大学英语主谓一致与虚拟语气
英语写作中怎么正确使用虚拟语气
英语写作中怎么正确使用虚拟语气虚拟语气（Subjunctive Mood）是英语中一种非现实或假设情况的语气，用于表示可能性、建议、要求、愿望、怀疑或假设等。
在英语写作中，正确使用虚拟语气可以使文章更加准确、丰富和地道。
以下是一些使用虚拟语气的常见情况和一些建议：1.虚拟条件句：a) Type 2条件句（非真实条件）：如果过去形式的动词表示的是一个假设的情况，我们可以使用虚拟语气。
例如：If I had a million dollars, I would travel around the world.b) Type 3条件句（反事实条件）：如果使用了过去完成时的动词来表达过去一个不可能实现的情况，我们还可以使用过去完成时的虚拟语气。
例如：If I had studied harder,I would have passed the exam.2.强烈的建议：3.让步句：当我们表示与事实相反的假设时，可以使用虚拟语气的让步句。
例如：Though he be poor, he is honest.（尽管他贫穷，但他诚实。
）4.愿望和建议：使用虚拟语气可以表达现在或将来的愿望或建议。
例如：I wish I were taller.（我希望自己更高一些。
） She suggested that he go to the doctor.（她建议他去看医生。
）5.实现不太可能实现的愿望：虚拟语气也可以用来表达不太可能实现的愿望。
例如：If I were a bird, I would fly in the sky.6.虚拟语气的使用和主谓一致：7.与表达祝愿的动词连用：在写作中正确使用虚拟语气，可以增加文章的表达力和语言准确性。
但是要注意，虚拟语气使用的不当可能会导致句子的意思不清楚或者使读者产生误解。
因此，在使用虚拟语气时，要根据上下文和所要表达的意思进行判断，并确保与使用动词的时态和语气一致。
虚拟语气主谓一致
Six times two are twelve. are 改为 is 十二、某些结构后所跟谓语动词必须用单数。 加 plus, added, and 减 minus 乘 time, multiply 除 divided (…by) Six divided by three is two.
are One or two books ______ needed.
is/are One book or two ______ needed.
九、"one or two＋名词复数","one or more＋ 名词复数"作主语，谓语动词用复数。 "one/a＋单数名词or two"作主语，谓语动 词可用单数也可用复数。
六、就近原则
主语由连词or, either...or, neither...nor, not only...but(also), nor, whether…or, not…but…, there be等连接的两个名词或代词组成时，其谓 语动词应与最近的名词一致。 倒装句中，也遵从就近原则
七、由and连接的名词的主谓一致情况分以下几种： 1.当and连接的两个名词指同一人、同一事或同一概念时，谓语 动词用单数。例如： The teacher and writer is respected by all the people around. 2.当and连接两个都有冠词的名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数。 The teacher and the writer are greatly respected here. 3.形容词＋and＋形容词＋名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数。 Social and political freedom are limited there. 4.用and连接的单数名词，前面有each, every, many a, no修饰 语时，谓语要用单数。 Every man, woman, and child takes part in the activity. Each pen and each paper is found in its place.
