语法专题过去分词与被动语态

语法专题·过去分词与被动语态
过去式用来表达动词(de)“过了”、“完了”等意思,汉语里表达动作(de)时间时采用(de)是前后加字法,即在动词(de)前面或后面加字,表达做了,只要在动词(de)后面加上“了”就行了,如吃了、看了.而英语采用(de)是变形法,即不加字,而是让动词本身发生变化,如eat变成ate,see变成saw,ate、saw就是表达“吃过了”、“看过”(de)过去式.
“过去分词”则完全是另一回事,它(de)写法和过去式有时一样,有时不一样（简单词多不一样,长词多一样）,但用法完全不一样,它有时表达“被……”,有时表达“完成……”.表达“被……”即被动语态,表达“完成”即用于完成时态.另外,过去分词不仅可以做动词,还可以做形容词.
一、过去分词构成规则
过去分词与过去式都是由动词变化而来,存在规则与不规则2种变化.过去分词(de)规则变化由动词+ed构成,具体构成方法与过去式一样.不规则变化见下表：
3. ABC型
5. 具有2种变化
二、被动语态及其用法
1. 什么是被动语态
语态是动词(de)一种形式,用以说明主语与谓语动词之间(de)关系.英语(de)语态共有两种：主动语态和被动语态.主动语态表示主语是动作(de)执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作(de)承受者.被动语态是动词(de)一种特殊形式,一般说来,只有需要动作对象(de)“及物动词”才有被动语态.如果一个动词后面必须跟宾语,这个动词就是及物动词（用vt.表示）,如give, say, eat等；不跟宾语(de)动词则称为不及物动词（用vi.表示）,如walk, come, arrive等.汉语往往用“被”、“受”、“给”、“由”等词来表示被动意义.eg.
（1）He opened the door. 他打开了这扇门.（主动语态）
（2）The door was opened. 这扇门被打开了.（被动语态）
（3）The door was opened by him. 这扇门被他打开了.（被动语态）
第（3）句话用by引出了open(de)执行者him.by是介词,后须跟he(de)宾格.当然,当不想说出动作(de)执行者时,可表达第（2）句话.
2. 被动语态(de)构成
被动语态(de)时态、主语单复数等变化只需改变be动词(de)形式,过去分词
部分不变.疑问式和否定式(de)变化也如此. eg.
（1）Her room is swept.（一般现在时,主语是单数）
（2）Their rooms are swept. （一般现在时,主语是复数）
（3）Her room was swept yesterday. （一般过去时）
（4）Her room is being swept now. （现在进行时S be V-ing）
（5）Her room was being swept at this time yesterday. （过去进行时,S be V-ing）
（6）Her room is going to be swept tomorrow. （一般将来时）
（7）Her room should be swept. （含有情态动词,情态动词后跟动词原形）我们发现,无论是什么时态、主语是单数还是复数,被动语态(de)be动词都不能弄丢,但需要随着时态、主语(de)单复数(de)变化而变化,“情态动词后跟动词原形”(de)语法规则不能变.
3、被动语态(de)用法
（1）不知道或没有必要指出谁是动作(de)执行者时.eg.
The bridge was built last year. 这座桥是去年建造(de).
He was elected chairman. 他被选为主席.
（2）当更加强调动作(de)承受者时.此时动作(de)执行者由by引导置于谓语动词之后,不需要时可以省略.eg.
The room hasn't been cleaned yet. 房间还没有打扫.
The tiger was killed by him. 老虎被他杀死了.
（3）当动作(de)执行者不是人时,多用被动语态.eg.
The window was blown by wind. 窗户被风吹开了.
The whole village has been washed away by the flood. 整个村庄都被洪水冲走了.
（4）表示客观(de)说明常用“It be（随时态选择be动词）+ 过去分词 + that 从句”句型.it是形式主语,真正(de)主语是that从句.eg.
It is said that Lucy has gone abroad. 据说露茜已经出国了.
It is believed that he is a spy. (=He is believed to be a spy.) 大家相信他是个间谍.
其它常见(de)“It is + 过去分词+ that”句型还有：
It is reported that…据报道……
It is said that…据说……
It is believed that…大家相信……
It is suggested that…有人建议……
4、主动语态变为被动语态
（1）将主动句(de)宾语变为主语
Tom killed him. → He was killed by Tom.
（2）将动词改为“be+过去分词”
They held a meeting yesterday. → A meeting was held by them yesterday. 他们昨天开会了.
（3）主动语态变为被动语态(de)注意事项
○1主动句中(de)主语如果是people, we, you, they, somebody等含糊地表示“人们”、“大家”(de)单词,变为主动句时,通常删去“by…”,但原主语被强调者除外.eg.
They set up this hospital in 1975. → This hospital was set up in 1975. 这所医院建于1975年.
Only he can finish the job. 只有他能完成这项工作.
The job can be finished only by him. 这项工作只能由他来完成.
○2含有双宾语,即直接宾语和间接宾语(de)句子,每个宾语都可变为被动语态(de)主语,即其被动语态有两种形式.但多以间接宾语作主语.eg.
Jack told us the truth. 杰克告诉了我们真相.
We were told the truth by Jack.
The truth was told (to) us by Jack.
○3在主动语态中,make, let, see, hear, notice, feel ,watch等后常跟复合宾语,即宾语和宾语补足语,当宾语补足语由动词不定式（短语）来充当时,动词不定式(de)to被省略.但在被动语态中,这个to不能省略.eg.
I often hear her sing this popular song.
She is often heard to sing this popular song.
上句是主动语态,sing this popular song是省略to(de)动词不定式短语,在句中作宾语补足语,即句型：hear sb. do sth.；下句是对应(de)被动语态,to sing this popular song 中(de)to不能省略.
○4动词(de)主动形式表示被动之意
以主动形式表示被动之意(de)动词多为连系动词,如：look, feel, smell等.动词happen, cost, take, have没有被动语态.eg.
An accident was happened yesterday.（×）
An accident happened yesterday.（√）昨天发生了一起事故.
The flower smells sweet. 这花闻起来很香.
The watch looks good. 这表看起来很好.
This book sells well. 这本书畅销.
○5有时部分“be + 过去分词”(de)结构并不表达“被动”含义,这样(de)过去分词有lost（lose(de)过去分词）,broken（break(de)过去分词）等,它们其实是形容词,意思分别是“丢失(de)；失落(de)”、“损坏(de),破碎(de)”.eg.
My eraser was lost. I feel so lost. 我(de)橡皮丢了,我很失落.
Her heart is broken. 我(de)心碎了.
三、各种时态(de)被动语态举例
1．一般现在时（am/ is/ are +done）
English is spoken by lots of people in the world. 世界上(de)许多人都说英语.
Class meeting is held every Thursday. 每周四都举行班会.
The classroom is cleaned by the students every day. 学生们每天都打扫教室.
2．一般过去时(was/ were +done)
The cup was broken by the boy. 杯子被那个男孩打碎了.
He was saved at last. 他最终获救了.
My bike was stolen. 我(de)自行车被偷了.
3．一般将来时与过去将来时(will/ shall be +done; would/should be +done)
A speech will be given this afternoon. 今天下午有一个演讲.
A new road will be built next year. 明年要修一条新马路.
I thought thousands of people would be helped. 我认为将有数千人得到帮助.
4．现在进行时与过去进行时(am/ is/ are being +done; was/ were being +done)
The machine was being repaired at this time yesterday. 昨天这时,机器正在被修理.
The problem is being discussed now. 问题正在被讨论.
A bus is being pushed by the passengers. 路人正在推一辆公共汽车.
5．现在完成时(have/ has been + done)
Two hundred trees have been planted by now. 到现在为止,已经种了二百棵树了.
The book has been read many times by me. 这本书已经被我读了许多遍了.
Several soldiers have already been killed in the conflict. 在冲突中已经有几名士兵被杀害.
6．过去完成时(had been + done)
They said they had been invited to the party. 他们说已经被邀请参加晚会了.
She found the house had been destroyed by the storm. 她发现房子已经被暴风雨摧毁.
He had been tortured by the illness for many years before he died.他在去世前已经被疾病折磨很多年了.
四、被动语态专项练习
Ⅰ. 单项选择
1. Good books ____ again and again.
A. should be readed
B. should be read
C. must read
D. ought to read
2. The children ____ by the nurse.
A. were looked
B. looked after
C. were looked after
D. looked
3. He ___ some pieces of advice, but he ____ to them.
A. gave, didn't listen
B. was given, wasn't listened
C. give, wasn't listened
D. was given, didn't listen
4. When____ the accident _____
A. was, happen
B. did, happen
C. is, happen
D. was, happened
5. The question ____ by us soon.
A. is going to discuss
B. will discuss
C. is going to be discussed
D. has been discussed
6. The lab ____ about five years ago.
A. was builded
B. was built
C. builds
D. has been built
7. A lot of tall buildings _____ in his hometown in the last three years.
A. have set up
B. have been set up
C. were set up
D. set up
8. They ____ printing 500 copies by the end of last month.
A. had finished
B. have finished
C. had been finished
D. have been finished
9. Rice ___ also _____ in their hometown.
A. is…g rown
B. is…grew
C. was…grew
D. was…grown
10. He ____ by the teachers.
A. is always praised
B. praises
C. have been praised
D. always is praised
11. Great changes ____ place. Many new schools____ .
A. have taken, have been opened
B. take, are open
C. are taken, open
D. have been taken, are opened
12. The picture______ in October, 1996.
A. was taking
B. had been taken
C. was taken
D. had taken
13. We can't use the bridge now, because it______ .
A. has been repaired
B. is repairing
C. is repaired
D. is being repaired
14. I ______the way to the railway station by a policeman.
A. was shown
B. showed
C. have shown
D. was showing
15. The war______ in 1941.
A. broke out
B. had been broken out
C. was broken out
D. had broken out
16. When water______ , it will be changed into vapor.
A. is heated
B. heating
C. has heated
D. heats
17. We can't enter the room because its door______ .
A. locked
B. locks
C. is locked
D. is locking
18. They ______day and night.
A. are made work
B. are made to work
C. made to be worked
D. are making to work
19. Chang'an Road is ______of people.
A. filled
B. fill
C. full
D. fulled
20. Man-made satellites ______into space by many countries.
A. was sent up
B. is sent up
C. have been sent up
D. has been sent up
21. This English song _____ often _____ by the children.
A. is, singing
B. is, sung
C. will, sing
D. was, sung
windows of our house _____once a week.
A. must clean
B. have cleaned
C. is cleaned
D. are cleaned
23. When ______ the People's Republic of China_____
A. was, found
B. was, founded
C. did, found
D. does, found
24. Mary's radio ______ by my brother just now.
A. will be mended
B. has mended
C. was mended
D. mended
25. Your exercise books _____ after class.
A. will hand in
B. must hand in
C. handed in
D. must be handed in
26. Some trees may ______ at other times of the year.
A. be planted
B. plant
C. are planted
D. will be planted
27. The sun _____ at night as usual.
A. can be seen
B. can't see
C. can't be seen
D. doesn't see
28. A new English play _____ there next week.
A. will put on
B. will be put on
C. is going to put on
D. will be putted on
29. A strange thing _____ in our school yesterday.
A. was happened
B. has been happened
C. happened
D. was going to happen
30. The glass ______ . It _____ by little Tom this morning.
A. broke, is broken
B. is broken, was broken
C. was broken, broke
D. has been broken, broken Ⅱ. 把下列句子改为被动语态
1. I saw the boy run yesterday.
_________________________________________________
2. He told me that he would come back soon.
_________________________________________________
3. You can find a lot of differences between the two languages. _________________________________________________
4. Do you water your flowers every day
_________________________________________________
5. The wind blew down the big tree last night.
_________________________________________________
6. I think that he is right.
_________________________________________________
7. He had not thrown the bad food.
_________________________________________________
8. Mother was not mending the trousers.
_________________________________________________
9. They would not take him to Beijing.
_________________________________________________
10. Nobody knew me in this town at that time.
_________________________________________________
参考答案
Ⅰ. 单项选择Ⅱ. 把下列句子改为被动语态
1. B
2. C
3. D
4. B
5. C 1. The boy was seen to run by me yesterday.
6. B
7. B
8. A
9. A 10. A 2. I was told that he would come back soon.
11. A 12. C 13. D 14. A 15. A 3. A lot of differences can be found by you between the two languages.
16. A 17. C 18. B 19. C 20. C 4. Are your flowers watered every day
22. D 24. C 5. The big tree was blown down last night.
26. A 27. C 28. B 29. C 30. B 6. It is thought that he is right.
7. The bad food had not been thrown.
8. The trousers were not being mended by my mother.
9. He would not be taken to Beijing.
10. I was known by nobody in this town at that time.。