant and less than savory, and Poe was no different than us in that regard. In Poe's work we see some of the man, his character, and his struggles.Chapter ⅤAnalysis of “The Black Cat”The Black Cat is a good representative of short stories by Edgar Allan Poe. "The Black Cat", which first appeared in the United States Saturday Post on August 19th, 1843, serves as a reminder for all of us. The capacity for violence and horror lies within each of us, no matter how docile and humane our dispositions might appear.Poe writes this story from the perspective of the narrator. Telling the story from the first person point of view intensifies the effect of moral shock and horror. The reader is invited to delve into the inner workings of the dark side t of the mind.The Black Cat is one of the most powerful of Poe's stories, and the horror stops short of the wavering line of disgust. Poe constructed this story in such a way that the events of the tale remain somewhat ambiguous. As the narrator begins to recount the occurrences that "...have terrified--have tortured--have destroyed [him]," he reminds the reader that maybe "...some intellect more calm, more logical, and far less excitable than [his] own," will perceive "...nothing more than an ordinary succession of very natural causes and effects."As the narrator begins to tell his story, the reader discovers that the man's personality had undergone a drastic transformation which he attributes to his abuse of alcohol and the perverse side of his nature, which the alcohol seemed to evoke. The reader also discovers that the narrator is superstitious, as he recounts that his wife made "...frequent allusion to the ancient popular notion, [that] all black cats [are] witches in disguise."Superstition (as well as the popular notion to which the man's wife refers) has it that Satan and witches assume the form of black cats. For those who believe, they are symbols of bad luck, death, sorcery, witchcraft, and the spirits of the dead. Appropriately, the narrator calls his cat, Pluto, who in Greek and Roman mythology was the god of the dead and the ruler of the underworld.In The Black Cat the narrator and his cats are surprisingly difficult to hold firmly in mind. The former is so because of his varying awareness of his own situation, the latter because of their shifting symbolic significance.Two critics representing the polarity of commentary on this tale are Marie Bonaparte, who by careful and often ingenious consideration of the text renders the story as a biographically anchored, psychosexual dream-like sequence of incidents, and James W. Gargano, who ignores biographical opining and concentrates on structure, artistry, and theme, but whose valuable essay is only a sketch of all three. Jay L. Halio, however, in an important if truncated note on the moral undercurrent of Poe's tales, especially those on the "will," provides a more profitable approach to such tales as The Black Cat.Poe's narrator attributes his dark deeds to perverseness, "one of the primitive impulses," he says, "of the human heart--one of the indivisible primary faculties, or sentiments, which give direction to the character of Man.... It was this unfathomable longing of the soul to vex itself--to offer violence to its own nature--to do wrong for the wrong's sake only—that urged me to continue and finally consummate the injury I had inflicted upon the unoffending brute." The dashes suggest here, as they do throughout the tale, a breathless, emotional outpouring of felt thought, for "tomorrow I die, and to-day I would unburden my soul". In his culprit's cell the narrator has time to reflect on his actions, as a near-death confession, his sincerity and motives are unimpeachable. He is bright, but self-deceived; that is, he is able to intellectualize his problem, but he does not, until the end, sense the implications of what he says, especially in regard to his own actions.Although the narrator says perverseness is "unfathomable", it is clear to the reader that the seeds of his problem lie in his pride, his exalted notion of himself, whom he likens to Mankind early in the story but to God as the story progresses, thus recalling Halio's comment that the sin of pride forms the moral basis of many of Poe's tales. Indeed the narrator's yoking of man and brute throughout the story is significant as a basic doubletension informing the tale.Early in the tale, before he comes under the influence of Pluto, the narrator states that "there is something in the unselfish and self-sacrificing love of a brute which goes directly to the heart of him who has had frequent occasion to test the paltry friendship and gossamer fidelity of mere Man". The implication is twofold: that man is second best to "a brute" and, more important, that the narrator regards himself to be above "mere Man," the first sign of his pride. The recurring use of this pairing shows the narrator concerned with comparing them but naive about the implications they have in conjunction for explaining his own actions--and, indeed, for structuring his actions.When the narrator comments that he has offered "violence" to his own "soul" by consummating "the injury I had inflicted upon the unoffending brute", it is clear that he has made an unconscious identification of state of soul with treatment of the brute. The narrator is correct in attributing his perverseness to "a longing of the soul to vex itself"; but what he fails to express explicitly is that he vexes his soul because he comes to neglect half his humanness, the affections, while overemphasizing the powers of the rational, the other half. In doing so he becomes irrational. Yet, the narrator considers himself ultra-rational, to the point of hubris. Ironically, the true "animal" in him (his "underworld," the senses, appetites, affections, the non-rational) acts in at least two-thirds of the tale as his conscience, which longs to vex the aspiring, prideful half. Perhaps, in ethical terminology, what is moral in the narrator longs to vex the demonic, the amoral, the egoistic. Poe's use of the tension between the "animal" (the basically instinctual) and the rational in the narrator complements the man-brute tension noted above. Both halves constitute "soul" and the progressive disregard of the one and the abuse of the other are his ruin. The unconscious tension between the rational and the "brute" causes the narrator's soul to vex itself.The cats (also divided in "halves") symbolically reflect the narrator's degeneration as he moves from analogizing himself with Everyman, to equating himself with God, and finally to assuming the power of God. At the outset, Pluto seems to be a projection of the narrator's affections, that is, the desire and capability for humane, affectional ties with beings both beast and man: "From my infancy I was noted for the docility and humanity of my disposition". His pets provide enjoyment for him as he feeds and caresses them, and they, especially Pluto, return his attentions. As the story progresses and the cat'simportance as a member of the family develop, so does his symbolic meaning develop. Pluto is identified with the narrator alone: "I alone fed him, and he attended me wherever I went.... It was even with difficulty that I could prevent him from following me through the streets". Pluto, abused by his master, still does not leave, and, as mentioned before, becomes symbolic of the narrator's conscience. As conscience, Pluto (and later his double) warns the narrator ("He inflicted a slight wound upon my hand with his teeth," that he is on dangerous ground in severing the affections. At tale's end, the second cat does more than warn.The narrator has moved, then, from killing an animal which represents a killing of part of himself (his affections for others) to killing another human being--all the while ignoring his moral conscience which, in the discovery scene at the end, glares at him with "solitary eye of fire." Non-human now, the narrator is as brutish as the cat atop his dead wife's head. While sinking to bestiality, the narrator has at the same time overreached man's rightful prerogative and has taken life. In murder the narrator has presumed to the power, in his words, of the "Most Terrible God". The narrator's inability or unwillingness to recognize that he is "mere man" and not God is the cause of his demise.At the end of the tale the narrator gives away his secret to the police "through the mere phrenzy of bravado". He reveals his deeds and himself specifically because his pride has taken him so far from reality that he believes he has transcended the restrictions of ordinary human limits and consequences. Yet the cat at the end of the tale has changed its symbolic emphasis. The "brute beast," which the narrator hoped he had escaped or transcended, mirrors his fAllan moral condition. The cat is emblematic of that diabolical brute passion which has fed upon the head (reason) of man: "Upon its head, with red extended mouth and solitary eye of fire sat the hideous beast”. The amoral self is finally triumphant, though the narrator seems to undergo a shock of recognition. The fiery-eyed cat which, he says, "had seduced me into crime," becomes a symbol of his moral sense walled up "within the tomb!"In The Black Cat, as perversity intensifies in degree and kind, the self-esteem of the narrator intensifies so that at the end of his story he is a moral and psychological grotesque of himself of the beginning. His very self-betrayal at the end of the tale is the final manifestation of his perverseness; his soul's need to "vex itself" even in its fAllan moral condition. At first always sure that he is above mere man, he comes to think of。
爱伦·坡《乌鸦》的美学解读——最后的挽歌
爱伦·坡《乌鸦》的美学解读——最后的挽歌［Abstract］Edgar Allan Poe is one of the most unique writers in American. “The Raven”，as his masterpiece and one of the representative poems，skillfully demonstrates his poetic theories. The motif of the death and the beauty he pursues are fully embodied in the poem. Meanwhile，Poe in the poem creates a grievous dirge for the death of a beloved beautiful young woman through exquisite form and grievous melody，fantastic content in melancholy tone，which is also the last grieving for his lost Lenore of the young man. Its aesthetic charming will remain fresh and the echo “Nevermore” will resonate in man’s ears forever.［Key words］“The Raven”，the death，the beautyI. IntroductionEdgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) is one of the greatest writers in American literary history. Like many other eminent writers in the world，Poe’s life experience was among the most miserable ones. In his whole life，he could not escape from the shadow of the death，especially the death of his beloved beautiful women，which left a big scar on his heart and motivated him to fall in deep meditation on death. Therefore，the combination of terrible death and pathos love is adopted as an eternaltheme nearly in all of Edgar Allan Poe’s literary creation. He concludes that “the de ath a beautiful woman is unquestionably，the most poetical in the world” (常耀信，2003：106). In the deaths of beauties，Poe tries his best to give readers the feeling of regret and heartache and makes readers feel sad and somber as the protagonists do in his stories. “The Raven”，one of Poe’s representative poems，is by no means excluded，in which a melancholy sense over the death of a beloved beautiful young woman pervades the whole poem. Thus，it is more worth analyzing the theme，tone and musical qualities of Poe’s “The Raven” to have a better understanding Poe’s literary creation.Ⅱ. The Death and the Beauty in “The Raven”In this poem，Poe employs the first person to narrate the dialogue between the raven and”I”as well as gives “my”psychology description. Poe perfectly combines the death and the beauty to achieve the melancholy and terrible effect. For Poe，the death and the beauty are not juxtaposed with each other. Poe elaborates his images of beauty with a mystery and visional air，because he does not treat beauty just as something common or worldly，but immortal and sacred. The death can illustrate the immortality and sacredness of beauty in a better way. Through death beauty can shake off the yoke of life and the mortal world. Beauty，when combined with death，appears mystery as never beforeand finally becomes sacred.Poe，obsessed with the death，is closely related to his miserable life，so the death of a beautiful woman is his everlasting motif of his poems. In regard to Poe’s preoccupation of beautiful woman，critics usually tend to associate it with his biography. Biographically，Poe lost several beautiful women who played in turn important roles in his life and creation：his mother Eliza Poe，his foster mother Fanny Allan，the mother of one of his friends and his intimate comforter，Jane Stanard，and his own wife Virginia Clemm，whose lingering and consuming death exerted the deepest influence upon Poe. The beautiful woman created by Poe usually passes away from this world silently even before the poem sets off. She seems willing to die as if she is a creature not belonging to this world. She longs to exalt from the physical world；and her narrator seems expecting the bereavement over her death. This pattern of symbolical feminine ideal finds its way well penetrating into Poe’s writings，poems and tales alike. Poe says in “The Philosophy of Composition” that Beauty is the atmosphere and the essence of the poem. In “The Poetic Principle，” Poe has given full expression to this idea，noting that：the aspiration for pure Beauty，embodied by the feminine ideal，reflects the spiritual yearnings for mortal human being. The loss of the beauty itself can excite the sensitive soul to tears. In addition，the missing of the lost lover is more grievous. The dead has not been being，but the living still sings the dirge in sad mood，which is more melancholy.In Poe’s opinion，the sorrow brought out by death is attractive. And the death of a beautiful woman is the most beautiful. Obviously，in “The Raven”，the young man，who indulges himself in the solitary and dismal and tries in vain to bring back the beloved，gradually loses hold on reality and steps slowly toward imaginative madness，after the death of Lenore-symbol of the lost Beauty，the young man exists in a state of death-in-life. He outpours his sorrow in his semi-sleep on the appearance of the bird，but the ill-omen raven suggests that what has been lost will “nevermore” come back. The idea that the death of a beautiful woman is the most poetical use of death is clearly delineated in “The Raven”. Actually，“The Raven” describes an allegory， a dream，which externalizes a disturbed consciousness’futile efforts to pursue Beauty. The loss of Lenore is the lost beauty，so the death and the beauty are perfectly combined. From the strong affection for his lost Lenore of the young man，it is asserted that Lenore is the most beautiful angel and her death is the most beautiful in the world，so one can not help sorrowing for Lenore，let alone how grievous the young man is. The death itself is melancholy，and the shadow of the deathand beauty lingering in the young man’s mind is more melancholy and sorrow.Ⅲ. The Tone of “The Raven”The melancholy in“The Raven”is an ultimate poetical beauty，it is radical and cynic but no conservative and decadent at core. Poe chooses beauty and death to be the theme of the poem，since beauty is the sole legitimate province of the poem. “Beauty of whatever kind in its supreme development invariably excites the sensitive soul to tears. Melancholy is thus the most legitimate of all the poetical tones” (常耀信，2003：106). “The Raven” is like a special oil painting. Poe does his utmost to employ various colors and light to excite the readers’senses，but the main tone is gray and melancholy. The poet from the just beginning lines creates a grievous，horrified and despairing atmosphere. The ghastly gloomy world condenses into image of a stately raven，The Raven may be a sub-conscious fancy，an illusory image，not a real one our hero’s over plunging into the missing of his lover results in the appearance of the image. Poe’s true intention is his expression of melancholy sorrow by this image. Meanwhile，another symbol of the raven comes immediately after the beginning lines，namely，it symbolizes the ghost of Lenore and emblematical of mournful and never-ending remembrance. The appearance of the raven heavily tints the poem in a dreamy and hallucinatory color and brings the young man in a state of semi-stupor. In fact，“The Raven” is a dream，a rather special dream.Besides，Poe chooses the particular time and space to create a bleak and mysterious atmosphere. Both “midnight” in the first verse and “December” in the second verse symbolize an end of something，and also the anticipation of something new，a change，to happen. The chamber，in which the narrator is positioned，is used to signify the loneliness of the man，and the sorrow he feels for the loss of Lenore. The room is richly furnished，and reminds the narrator of his lost love，which helps to create an effect of beauty in the poem. The tempest outside，is used to even more signify the isolation of this man，to show a sharp contrast between the calmness in the chamber and the tempestuous night. Other symbols，such as dying ember，the silken，sad，uncertain rustling of each purple curtain，and perfume from an unseen censer and so on also create an upset and melancholy atmosphere.More importantly，Poe repeats “nothing more” and “Nevermore” in the whole poems to strengthen the melancholy effects. The first seven stanzas create an atmosphere of desolation，which is primarily spiritual，but also vaguely implies the desolation in the material world outside the door. This sense of desolation is well manifested by the refrain phrase，“nothing more”. He uses the word “Nevermore” as the last word in each of the last 11 stanzas of the poem. He has judged its meaning and pronunciation and believes that it can keep the melancholy best. Poe uses the word “Nevermore” in many different ways，so that even with therepetition of this word，it would not prove to be monotonous. Poe builds the tension in this poem，stanza by stanza，but after the climaxing stanza he tears whole thing down，and lets the narrator know that there is no meaning in searching for a moral in the raven’s “Nevermore”. Undoubtedly，the mechanical repetition of the raven “Nevermore” keeps breaking upon the young man’s psychic wound and ceaselessly as do the waves on the sea shore until his depression and endless despair reach the breaking point. The answer of the raven to the different questions asked by the young man is the same，invariably “Nevermore”. In the midnight in bleak December，the echo of “Nevermore” lingers in the cold chamber and in the young man’s mind，pushes him in the despaired and collapsed abyss and finally drives him mad. His longing for seeing the ber eaved lover is broken down by the ruthless “Nevermore”，which is an indifferent refusal and a sharp arrow. “Nevermore” is also like a grievous man’s plangent weeping in a blue mood. The echo of the ominous bird also makes people blood-curdling.