医学教学课件：Sekeletal system骨骼系统
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为负压，有利于关节的稳定）。
Types of Joints
关节的分类
Types of joints
Fixed joints 不动关节
Mobile joints 活动关节
Skull, 头盖骨 Vertebra 椎骨
Ball & Socket joint,球窝，椭圆关 Sliding joint,鞍状关节 Hinge joint,屈戌关节 Pivot joint车轴关节
• 它是一个扁平骨，可分为三个部分： • Manubrium sterni胸骨柄 • Body of sternum 胸骨体 • Xiphoid process剑突
Ribs 肋骨
•There are 12 pairs of ribs, all of which are attached posteriorly to the respective thoracic vertebrae.
• 有机结缔组织则决定骨的弹性和韧性，促进骨骼 的耐拉力。骨骼的强度可与刚铁媲美。
• Bone forms an important component of the skeleton of human body.
• 骨骼是人体骨架的重要组成部分
• Because of its rigidity and hardness, it provides the strength and form necessary to keep human body in
• 30%的蛋白质，脂肪和碳水化合物（有机质）
• The inorganic salts are mainly responsible for rigidity and hardness, which make bone resist compression caused by the forces of weight and impact.
• 软骨和骨骼最主要的区别是含矿物的不同。
• 骨骼含高度矿物的钙盐，而软骨没有。
Joints
关节
• Joints are important components of human skeleton because they make the human skeleton mobile. A joint occurs between “two or more bones”, “bone and
around which the entire body is buparts of human body are components of
human skeletal system.
• 骨骼系统是由骨骼，软骨,关节构成的人体 系统，这些构成了人体的骨架。骨骼也可 以被定义成稳固整个人体骨架的结构。人 体内大多数坚固的部分都是由人体骨骼系 统构成的。
顶骨 枕骨
顶视图
颞骨
Bones of face
颜面骨
• Facial bones consist of the following • 颜面骨组成部分如下：
• Zygomatic bones (2)颧骨 • Maxillae (2)上颌骨 • Nasal bones (2)鼻骨 • Lacrimal bones (2)泪骨 • Vomer (1)犁骨 • Palatine bones (2)颚骨 • Inferior conchae (2)下鼻甲 • Mandible (1)下颚骨
• 人体骨骼分为两种： – Axial Skeleton中轴骨骼 – Appendicular Skeleton 附肢骨骼
Axial Skeleton
中轴骨骼
• Axial skeleton forms the axis of human body. It
consists of 中轴骨骼构成人体的轴线，由： – Skull头盖骨， – vertebral column 脊柱， – thoracic cage.胸骨 – Made up of 80 bone共计80骨
Skull
头盖骨
• Skull is that part of human skeleton that forms the bony framework of the head.
• It consists of 22 different bones that are divided into two groups:
Skull
鼻骨
额骨
颧骨 上颌骨 下颌骨
顶骨 枕骨
颞骨 下颚骨
Vertebral Column
脊柱
• It is a flexible column of vertebrae, connecting the trunk of human body to the skull and appendages.
• 骨骼主要是由含钙和无机盐（如：磷酸钙， 碳酸钙）构成的致密型结缔组织。
Composition of Bone
骨骼的组成
• 70% calcium, magnesium & phosphorus salts (Inorganic matter)
• 70%的钙，镁和磷酸铵盐（无机盐）
• 30% Proteins, Fats, Carbohydrates (Organic matter)
Types of Mobile joints
Ball & Socket joint球窝,椭圆关节Hinge joint屈戌关节
Sliding joint鞍状关节
Pivot joint车轴关节
Divisions of Human Skeleton
人体骨骼的划分
• Human skeleton can be divided into two divisions.
• The main difference in the cartilage and bone is the mineralization factor.
