英美文学期末复习

English poetry’s basic elements:
Meter(格律), rhyme（韵律）, alliteration（头韵）, stanza（诗节）
iambic tetrameter 四步抑扬格
anapestic trimester 三步抑抑扬
dactylic dimeter 两步扬抑抑
Male rhymes（阳韵）单词带有单音节Female rhymes（阴韵）带有多音节
forms of English poetry：
ballad（歌谣）, sonnet（十四行诗）and blank verse（无韵诗）
Italian sonne意大利十四行诗前octave(八行) 韵律abbaabba
后sestet(六行) 韵律cdcece or cdecde.
English sonnet 也叫Shakespearean abab cdcd efef gg
1. Shakespeare 莎士比亚的Sonnet 18
（criticized religious persecution（宗教迫害），insatiable lust for money(对金钱的贪求) bourgeois egoism（利己主义），Eulogized youth, love, friendship power of human life, worldly happiness ）
In this poet, Shakespeare believes that his beloved beauty is unparalleled(无双的) and everlasting because he is represented in the poetry.
在诗的couplet 处的conclusion是：So long as human beings exist in the world, people will appreciate the poet’s beloved’s beauty described in this poem and then his beauty will be everlasting
What does the poem reveal about beauty?
All beautiful and nice things in the world will disappear, but the beauty in poetry can last forever.
The poem reveals Shakespeare’s faith in the permanence of poetry, the lasting power of human art and the creative power of human beings.
2 William Wordsworth 华兹华斯的She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways
属于ballad，narrative poem
（in four-lined stanzas with iambic tetrameter抑扬四音部in odd numbered lines and iambic trimeter抑扬三音部in even numbered lines）
在这首诗中，Wordsworth用metaphor暗喻的手法先to compare the young lady to a violet紫罗兰，美得modest and obscure谦逊。

接着，Wordsworth 用simile明喻的手法把女孩的beauty比喻成star shining in the sky，soft mild and attractive
“the difference to me”
Even though Lucy’s death is unnoticed by others and makes no difference to the world, it has made a difference to her lover, who loves and values her so deeply and feels a great pain and deep grief over her death.
In this poem, Lucy is a simple and natural beauty derived from her modesty girl
这首诗通过描述一个从叙事者的角度描述他爱人的美以及爱人的死对他造成的影响，来向读者reveal 揭示common and ordinary people have their own virtues and sincerity，worthy of our sympathy and concern。

3. Emily Dickson 的“Because I Could Not Stop for Death”
这首诗前两节刻画了人类既想得到永生又想继续活下去的ambivalent矛盾的feeling
整首诗大量的采用personification的修辞手法
They passed a school, fields of gazing grain, and the setting sun. The school could represent her youth; the fields, her maturity of adulthood; the setting sun, her old age.
揭示的主题：
Present life is more desirable than afterlife.
The Road Not Taken （topic writing）
his poem consists of four stanzas of five lines. The rhyme scheme is ABAAB. There are four stressed syllables each line, varying on iambic tetrameter base.
Content：
The speaker stands in the woods, considering a fork in the road. Both ways are equally worn and equally overlaid with un-trodden leaves. The speaker chooses one, telling himself that he will take the other another day. Yet he knows it is unlikely that he will have the opportunity to do so. And he admits that someday in the future he will recreate the scene with a slight twist: He will claim that he took the less-traveled road
Analysis:
Easy-understanding words and structure; free and relaxed style; resonant metaphor; the choices we haven’t taken is the road not taken; however, the theme the poet wants to reveal is not simple. By using the symbolism and a sustained metaphor of the choice between the diverging roads, the poet implies that all of us must take personal responsibility for choices and that our choices determine the course of our lives.
In a Station of the Metro Ezra Pound 的作品modernism period
Through a juxtaposition of two images – faces in a subway crowd and petals on a bough, the poet represents that the human and the natural words reflect each other.
the haiku form of Japanese; 文中的两个意象是一种Metaphorical隐喻的relationship。

文中“apparition”一词，connotes 不仅仅是这些人的外表看上去是lifeless, 就连精神上都散发着一种indeference的气息。

作者心情：joyous and exhilaration
r-p-o-p-h-e-s-s-a-g-r E.E. Cummings
use hyphens 连字号parentheses 括号punctuations 标点符号
小说
1. Emily bronte 艾米莉勃朗特《呼啸山庄》Wuthering Heights
勃朗特三姐妹：Charlotte，Anny
作者被称为是“the Sphinx 人面兽身of modern literature”
topic writing 2: the difference between Kate’s A Pair of Silk Stockings and A Story of An Hour
在凯特的文中，女性被赋予了三个地位：sexuality, as a wife; maternity, as a mother; and individuality, as a human being in universe.
In these two stories, both the heroines played the role of a caring housewife and a loving mother. They were limited in domestic life and were supposed to idolize(醉心于)their children, worship their husbands and esteem it a holy privilege to efface （漠视）themselves as individuals and grow wings as ministering angels (救星).
In the first story, Mrs. Mallard’s the conflict is between her desire for physical and spiritual freedom and her fear of breaking the confinement of social norms or the cultural concept of gender role. She had the desire for the freedom of self-assertion. After knowing the truth that her husband doesn’t die, Mrs. Mallard died from heart disease.
In the second story, the conflict that Mrs. Sommer faces is her responsibility to her children as opposed to her own needs for beautiful things.
As a wife and mother, Mrs. Sommer is tender, devoted, dutiful and caring. Her life seems to be hard, busy and poor. Before her marriage, her life seems to be better, maybe she could afford to buy finer things or go to other places to enjoy herself. She wanted to back to the past and treated herself well and acquired sense of self-attractiveness, self-enjoyment and self-worthiness. But, actually, she has to come back to earth and becomes the one that only cares for others without a sense of self-existence.
dramatic ironies and situational ironies 戏剧性讽刺和情境反讽
synesthesia (联觉) visual视觉, auditory听觉, tactile触觉, gustatory味觉, olfactory 嗅觉, kinaesthetic动觉
Katherine Mansfield 的作品Miss Brill
文中的修辞手法：simile satire personification symbols irony
使用了the limited third-person point of view
Reveal the theme that the old are victimized by loneliness and by the thoughtlessness of the energetic younger world around them.
Miss Brill in this story bearing her name is described as an old, lonely spinster who creates her life by imagination and illusion. 容易受伤贫穷的
The fur necklet and ermine toque embody体现the estranged疏远的, lonely old age that becomes withering干枯的, ugly, despised轻视, unwanted有害的by others as Miss Brill and that old woman in the street. 象征的手法
Hemingway 的A Clean, Well-Lighted Place。