虚拟语气的常见用法总结
虚拟语气的常见用法总结虚拟语气是一种特殊的语气形式，用来表示说话者对某种情况是假设、愿望、建议或推测等的态度。
在英语中，虚拟语气的用法相对复杂，但是掌握了常见的用法，就能够在表达自己的意思时更加准确和自如。
一、虚拟语气的定义和用法虚拟语气用于表达说话者的假设、愿望、建议、命令、要求、要求、要求等意愿情态。
在语法上表现为动词形态的变化和句子结构的变化。
以下是虚拟语气的常见用法。
1. 假设虚拟语气常用于表达假设，即假设一种不存在的情况。
例句：If I were a bird, I would fly freely in the sky.意思：如果我是一只鸟，我会自由自在地在天空中飞翔。
2. 愿望虚拟语气也可用于表达愿望，即希望实现一种未来的情况。
例句：I wish I had a car.意思：我希望我有一辆车。
3. 建议虚拟语气还可用于表达建议或推荐的动词后面。
例句：I suggest that he go to the doctor.意思：我建议他去看医生。
4. 命令或要求虚拟语气也可用于表示命令、要求或愿望等。
例句：She demanded that he leave immediately.意思：她要求他立即离开。
二、虚拟语气的形态变化在虚拟语气中，动词的形态会发生变化。
以下是常见的虚拟语气形态变化：1. 过去式（对于现在情况的虚拟）例句：If I had more time, I would travel around the world.意思：如果我有更多时间，我会周游世界。
2. 过去完成式（对于过去情况的虚拟）例句：If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam.意思：如果我学得更努力，我就能通过考试了。
3. should + 动词原形（用于建议、命令或要求等）例句：I suggest that he should go to the dentist.意思：我建议他去看牙医。
2024年新高考版英语主谓一致、虚拟语气、省略、倒装、强调讲解部分
“a number of+复数名词”作主 A number of other plants were
语时,谓语动词用复数形式,意为 found in America.在美洲还发现
“许多……”;“the number of+ 了许多其他的植物。
复数名词”作主语时,谓语动词 The number of people who travel
复合不定代词someone、anyone、everyone、nobody/no one、something、anything、everything、nothing等作主语时,谓语动词用单数
If anyone sees Lisa, ask her to call me.如果有人看 到莉萨,请她给我打个电话。 Nothing is impossible to a willing heart.世上无难 事,只怕有心人。
If he shouldn't come tomorrow, we would put off the meeting.如果他 明天不来,我们就推迟 这个会议。
使用“(should+)动词原形”的虚拟语气 1.用于宾语从句 以下动词后的宾语从句常常使用虚拟语气,即谓语为“(should+)动词原 形”。
原则
意义 一致
课标必备点梳理
常见用法
例句
当“几分之几/百分之几/half/ the rest/most+of+名词”结构作 主语时,一般根据of后的名词的 单复数决定谓语动词的单复数
20% of the people in the city object to the price of running water going up. 这个城市中百分之二十的人反 对自来水价格上调。
大学英语四级考试改错题型透析以及应试技巧
英语四级考试：改错题型透析以及应试技巧一、常考典型错误1、一致性方面的错误1）主谓一致主谓不一致错误是CET－6综合改错题内容之一，主要表现为主语名词与谓语动词间隔较长，首尾不能相接，造成视觉上的混淆。
例：The president of the company，together with the workers，are planning a conference for the purpose of solving financial problems．句中主语的主词为单数名词“president”，介词短语“together with the workers”与主语无关，是插入成分，故谓语动词应用单数is。
2）名词单复数有时名词可以不用复数，但是在特定的句子中由于前面有明确的量词修饰，如many，several， a number of， a variety of等等，就要变成复数形式。
例：Computer，as we all know，has many possible use in different fields．句中名词use前的修饰语many是用来修饰复数名词的，所以use应改为uses。
3）代词与先行词一致代词的主要功能是指代已出现的名词、词组或一个意群，因此代词的出现必须有所指，而且形、数等必须与前面所代的部份相符。
这是代词改错的核心。
例：A knowledge of several languages is essential to other majors' study because without them one can read books only in translation．本句中without them指的是没有几门语言的知识。
them错指a knowledge of several languages，因为其中knowledge是中心词，所以要把them改为it。
虚拟语气和主谓一致
主谓一致⏹“一致”（concord或agreement）指句子成分之间或词语之间在语法形式上的协调关系。
主谓一致指主语和谓语动词之间在“人称”和“数”的方面的一致关系，这又叫做“主-动一致”（Subject-verb Concord ）。
指导原则⏹1.语法一致原则（Grammatical Concord)⏹主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。
⏹The number of errors was surprising.⏹Jane and Mary look alike.⏹2. 意义一致原则（Notional Concord）⏹1）主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词为复数。
⏹The crowd were running for their lives.⏹单数形式代表复数内容的词有：people, police, cattle, militia等。
⏹2) 主语形式为复数，而意义上却是单数，谓语动词用单数。
⏹The news was very exciting.⏹形复意单的单词有news, works （工厂）和一些以ics结尾的学科名称，physics, economics等。
⏹3. 就近原则（Principle of Proximity）⏹谓语动词的单复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。
如用连词or,either…or, neither…nor, not only…, but also等连接的并列主语，如果一个是单数，一个是复数，谓语动词与靠近它的主语一致。
⏹Either your students or Mr. Wang knows this.I. 以S结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致⏹1.以S结尾的表示疾病的名词作主语时谓语用单数⏹arthritis:关节炎bronchitis :支气管炎⏹mumps:腮腺炎diabetes:糖尿病⏹phlebitis:静脉炎⏹但是measles(麻疹)，rickets(软骨病) 谓语可用单/复数⏹2.以S结尾的表示游戏名称的名词谓语常用单数⏹darts:投镖游戏dominoes:多米诺骨牌⏹marbles:打弹子游戏billiards:台球⏹但cards(打纸牌)用复数；⏹当它们表示所用工具时谓语用复数⏹Darts is often played in English pubs.⏹Two darts are thrown at every turn.⏹3.以ics结尾的学科名称通常用单数⏹mathematics:数学physics:物理学⏹optics:光学 statistics:统计学⏹politics:政治学acoustics:声学/音响效果⏹economics:经济学athletics:体育学⏹mechanics:机械学semantics:语义学⏹linguistics:语言学tactics:兵法/策略⏹当这类名词表示学科以外的其它意义时用作复数⏹Statistics is not as difficult as some people think.⏹The latest statistics on crime are beyond description.⏹注:下列以ics结尾的名词仅用作单数⏹classics:杰作,著作comics:连环图画⏹ethics: 伦理学cosmetics:化妆品⏹4.以S 结尾的地理名称如山脉，海峡，瀑布，群岛等谓语动词通常用作复数⏹the West Indies西印度群岛⏹the Bahamas巴哈马群岛⏹the Himalayas喜马拉雅山脉⏹the Straits of Gibraltar直布罗陀海峡⏹the Niagara Falls 尼亚加拉瀑布⏹the Rockies 落基山脉⏹但如果是国名，则用作单数，如:the United States, the UnitedNations, the Netherlands（荷兰）。
第十四章主谓一致和虚拟语气
第14章主谓一致和虚拟语气一、主谓一致（一）并列主语时的主谓一致（1）主语中包含有and时①、两个单数名词用and 连接，表示两个不同的概念时，谓语动词用复数。
如：Tom and Jack were close friends.汤姆和杰克是亲密是朋友。
Steam and ice are different forms of water.蒸汽和冰是水的不同形式。
②、两个单数名词用and 连接，表示同一人且两个名词共用一个冠词，同一物或同一概念，或表示不可分的整体时，谓语动词仍用单数。
如：Trial and error is the source of our knowledge.不断尝试是我们获得知识的源泉。
The singer and dancer is to attend our evening party.那位歌舞演员将参加我们的晚会。
用and 连接的两个名词表示组合在一起的一个整体或成套的东西，若需要冠词，则只能在第一个名词前加a/an/the；作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
但若两个名词都有冠词或限定词，则指独立的两样东西；作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
常作为一个整体概念来对待的组合有：bread and butter 黄油面包bread and cheese 涂奶酪的面包a knife and fork 一副刀叉a watch and chain 一只系有表带的手表③、被every, each, many a ,no等限定的单个主语由and 连接时，谓语动词仍用单数。
其中后一个限定词可省略。
如：Each boy and (each) girl has an apple.每个男孩和女孩都有一个苹果。
Many a teacher and (many a) student has seen the film.许多老师和学生看过这部电影。
④、一个单数名词被几个用and连接的并列形容词所修饰时，可以指一件事或几件事，这种名词作主语，要根据意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的数。
虚拟语气,主谓一致,时态语态
虚拟语气的讲解和用法以及练习题The Subjunctive Mood:虚拟语气表示说话人的主观愿望、猜测、建议或与事实不符的假设等，也可以表示可能性较小的情况或不可能发生的情况，而不是客观存在的事实（表示客观事实要用陈述语气）。
虚拟语气是由句中谓语动词的特殊形式表现出来的。
虚拟语气常用于复合句中，也可用于简单句。
一、虚拟语气的用法I.Present Unreal:●If I (you, he / she, we, they) + 动词过去式 (were, did, had, etc.), should / would / could /might + 动词原形e.g. If I had HIV, I would know because I would fell sick.If I were you, I would give an AIDS patient a hug.II.Past Unreal:●If I (you, he / she, we, they) + had + 过去分词, should / would / could / might + have+ 过去分词e.g. If she had told him about the danger, he would not have got hurt.If I had known more about giving first aid, I could have helped them.III.Future impossible:1.If I (you, he / she, we, they) + 动词过去式(were, did, had, etc.), … should / would /could / might + 动词原形e.g. If the teacher asked me to solve the problem next time, I could try my best.2.If I (you, he / she, we, they) should +动词原形, … should / would / could / might + 动词原形e.g. If he should fail in the experiment this time, he would try again.3.If I (you, he / she, we, they) + were to +动词原形, should / would / could / might +动词原形e.g. If we were to panic, we would not be able to help.二、虚拟语气应该注意的问题I.关于假使条件虚拟语气需注意的几点1. 如果从句所假设的谓语动词发生的时间与主句所假设的谓语动词发生的时间不一致, 这种假设条件句叫错综时间条件虚拟语气. 其主句和从句谓语动词的构成要根据所假设的时间而定.1) If I had taken the medicine, I would be better now. 如果我服用了那种药的话, 现在就会好些了.2) If the weather had been finer, the crops would be growing still better. 如果(前些日子)天气更好些, 庄稼一定会长得更好.2. If it were not for / had not been for…也是一种条件虚拟语气从句, 译为“要不是因为……”.1)If it hadn’t been for the doctor, he wouldn’t have recovered so soon.2)If it were not for the lack of space, we would hold the sports meet today.3. 