• Bones are highly mineralized with calcium salts while cartilages are not
–骨头的末端由透明软骨所覆盖
– Ligaments bind the bone together
–韧带把所有的骨骼连接在一起。
– Joint cavity enclosed by a capsule-synovial membrane
–关节腔是由关节软骨与关节囊滑膜层所围成的密闭 腔。
– Cavity contains lubricant fluid-synovial fluid –关节腔内含有滑液（可润滑关节、减少摩擦，腔内
• 脊柱是一条灵活的椎骨，连接着人体的头部和其他器官
• It is composed of 26 vertebrae which are divided into 5 regions:
• 脊柱由26个椎骨构成，分别处于人体5个不同的区域： • Cervical (neck) - 7 vertebrae,颈椎 • Thoracic (chest) - 12 vertebrae胸椎 • Lumbar (lower back) - 5 vertebrae腰椎 • Sacral 1 vertebra骶骨 • Coccyx (tailbone) - 1 vertebra尾椎
• 无机盐决定骨的硬度，使骨骼足以支撑身体 重量和抵抗冲击力。
• The organic connective tissue portion of the bone makes it resilient and thus the bone can afford resistance to tensile forces. In strength bone is comparable to iron and steel.
Components of Human Skeleton
人体骨架的组成
• Bones
骨骼
Joints 关节
• Cartilages
软骨
Bones
骨骼
• Bone is a dense type of connective tissue impregnated with inorganic salts mainly the salts of calcium such as calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate etc.
its shape. • 由于骨骼的刚度和硬度，提供了支撑保持人体体
型的必要强度。
• It also protects the delicate organs vital for life, for example the skull protects the brain and the ribcage protects heart and lungs.
•人体内有12对肋骨，所有的肋骨后端皆与胸椎相 连。
•The upper 7 pairs are attached to the sternum directly through their costal cartilages.
•1-7肋借软肋与胸骨相连。
• 同时，骨骼也保持着人体器官的生命活力，例如 颅骨保护着大脑，胸骨保护着心脏和肺部。
Cartilages 软骨
• Cartilage is also a form of connective tissue but is not as tough and rigid as bone.
• 软骨也是由结缔组织构成的，但它并没有骨骼的 硬度和刚性。
cartilage” and “cartilage and cartilage”
• 关节是人体骨骼重要组成部分因为它协助人体肌 肉产生运动。两个或多个骨骼间（骨骼和软骨间 或者软骨和软骨间）就会有一个关节
典型的滑膜关节 骨端
关节囊 滑膜 关节液 透明软骨
– Bony ends covered with hyaline cartilage
Skeletal System
骨骼系统
What is the Skeletal System?
骨骼系统的定义
• Skeletal system is the system of bones, associated cartilages and joints of human body.
• Together these structures form the human skeleton. • Skeleton can be defined as the hard framework of human body
颈椎 （7）
胸椎（12）
腰椎（5） 骶骨（1） 尾椎（1）
椎间盘
Rib Cage
胸腔
• It is a bony cage enclosing vital human organs formed by the Sternum and Ribs.
• 胸腔是由胸骨和肋骨所组成的笼状结构。由以下 两个部分构成：
• 头盖骨骨骼由以下骨骼构成：
– Frontal bone (1)额骨 – Parietal bones (2)顶骨 – Occipital bone (1)枕骨 – Temporal bones (2)颞骨 – Sphenoid bone (1)蝶骨 – Ethmoid bone (1)筛骨
侧视图 额骨
• 头盖骨是形成人体头部骨架的组成部分。 • 头盖骨由22块不同的骨骼构成，可分为：
– bones of cranium头盖骨骨骼 – bones of face.颜面骨
额骨 鼻骨 颧骨 上颌骨
下颚
顶骨 枕骨
颞骨 下颌骨
Bones of cranium
头盖骨骨骼
The cranium consists of the following bones
• 胸骨 • 肋骨
Sternum
胸骨
• The sternum (chest bone) lies in the midline of the anterior chest wall.
