高三社会心理学英语阅读理解25题

高三社会心理学英语阅读理解25题
1
<背景文章>
Conformity is a fundamental concept in social psychology. It refers to the tendency of individuals to adjust their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors to align with those of a group. In essence, people often conform to the norms, values, and expectations of the social group they belong to or interact with.
There are several reasons why conformity occurs. One of the main causes is the need for social acceptance. Humans are social beings, and we have an innate desire to be liked and included in our groups. Fear of rejection or being ostracized drives us to conform. For example, in a school setting, a student might conform to the dress code or behavior norms of their peer group to avoid being made fun of or excluded.
Another reason is informational influence. When we are uncertain about a situation, we tend to look to others for guidance. We assume that the group has more knowledge or experience in that particular situation. For instance, in a new city, if we see most people crossing the street at a particular corner, we are likely to follow suit, believing that they know the safest way to cross.
Conformity shows different manifestations in various cultures. In
collectivist cultures such as those in many Asian countries, conformity is often highly valued. There is a strong emphasis on group harmony and the well - being of the community as a whole. People are more likely to conform to the group's decisions and traditions. For example, in Japanese companies, employees tend to conform to the company's work ethics and hierarchical structure without much resistance.
In contrast, in individualist cultures like those in Western countries, while conformity still exists, there is more room for individual expression. However, even in these cultures, people conform in many situations. For example, in a business meeting, people may conform to the dress code and the general rules of professional behavior.
The impact of conformity on individuals can be both positive and negative. On the positive side, conformity can lead to a sense of belonging and security. It can also help individuals learn from the group and adapt to new situations more easily. For example, a new employee conforming to the work procedures of an established team can quickly become an effective part of the group.
On the negative side, excessive conformity can suppress individual creativity and critical thinking. People may blindly follow the group without questioning the validity of the group's actions or ideas. In some extreme cases, this can lead to unethical or harmful behavior, such as when a group engages in bullying or discriminatory behavior and individuals
conform to it.
At the social level, conformity can contribute to social stability. When most members of a society conform to the laws and social norms, the society functions more smoothly. However, if the norms that people conform to are unjust or discriminatory, it can lead to social inequality and oppression.
1. What is the main idea of the passage?
A. To introduce the concept of conformity in different cultures.
B. To explain the concept, reasons, cultural manifestations, and impacts of conformity.
C. To discuss the positive and negative impacts of conformity on individuals only.
D. To compare the differences between individualist and collectivist cultures regarding conformity.
答案：B。

<解析：文章首先介绍了从众心理的概念，接着阐述了从众心理产生的原因，然后讲述了从众心理在不同文化中的表现形式，最后讨论了从众心理对个人和社会的影响，B选项全面涵盖了文章内容。

A选项只强调了不同文化中的从众心理，不全面；C选项只关注对个人的影响，忽略了其他方面；D选项只涉及文化差异方面，也不全面。

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2. According to the passage, what is one of the main reasons for conformity?
A. The need for self - expression.
B. The need for social acceptance.
C. The need for individual achievement.
D. The need for power.
答案：B。

<解析：文章明确提到从众心理产生的一个主要原因是对社会接纳的需求，人类是社会性动物，渴望被群体喜欢和接纳，而A选项自我表达、C选项个人成就、D选项权力都不是文中提到的从众心理的主要原因。

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3. In collectivist cultures, what is highly valued regarding conformity?
A. Individual creativity.
B. Group harmony.
C. Personal freedom.
D. Individual achievement.
答案：B。

<解析：文中指出在集体主义文化中，如许多亚洲国家，群体和谐和整个社区的福祉是被高度重视的，人们更倾向于遵从群体的决定和传统，而A选项个人创造力、C选项个人自由、D选项个人成就均不符合在集体主义文化中关于从众心理的描述。

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4. What can be a negative impact of conformity on individuals?
A. It can lead to a sense of belonging.
B. It can help individuals learn from the group.
C. It can suppress individual creativity
2
<背景文章>
Stereotype is a widely - held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing. In the field of social psychology, it is a significant concept that has far - reaching impacts on individuals and society as a whole.
There are multiple factors contributing to the formation of stereotypes. One of the main factors is our limited exposure to diverse groups. For example, if a person grows up in a relatively homogeneous community and rarely has the opportunity to interact with people from different ethnic backgrounds, races, or cultures, they are more likely to develop stereotypes based on the few examples they have encountered. Another factor is the influence of media. The media often portrays certain groups in a stereotypical way, either for the sake of simplicity in storytelling or due to unconscious biases. For instance, in some movies, women are often depicted as overly emotional and in need of male protection, which is a baseless stereotype.
In social interactions, stereotypes are manifested in various ways. When we first meet someone, our pre - existing stereotypes may unconsciously affect our judgment of that person. For example, if we hold the stereotype that people from a certain region are not very intelligent, we might underestimate the abilities of an individual from that region during
a jo
b interview or a group project. This can lead to unfair treatment and missed opportunities for both parties. Also, in group settings, stereotypes can create barriers between different groups, hindering effective communication and cooperation.
However, it is possible to overcome stereotypes. Education plays a crucial role. By learning about different cultures, histories, and social groups in a comprehensive and objective manner, we can expand our understanding and break down the narrow - minded views that stereotypes represent. Additionally, direct personal experiences with members of the stereotyped groups can also shatter our pre - conceived notions. When we interact with individuals on a one - on - one basis and find that they do not conform to the stereotype, it becomes easier to question and discard those false ideas.
6. What is the main idea of the passage?
A. To introduce the concept of stereotype and its related aspects.
B. To discuss the positive effects of stereotypes.
C. To analyze how to create more stereotypes.
D. To show the advantages of having stereotypes.
Answer: A. 解析：文章开篇介绍了刻板印象的定义，接着阐述了其形成因素、在社会交往中的体现以及克服的方法，整体是在介绍刻板印象及其相关方面，而不是讨论其积极影响或者如何创造更多刻板印象，所以A正确。

7. According to the passage, which factor is NOT mentioned as contributing to the formation of stereotypes?
A. Family education.
B. Limited exposure to diverse groups.
C. Influence of media.
D. Growing up in a homogeneous community.
Answer: A. 解析：文章提到形成刻板印象的因素有有限的多元群体接触、媒体影响以及在单一性社区成长，未提及家庭教育，所以A 正确。

8. How are stereotypes manifested in social interactions?
A. They make people more friendly to each other.
B. They unconsciously affect our judgment of others.
C. They help people communicate better.
D. They encourage people to be more open - minded.
Answer: B. 解析：文章明确指出在社交互动中，刻板印象会无意识地影响我们对他人的判断，而不是让人们更友好、帮助更好地沟通或者鼓励人们更开放，所以B正确。

9. What can help us overcome stereotypes according to the passage?
A. Ignoring other cultures.
B. Avoiding personal experiences with different groups.
C. Learning about different cultures objectively.
D. Holding more firm stereotypes.
Answer: C. 解析：文章提到通过客观地学习不同文化等方式可以克服刻板印象，而不是忽视其他文化、避免与不同群体的个人经历或者持有更坚定的刻板印象，所以C正确。

10. The media's role in the formation of stereotypes is mainly to?
A. Correct false stereotypes.
B. Portray groups objectively.
C. Portray groups in a stereotypical way.
D. Ignore the existence of stereotypes.
Answer: C. 解析：文章提到媒体在刻板印象形成中的作用是经常以刻板的方式描绘某些群体，而不是纠正错误的刻板印象、客观地描绘群体或者忽视刻板印象的存在，所以C正确。

3
<背景文章>
Attribution theory is a significant concept in social psychology. It focuses on how individuals interpret the causes of events and behaviors, both their own and those of others.
There are two main types of attributions: internal and external. Internal attributions refer to causes that are within the person, such as personality traits, abilities, or efforts. For example, if a student gets a high grade on an exam and attributes it to their own intelligence and hard work, this is an internal attribution. External attributions, on the other hand, are related to factors outside the person, like the difficulty of the task, luck, or
the influence of others. For instance, if a person fails an interview and blames it on the tough questions asked by the interviewer (the task difficulty), this is an external attribution.
Several factors can influence attribution. One important factor is the consistency of the behavior. If a person always behaves in a certain way, we are more likely to make an internal attribution. For example, if someone is always late for meetings, we may think it is due to their lack of punctuality (an internal factor). Another factor is distinctiveness. If a behavior is unique to a particular situation, an external attribution is more likely. For example, if a usually punctual person is late for a meeting once because of a traffic jam, we would attribute it to the external factor of the traffic.
However, attribution errors are common. One of the most well - known attribution errors is the fundamental attribution error. This occurs when people over - emphasize internal factors and under - emphasize external factors when explaining the behavior of others. For example, if we see a person yelling in public, we may quickly assume that they are an angry or rude person (internal attribution), without considering possible external factors such as stress or a personal emergency. The consequence of this error can lead to misunderstandings and misjudgments of others. Another form of attribution error is the self - serving bias. People tend to attribute their successes to internal factors (e.g., their own abilities) and
their failures to external factors (e.g., bad luck). This can affect how individuals view themselves and their relationships with others.
11. What are the two main types of attributions according to the passage?
A. Positive and negative.
B. Internal and external.
C. Conscious and unconscious.
D. Temporary and permanent.
答案：B。

