4. 主语选择

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He was a giant of man with a long square face, a wide mouth and a complexion suffused with the color of red sandalwood. • 鲁迅的骨头是最硬的,他没有丝毫的奴颜和媚骨,这是殖 民地半殖民地人民最可贵的性格。 • Lu Hsun was a man of unyielding integrity, free from all sycophancy or obsequiousness; this quality is invaluable among colonial and semi-colonial的信息
• 2. 人们已把李白的诗集译成了多种外国文字。
The collection of Li Bai’s poems has been translated into many foreign languages.

3. 到去年年底,上海已与好几个国家签订了建造拉 索桥的合同或协议。 By the end of last year,contracts or agreements were signed with some countries for the construction of chain bridges in Shanghai.
以原句主语作译文主语
• 假日里,青年人双双对对漫步在公园里。 • The young people rambled/strolled in pairs and couples in the park on holidays. • 然而悲惨的皱纹,却也从他的眉头和嘴角出现了。 • However, miserable wrinkles began to appear between his eyebrows and around his mouth.
所有例子说明解释) 91.二.3)
(3)必须符合英美人的思维视角;(无灵
(4)必须符合行文连贯的需要。
(2)主语必须是句中应该突出的信息
• 1. 这次国家调动了160万军队去帮助守护大 堤,将被洪水淹没地区的百姓迁走。 1.6 million troops have been mobilized to help protect the dikes and to move people out of areas being flooded.
主语VS.主题
英语是“注重主语的语言”(subjectprominent language ). 汉语是“注重主题的语言”(topicprominent language)
主语的选择和确立
• 英语属于偏重形式的语言,一个句子要独立表达一个完整的意思,必 须包含主语和谓语两个组成部分,英语中绝大部分句子都是按“主语 -谓语”形式构建而成的。主语与谓语的关系是施动者与动作的关系。 根据美国语言学家所提出的语言类型学观点,英语属于“主语突出” 型(Subject-prominent)语言。
主语的选择
译文比较
• 蜜蜂这物件,最爱劳动。广东天气好,花又多, 蜜蜂一年四季都不闲着。酿的蜜多,自己吃的可 有限。每回割蜜,给它们留一点点糖,够他们吃 的就行了。它们从来不争,也不计较什么,还是 继续劳动、继续酿蜜,整日整月不辞劳苦……(杨 朔:《荔枝蜜》)
The bees are industrious while our province has good weather and plenty of flowers. They work the whole year round, and eat only a fraction of the honey they produce. Each time we extract the honey we leave them a little sugar. They never argue or complain, just go on producing honey day after day tirelessly.
• 欢乐的人群宛如大海的波涛,从街道上汹涌而过。 • The jubilant crowd surged through the streets like the sea waves. • 他(祥子)确乎有点像棵树,坚壮,沉默,而又 有生气。 • He was indeed like a tree, sturdy silent yet full of life.
原则
• 汉语重意念,寻找主语时应先理解全句的 意思,然后找出话题,或用英语中的对等词语、 或易词而译、或补充主语,有时还需要考虑与 上下文的呼应与衔接。在此过程中,我们不仅 要考虑到汉英语言语言规范上的差异,也有语 言使用者的思维视角的不同。
1.2 主语选择的原则
• • •