• 胸骨位于前胸壁的中线
• It is a flat bone that can be divided into three different parts:
Types of Joints
关节的分类
Types of joints
Fixed joints 不动关节
Mobile joints 活动关节
Skull, 头盖骨 Vertebra 椎骨
Ball & Socket joint,球窝，椭圆关 Sliding joint,鞍状关节 Hinge joint,屈戌关节 Pivot joint车轴关节
• 它是一个扁平骨，可分为三个部分： • Manubrium sterni胸骨柄 • Body of sternum 胸骨体 • Xiphoid process剑突
Ribs 肋骨
•There are 12 pairs of ribs, all of which are attached posteriorly to the respective thoracic vertebrae.
• 有机结缔组织则决定骨的弹性和韧性，促进骨骼 的耐拉力。骨骼的强度可与刚铁媲美。
• Bone forms an important component of the skeleton of human body.
• 骨骼是人体骨架的重要组成部分
• Because of its rigidity and hardness, it provides the strength and form necessary to keep human body in
• 30%的蛋白质，脂肪和碳水化合物（有机质）
• The inorganic salts are mainly responsible for rigidity and hardness, which make bone resist compression caused by the forces of weight and impact.
• 软骨和骨骼最主要的区别是含矿物的不同。
• 骨骼含高度矿物的钙盐，而软骨没有。
Joints
关节
• Joints are important components of human skeleton because they make the human skeleton mobile. A joint occurs between “two or more bones”, “bone and
around which the entire body is buparts of human body are components of
human skeletal system.
• 骨骼系统是由骨骼，软骨,关节构成的人体 系统，这些构成了人体的骨架。骨骼也可 以被定义成稳固整个人体骨架的结构。人 体内大多数坚固的部分都是由人体骨骼系 统构成的。
顶骨 枕骨
顶视图
颞骨
Bones of face
颜面骨
• Facial bones consist of the following • 颜面骨组成部分如下：
• Zygomatic bones (2)颧骨 • Maxillae (2)上颌骨 • Nasal bones (2)鼻骨 • Lacrimal bones (2)泪骨 • Vomer (1)犁骨 • Palatine bones (2)颚骨 • Inferior conchae (2)下鼻甲 • Mandible (1)下颚骨
• 人体骨骼分为两种： – Axial Skeleton中轴骨骼 – Appendicular Skeleton 附肢骨骼
Axial Skeleton
中轴骨骼
• Axial skeleton forms the axis of human body. It
consists of 中轴骨骼构成人体的轴线，由： – Skull头盖骨， – vertebral column 脊柱， – thoracic cage.胸骨 – Made up of 80 bone共计80骨
Skull
头盖骨
• Skull is that part of human skeleton that forms the bony framework of the head.
• It consists of 22 different bones that are divided into two groups:
Skull
鼻骨
额骨
颧骨 上颌骨 下颌骨
顶骨 枕骨
颞骨 下颚骨
Vertebral Column
脊柱
• It is a flexible column of vertebrae, connecting the trunk of human body to the skull and appendages.
• 骨骼主要是由含钙和无机盐（如：磷酸钙， 碳酸钙）构成的致密型结缔组织。
Composition of Bone
骨骼的组成
• 70% calcium, magnesium & phosphorus salts (Inorganic matter)
• 70%的钙，镁和磷酸铵盐（无机盐）
• 30% Proteins, Fats, Carbohydrates (Organic matter)
Types of Mobile joints
Ball & Socket joint球窝,椭圆关节Hinge joint屈戌关节
Sliding joint鞍状关节
Pivot joint车轴关节
Divisions of Human Skeleton
人体骨骼的划分
• Human skeleton can be divided into two divisions.
• The main difference in the cartilage and bone is the mineralization factor.