有些条件是由一些短语引出的 (but for, with, without; otherwise, or, but, etc,)1)We couldn’t have achieved so much without your help (= If we had not had your help).2)Without solar radiation, animals and plants would die.3)With better equipment, we could have done it better.4)But for electricity (= If there were no electricity), there would be no modern industry.5)I should have returned the book last week, but I was so busy that I forgot to do so.6)He was having a meeting; otherwise he would have come over to help us.7)He felt very tired yesterday, or he would have attended the party.4. 在某些隐含的虚拟条件简单句中, 虚拟语气可通过上下文表现出来. 谓语动词用虚拟形式.1)Any men in his position would have done like that.2)You should (ought to) have come earlier.II.虚拟语气祈使语气的混合使用在有些情况下, 条件从句中的谓语由”should +原形动词”构成, 这时主句的谓语动词既可以是虚拟语气或陈述语气, 也可以是祈使语气.1. If it should rain, the plan will / would be called off.2. Should anyone phone, please tell them I’m busy.3. Even if (If) it should get stormy, I will go.III.表示要求, 建议, 命令的虚拟语气表示要求, 建议, 命令的从句中, 谓语动词要用should + 原形动词, 其中可以should 省略. 下列例句可以表示这种虚拟语气.a. 主宾语从句表示法: suggest, order, request, advise, require, insist, ask, demand, command, propose等动词后面的宾语从句要用原形动词should + 原形动词, 可以省略.1. The doctor advised that I (should) take a rest.2. The London dockers demanded that their wages (should) be raised.3. He insisted that the meeting (should) not be put off.●当suggest, insist 等动词表示”暗示, 坚持说”时, 其宾语从句中的谓语动词不需要用虚拟语气, 要用陈述语气.1. Are you suggesting that I am not suited for the job?2. He insisted that he was innocent.b. 主语从句表示法: 当以上动词用在下列句型中时, 主语从句也应该用should + 原形动词1. It is suggested that the building (should) be pulled down.2. It is ordered that the work (should) be started at once.●在It is (was) strange (necessary, wonderful, important, etc.) that…句型中, strange,necessary等后面的主语从句中用should + 原形动词, should可以省略.3. It is strange that he (should) refuse to come to the party.4.It is necessary that a doctor (should) be sent for at once.5.It is important that we should learn from toehrs.e. 表语从句表示法.suggestion, proposal, order, advice, demand 等名词作主语时, 其后面的表语从句中也用虚拟语气, 即should + 原形动词, should 也可以省略.1)My advice is that you (should) give up smoking.c. wish 后面所跟宾语从句要求谓语动词用虚拟语气.e.g. I wish that she were here with me and that we weren’t sick.I wish I had sent the old man to hospital in time.d. 在as if引起的从句中,动词一般用虚拟语气, 通常用weree.g. People treat me as if I were a dangerous person.I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday.f. 同位语从句表示法.1. That evening came the order that we (should) cross the river at once.IV.虚拟语气中常见的句型有1. It is (high / about) time that…这一从句的谓语动词用过去式或should + 原形动词, 其中should不可以省略. 此句型译为”该是……时候了”.2. would rather sb. did sth. / had done sth.此句型表示”宁愿让某人……”,如果是没有发生的动作, 从句用过去时; 如果是已经发生的事, 从句用过去完成时.1)I’d rather you left tomorrow.2)I’d rather they hadn’t gone to school yesterday.3. if only…此句型表示”要是……就好了”.其后面句子的时态与wish引导的宾语从句相同, 既:如果虚拟现在, 要用一般过去时; 如果是虚拟过去, 要用过去完成时; 如果是虚拟将来, 则应该用 would或 could加原形动词.1)If only I were a bird!2)If only I had worked hard as a student!3)If only I could land on the moon!4. 连接词in case可用来引起的虚拟语气. 形式通常为: in case + 主语 + should +动词原形. in case句中should 的可以省去, 也可以不用虚拟语气, 而用陈述语气.1)He took his rain coat with him in case it should rain.2)He doesn’t dare to leave the house in case he is (should be) recognized.虚拟语气单项选择:1. If I had had enough time, I my work.A. would finishB. must have finishedC. would have finishedD. had finished2. Ten minutes earlier, they the plane.A. will catchB. would catchC. would have caughtD. will have caught3. Mr. Green requires that the students a composition every other week.A. writeB. writtenC. would writeD. will write4. Had he studied hard, he the exam.A. would passB. could passC. had passedD. would have passed5. I wish I what is happening there in his room.A. knowB. knownC. knewD. should know6. It is important that you sports every day.A. haveB. would haveC. must haveD. will have7. If there were no water in the world, everything .A. will dieB. would dieC. would have diedD. would have been dead8. what was going to happen ,I would never have left her alone.A. Had I knownB. If I knowC. If I knewD. If had I known9. He ordered that the work right away.A. should finishB. finishedC. would be finishedD. be finished10. — Shall we go to the movie tonight?— No, I'd rather at home with our baby. You'd better not leave it to the babysitter at night.A. you stayedB. you stayC. stayedD. stay11 . in your position, I would help him.A. Was IB. Were IC. If I amD. If I had been12. I , but I was stopped by the heavy rain.A.mean to comeB. meant to comeC. had meant to comeD. meant coming13. Mrs. Black insists in that old hotel.A. not to stayB. not stayingC. staying notD. that he not stay14. If you had spoken clearly, you would .A.understand itB. have understoodC. be understoodD. have been understood15. If you that late movie last night, you wouldn't be so sleepy.A. haven't watchedB. hadn't watchedC. didn't watchD. wouldn't have watched16.The foreign friend speaks Chinese so well as if he a Chinese.A. isB. beC. should beD. were17. — If he , he that food.— Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.A. was warned; would not takeB. would be warned; had not takenC. had been warned; would not have takenD. would have been warned; had not taken18. Without electronic computers, much of today's advancedtechnology _______ achieved.A. will not beB. would not beC. would not have beenD. cannot have beenkey : 1.C 2.C 3.A 4.D 5.C 6.A 7.B 8.A 9.D 10.A 11.B 12.C 13.D 14.D 15.B 16.D 17.C 18.C虚拟语气实战演练1. Look at the trouble I am in! If only I _____ your advice. (上海2003)A. followedB. would followC. had followedD. should follow2. _____ be sent to work there?(上海 2002)A. Who do you suggestB. Who do you suggest that shouldC. Do you suggest who shouldD. Do you suggest whom should3. How I wish every family _____ a large house with a beautiful garden! (上海 2002)A. hasB. hadC. will haveD. had had4. He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he _____ a goal. (上海2001)A. had scoredB. scoredC. would scoreD. would have scored5. You didn’t let me drive. If we _____ in turn, you _____ so tired.A. drove; didn’t getB. drove; wouldn’t getC. were driving; wouldn’t getD. had driven; wouldn’t have got6. My suggestion is that we _____ a few more assistants to help the engineer working busily on the machine.A. sendsB. sendingC. to sendD. send7. The CEO of the company insisted _____ in the five-star hotel.A. that we not stayB. that we don’t stayC. we wouldn’t stayD. not to stay8. It’s high time we students _____ even harder at our lessons as the national entrance examination is coming nearer.A. workB. will workC. workedD. have to work9. It has been proposed that the school sports meet _____ till next weekend because of the recentstorm.A. should be put offB. should put offC. put offD. would be put off10. How I wish I _____ to Athens, where the 28th Olympic Games are being held!A. will pay a visitB. have paid a visitC. could pay a visitD. had paid a visit11. Though the girl had been suffering from the blood disease, she acted as if nothing _____ to her while facing her friends and relatives.A. happenedB. happensC. had happenedD. happen12. If he _____ his legs in the last training, he _____ the coming World Cup, which he has been longing to compete in.A. hadn’t hurt; would join inB. hadn’t hurt; would have taken part inC. didn’t hurt; would go in forD. didn’t hurt; wou ld have taken part in13. If I _____ to school tomorrow, I _____ my lessons now.A. were to go; would doB. would go; would doC. went; didD. should go; am doing14. It is demanded that everyone _____ in his seat at 7:00 tomorrow morning.A. isB. beC. would beD. will be15. I’d rather you _____ their invitation yesterday.A. not acceptB. wouldn’t acceptC. didn’t acceptD. hadn’t accepted16. If I _____ him yesterday I _____ him about it.A. saw; would askB. had seen; would have askedC. had seen; would askD. saw; would have asked17. What do you think would happen if there _____ no light during the days?A. isB. will beC. wereD. would be18. _____ late tomorrow, who would take her place?A. Should Miss Green comeB. If Miss Green would comeC. Miss Green should comeD. If Miss Green comes19. It seems as if it ____ already summer now.A. wereB. beC. isD. had been20. I wish I _____ him the day before yesterday.A. sawB. could seeC. had seenD. was seeingKey: 1 – 5 CABDD 6 – 10 DACAC 11 – 15 CAABD 16 – 20 BCAAC主谓一致的用法及专项练习题一、主谓一致三原则主谓一致是指谓语动词与主语在人称和数上保持一致，主谓一致必须遵循三原则：语法一致原则，意义一致原则，就近一致原则。
主谓一致和虚拟语气
一、主谓一致知识点总结在英语中，句子中的谓语动词在人称和单、复数形式上必须和主语保持一致，这就是我们通常说的“主谓一致”。
这一点看似简单，但在实际运用中却常常遇到麻烦。
一般情况下，主谓之间的一致关系由以下三个原则的支配：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近原则。
一、语法一致主谓一致的原则是指主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致:主语是单数形式,谓语也采取单数形式;主语是复数形式,谓语亦采取复数形式.例如:He often helps me learn English.(主语是单数形式,谓语也采取单数形式) .My friends often help me learn English.(主语是复数形式,谓语也采取复数形式)但主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致的问题远不只上述的那么简单,有许多方面的情况需要去具体地对待:1、不定式,动名词,以及从句作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数.例如: Reading aloud is helpful to learn English.大声朗读对学习英语是有帮助的。
What he said has been recorded .他说的话已被录音了.2、不定代词one, every, each, everybody, everyone, one of, no one, nothing, nobody, someone, somebody, either, neither, many a 等作主语或是修饰主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数.但none 作主语时,谓语动词既可用单数也可用复数,这要取决于说话人的看法。
例如:Neither of my sisters likes sports .我的妹妹中没人喜欢运动.Every boy and girl shows great interest in this book .每个男孩和女孩对这本书都表现出很大的兴趣.3、表示国家,机构,事件,作品等名称的专有名词作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数.例如: One Thousand And One Nights tells people lots of interesting stories . 《一千零一夜》给人们讲了许多有趣的故事。
大学英语四级翻译常见 语法考点
此外， 主语后若跟有accompanies by/ along with/ as much as/ besides/except/an addition to/ including / instead of/ no less than/ not to mention/ in company with/like/ more than/ rather than/ (together with)等+名词的结构，也不影响谓 语动词的数，
2.can/could/may/might+动词完成式 用于对过去发生的动作的主观判断， 表示推测过去某动作“可能，也许， 一定”已发生或没有发生； “should/ought to/needn’t +动词完成 式表示过去“应该做”而实际并未做 的动作
（六）非谓语动词作状语及其逻 辑主语问题
（八）不定式和动名词作主 语和表语
动词不定式作主语，侧重于表现具体的，某一次特定的 动作，是特指。而动名词作主语，则侧重于一般性的， 习惯性的和抽象的动作，是泛指
注意： 如果句中有时间状语，一般选择不定式形
式作主语。
在很多情况下，不定式和动名词都可以用先行词 it
作形式主语。当表语为important/necessary/advisable/a
If you had worked hard, you would have passed
the exam.
如果你用功学习，就会通过考试了。
（3）与将来的事实可能相反：
If …+should do….+ would do….
专四英语之虚拟语气用法和主谓一致知识讲解
一、虚拟语气用法讲解英语有三种语气，即陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气二、带虚拟条件的虚拟语气1. 真实条件句和非真实条件句条件句有真实条件句和非真实(虚拟)条件句两种。
真实条件句所表示的假设是有可能发生的，而非真实条件句则通常表示一种假想，与事实相反或不大可能会发生：If I have time, I will go with them. 假若我有时间，我就同他们去。
(陈述语气) If I were you, I would go with them. 假若我是你，我就同他们去。
(虚拟语气) 2. 虚拟条件句的三种基本类型(1) 若与现在事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去式(be通常用were)，主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”：If you took a taxi，you’d get there quicker. 如果你坐出租车去，你可以快一点到那里。
(但你没有坐出租车)If I knew her number I could ring her up. 要是我知道她的电话号码，我就可以给她打电话了。
(可惜我不知道)(2) 若与过去事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去完成时(had+过去分词)，主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+have+过去分词”：If I had left sooner，I would have been on time. 要是我早点动身，我就准时到了。
(但我动身太迟了) 【I had left缩写I’d left；I would have been缩写为I’d have been】If we had found him earlier we could have saved his life. 要是我们当时早点找到他的话，我们就可以救活他。
(可惜我们找到他太晚了)(3) 若与将来事实相反：条件从句a)If+主语+动词过去式;b)If+主语+were to+动词原形;c)If+主语+should+动词原形(注意不能是would)。
主谓一致、强调句和倒装句、情态动词和虚拟语气讲解以及习题详细解析
主谓一致、强调句和倒装句、情态动词和虚拟语气讲解以及习题详细解析主谓一致主谓一致是指一个句子的主语和谓语动词保持人称与数的一致关系。
有些句子不易直接看出主语的单复数，需仔细推敲。
处理主谓一致要注意语法一致，意义上一致和就近一致。
一、语法上的一致一个句子的主语是单数时，谓语动词也应是单数形式，主语是复数，谓语动词也用复数形式。
例如：Learning English is very important.学习英语是很重要的。
The girl together with her two sisters has left for Nanjing.Both Bob and Tom are my friends.但如果并列的主语指的是同一个人，同一类物，谓语动词要用单数形式。
例如：A singer and dancer is going to attend our meeting.由and连接的并列单数主语前，如果分别有each, every等修饰时，谓语要用单数。
例如：Every boy and every girl was given a present.Each word and each phrase in the dictionary is important.二、意义上的一致主语形式是单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词根据意义要用复数；反之主语形式为复数，但意义为单数，谓语动词也用单数。
如表示一笔钱，一段时间，一定重量时，这些单位虽是复数形式，但谓语动词是单数形式。
例如：It seems to me that five years is so short a time.Two hundred dollars was spent on the books.有些集体名词，如family, group, class等作主语时，作为整体看待，谓语动词要用单数，就其中一个个成员而言，谓语要用复数。
例如：My family is a happy one.My family are watching TV.三、就近一致出现几个主语时，谓语动词的人称单复数须和最近的主语保持一致。
大学英语三级考试语法总结
大学英语三级考试语法总结大学英语三级考试对于许多非英语专业的同学来说是一个重要的阶段性检测。
语法作为英语学习的重要组成部分，掌握好它对于提升考试成绩、增强英语实际运用能力都有着关键作用。
以下是对大学英语三级考试中常见语法点的总结。
一、时态时态是英语语法中非常重要的一部分，在考试中经常出现。
1、一般现在时：表示经常发生的动作、客观事实或真理。
例如：“The earth revolves s around the sun”（地球绕着太阳转。
）其结构为：主语＋动词原形（当主语为第三人称单数时，动词要加 s 或 es）。
2、一般过去时：表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态。
比如：“I played basketball yesterday”（我昨天打篮球了。
）其结构为：主语＋动词的过去式。
3、一般将来时：表示将来要发生的动作或存在的状态。
常见表达有：“will ＋动词原形”或“be going to ＋动词原形”。
例如：“I will go to Beijing next week”（我下周将去北京。
）4、现在进行时：表示正在进行的动作。
结构为：主语＋ am/is/are ＋动词的现在分词。
例如：“She is reading a book now”（她现在正在读书。
）5、过去进行时：表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作。
其结构为：主语＋ was/were ＋动词的现在分词。
如：“I was watching TV at eighto'clock last night”（昨晚八点我正在看电视。
）6、现在完成时：表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或者过去开始一直持续到现在的动作。
结构为：主语＋ have/has ＋过去分词。
比如：“I have finished my homework”（我已经完成了作业。
）7、过去完成时：表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作。
结构为：主语＋ had ＋过去分词。
例如：“By the end of last year, we had learned 2000 words”（到去年年底，我们已经学了 2000 个单词。
动词时态语态虚拟语气主谓一致
(5)come,go,leave,start,arrive,fly等动词后， (5)come,go,leave,start,arrive,fly等动词后， come,go,leave,start,arrive,fly等动词后 用现在进行时表示将来。 用现在进行时表示将来。 sure后接 (6)在短语make (6)在短语make sure, see (to) it, be sure后接 在短语 从句，用一般现在时表将来。 从句，用一般现在时表将来。 eg.My mother ___(leave) for Beijing tomorrow. eg.Make sure all the windows ___(close) before you leave. eg.See to it that the door ___(fasten) before you go to bed.