(1)无主句必须添加必要的主语 (2)必须是句中应该突出的信息/话题;(
• 1. 汉英之间思维的巨大差异,并不能保证 总能将汉语中的主语完全地转换到英语中。 直接转换虽然便捷,但是所运用的场合有 限。如果保留原来主语不妥,那么就要另 觅它法了。 • 2. 为保证译文逻辑通顺、行文流畅、语言 自然地道,行使与原文类似的功能,需要 重新选择、确定主语。用来替换原主语的, 可以是句子中的其它成分,也可以是句外 的词语。
• 汉语是重内容的语言,“形散神聚”是汉语句子的特点。因此汉语被 称作是典型的“意合”语言。汉语中的主语不像英语的主语那样容易 确定, “主语-谓语”形式的句子在汉语里比例是不大的,因此在汉 语语法中出现了主题(话题)(Topic)这一概念。我国著名学者赵元 任(1968)说:“把主语、谓语当作话题和说明来看待,比较合适” 。 汉 语属于“主题突出”型(Topic-prominent)语言。
增补主语以及无主语句的翻译
• 6.屋内悄无一人,只听见钟在滴答滴答地走。
No one was in the room:only the ticking of a clock could be heard. • 7.突然钻出一只狗,追着她咬,几乎把她吓糊涂 了。 A dog rushed out to chase after her,scaring her almost out of her wits. 比较: She was petrified when a dog rushed out and chased her.
重新确定主语(p88)
• 1) 为了维持生计,有沉重和繁重的家务要 干。不少家庭主妇被家务活累坏了身体。
In order to make a living, there is a lot of heavy housework. As a result, many housewives break down.
• 汉译英中,主语的 确立是句子翻译的第一 步。选择了一定的主语,基本决定了句子 构造的走向。主语选择恰当,句子就便于 构造了。常常选择不同成分作主语,决定 了不同的组句方式。
主语的确定 • 汉英翻译实践中,可采取三种方法(p86) 1. 以原句主语作译文主语 2. 重新确定主语 3. 增补主语
主题英语是注重主语的语言subjectprominentlanguage汉语是注重主题的语言topicprominentlanguage主语癿选择和确立英语属于偏重形式的语言一个句子要独立表达一个完整的意思必须包含主语呾谓语两个组成部分英语中绝大部分句子都是按主语谓语形式构建而成的
Determining the Subject of a Sentence
(2)主语必须是句中应该突出的信息
• 4. 我父亲狂热地追求绘画,绘画已成了他生活的 一切,要比母亲,比他的孩子,甚至比他自己都 更为重要。 For my father,painting was a governing passion .It came before Mother,before his children and even before himself. • 5. 一天,父亲来封快信,上面说:“顷得汝岳丈 电报……” One day an express letter came from his father. It read as follows: “I have just received a telegram from your father-in-1aw.”
In order to make a living, many housewives have to do a lot of housework and eventually exhaust themselves physically.
重新确定主语
• 他身材魁梧,生一副大长方脸,嘴巴阔大,肌肤呈着紫檀 色。
Exercise (p91)
• 1. 比较下列译文。译文a与b哪一个较好?为什么? • 2. P92. 二 (2)
增补主语以及无主语句的翻译(89)
• 用劳动实现自己的理想,用理想指导自己的劳动。
You realize your ideals through labor and you guide your labor by ideals. • 沉默啊,沉默啊!不在沉默中爆发,就在沉默中 灭亡。 Silence, silence! Unless we burst out, we shall perish in this silence!
• 只有冷静才能成功。 Success depends on calm minds.
增补主语以及无主语句的翻译
• 2) 到了济南府,进得城来,家家泉水,户户垂柳, 比那江南风景觉得更为有趣。
• When he reached Jinan and entered the city, there were flowing streams by every house and willow trees by every door, which delighted him even more than the scenery of the south. (刘鹗《老残游记》 Alternative: When he reached Jinan and entered the city, he found streams flowing by every house and willows standing by every door, which delighted him even more than the scenery of the south.
以原句主语作译文主语(p86) • 英语句子中的主语只能是名词、主格人称 代词、或名词性词语。如果汉语原文有明 确的主语,而该主语由名词或主格人称代 词充当时,可以以原文主语作为英译文的 主语:
以原句主语作译文主语
(1) 假日里,青年人双双对对漫步在公园里。
(2) 然而悲惨的皱纹,却也从他的眉头和嘴角 出现了。 (3) 欢乐的人群宛如大海的波涛,从街道上汹 涌而过。 (4 )他(祥子)确乎有点像棵树,坚壮,沉默, 而又有生气。
• 蜜蜂这物件,最爱劳动。广东天气好,花又多,蜜蜂一年 四季都不闲着。酿的蜜多,自己吃的可有限。每回割蜜, 给它们留一点点糖,够他们吃的就行了。它们从来不争, 也不计较什么,还是继续劳动、继续酿蜜,整日整月不辞 劳苦……(杨朔:《荔枝蜜》)
• 改译:The bees are industrious. They work the whole year round, since our province has warm weather and plenty of flowers. Though they produce much honey, they eat only a fraction of the honey. Each time we extract the honey we leave them a little sugar. They never argue or complain, just go on producing honey day after day tirelessly.
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