• Bones are highly mineralized with calcium salts while cartilages are not
–骨头的末端由透明软骨所覆盖
– Ligaments bind the bone together
–韧带把所有的骨骼连接在一起。
– Joint cavity enclosed by a capsule-synovial membrane
–关节腔是由关节软骨与关节囊滑膜层所围成的密闭 腔。
– Cavity contains lubricant fluid-synovial fluid –关节腔内含有滑液（可润滑关节、减少摩擦，腔内
• 脊柱是一条灵活的椎骨，连接着人体的头部和其他器官
• It is composed of 26 vertebrae which are divided into 5 regions:
• 脊柱由26个椎骨构成，分别处于人体5个不同的区域： • Cervical (neck) - 7 vertebrae,颈椎 • Thoracic (chest) - 12 vertebrae胸椎 • Lumbar (lower back) - 5 vertebrae腰椎 • Sacral 1 vertebra骶骨 • Coccyx (tailbone) - 1 vertebra尾椎
• 无机盐决定骨的硬度，使骨骼足以支撑身体 重量和抵抗冲击力。
• The organic connective tissue portion of the bone makes it resilient and thus the bone can afford resistance to tensile forces. In strength bone is comparable to iron and steel.
Components of Human Skeleton
人体骨架的组成
• Bones
骨骼
Joints 关节
• Cartilages
软骨
Bones
骨骼
• Bone is a dense type of connective tissue impregnated with inorganic salts mainly the salts of calcium such as calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate etc.
its shape. • 由于骨骼的刚度和硬度，提供了支撑保持人体体
型的必要强度。
• It also protects the delicate organs vital for life, for example the skull protects the brain and the ribcage protects heart and lungs.
•人体内有12对肋骨，所有的肋骨后端皆与胸椎相 连。
•The upper 7 pairs are attached to the sternum directly through their costal cartilages.
•1-7肋借软肋与胸骨相连。
• 同时，骨骼也保持着人体器官的生命活力，例如 颅骨保护着大脑，胸骨保护着心脏和肺部。
Cartilages 软骨
• Cartilage is also a form of connective tissue but is not as tough and rigid as bone.
• 软骨也是由结缔组织构成的，但它并没有骨骼的 硬度和刚性。
cartilage” and “cartilage and cartilage”
• 关节是人体骨骼重要组成部分因为它协助人体肌 肉产生运动。两个或多个骨骼间（骨骼和软骨间 或者软骨和软骨间）就会有一个关节
典型的滑膜关节 骨端
关节囊 滑膜 关节液 透明软骨
– Bony ends covered with hyaline cartilage
Skeletal System
骨骼系统
What is the Skeletal System?
骨骼系统的定义
• Skeletal system is the system of bones, associated cartilages and joints of human body.
• Together these structures form the human skeleton. • Skeleton can be defined as the hard framework of human body
颈椎 （7）
胸椎（12）
腰椎（5） 骶骨（1） 尾椎（1）
椎间盘
Rib Cage
胸腔
• It is a bony cage enclosing vital human organs formed by the Sternum and Ribs.
• 胸腔是由胸骨和肋骨所组成的笼状结构。由以下 两个部分构成：
• 头盖骨骨骼由以下骨骼构成：
– Frontal bone (1)额骨 – Parietal bones (2)顶骨 – Occipital bone (1)枕骨 – Temporal bones (2)颞骨 – Sphenoid bone (1)蝶骨 – Ethmoid bone (1)筛骨
侧视图 额骨
• 头盖骨是形成人体头部骨架的组成部分。 • 头盖骨由22块不同的骨骼构成，可分为：
– bones of cranium头盖骨骨骼 – bones of face.颜面骨
额骨 鼻骨 颧骨 上颌骨
下颚
顶骨 枕骨
颞骨 下颌骨
Bones of cranium
头盖骨骨骼
The cranium consists of the following bones
• 胸骨 • 肋骨
Sternum
胸骨
• The sternum (chest bone) lies in the midline of the anterior chest wall.
• 胸骨位于前胸壁的中线
• It is a flat bone that can be divided into three different parts: