2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷(带答案)第45期

2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B
卷（带答案）
一.综合题(共15题)
1.
单选题
A Survey has found that three quarters of men quite enjoy their food shopping experience and are happy to______their way around the aisles searching out products.
问题1选项
A.drive
B.steer
C.navigate
D.voyage
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词辨析与搭配。

drive“推动；驾驶；驱赶”；steer“控制；引导；驾驶”；navigate“操纵；导航；航行”；voyage “航行；渡过”。

四个选项虽都与驾驶、航行有关，但其中只有navigate可与one’s way around搭配。

句意：一项调查发现，四分之三的男性非常享受他们的食品购物体验，他们很乐意推车购物车来回寻找商品。

因此C选项符合题意。

2.
单选题
For gathering data about individuals or groups at different developmental levels, researchers can use two related research designs: longitudinal and cross-sectional.
A longitudinal study is one that measures a behavior or a characteristic of an individual over a period of time, perhaps decades. An example of such a study is the Berkeley Growth Study begun in 1928 by Nancy Bayley. The study focused on a group of 74 white, middleclass newborns. As they grew older, extensive measures of their intellectual, personality, and motor development were recorded. The subjects were studied for more than thirty years.
The longitudinal research design is a powerful technique for seeking understandings of the effects of early experiences on later development. Also, differences in or stability of behaviors or characteristics at different ages can be determined. Longitudinal studies, however, are expensive to conduct, time-consuming, and heavily contingent on the patience and persistence of the researchers. The findings of a longitudinal study may be jeopardized by relocation of subjects to another part of the country and by boredom or irritation at repeated testing. Another disadvantage is that society changes from one time to another and the subjects participating in the study reflect to some degree such changes. The methods of study or the questions guiding the researchers may also change from one time to another. If properly conducted, however, longitudinal studies can produce useful, direct information about development.
A cross-sectional study is one in which subjects of differing ages are selected and compared on a specific behavior or characteristic. They are alike with respect to socioeconomic status, sex, or educational level. For example, a researcher may be interested in looking at changes in intelligence over a thirty-year period. Three groups of subjects, ages ten, twenty, and thirty, may be selected and tested. Conclusions are drawn from the test data.
The cross-sectional research design has the clear advantage of being less expensive to conduct and certainly less time-consuming. The major disadvantage is that different individuals who make up the study sample have not been observed over time. No information about past influences on development or about age-related changes is secured. Like longitudinal studies, the cross-sectional methods cannot erase the generational influence that exists when subjects studied are born at different time. Psychologists are now beginning to use an approach that combines longitudinal and cross-sectional research methods.
1.Which of the following is NOT one of the disadvantages of a longitudinal research?
2.The word "contingent" in the third paragraph probably means ______.
3.Which of the following statements is true?
4.One of the differences between cross-sectional research and longitudinal research is that ______.
问题1选项
A.The subjects may become irritated at repeated testing.
B.The participants in the study may not stay in one place for many years.
C.The behavior of a subject in the study may be measured continuously for many years.
D.Social changes may be reflected in the behaviors of the subjects participating in the study.
问题2选项
A.dependent
B.consecutive
C.determined
D.continual
问题3选项
A.The subjects in a cross-sectional research are not of the same age group.
B.The methods of study in longitudinal research will not change over time.
C.Longitudinal research is reliable only in seeking understandings of the effects of early experiences on later development.
D.Cross-sectional methods are not usually adopted in studying, for example, the changes in intelligence over a thirty-year period.
问题4选项
A.the latter usually focuses on only one subject, while the former involves groups of subjects
B.the former can be free from the influence of social changes
C.the latter can be free from the influence of social changes
D.the former costs less money and takes less time
【答案】第1题:C
第2题:A
第3题:A
第4题:D
【解析】1.判断推理题。

题干：下列哪项不是纵向研究的缺点之一？文章第二段说到纵向研究的特点和有点，第三段说到了纵向研究的缺点。

第二段第一句“A longitudinal study is on e that measures a behavior or a characteristic of an individual over a period of time, perhaps decades”与C 选项符合。

因此C选项符合题意。

2.词义题。

由词语定位到第三句，分析句子结构可知“contingent”是并列谓语之一。

前半句说到纵向研究费用高、耗时长，因此要依靠耐心和毅力才能坚持下来。

因此A选项符合题意。

3.判断推理题。

题干：下列哪个陈述是正确的？此类题只可通过选项定位。

C选项中出现了绝对词“only”，表示“纵向研究只有在寻求对早期经验对后期发展的影响的理解时才是可靠的”，过于绝对化，因此排除；第三段中“the methods of study or the questions guiding the researchers may also change from one time to another”说明B选项错误；第四段中“three groups of subjects, age ten, twenty, and thirty, may be selected and tested”说明D选项错误。

因此A选项符合题意。

4.细节题。

题干：横向和纵向研究的区别之一是______。

由题干定位到文章第四、五段，第五段第一句提到“The cross-sectional research design has the clear advantage of being less expensive to conduct and certainly less time-consuming”，即与D选项的less money一致。

因此D选项符合题意。

3.
单选题
Living constantly in the atmosphere of slave, he became infected（）the unconscious （）their psychology. No one can shield himself（）such an influence.
问题1选项
A.on... by... at
B.by... for... in
C.from... in... on
D.through... with... from
【答案】D
【解析】考查固定搭配。

infec t sb. with sth. “用……感染……”是固定搭配；shield from“庇护使免遭……”也是固定搭配；through表示感染渠道。

因此D选项符合题意。

4.
单选题
Being born in the summer could give you a sunny disposition for life. And a winter birthday
might cast a permanent shadow______your happiness, scientists believe.
问题1选项
A.through
B.cross
C.beneath
D.over
【答案】D
【解析】考查固定搭配。

cast a permanent shadow over…“给……投上阴影；使减弱”。

句意：出生在夏天可以给你的生活一个阳光的性格。

科学家们认为，冬季的生日可能会给你的幸福蒙上永久的阴影。

因此选项D符合题意。

5.
单选题
Information technology that helps doctors and patients make decisions has been around for a long time. Crude online tools like WebMD get millions of visitors a day. But Watson is a different beast. According to IBM, it can digest information and make recommendations much more quickly, and more intelligently, than perhaps any machine before it — processing up to 60 million pages of text per second, even when that text is in the form of plain old prose, or what scientists call “natural language” •
That’s no small thing, because something like 80 percent of all information is “unstructured”. In medicine, it consists of physician notes dictated into medical records, long-winded sentences published in academic journals, and raw numbers stored online by public-health departments. At least in theory, Watson can make sense of it all. It can sit in on patient examinations, silently listening. And over time, it can learn and get better at figuring out medical problems and ways of treating them the more it interacts with real cases. Watson even has the ability to convey doubt. When it makes diagnoses and recommends treatments, it usually issues a series of possibilities, each with its own level of confidence attached. Medicine has never before had a tool quite like this. And at an unofficial coming-out party in Las Vegas last year, during the annual meeting of the Healthcare Information and Management System Society, more than 1,000 professionals packed a large hotel conference hall, and an overflow room nearby, to hear a presentation by Marty Kohn, an emergency-room physician and a clinical leader of the IBM team training Watson for health care. Standing before a video screen that dwarfed his large frame, Kohn described in his husky voice how Watson could be a game changer — not just in highly specialized fields like oncology but also in primary care, given that all doctors can make mistakes that lead to costly, sometimes dangerous, treatment errors.
Drawing on his own clinical experience and on academic studies, Kohn explained that about one- third of these errors appear to be products of misdiagnosis, one cause of which is “anchoring bias” ：human beings，tendency to rely too heavily on a single piece of information. This happens all the time in doctors，offices, clinics，and emergency rooms. A physician hears about two or three symptoms，seizes on a diagnosis consistent with those, and subconsciously discounts evidence that points to something else. Or a physician hits upon the right diagnosis, but fails to realize that it’s incomplete, and ends up treating just one condition when the patient is, in fact, suffering from several. Tools like Watson are less prone to those failings. As such, Kohn believes, they may eventually become as ubiquitous in doctors，offices as the stethoscope.
“Watson fills in for some human limitations，” Kohn told me in an interview. “Studies show that humans are good at taking a relatively limited list of possibilities and using that list, but are far less adept at using huge volumes of information. That’s where Watson shines ； taking a huge list of information and w innowing it down. ”
1.What is Watson?
2.Which of the following is beyond Watsoif s ability?
3.Marty Kohn( ).
4.“Anchoring bias”( ).
5.Which of the following may be the best title of the passage?
问题1选项
A.It is a person who aids doctors in processing medical records.
B.It is an online tool that connects doctors over different places.
C.It is an intelligent computer that helps doctors make decisions.
D.It is a beast that greets millions of visitors to a medical institution.
问题2选项
A.Talk with the patient.
B.Calculate probability.
C.Recommend treatment.
D.Process sophisticated data.
问题3选项
A.gave a presentation at an academic conference
B.works for the IBM Training Division
C.is a short person with a husky voice
D.expressed optimism for Watson
问题4选项
A.is a device ubiquitous in doctors，offices
B.is less likely to be committed by Watson
C.happens in one third of medical treatments
D.is a wrong diagnosis with incomplete information
问题5选项
A.Watson As A Shining Star.
B.The Risks Of Misdiagnosis.
C.The Robot Will See You Now.
D.IBM’s IT Solution To Medicine.
【答案】第1题:C
第2题:A
第3题:D
第4题:B
第5题:A
【解析】1.细节题。

题干：Waston是什么？由第一段第三句中“it can digest information and make recommendations much more quickly, and more intelligently, than perhaps any machine before it”可知Waston是能帮助医生和病人的智能电脑。

因此选项C符合题意。

2.细节题。

题干：以下哪项超出了Watsoif的能力？由第一段最后一句中“digest information and make recommendations”可得C和D选项。

根据第二段最后一句中“it usually issues a series of possibilities, each with its own level of confidence attached”可得出B选项。

因此选项A符合题意。

3.细节题。

题干：Marty Kohn______。

人名定位到第三段。

由段尾的“a game changer”可推出Marty Kohn看好Waston。

A选项的academic conference与原文不符合，演讲是在一次非正式亮相的聚会上进行的。

Marty Kohn是“a clinical leader of the IBM team training Watson for health care”，而不是IBM培训部的人，所以排除B选项。

由“Standing before a video screen that dwarfed his large frame”可知Marty Kohn本身不矮小，是对比出的效果，排除C选项。

因此D选项符合题意。

4.细节推理题。

题干：“Anchoring bias”________本文第四段提到了“Anchoring bias”，“human beings，tendency to rely too heavily on a single piece of information…”，倒数第二句指出“Tools like Watson are less prone to those failings”，可知Waston不太容易出现这类错误。

因此选项B符合题意。

5.主旨大意题。

题干：下面哪个可能是这篇文章最好的标题？本文主要讲述了Waston是什么以及它在医学领域的应用。

因此选项A符合题意。

6.
单选题
Many Fine Art graduates take ( ) professional practice as artists, and this course encourages them to consider their role as artists in the community by providing opportunities for short-term placements outside the Faculty.
问题1选项
A.down
B.up
C.out
D.in
【答案】B
【解析】考查短语辨析。

take down “记下”；take up“开始从事”；take out“取出”；take in“欺骗；吸收”。

句意：许多美术专业毕业生把自己看作艺术家来进行职业训练，本课程鼓励他们考把自己当做社会艺术工作者，为他们提供在学院之外的短期实习机会。

因此B选项符合题意。

7.
单选题
The poor girl spent over half a year in the hospital but she is now（）for it.
问题1选项
A.none the worse
B.none the better
C.never worse
D.never better
【答案】B
【解析】考查固定搭配。

none the worse for “未受……损害”，后面一般接具体事件或事物。

none the better for it“不因此而好些；丝毫不受影响”是一个习惯用法。

句意：这个可怜的女孩在医院里住了半年多，但她现在丝毫不受影响。

因此B选项符合题意。

8.
单选题
We’ve seen a(n) ( ) trend of consumers saying they will spend more, from holiday shopping to 2012 travel plans, and spending plans for Feb. 14 are no exception. 问题1选项
A.consistent
B.persistent
C.insistent
D.resistant
【答案】A
【解析】考查形近形容词辨析。

consist ent“前后一致的；坚持的“；persistent ”固执的；坚持的“；insistent ”坚持的；迫切的；显著的“；resistant ”反抗的；顽固的“。

句意：从假日购物到2012年的旅游计划，我们已经看到消费者将增加消费的……倾向，2月14日的消费计划也不例外。

按照句意，A选项符合，指这种消费倾向保持一致。

9.
单选题
People are living longer and not saving enough, which means they will either have to work______ longer, live____ less in retirement or bailed______by the government.
问题1选项
A.in... for... up
B.for... on... out
C.by... in... on
D.on... for... out
【答案】B
【解析】考查语义和固定搭配。

前半句提到：人们活得越来越长，储蓄却不够。

顺应的工作时间更长，退休后可依赖的资本更少，只能靠政府帮助拜托困境。

for后面接“一段时间”，live on “以……为生”，bail out“帮助摆脱困境”。

因此B选项符合题意。

10.
单选题
Prince Charles, the longest-waiting( ) to the throne in British history, has spoken of
his “impatience” to get things done.
问题1选项
A.heir
B.heirship
C.heritage
D.heiress
【答案】A
【解析】考查形近词辨析。

heir “【法】继承人”; heirship“继承权，继承资格”；heritage “遗产，继承物”；heiress“女继承人”。

句意：英国历史上等待王位时间最长的王储查尔斯日前表示，他“没有耐心”把事情做好。

选项A符合题意。

11.
单选题
Men commit motoring offences as women, according to the Home Office figures.
问题1选项
A.nine times of
B.as nine times
C.nine times that of
D.nine time as many
【答案】D
【解析】考查语法知识。

对比选项可知本题考查倍数。

与times相关的倍数表达方式为：A is N times (形容词比较级) than B。

因此D选项符合题意。

12.
单选题
The organization issued a cry of alarm last week, citing "( ) evidence" that those children are not receiving the same quality of education as their richer peers.
问题1选项
paring
pleting
pelling
posing
【答案】C
【解析】考查形容词辨析。

comparing“比较的”；completing“完成”；compelling“引人注目的；令人信服的”；composing“起镇静作用的”。

句意：该组织上周发出警告，称有“有力的证据”表明，这些孩子接受的教育质量不如他们富裕的同龄人。

因此C选项符合题意。

13.
单选题
She wore long, heavy dresses, clothes that allowed（）movement.
问题1选项
A.minimum of
B.the minimum
C.her minimum of
D.a minimum of
【答案】D
【解析】考查固定用法。

四个选项中只有a minimum of“至少，最少的”为固定用法。

因此选项D符合题意，表示“裙子又长又重，走起路来只能慢慢挪动”。

14.
单选题
The professor stopped for a drink and then( ) with his lecture on the Indian culture.
问题1选项
A.proceeded
B.processed
C.preferred
D.presented
【答案】A
【解析】考查短语辨析。

proceed with“继续进行”；process和prefer没有与with搭配的用法； present with“赠礼物与……”。

句意：教授停下来喝了一杯，然后继续他关于印度文化的讲座。

因此A选项符合题意。

15.
单选题
Microsoft founder Bill Gates has ( ) about being a parent, stating that 13 is an appropriate age for a child’s first cell phone.
问题1选项
A.opened up
B.taken up
C.put up
D.held up
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词词组辨析。

open up“坦诚地说，开辟，打开”；take up“开始从事，占用”；put up“提供，提出，建造”；hold up“举起”。

句意：微软创始人比尔•盖茨坦言为人父母之道，表明13岁是孩子拥有第一部手机的合适年龄。

因此A选项符合题意。