Ⅳ. The Dirge for the BeautyAccording to Poe，a poem manifests its message through sound and tone，through its qualities of music rather than through meaning or philosophy. He stressed rhythm，defines true poetry as the rhythmical creation of beauty. “The Raven” itse lf is a dirge sung by the young man tohis lost Lenore. The melancholy and low melody resonate in readers’ears. Poe demonstrates his poetic theories：beauty，brevity and purity in “The Raven”. In “The Philosophy of Composition，” Poe stresses the need to express a single effect when the literary work is to be read in one sitting. A poem should always be written short enough to be read in one sitting，and should，therefore，strive to achieve this singp In Poe’s opinion，poetry does not have to inculcate a moral and he calls for “pure” poetry. So Edgar Allan Poe enjoys the musical qualities of the language that he uses. He employs different sounds to call upon different feeling，exaggerated atmosphere. Music is the perfection of the soul，or idea，of poetry. I t can be seen that much of the melody of “The Raven” arises from alliteration，and the studious use of similar sounds in unusual places. In the whole poem，the vowels used are mainly such front vowels as /i/，/i：/，/e/ and back vowels like /u：/，/u/，/o：/，etc.. The articulation of sonorous vowels always requires more strength，but the young man is already “weary” in his deep mourning，which finds better expression in the thin，deep vowels mentioned above.One of the eminent characteristics is that the repetition of the /o：/ sound in “The Raven” implies grief and melancholy，which is like the young man’s continuous weeping. Poe chooses “lore” “shore”，“door”，“floor”，“Lenore”，“explore”，“yore”，“shore”，“store”，“nevermore” and so on as his rhyming words to enhance the effect thequality of music in the poem. Besides，the repetition of the /i/ sound in this poem suggest a sigh，such as napping，tapping，dying，repeating，entreating，hesitating，wondering，fearing，peering，dreaming，burning，beguiling，smiling，agreeing，sitting，sinking，guessing，expressing，reclining，gloating，flitting，seeming，streaming floating，rustling and so on，which reveal the young man’s endless despair and helplessness. The sign of his pessimistic melancholy mirrors his disturbed consciousness. The dirge is also the last melancholy and despairing voice of the young man.Ⅴ. Conclusion“The Raven” gives readers an unspeakable plangent feeling and the sense of beauty，in which Poe demonstrates his poetic theories proposed in “The Philosophy of Composition” and “The Poetic Principle”. He combines poetic and musical“flowing beauty”with painting and architectural“fixed beauty” to artistically create the effects of sounds，light，color，odors and etc. as well as a melancholy love，a gothic setting and a desolate atmosphere，which serves for the portrayal of a young man grieving for his lost Lenore and creation of a melancholy dirge of the death. The death and the melancholy beauty are embodied perfectly in “The Raven” and the echo of “Nevermore” can resonate in man’s ears forever.【References 】［1］爱伦·坡.爱伦·坡集——诗歌与故事［M］.曹明伦，译.三联书店，1995.[2] 曹曼.爱伦·坡死亡主题的内涵读解［J］.华中师范大学学报，2000（2）.[3] 曹曼.从“效果一说”看爱伦·坡作品主题的艺术表现构架［J］.外国文学研究，2005（3）.[4] 常耀信.A Survey of American Literature［M］.南开大学出版社，2003.[5] 常耀信.Selected Readings in American Literary Criticism［M］.南开大学出版社，1992.[6] 刘建国.埃德加·艾伦·坡的诗论在《乌鸦》中的体现［J］.贵州师范大学学报（社会科学版），2002（1）.［摘要］埃德加·艾伦·坡是美国最具特色的作家之一。
美国文学史期末考试-诗歌赏析
Philip FreneauThe Wild Honeysuckle野忍冬花美好的花呀，你长得，这么秀丽，却藏身在这僻静沉闷的地方-——甜美的花儿开了却没人亲昵，招展的小小枝梢也没人观赏；没游来荡去的脚把你踩碎,没东攀西摘的手来催你落泪。
大自然把你打扮得一身洁白，她叫你避开庸俗粗鄙的目光,她布置下树荫把你护卫起来，又让潺潺的柔波淌过你身旁；你的夏天就这样静静地消逝，这时候你日见萎蔫终将安息。
那些难免消逝的美使我销魂，想起你未来的结局我就心疼，别的那些花儿也不比你幸运-——虽开放在伊甸园中也已凋零，无情的寒霜再加秋风的威力,会叫这花朵消失得一无踪迹。
朝阳和晚露当初曾把你养育，让你这小小的生命来到世上，原来若乌有，就没什么可失去，因为你的死让你同先前一样;这来去之间不过是一个钟点-—-这就是脆弱的花享有的天年。
（黄皋炘译）CommentaryThe short lyric was written in 1786。
Freneau was inspired by the beauty of the wild honey suckle when he was walking at Chaeleston，South Carolina. It was virtually unread in the poet's lifetime, yet it deserves a place among major English and American works of poetry of that time。
This is one of the most quoted works of Freneau。
Generally speaking, it is the best of Freneau’s poems, and the best poem on nature before the appearance of the verses of William Cullen Bryant, William Wordsworth，and Ralph Waldo Emerson’s The Rhodora。
About Edgar Allan Poe's Death
Mondo PerezLevel2 English23 July 2014About Edgar Allan Poe’s DeathI suppose that Edgar Allan Poe was dead of a brain tumor, because it is the only guess that has some firsthand information to prove it.Mr. Pearl, a 32-year-old graduate of Harvard College and Yale Law School, strongly support this theory. One night of 2006, he was sitting in the hotel room, his fans asked him that why they couldn’t dig out Mr. Poe’s body, he answered that it was because it would destroy the large marble monument. This event reminded him of another event: Mr. Poe’s body had been exhumed before, 26 years after his death. Some spectators might see that great man’s brain when his body was moved by the workers.A letter written to the editor of The Baltimore Gazette claimed that a medical gentleman had seen that Mr. Poe’s brain was in an almost perfect state of preservation,but it is somewhat shrunk in size. The other article in the St. Louis Republican reported seeing the brain “[rattling] around i nside just like a lump of mud.” Mr. Pearl realized that it may be the only physical evidence of what Mr. Poe’s condition was at his time of death.But a coroner said to Mr. Pearl: “Well, that person is just wrong. Unless you embalm the body, the brain is the first thing to liquefy. There’s no way it would still be there 25 years later.” But a tumor can calcify while the rest of the body decomposes. Perhaps that’s what those people were describing. When Mr. Pearl was looking at some photographs of the brain tumor, he thought that it really looked like the shrunken brain.He then started to find other evidence. Hal Poe, a descendant of the writer, and Poe scholar James Hutchisson, who had advanced the tumor theory a year earlier in a Poe biography, both provide some important information to support it.Although Mr. Pearl didn’t solve this mystery once and for all, he was really excited to find this theory, at least it has some trails to follow; we can find evidence and create hypothesis due to this theory directly.It should be the most realistic and convincible theory. Someone first creates a hypothesis, and then he finds some articles and information about this thesis to enrich it. He collects that information and settles them clearly. After that, more authoritative evidences are added to support it. This process is steady and it makes me to believe it more than other theories.The rabies theory and the cooping theory are based on some guessing and conjecture; there is no convincible evidence to prove them. We can’t ensure those theories. So in total, I believe in the brain tumor theory the most. People will keep discovering new information about this mystery of Edgar Allan Poe’s death as the time goes.。
埃德加爱伦坡诗歌中的超美(英语作业本科毕业论文)
英语专业本科毕业论文论文题目：埃德加•爱伦•坡诗歌中的超美完成时间：年月ContentsAbstract(inChinese) (i)Abstract(inEnglish) (ii)Introduction (1)I.Untouchable Beauty in Poe’ Poems (2)A. Holy Beauty (2)B. Lost Beauty (3)II. Mysterious Beauty in Poe’ Poems (5)A. Remote Beauty (5)B. Gothic Beauty (6)Ⅲ. Causes of Poe’ Supernal Beauty (8)A. Personal Experiences (8)B. Poe’ Aesthetic Theories (9)Conclusion (11)Notes (13)Bibliography (14)摘要爱伦•坡是美国19世纪浪漫主义小说家，诗人和文艺批评家。
他认为诗歌的宗旨是创造美，因为唯有超凡绝尘的美才可以唤起人们的兴趣。
其诗歌中的意象、主题、声音、修饰、氛围以及情感和手段等都具有超凡脱俗的美。
通过对海伦这个古典美女的描写，达到了一种神圣之美；坡在逝去的美人中看到了行将陨落的，消逝的的美；在对过去的追寻中，坡创造了遥远的美；在对恐怖的惧怕中，发现了别样的美。
本文把这种超美分为无法触及的美和神秘的美，并从这两种美的分析及其形成原因三个角度来探讨作品中的超美思想。
关键词：爱伦•坡；超美；无法触及的美；神秘的美AbstractEdgar Allan Poe is a poet, writer and critic of American Romantic Movement in the 19th century. He thinks that the purpose of poetry is to create beauty, because only supernal beauty can arouse the interests of common people.. Poe makes use of several methods and means to depict the supernal beauty including images、themes、sounds、rhetoric、atmosphere and emotions. Holy beauty is achieved through the description of Helen, the classical beauty; Lost beauty is experienced by him when Poe witnesses his beloved women depart one after another; Remote beauty is created while he is searching for the past; Gothic beauty is touched just when he is suffering the horror. In this essay, supernal beauty is classified into two categories: untouchable beauty and mysterious beauty. The analyses and causes are also illustrated to explore the supernal beauty.Key Words: Edgar Allan Poe; supernal beauty; untouchable beauty; mysterious beauty IntroductionEdgar Allan Poe is known as one of the most controversial writer in America. Poe is a very prolific and distinctive writer. And his poetry is characterized as mysterious, visional, and aesthetic.Poe’s poetry is unique and different from others. He is brilliant but short-lived. Poe leaves many poems to us. His poetry holds a kind of supernal beauty and impresses readers greatly. What he describes are fairy maidens, graves, ghosts and death. His poetry makes the readers feel that the beauty he depicts is untouchable and mysterious. Most of his stories are pessimistic and mysterious with negative keynote, then their characters behaves strangely and dejectedly; while in his poems Poe tries his best to create the images of beauty and avoid the ugly figures. We can see, poem’s poems has revealed strong trend of aesthetic. Under the guidance of aesthetic, Poe has formed his special principles. He puts forward many theories about poetic beauty and his poems ofen definitely reflect this theories. Poe defines true poetry as “the rhythmical creation of beauty ” ,“Beauty is the sole legitimate province of the poem... ” “ It is the desire of the moth for the star. It is not the mere appreciation of the beauty before us. It is a wild effort to reach the beauty above.” Actually in his practice, he pursues beautiful forms musical beauty and beauty of melenchaly, meanwhile, he stresses “poetry foe poetry”, neglecting social and didactic function of poetry. Poe applies his aesthicviews to practical writings and expresses supernal beauty through allegorically ingenious way.Poe displays his acute insight, brave imagination and talented master of words through volume of supernal beauty. While reading the poems ,the resders can lose themselves in the fantastic world, as well as Poe enjoy himself in it to express his feeling, emotion and hope. Presently, most study about Poe in China focuses on his fiction,while the study about hispoetry is comparatively less. ThisEssay tries to interpret the supernal beauty in Poe’s poems in virtue of some aesthetic theories.I. Untouchable BeautyA. Holy BeautyThe poet focuses all his illusions for ideal female on Helen and believes that her beauty is overwhelming beyong the mortal world. Her beauty belongs to the untouchable and holy beauty.Poe sets up an visionary world where illusory beauty lives. Poe creates holy beauty through employing the mythology of ancient Greece and Rome. Holy beauty is connected with the classic beauty Helen. This part explores holy beauty from two aspects: musicality and image.Poe defines true poetry as “the rhythmical creation of beauty ” .Poe considers the music of poetry most important because musicality provokes the sentiments of poem and prompts the creativity of holy beauty. Poe uses alliteration to describe the holy beauty of Helen. The sound ［h］in “thy hyacinth hair ” pronounces gently and quietly. The listeners seems to place themselves in an illusion where Helen’ soft hair strokes their faces slowly.“Glory”、“Greece” and “grandeur” expresses her classic grace, ease , quietness and nobility.Also, the repetition of ［w］in “ The weary way-worn wanderer” reveals the tiresome and hardships of the traverlers. In The Raven the poet creates the slow and melancholy effects through employing the long vowel ［o:］in “nevermore”. Howere, the rhythem in To Helen achieves another effect;It sounds refreshing and exhilarating. In the first stanza of To Helen ［ī:］and ［o:］are used alternately in “me”, “your”, “sea”, “bore”, “shore”; Then in the second stanza of To Helen, It rhymes with ［êī:］and ［ú］in “rome”, “face”, “home”, “Greece”, “Rome”. The combination of long vowels and double vowels can prolong the sounds and slow down the speed of reading. The whole poem sounds peaceful,tranquil,serene and get the readers lost in the graceful world very naturally because of the slow rhythm and the sily vowels. The use of rhythem expresses the holy temperament of Helen.Poe builds his unique and aesthetic kingdom of poems through employing the peculiar images. This kingdom is full of too many grandors which is mysterious and untouchable to exist in the earthling world.Helen is considered as several images to build her untouch. She is compared to those Nicèan barks of yore ，she carries the tired travelers to their desired home. The sea is tranquil and fragment while the wavesis gentle and attracting. Helen soothes the drowsy people like a gentle mother. Helen represents the glory that was Greece, and the grandeur that was Rome. She symbolizes the glory of home and she is the pride of the travelers coming back. Helen just like The agate lamp，as a guide to leade the way home for the wanderers. Helen is the holy Goddess coming from Heven.Poe uses three images of immortal maiden to portray holy beauty. The beauties from the mythology of Greece emerge in To Helen: Helen in Trojan War, Naiad in the water and Psyche. The poet moulds his beautiful ideal female through Helen: This lady is pretty, pure, brave and wise. Her beauty is supernal, untouchable and holy. The word “perfumed” provides the readers with the feelings that the mild fragrance pervades not only the sea but also the poem.B. Lost BeautyLost beauty is related to death of beauties. In the world of Poe’s the only purpose is beauty, and the most charming is the lost and vanishing beauty. The worldly beauty turns into supernal beauty because of death. The goal of life is the perfection of itself,so it becomes pure and sublime; All the despicable creatures extinguish because of the dignity of Death while Beauty obtains its eternity due to its elegance and purity. Situated in the melancholic and aesthetic atmosphere, the mind of readers will gradually shake common custom and greed off. For example, In The Raven the young man’s mind has been under the influence of the raven which symbolizes truth, kindness, and beauty.To facilitate the study of supernal beauty, refrain is applied. Just as Poe says: “ producing continually novel effects, by the variation of the application of the refrain.” In To One in Paradise, the word “all” servers as the so-called refrain-word. It occurs five times and shapes a sharps contrast between past and present to sigh lost beauty with feelings.In The Raven The repetition of “nevermore” implies the juxtaposition between binkered greed and boundless supernal beauty as well as limited life and infinite love. The protagonist experences dout, horror until broken-hearted. Because he has realized the unparalleled purity of beauty far more beyond the bitter and cruel lock of this mortal world.Annabel Lee may be considered as the model of Poe’s application of refrain. Its refain consists of the mame “Annabel Lee” and the phrase “ In the kingdom by the sea,” teh repetition of which probably coms closer to purely phonetic repetition than refrain. And the vocal quality of “Annabel Lee” and “ In the kingdom by the sea,” rendrs a pastiral atmsphere of fairy tale. And offers a serene quality of supernal beauty.However, All those pretty women dies of tuberculosis. Foe example, Annabel Lee “ is chilled” by “ a wind”. The death of beautiful women strikes the poet and frustrates him.His desire foe beauty are destroyed beauty of the coming of death. Meanwhile, death means immortality and the lost beauty go to eternity. In other words, beauty which is untouchable is the authentic beauty. As a matter of fact, the women suffering tuberculosis will become more beautiful when dying. Because their skins turns pale and translucent, and their faces and mouths shift into redness due to favor. Their departure can be regarded as frozen beauty. So, Poe says: “The most poetictopic in the world i s the death of a beautiful woman”. All the women in Poe’s poems departure early in ordr to symbolizes the lost beauty,in a beautiful,ethereal way.II. Mysterious BeautyA. Remote BeautyPoe usually builds his setting in remote, old and ethereal past. His remote beauty can be found in: 1.Remote images. His poetic images are either the dead or immortal maidens. Those remote images provide the poem with mysterious and supernal beauty. Poe employs three beautiful Greek beauties to illustrate his recalls for the lost pretty woman inTo Helen. 2. Archaic word .Poe uses archaic word “thy” to call Helen, so the poem is added with remote beauty. “Quoth” in “ The Raven” shows that the raven comes from the far-away and unknown places. 3. Remote time .In Annabel Lee , the poem begins with “ It was many and many a year ago” . The phrase “ many and many” reveals that the story takes place in faraway past. In The Raven , “it was in the bleak December.” 4.Remote palce. “ Greece” and “Rome” in To Helen arouse our in terests in the glory and grandeur of their history. “Some sepulche, remote, alone” in The Sleeper gives us a glimpse of the graves lying in the wildness. 5.Passive voice. Because the poems Poe writes aims to mourn for those beautiful women, Poe uses passive voice in every poems to create a distance between life and death. Foe example, “I was a child and she was a child.” In Annabel Lee illustrates his grief over their past life. 6.Remote memory. At the same time, readers’ imagination is provoked to recall a distant memory. Even if the wicked forces to break the cheerful love are so fanciful that achieves the distant and classical beauty.Poe narrates this sentimental story with past tense. We can conclude that what Poe pursues is the distant, mysterious and supernal beauty.In To Helen, the “ desperate seas ” are not the seas now,it comes to us with Helen from the ancient times. Distance perception of time rises between the seas and the readers through this kind of definition. The distance causes remote beauty which we can’t touch. The seas escape the shackles of the geogrophy—Its opposite bank ie the ages of Greece and Rome with “The weary way-worn wanderer bore /To his own native shore. ” and “Thy Naiad airs have brought me home /To the glory that was Greece/And the grandeur that was Rome. ”The images adopted from the mythology including Israfil、Tamerlane、Helen、elfin、God、Death etc. All of them possesses remote and attracting charming. They are just illusioned images and exists in the imagination of people’ b rain. Those dreamed figures creates the remote、mysterious、ethreal and magic beauty.Poe makes a good use of the traditional forms. In To Science 、To Zanteand 、Silence, he chooses the ancient form sonnet, which is “the most suitable way to show one” feeling s”, to chide the damage of science on imagination, to recllect the happy and sad memory the island Zante takes, and to sigh for the fugacious fate of human beings.Through traditional forms,we can see Poe is persuing ditance to build the remote beauty.B. Gothic BeautyEdgar Allan Poe is famous as a talented ghost because he creates an illusioned, mysterious and gothic world full of ghostes. His ghothic style can be found in : 1gothic time. Most stories of his poems happen at night. The story of The Raven takes place at a mid night in December; Ulalume turns up in an evening in October; Annabel Lee comes about in an evening long long ago. Evening especially the silent mid-night paints the mysterious atmosphere on the story and also evokes the sense of horror.2Gothic background. Generally speaking, the stories of Poe’s poems happen a lot in a lonely room, remote seashore, graves and caves. Sometimes,his stories take place in the intersect of Heaven and Hell or an illusioned world. The location of The Raven is a lonely room; the site of Annabel Lee is a far-away kingdom; the place of For Annie is a place between dream and reality.The situation of Ulalume is in the crossing of Heaven and Hell.3 Lonely man. Each of Poe’s poems usually contains one character wander ing between dream and reality. Morover, “I” often tired, gloomy, painful and mournful. In fact, ‘I’ represents the poet, an truthful embodiment of poet from reality.4 Gothic atmosphere. Wretch, bleakness, mystory, gloom and terror pervade the poems of Poe’s. Weather, empty houses, the sceneries of Nature are all used to depict the gothic atmosphere.5 Gothic vocabuleries. Poe is good at selecting some words to build the gothic atmosphere such as graves, ghosts, devils, copors, Haven, withered, alone, shriek, and surprise.6 Gothic images. The images in Poe’s poems symbolize another. For example, the raven represents death while the sea and the land embodiments life and death.7 Gothic theme. All his life, Poe is persuing the melonchalic beauty, so the frequent theme in his poems is death, eascially the death od the beautiful young women.The beauty in Poe’s poems is peculiar not comfortable and harmonious.It is mystearous and horrific. His gothic beauty is not decadent hut transcendent. This beauty has been refined and becom purer, more valuable.those terrible scenes and images expresses the supernal sense from the opposite.Poe’s poem is not didactic but to provide beautiful experiences for readers. Poe expresses a kind of peculiar beauty. Alliteration is used to keep consistant with the horrific setting. “Weak and weary” Reaveals the tiresome od the young man’s physical and psychological state. Besides, “nodded, nearly napping” seems to symbolize the knocking at the door by the raven. Also, the repetition of “Nevermore” achieves the effect of gothic beauty and sounds like death knell. Its sounds are filled with the whole poem and accompanies the young man until he becomes insane.Through depicting some terrible images, Poe embraces the idea of gothic beauty. The raven symbolizes horror and others which is related to the raven containing “dying ember”, “midnight”,“Pallas”, “the Nithty shore” enhance the senses of horror.Poe uses horrific images, terrible sounds and gothic devices to feature the gothic beauty. And the gothic beauty belongs to the pure and supernal beauty.Ⅲ. Causes of Supernal BeautyA. Personal ExperiencesPoe’s life is full of frustrations and suffers a lot from the cruel world. He is fighting against poverty、drinks、illusions and depression, however ，he can’t defeat them. Warmth and concern never comes to him. Poe degenerate into an orphan then has a tense relationship with his step-father. After grown-up, poverty follows him. What’s more , his talent and brilliance isn’t realized and appreciated by others. Therefore,He is abandoned by family and society. The colour of Poe’s life has dyed from brightness to greyness until blackness. It is no wonder that his poems floods with death, disease and the unfortunate.Poe has experiences too much death of beautiful woman,so he memorises them in the poems.The departures of these beautiful females give Poe an impression:They are holy,distant,mysterious and untouchable. His mother Elizhebeth,forster-mother Mrs. Allan,the mother of his classmate Mrs. Stanard, his loved wife Viegniar, all od them have a great influence at different stages of Poe’s life. They bring the sense of safty and give Poe ‘s life brilliant color.They are deeply loved by Poe but depart him one after another.The death of Poe’s mother leaves an impression that how big the power of death; The departure of his step-mother takes his cherished mother away again; The dying of Mrs. Stanard pulls the pillar of his spirit down cruelly; The leave of hie wife drives Poe crazy.So, in order to forget the pain of growing up and to commemorate his misses for those wemen, he writes several poems such as To Helen, Annabel Lee ,The Raven ,The City in the Sea,For Annie etc. In these poems ,Mysterious beauty and untouchable beauty are described through the description of Beautiful women.Below are two examples.Poe expresses his deep grief for Mrs Stanard through Helen in To Helen. He regards Helen as embodiment of holy beauty.Mrs Stanard is the mother of Poe’s classmate. Her beauty surprises and impresses Poe very much.So when she died, Poe writes To Helen to express this holy and ideal love in his heart.Just as Poe writes: “lines written ,in my passionate boyhood, to the first purely ideal love of my soul”. Poe illustrates his deep mourning for his wife Virginia Clemm.She is the incarnacion of Annabel Lee which represents the lost beauty. Virginia marries to Poe when she is 13 and serves as the role of mother and helps Poe a lot.Howere, She dies early and drives Poe almost insane.Her death refers to losing and make poe broken_hearted.Then Poe portrays a kind of lost beauty in the poem Annabel Lee. B. Poe’ Aesthetic TheoriesPoe believes in “ pure tales” and “pure poetry”. He thicks that the puepose of art is to create beauty, that beauty is the provence of art, and that the origin of art is human”s yearning for beauty. Poe says in his ThePoeticPinciple :He who shall simply sing ,with however gloing enthusiasm, or with howere vivid a truth of description, of the sights, and sounds, and odors, and colors, and sentiments, which greet him in commom with all mankind-he, I say, has yet failed to prove hisdivine title. There is still a somthing in the distance which he has been unable to attain. We have still a thirst unquenchable,to allay which he has not shown us the crystal springs. This thirst belongs to the immortality of Man. It is at once a consequence and an indication of his perennial existence. It is the desire of the moth for the star. It is no mere appreciation of the beauty before us—but a wild effort to reach the beauty above.From this, it could be figured out that Poe favors “ the beauty above” which he also uses another expression as “supernal beauty”. And that is what he wants to create in his works.Poe’ poetic theories are best elucidated in his “The Philosophy of Composition” and “The Poetic Principle”.Its chief aim is beauty,namely, to provide a feeling of beauty in the reader.Beauty aims at “ an elevating excitement of the soul” and “ beauty of whatever kind,in its supreme development,invariably excites the sensitive soul to tears.” And he concludes that “the death of a beautiful woman is ,unquestionably, the most poetical topic in the world”.Death is horrible and Poe portaies them through graceful manner. To Helen, Annabel Lee ,The Raven ,The City in the Sea,For Annie are all used to express Poe’s ex treme depressin and despair through the description of the death of his beloved.The form of Poe’s poems is exquisite, the words are elegant and the rhythm is graceful.Foe him, in order to illustrate a kind of strong feelings, he writes. Poe advocates “pure poesy” .In his opinion, arts equel to the creation of beauty and beauty is the essence and keynote of arts. The origin of arts is man’s longing for beauty. Poe believes that Beauty exists in eternity, and that earthly life can be divinized by reflecting the supernal beauty. The best poet for Poe is the one who is able to represent in his poetry the reflection of supernal beauty through inspiration or deliberation.He stresses rhythm and defines true poetry as “the rhythmical creation of beauty ” and decla res that “music is the perfection of the soul or idea ,of poetry” . In order to achieve this purpose, Poe uses music as vehicle to create the impression of ethereal tune by conbining the earthly sounds.Poetry should not be didactic.The immediate object of poetry is pleasure,not truth.The function of poetry is not to summarize and interpret earthly experiences but to create a mood in which one soul soars.Also,beauty is one sole purpose of poem.Beauty must concern itself just with supernal beauty.Only in music can man come closest to anything what he calls supernal beauty.The beauty that Poe worships is supernal beauty,heavenly and earthly beauty on the everlasting soul.ConclusionPoe declares that “Beauty is the sole legitimate province of the poem...”as well as that “Beauty is the excitement, or pleasurable elevation of the sole. ” Howere, this beauty is not simple ,not plain but eternal, immortal. It is supernal beauty. Through the analysis of holy beauty,lost beauty,disant beauty, and gothic beauty.An comprehensive understanding of supernal beauty is achived.Supernal beauty possesses the quality of aesthets and fancies and belongs to the fairy-land.After reading his works, different kinds of beauty can be experienced: the beauty of dignity, the beauty of sorrow, the beauty of distance, and the beauty of death and despair. All these beauties are the ones Poe pursues all through his lives. Poe tries his best to pursue terror,humor,myth,and originality. And he show things are horrible and morbid,mysterious and exciting. Maybe the thoughts in his works are difficult to understand, and the language obscure.Readers,especially those in his times, may feel different to appreciate the be auty in Poe’ works.This thesis summarizes Poe’s major catergories as reflected in his understanding of the supernal beauty. Poe realizes his supernal beauty mainly in three aspects of his his poetry, i.e., the beautiful music, the images with unique rhetotical and melancholic emotions. Poe creates an ideal world in poetry to escape from the harm that the material world do to art and to keep the purity of arts. Summaring what we have discussed previously and consulting depressed personal life, we may trace Poe’s obsession with supernal beauty back to his persoanl experience, both biographically and phychologically. Biographically, Poe lose a series of beautiful women whose tenderness in turn soften and comfort his frustrated heart. Their physical beauty and tenderness are trancended into divinity and ethereality ad their early departure inspires Poe. Phychologically, Poe has long been called an “ outcast of society.” Disillusioned by harsh reality, Poe turns to seek comfort from the world of imagination where he builds an ideal dreamland ,dripping with the supernal beauty.This thesis expects to present a complete comprehension of Poe’s supernal beauty. Through the exploration of untouchable beauty and mysterious beauty, this thesis connects the categories of supernal beauty and its causes. It is hoped the present thesis could foster our understanding of Poe” portry and his art in a higher level on the one hand, and on the other hand, this thesis could hopefuly contribute to the undrstanding of Poe’s position in the development of the literature in America as well as in the world.NotesPoe Edgar Allan. The Poetic Principle and The Philosiohy of Composition. New York: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1983. P6辜正坤. 英文名片鉴赏金库•诗歌篇[M]. 天津：天津人民出版社, 2006. P10 Bloom,harold,ed. Edgar Allan Poe : Mordrn Critical Views. New York: Chelsea House Pubishers,1985. P151Poe Edgar Allan. The Poems of Edgar Allan Poe. New York: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1980. P123Poe Edgar Allan. The Poems of Edgar Allan Poe. New York: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1980. P126Poe Edgar Allan. The Poems of Edgar Allan Poe. New York: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1980.P145Quinn, Arthur Hobson. Edgar Allan Poe : A Critical Biography. New york: Cooper Squar Publishers, Inc. 1969.P256波德莱尔•查尔斯：《波德莱尔美学论文选》，郭宏安译，北京：人民文学出版社，1995. P245曹明伦译. 爱伦•坡集[M]. 北京：三联书店, 1995. P129辜正坤. 英文名片鉴赏金库•诗歌篇[M]. 天津：天津人民出版社, 2006. P368 Bibliography[1] Abrams. M.H.gen.ed. The Norton Anthology of English Literature[z].5th ed.V ol.1.New York: W.W. Norton.1986.[2] Bloom,harold,ed. Edgar Allan Poe : Mordrn Critical Views. New York: Chelsea House Pubishers,1985.[3] Flecher,Richard M. The Stylistic Develepment of Edgar Allan Poe. Paris: Mount ＆Co., N. V., Publishers,1973.[4] Hayes, Kevin J. The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.[5] Poe Edgar Allan. The Poems of Edgar Allan Poe. New York: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1980.[6] Poe Edgar Allan. The Poetic Principle and The Philosiohy of Composition. New York: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1983.[7] Quinn, Arthur Hobson. Edgar Allan Poe : A Critical Biography. New york: Cooper Squar Publishers, Inc. 1969.[8] 曹明伦译. 爱伦•坡集[M]. 北京：三联书店, 1995.[9] 曹明伦. 爱伦•坡其人文新论[J]. 四川教育学院学报, 1995（02）.[10] 波德莱尔•查尔斯：《波德莱尔美学论文选》，郭宏安译，北京：人民文学出版社，1995.[11] 辜正坤. 英文名片鉴赏金库•诗歌篇[M]. 天津：天津人民出版社, 2006.[12] 刘守兰. 英美名诗解读[M]. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2003.[13] 马新国编：《西方文论史》，北京：高等教育出版社，2002[14] 邱子华：《思辨的美学与自由的艺术—黑格尔美学思想引论》，武汉：华中师范大学出版社，1997[15] 刘向朝. 爱伦•坡的史诗论和诗歌创作[J]. 琼州大学学报，2006（01）.。
英文诗歌赏析Annabel-Lee-by-Edgar-Allan-Poe
英文诗歌赏析Annabel Lee by Edgar Allan Poe《安娜贝尔·李》是美国抒情诗中的上乘佳作。
这是诗人坡1849年死后才发表的最后一篇诗作，代表其唯美主义风格的顶峰。
许多评论家认为这是诗人为悼念亡妻而作，旨在把爱情融入理想化的永恒境界。
全诗浓笔喧染了大海边亦真亦幻的浪漫氛围，既有纯洁的爱情，也有哀婉的悲剧。
大海的波涛传递着悲切的旋律，而大海的永恒寓意着爱情的永恒。
全诗情景交融，音乐和画面和谐，鲜明的视觉形象和忧郁抒情节奏，既生动而形象地演释了一个爱情传奇，又委婉感人地抒发了诗人缠绵悲伤的心情。
全诗呈现给读者的是美的意境，美的人物，美的故事，美的感情，美的韵律，美的语言。
埃德加·爱伦·坡（Edgar Allan Poe,1809-1849）美国十九世纪著名诗人、短篇小说家、文学评论家。
他生于波士顿，曾在弗吉尼亚大学和西点军校学习，但时间都不长。
他一生坎坷，常有怀才不遇的苦闷，心情忧郁，常常借酒消愁，以至嗜酒成性。
他自1827年自费出版第一部诗集，走上文学创作的道路。
为了谋生，他先后担任一些报刊杂志的编辑，主要撰写文艺评论文章。
由于他心直口快，笔锋犀利，在美国文坛树敌不少，人缘极差。
但是他在欧洲享有盛誉。
进入20世纪，他在世界文坛享有不朽地位，被誉为“永为世人共赏的伟大抒情诗人。
”他的诗歌代表作是《乌鸦》，短篇小说代表作是《厄舍古屋的倒塌》。
住在海边的女子，没有看过男孩的眼泪，以为世间的男子寂寞了也无所谓；孤独了仍不懂伤悲，于是穿过滚滚红尘来到大海深处。
可她不知道，他也会流泪，也会心碎。
滚滚波涛是他汹涌的暗流，朵朵浪花是他今生的眼泪。
男人的爱深沉像海……It was many and many a year ago，In a kingdom by the sea，That a maiden1 there lived whom you may knowBy the name of ANNABEL LEE；And this maiden she lived with no other thoughtThan to love and be loved by me.She was a child and I was a child，In this kingdom by the sea；But we loved with a love that was more than loveI and my Annabel Lee；With a love that the winged seraphs of heaven Coveted2 her and me.And this was the reason that，long ago，In this kingdom by the sea，A wind blew out of a cloud by night chilling my Annabel Lee；So that her highborn kinsman3 cameAnd bore her away from me，To shut her up in a sepulchreIn this kindom by the sea.The angels ，not half so happy in the heaven，Went evnying her and meYes！That was the reason（as all men know，in this kingdom by the sea）That the wind came out of the cloud，Chilling and killing4 my Annabel Lee.But our love it was stronger by far than the loveOf those who were older than weOf many far wiser than weAnd neither the angels in heaven above，Nor the demons5 down under the sea，Can ever dissever my soulfrom the soulOf the beautiful Annabel Lee.For the moon never beams without bringing me dreamsOf the beautiful Annalbel Lee；And the stars never rise but I see the bright eyesOf the beautiful Annabel Lee；And so，all the night-tide ，I lie down by the sideOf my darling ，my darling ，my life and my bride，In the sepulchre there by the sea，In her tomb by the side of the sea.很久很久以前，在一个滨海的国度里，住着一位少女你或许认得，她的芳名叫安娜贝尔.李；这少女活着没有别的愿望，只为和我俩情相许。
edgar allan poe 著名诗歌
在文学史上，爱伦·坡（Edgar Allan Poe）无疑是一个极具影响力的人物。
他不仅以其悬疑、恐怖作品而闻名，还以其诗歌作品成为文学界的瑰宝。
他的诗歌作为对人类内心深处恐惧和欲望的探索，充满了深刻的灵魂与情感。
1. 带我探讨爱伦·坡的诗歌作品在探讨爱伦·坡的诗歌作品时，我们首先不得不提到他最著名的作品《乌鸦》。
通过这首诗，坡将乌鸦的叫声和主人公的心境相结合，描绘出了一种黑暗、忧郁的氛围。
而在《安妮贝尔·李》这首诗中，他用细腻的笔触和优美的叙述，表达了对逝去爱人的思念和哀伤。
这些作品不仅在当时引起了轰动，而且至今仍广受推崇。
在整个诗歌作品中，爱伦·坡通过对恐惧、逝去、爱情等主题的探索，展现了深沉的诗意和对人类内心的洞察力。
他引领读者深入思考人生的意义和内心的矛盾，充分展现了他对文学的独特理解。
2. 总结和回顾在这篇文章中，我们对爱伦·坡的诗歌作品进行了全面的评估和探讨。
通过对其代表作的分析，我们不仅更加深入地了解了这位文学大师的作品，还对他深刻的诗意和对人类内心的探索有了更清晰的认识。
他的作品无疑对当今文学产生了重大影响，而他对恐惧、逝去、爱情等主题的诗意表达，更是给我们留下了深刻的印象。
3. 个人观点和理解在我看来，爱伦·坡的诗歌作品深刻地揭示了人类内心深处的恐惧和欲望。
他以其独特的诗意和对人生深刻的思考，成为了文学史上不可或缺的重要人物。
他的作品不仅是文学的瑰宝，更是对人类内心的深刻剖析。
通过阅读他的作品，我们不仅能领略到他细腻的诗意，更能从中获得对人生、对内心的启迪和理解。
通过本篇文章的撰写，我更加深入地了解了爱伦·坡的诗歌作品，对他的文学成就有了更为全面、深刻和灵活的理解。
希望本文也能帮助你更好地领略爱伦·坡的诗意之美。
爱伦·坡（Edgar Allan Poe）是19世纪美国文学史上的一位重要人物，他的诗歌作品以其独特的风格和深刻的主题而闻名。
美国文学期末考试-诗歌赏析部分
美国⽂学期末考试-诗歌赏析部分Philip Freneau1.野⾦银花美丽的⾦银花，你粲然绽放于幽静⼀⾓。
芳菲满枝,⽆⼈垂顾，迎风起舞,⽆⼈注⽬。
游⼦从不践踏你的⽟体，过客从不催落你的泪滴。
造化令你素裹银妆，你得以远离庸⼈的⽬光她赐予你⼀⽚绿荫葱葱她带给你⼀泓流⽔淙淙恬静的夏⽇倏然流淌你终于红衰翠减，⽟殒⾹消妩媚动⼈，你却⽆法盛颜久长落红满地，你令我黯然神伤纵然在伊甸乐园，⼈间天堂也难免⼀⽇凋零，满⽬凄凉萧瑟秋风，凄⽩秋霜你终于消失得⽆影⽆踪朝霞幕露孕育了你娇⼩的⾝躯你从尘⼟来，⼜归尘⼟去来时⼀⽆所有，去时化作尘⼟可叹⽣命苦短你终究红消⾹断Background: The short lyric was written in 1786. Freneau was inspired by the beauty of the wild honey suckle when he was walking at Chaeleston, South Carolina. As is displayed in this poem, honeysuckle, instead of rose of daffodil became the object of depiction; it is “wild” just to convey the fresh perception of the natural scenes on the new continent. The flowers, similar to the early Puritan settlers, used to believe they were the selects of God to be arranged on the abundant land, but now have to wake up from fantasy and be more respectful to natural law.Theme:the mutability of flowers and by extension the transience of human life. Time is constant but the time of a life is short; any favor is relative but change is absolute; with or without the awareness, nature develops; flowers were born, blossomed and declined to repose, and human beings would exist in exactly the same way. A philosophical meditation is indicated by the description of the fate of a trivial wild plant. In this poem, the poet expresses a keen awareness of the loveliness and transience of nature. It implies that life and death are inevitable law of nature. In addition, the poet writes with the strong implication that, though in the work no one is presented in person, human beings at times envy the flower. This is seen not because the “roving foot” would “crush”; nor that the “busy hand” would “provoke a tear”; nor because of the “vulgar eye”, but because of the fact that the human being has the ability to foresee his death. Whereas, the flower, with its happy ignorance, lacks this consciousness and is completely unaware of its doom. Its innocence left it happier than the foreseeing human beings.Unfortunately, the human beings are quite unwilling to refuse this knowledge and that arouses all their sufferings.Rhyme and analysis: Form ?Four six-line stanzas ?iambic tetrameter 四⾳步抑扬格?soft-strong-soft-strong-soft-strong-soft-strong ? Fair flower, that dost so comely grow ? rhymed on ababcc pattern Following the traditional European model, the lyric is written in regular 6-line tetrameter stanzas, rhyming “ababcc”, and sounds just like music. But in order to accord with the change in tone and topic in Stanza 3, the rhythmic pattern is varied. Different from the rest the poem which is written in smooth iambic tetrameter lines, the third line of the stanza --- “They died” --- begins with a “spondee”(two stressed beats in a row) and, after forcing the reader to pause (the dash), continues in a highly irregular rhythm with an intensification of stressed beats. The purpose is obvious: the speaker wants to drive the horrible message home, to let the reader feel the impact acutely. But as we progress into the last stanza, when a more mature view of life and death is adopted, the rhythms are restored to the original regularity as the tone assumes a tempered serenity grown out of experience. The wild honey suckle is, in the poet’s eye, no longer a common flower.In the first two stanzas, to start with, Freneau devoted more attention to the environment of the flower in which he found it than to the appearance of the flower per se. He commented on the secluded nature of the place where the honey suckle grew, drawing a conclusion that it was due to Nature’s protectiveness that the flower was able to lead a peaceful life free from men’s disturbance and destruction. But the next stanza immediately changed the tone from silent admiration and appreciation to outright lamentation over the “future’s doom” of the flower --- even Nature was unable to save the flower from its death. Actually no flower, or no living being, can escape. Not even the flowers that used to bloom in Eden. Thus from the flower in nature the poet started to ponder over the fate of man, who was bound to fall from his innocence and suffer from the despair of death as the result to his exile from Paradise. Just as kindly as nourished and protected the honey suckle in spring and summer, Nature will destroy ruthlessly the flower with its autumn and winter weapons.Understand the title: 1. The name honeysuckle comes from the sweet nectar that the flow er produces to intoxicate the greedy bee. Its powerful fragrance seduces the human senses as it pervades the air. The perfume of this passionate plant may turn a maidens head, hence wild honeysuckle is a symbol of inconstancy in . The word “wild”implies herliving place; she lives in wilderness not in paradise or house; so she will not be app reciated by others and feels sorrowful. Also it implies the nature, so we can say the writer is describing the nature.William Cullen Bryant（对死亡的冥想）热爱⾃然的⼈与世间万象, 有着⼼神的交流，对他, 她可说各种各样的语⾔他⾼兴的时候，她声⾳喜悦, 微笑⾥透着⾼贵的美丽, 她潜⼊他隐秘的思索，带着温柔和抚慰的关切，未及他明⽩她就将痛苦带⾛，当最后的思想如灾难降临你的精神,悲痛的哀影，寿⾐，棺罩,令⼈窒息的⿊暗，以及促狭的房屋使你瑟瑟发抖，并⼼⽣憎恨——去开阔的⽥野吧，去听听,⾃然的教诲，听听那从四野⾥——⼤地、河川和新鲜的空⽓中——传来的静谧⽽寂寥的声⾳——然⽽⼏天后，普照⼤地的太阳在它的⾏程⾥，也不见你的踪影；也不在冰冷的⼤地你含泪苍⽩的形体停放之处,也不在⼤海的怀抱存你的形象养育了你的⼤地要将你召回, 复归为尘⼟，消除⼈的痕迹你的个体将⾂服于此，你将永远与⾃然之中的万物共处去做⽆情的草⽊和磐⽯的兄弟掩藏在坚硬的泥⼟下，任由那粗野的情郎翻犁和践踏橡树伸展的根须将刺穿你的躯体。
描述死去命运英语作文
描述死去命运英语作文The Fate of Death。
Death is a fate that awaits us all, a mysterious and inevitable part of life that we must all come to terms with. It is a concept that has fascinated and terrified humanity for centuries, inspiring countless works of art, literature, and philosophy. In this essay, we will explore the theme of death in various forms and examine how different cultures and individuals have grappled with this ultimate fate.In Western culture, death is often portrayed as a dark and ominous force, a grim reaper who comes to claim our souls when our time on Earth is up. This image of death asa hooded figure with a scythe has been a popular motif inart and literature for centuries, symbolizing the finality and inevitability of our mortality. From Shakespeare'stragic plays to Edgar Allan Poe's haunting poems, death isa central theme that looms large over the human experience.In Eastern cultures, death is often seen as a natural and cyclical part of life, a transition from one existence to the next. In Hinduism, for example, death is seen as a temporary state of being before the soul is reborn into a new body through the process of reincarnation. In Buddhism, death is viewed as a necessary step on the path to enlightenment, a chance to escape the cycle of suffering and achieve nirvana.Despite these different cultural perspectives, death remains a universal and unifying experience that all human beings must face. Whether we fear it, embrace it, or simply accept it as a part of life, death is a fate that we cannot escape. It is the great equalizer that reminds us of our own mortality and forces us to confront the impermanence of our existence.In conclusion, the fate of death is a complex and multifaceted concept that has inspired countless works of art, literature, and philosophy throughout history. Whether we see it as a dark and ominous force or a natural and cyclical part of life, death is a fate that we all shareand must come to terms with. It is a reminder of our own mortality and a call to live our lives to the fullest, cherishing each moment and embracing the beauty and fragility of our existence.。
关于死亡的英文诗
关于死亡的英文诗Death is a concept that has fascinated and perplexed humanity for centuries. It is a topic that elicits strong emotions and thoughts about the nature of life and the inevitable end. Many poets have sought to explore and express their own thoughts and feelings about death through their works. In this essay, we will examine several such poems that tackle the theme of death.One of the most renowned poems on the subject is "Because I could not stop for Death" by Emily Dickinson. In this poem, the speaker personifies death as a gentleman caller who takes her on a carriage ride towards eternity. The poem portrays death as a peaceful and gentle transition, rather than a dark and fearful event. Dickinson's use of vivid imagery and subtle metaphors invites the reader to contemplate their own mortality and the acceptance of death as an inevitable part of life.Another notable poem is "Do not go gentle into that good night" by Dylan Thomas. This poem expresses the poet's plea to his dying father to fight against death and hold on to life's vitality. Thomas uses powerful language and repetition to convey his urgency and resistance to the inevitable. The poem serves as a reminder to embrace life and to not let death take hold without a fight. Switching gears, we have "Annabel Lee" by Edgar Allan Poe, a hauntingly beautiful poem about love and death. Poe tells the story of a love so strong that not even death can extinguish it. The poem explores the themes of eternal love and the longing for the departed. Poe's use of vivid imagery and musical language creates a melancholic and ethereal atmosphere, capturing the reader'sattention and evoking their own emotions towards the loss of a loved one.Moving forward, we have "The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner" by Randall Jarrell. This poem provides a raw and brutal account of death during war. Written from the perspective of a deceased soldier, the poem reflects on the dehumanizing aspects of war and the bleakness of death. Jarrell's use of concise and vivid language creates a powerful image, leaving the reader with a sense of sorrow and contemplation.Lastly, we have "Ode to a Nightingale" by John Keats. While not explicitly about death, this poem explores the theme of mortality and the desire for escape from life's sufferings. Keats reflects on the fleeting nature of life and the eternal beauty of art and nature. The poem serves as a contemplation on the transience of life, inviting the reader to ponder their own mortality and the pursuit of immortality through art.In conclusion, death is a universal and timeless theme that has intrigued poets throughout history. Each of the aforementioned poems offers a unique perspective on death, whether it be as a gentle transition, a force to be resisted, or as a subject of eternal love. These poems remind us of the profound and existential questions that surround death and encourage us to reflect on our own mortality. While death may be an inevitable part of life, it is through poetry and artistic expression that we can grasp a deeper understanding and acceptance of its presence.。
Edgar Allan Poe
4. Edgar Allan Poe(1809-1849)About Edgar Allan PoeHe is regarded as father of modern short story, father of detective story,father of psychoanalytic criticismMajor worksTales of the Grotesque and the Arabesque怪诞故事集“MS. Found in a Bottle” 瓶子里发现的手稿“The Murders in the Rue Morgue”毛格街杀人案The Fall of the House of Usher尼古屋的坍塌“The Masque of the Red Death”红色死亡的化妆舞会“The Cask of Amontillado”一桶酒的故事The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym (the longest story)Poems：The Raven乌鸦(the most famous narrative(记叙文) poem)IsrafelAnnabel LeeTo HelenThe Poetic Principle 诗歌原理The Philosophy of Composition创造哲学His two poemsAnnabel LeeTheme:Eternal love. The eternal love between the narrator and Annabel Lee which is so strong and beautiful and pureThe death of a beautiful woman is a common theme in Poe’s writing.IntroductionThis poem not only mourns the death of a beautiful girl, but also celebrates the timelessness of love.This poem has been acclaimed “the culmination(顶点) of Poe’s lyric(抒情的) style in his recurrent theme of the loss of a beautiful and loved woman”.To HelenIntroductionPoe was invited to more far back into the past and recalled the greatness and splendor of ancient world. This is a passionate lyric written in finished classic style. It displays its meaning only in image and suggestion, yet its three stanzas(诗节) reduce to poetic order a set of intuitive ideas about the ancient world of Greece and Rome.Poetry:Poetry: the rhythmical creation of beauty, Brevity , unity，rhythmic beauty.5. Emily DicksonAbout Emily DicksonShe was called the “the Belle(美女) of Amherst”“the Nun(修女) of Amherst”.She lived in a reclusive(隐居的，寂寞的) life.Theme of her works:Love, death, nature, immortality(eternal永恒), success, failure, pain, the beauty of nature.Her greatest poems are about the theme of death.Her two poems:Because I Could not Stop for DeathTheme: deathSuccessTheme: the relation between success and failure.。
最新02讲爱伦坡专题研究
02讲爱伦坡专题研究02超越时代的美国诗人——爱伦·坡导入：爱伦坡（Edgar Allan Poe,1809-1849），美国著名诗人，短篇小说家，评论家。
父母早逝，由养父约翰．爱伦抚养成人。
坡一生坎坷，怀才不遇，后期嗜酒成性，精神有些失常。
他的诗歌情调低沉，有形式主义的倾向。
但音韵铿锵有力，选词含蓄，色调富丽。
他的诗歌理论和成就对西方诗歌的发展产生过深远的影响。
叶芝说：“坡是为世人共赏的伟大抒情诗人。
”小说分为两类:恐怖小说：以荒诞恐怖的故事为题材，着重刻画人物的变态心理。
《红色死亡假面舞会》，《厄舍古厦的倒塌》推理小说：《莫格街谋杀案》其诗歌类似其小说，富有音乐美，主题为哀悼美的消损。
《乌鸦》文学批评著作：《创造哲学》（1846），《诗歌原理》（1850）1．What do you know about Edgar Allan Poe?2．How do you understand horror film or horror description in novels?3 Do you think language can be used to produce the effect of music?一、文本细读（一）《安娜·贝尔·李》（Annabel lee）创作背景：此诗是纪念坡的已故妻子Virginia Clemn的。
1834年坡与她结婚。
婚后，他们过着贫困的生活。
1847年Virginia去世。
不久后，坡写成此诗。
Virginia的死使她成为坡的一个完美的文学形象。
当Virginia以ANNABEL LEE 的形象步入文学殿堂的时候已经变成了一位纯洁，美丽，超凡入圣的理想人物。
ANNABEL LEE 成为坡的文学理论的表现者；同时，她那完美无瑕的形象也深深令人倾倒。
由此，一曲回肠荡气的哀歌便久久回旋在诗的王国里。
分节赏析：Stanza 1It was many and many a year agoIn a kingdom by the seaThat a maiden there lived whom you may knowBy the name of ANNABEL LEE;And this maiden she lived with no other thoughtThan to love and be loved by me.那是在许多年、许多年以前，在海边的一个王国里住着位姑娘，你可能也知道她名叫安娜蓓尔·李：这姑娘的心里没别的思念，就除了她同我的情意。
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Milk Wei
Mondo Perez
Level2 English
5 April 2013
About Edgar Allan Poe’s Death
I suppose that Edgar Allan Poe was dead of a brain tumor, because it is the only guess that has some firsthand information to prove it.
Mr. Pearl, a 32-year-old graduate of Harvard College and Yale Law School, strongly support this theory. One night of 2006, he was sitting in the hotel room, his fans asked him that why they couldn’t dig out Mr. Poe’s body, he answered that it was because it would destroy the large marble monument. This event reminded him of another event: Mr. Poe’s body had been exhumed before, 26 years after his death. Some spectators might see that great man’s brain when his body was moved by the workers.
A letter written to the editor of The Baltimore Gazette claimed that a medical gentleman had seen that Mr. Poe’s brain was in an almost perfect state of preservation,
but it is somewhat shrunk in size. The other article in the St. Louis Republican reported seeing the brain “[ratt ling] around inside just like a lump of mud.” Mr. Pearl realized that it may be the only physical evidence of what Mr. Poe’s condition was at his time of death.
But a coroner said to Mr. Pearl: “Well, that person is just wrong. Unless you embalm the body, the brain is the first thing to liquefy. There’s no way it would still be there 25 years later.” But a tumor can calcify while the rest of the body decomposes. Perhaps that’s what those people were describing. When Mr. Pearl was looking at some photographs of the brain tumor, he thought that it really looked like the shrunken brain.
He then started to find other evidence. Hal Poe, a descendant of the writer, and Poe scholar James Hutchisson, who had advanced the tumor theory a year earlier in a Poe biography, both provide some important information to support it.
Although Mr. Pearl didn’t solve this mystery once and for all, he was really excited to find this theory, at least it has some trails to follow; we can find evidence and create hypothesis due to this theory directly.
It should be the most realistic and convincible theory. Someone first creates a hypothesis, and then he finds some articles and information about this thesis to enrich it. He collects that information and settles them clearly. After that, more authoritative evidences are added to support it. This process is steady and it makes me to believe it more than other theories.
The rabies theory and the cooping theory are based on some guessing and conjecture; there is no convincible evidence to prove them. We can’t ensure those theories. So in total, I believe in the brain tumor theory the most. People will keep discovering new information about this mystery of Edgar Allan Poe’s death as the time goes.。