解析：文章明确提到“There are two main types of attributions: internal and external.”，所以答案是B，A选项中的积极和消极不是文中提到的归因类型；C选项中的有意识和无意识也未在文中提及；D选项中的暂时和永久同样不是文中所说的归因类型。

12. Which factor is more likely to lead to an internal attribution if a behavior shows?
A. Uniqueness.
B. Consistency.
C. Randomness.
D. Complexity.
答案：B。

解析：文中指出“One important factor is the consistency of the behavior. If a person always behaves in a certain way, we are more likely to make an internal attribution.”，所以是一致性更可能导致内部归因，A选项独特性是更可能导致外部归因的因素；C选项随机性未
在文中提及；D选项复杂性也不是文中提到的影响内部归因的因素。

13. What is the fundamental attribution error?
A. Emphasizing external factors when explaining others' behavior.
B. Ignoring both internal and external factors when judging behavior.
C. Over - emphasizing internal factors and under - emphasizing external factors when explaining others' behavior.
D. Only considering one's own situation when making attributions.
答案：C。

解析：根据文中“One of the most well - known attribution errors is the fundamental attribution error. This occurs when people over - emphasize internal factors and under - emphasize external factors when explaining the behavior of others.”可知C选项正确，A选项正好与原文相反；B选项文中未提及；D选项不是对基本归因错误的正确描述。

14. What consequence may the fundamental attribution error lead to?
A. Better understanding of others.
B. Misunderstandings and misjudgments of others.
C. More accurate attributions.
D. Improved relationships.
答案：B。

解析：文中明确提到“The consequence of this error can lead to misunderstandings and misjudgments of others.”，所以答案是B，A选项与原文相反；C选项错误，基本归因错误不会导致更准确的归因；D选项也错误，这种错误会影响关系而不是改善关系。

15. According to the passage, what does self - serving bias refer to?
A. Attributing others' successes to internal factors and their failures to external factors.
B. Attributing one's own successes to external factors and one's own failures to internal factors.
C. Attributing one's own
4
<背景文章>
Group polarization is a significant concept in social psychology. It refers to the tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclinations of the group members. In other words, when like - minded individuals come together in a group, their views tend to become more extreme over time.
There are several mechanisms that contribute to group polarization. One important factor is informational influence. When group members share information, they often present arguments that support their pre - existing views. This leads to a reinforcement of those views as the group hears more and more evidence in favor of a particular position. Another factor is normative influence. People in a group often want to conform to the norms of the group. If the group seems to be leaning towards a more extreme view, individuals may adjust their own views to fit in, in order not to be seen as deviating from the group.
In the political arena, group polarization can be clearly observed. For
example, in political parties, members who initially hold moderately conservative or liberal views may become more extremely so after engaging in group discussions. In some cases, this can lead to a lack of compromise and increased political polarization. In social activities, we can also see group polarization. For instance, in some social movements, the initial goals may be relatively moderate, but as the group of supporters interact more and more, the demands and actions may become more radical.
To prevent group polarization, several methods can be employed. Encouraging diverse viewpoints within the group is crucial. This means including members with different backgrounds, beliefs, and perspectives. Another approach is to promote critical thinking. Group members should be trained to question assumptions and evaluate evidence objectively. Additionally, having a moderator or facilitator who can guide the discussion in a balanced way can also help to avoid extreme decision - making.
16. What does group polarization refer to?
A. The tendency for groups to make less extreme decisions.
B. The tendency for groups to make decisions more extreme than the initial views of members.
C. The tendency for groups to make random decisions.
D. The tendency for groups to avoid making decisions.
答案：B。

解析：文章明确指出群体极化是指群体做出比群体成
员初始倾向更极端的决策的倾向，A选项说做出不那么极端的决策，C选项随机决策，D选项避免做决策都不符合文章内容。

17. Which of the following is an important factor contributing to group polarization?
A. Uninformative influence.
B. Lack of information sharing.
C. Informational influence.
D. Negative influence.
答案：C。

解析：文章提到有几个机制促成群体极化，其中一个重要因素是信息性影响（informational influence），A选项无信息性影响，B选项缺乏信息分享，D选项负面影响都不是文中提到的促成因素。

18. In the political field, what may happen due to group polarization?
A. More compromise among political parties.
B. Political parties become more united.
C. Members' views become more extreme and less compromise.
D. Political parties change their original beliefs completely.
答案：C。

解析：文中提到在政治领域，群体极化会使政党成员最初适度的观点变得更极端，并且会导致缺乏妥协，A选项更多妥协，B选项政党更团结，D选项政党完全改变原始信仰都不符合文章内容。

19. What is important to prevent group polarization?
A. Having only like - minded people in the group.
B. Avoiding any discussion in the group.
C. Encouraging diverse viewpoints within the group.
D. Letting the group make decisions quickly.
答案：C。

解析：文章指出预防群体极化的方法包括鼓励群体内的不同观点，A选项群体里只有想法相似的人会加剧群体极化，B选项避免讨论不是预防方法，D选项让群体快速做决策也不能预防群体极化。

20. What can a moderator do to avoid extreme decision - making in a group?
A. Encourage only one side of the argument.
B. Guide the discussion in a balanced way.
C. Let the group members argue without any control.
D. Decide for the group directly.
答案：B。

解析：文章提到有一个调节者或引导者以一种平衡的方式引导讨论有助于避免极端决策，A选项只鼓励争论的一方，C选项让群体成员无控制地争论，D选项直接为群体做决定都不是调节者应做的正确之事。

5
<背景文章>
Interpersonal relationships play a crucial role in our lives. There are various types of interpersonal relationships, such as family relationships, friendships, and romantic relationships. Family relationships are often
based on blood ties and a sense of kinship. Friendships, on the other hand, are usually formed through shared interests, mutual understanding, and common experiences. Romantic relationships involve deeper emotional and physical attractions.
To establish a good interpersonal relationship, several elements are essential. Firstly, effective communication is the key. People need to express their thoughts, feelings, and needs clearly and also be good listeners. Open and honest communication helps to avoid misunderstandings. Secondly, respect is vital. Respecting others' opinions, beliefs, and boundaries shows that we value them as individuals. Thirdly, empathy is necessary. Empathy allows us to put ourselves in others' shoes, understand their perspectives, and respond appropriately.
However, conflicts are inevitable in interpersonal relationships. When conflicts occur, how to resolve them becomes important. One way is to stay calm and avoid getting overly emotional. Try to analyze the root cause of the conflict objectively. Another way is to seek compromise. Both parties may need to give up something to reach a mutually acceptable solution. Also, forgiveness can play a significant role in resolving conflicts. Letting go of grudges and resentments can help to restore the relationship.
In conclusion, understanding the different types of interpersonal relationships, knowing the elements for establishing and maintaining good relationships, and being able to resolve conflicts effectively are all
important aspects of social psychology related to interpersonal relationships.
21. What is the basis of family relationships according to the passage?
A. Shared interests.
B. Blood ties and a sense of kinship.
C. Physical attractions.
D. Common experiences.
答案：B。

解析：文章明确提到“Family relationships are often based on blood ties and a sense of kinship.”，家庭关系通常基于血缘关系和亲属感，所以答案为B。

A选项“共同兴趣”是友谊建立的因素；C选项“身体吸引”是浪漫关系的部分因素；D选项“共同经历”更多的是与友谊相关，均不符合家庭关系的基础。

22. Which of the following is NOT an essential element for establishing a good interpersonal relationship?
A. Effective communication.
B. Jealousy.
C. Respect.
D. Empathy.
答案：B。

解析：文章指出建立良好人际关系的要素包括有效沟通、尊重和同理心，而嫉妒（jealousy）并不是积极的要素，会对人际关系产生破坏作用，所以答案为B。

A选项有效沟通是关键；C选项尊重很重要；D选项同理心也是必要的。

23. What should we do first when a conflict occurs in an interpersonal relationship?
A. Seek compromise immediately.
B. Get overly emotional.
C. Stay calm and analyze the root cause objectively.
D. Ignore the conflict.
答案：C。

解析：文章提到当人际关系中发生冲突时，首先要保持冷静并客观地分析冲突的根源，而不是立即寻求妥协 A选项）、过于情绪化 B选项）或者忽视冲突 D选项），所以答案为C。

24. In resolving conflicts, what can help to restore the relationship?
A. Holding grudges.
B. Resentments.
C. Forgiveness.
D. Blaming others.
答案：C。

解析：文章明确指出在解决冲突中，原谅（forgiveness）有助于恢复关系，而怀恨在心（A选项）、怨恨（B选项）和指责他人D选项）都不利于关系的修复，所以答案为C。

25. Which type of relationship involves deeper emotional and physical attractions?
A. Family relationships.
B. Friendships.
C. Romantic relationships.
D. Professional relationships.
答案：C。

解析：文章提到浪漫关系（Romantic relationships）涉及更深层次的情感和身体吸引，家庭关系更多基于血缘和亲情，友谊基于共同兴趣等，职业关系更多是工作相关的联系，所以答案为C。