管理英语名词解释

Management is the process of achieving an organization’s goals through the coordinated performance of five functions----planning, organization, staffing, directing and controlling.
The people whose job is to perform the five functions the achieve goals are managers.
Centralization refers to the degree to which subordinates are involved in decision making. Whether decision making is centralized (to management) or decentralized (to subordinates) is a question of proper proportion. The task is to find the optimum [‘ɔptiməm] （最适宜的）degree of centralization for each situation.
Planning refers to the process of determining the organization’s future position and deciding how best to bring that position about.
Organizing refers to the process of plugging different people into different slots and getting them to work together to achieve the organizational goals and plans.
Leading refers to the process of motivating subordinates ,directing the activities of others, resolving conflicts among members and selecting the most effective communication channel.
Controlling refers to the process of monitoring the organization’s performance and correcting any significant deviations to make sure the organization is performing in such a way as to arrive at its destination at the appointed time.
Authority is the right to give commands, to make decisions, to take actions, and to enforce obedience. Managers have authority over people, resources, and change.
He explained the natural tendency of men to take it easy as distinct from systematic soldiering due to thought and reasoning, （他解释了人类天性懒散与由于思考和推理而致的体制性磨洋工的不同）and how bringing men together at a standard rate of pay exasperated [iɡ‘zæspəreit] （恶化）this problem. （并解释了按照标准薪酬发放工资的情况下把人们集中到一起工作，是如何恶化了这一问题）.
Scientific management can be defined as the use of codified and verified knowledge in the planned management of any organized acivity.
Technical skill implies understanding of, and proficiencyin a specific kind of activity, particulary one involing methords,processes,procedures,or techniques.
Conceptual skill involves the ability to see the enterprise as a whole. It includes how the various functions of the organization depend on one another, and how changes in any one part affect all the others;and it extends to visualizing the relation of the individual business to the industry,the community,and the politicl,social,and economic forces of the nation as a whole.
Shareholder wealth is represented by the market price of a firm’s common stock.
Present value is definedas the today value of some future payment or stream of payments,evaluated at an appropriate discount rate.
Stock price,the measure of shareholder wealth, reflect the magnitude,timing,and risk associated with futurebenifits expected to be received by stockholders.
Market value is defined as the price at which the stock trades in the marketplace,such as on the New York Exchange.。