现在/ 3. 现在/过去完成时的用法 (1)在 (1)在“It/This is the best/worst/most interesting+名词 that…”中 名词+ interesting+名词+that…”中，从句用现 在完成时。 在完成时。 (2)在 that…”中 (2)在“It/This is the first/last time that…”中， 从句用现在完成时。 从句用现在完成时。 (3)在 (3)在“It was the first time that sb. had done” 主句一般过去时，that引导的从句 中,主句一般过去时，that引导的从句 用过去完成时。 用过去完成时。 (4)hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean=intend, (4)hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean=intend, suppose等的过去完成时的含义指 等的过去完成时的含义指“ suppose等的过去完成时的含义指“过 去没有实现的愿望、计划” 去没有实现的愿望、计划”。含失望 的感情色彩。 的感情色彩。
英语语法练习中的经典题型与应对策略
英语语法练习中的经典题型与应对策略在学习英语的过程中，语法练习是不可或缺的一部分。
通过练习不同的语法题型，我们可以巩固所学的语法知识，提高语言运用能力。
本文将介绍一些经典的英语语法题型，并提供相应的应对策略，帮助读者更好地应对这些题目。
一、主谓一致主谓一致是英语语法中的基本规则之一。
题目通常会涉及到单数和复数主语与动词的一致性。
例如：1. The book (is/are) on the table.对于这类题目，我们可以通过找出主语来确定正确的动词形式。
在这个例子中，主语是"The book"，是单数形式，所以正确答案是"is"。
二、动词时态动词时态是英语语法中的另一个重要方面。
题目通常要求根据上下文选择正确的动词时态。
例如：2. By the time he gets home, I (finish) my homework.在这个例子中，我们需要根据句子中的时间状语"By the time he gets home"来确定正确的动词时态。
由于这个动作发生在将来，所以正确答案是"will have finished"。
三、非谓语动词非谓语动词是指不带有主语和谓语的动词形式，包括不定式、动名词和分词。
题目通常要求选择正确的非谓语动词形式。
例如：3. I enjoy (read/reading) books in my free time.在这个例子中，我们需要根据动词"enjoy"后面的宾语"books"来确定正确的非谓语动词形式。
由于"enjoy"后面需要接动名词形式，所以正确答案是"reading"。
四、定语从句定语从句是修饰名词的从句，通常用来进一步说明名词的特征或属性。
题目通常要求选择正确的定语从句。
例如：4. The girl (who/whom) you met yesterday is my sister.在这个例子中，我们需要根据定语从句中的关系词和先行词的关系来确定正确的选择。
虚拟语气主谓一致
54. If only the patient ____ a different treatment instead of using the antibodies he might still be alive now. (2007) A.had received B.received C.should receive D. were receiving 65. It is absolutely essential that William ____ his study in spite of learning difficulties. (2007) A.will continue B.continued C.continue D. continues
含蓄虚拟语气是指假设条件不通过if从句表达，而 是暗含在其他结构中。 考生应熟悉： (1)连词but, but that, or, or else；副词 otherwise, unfortunately等表示转折假设。如： A safety analysis would have identified the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done. Victor obviously doesn’t know what’s happened; otherwise he wouldn’t have made such a stupid remark.
定语从句中。
常用句型“It is (high)time (that) … ”中，定语从句的谓语 动词用一般过去时(be用were) It’s time that I picked up my daughter. It’s high time we went to bed.
主谓一致与虚拟语气
3. 就近原则 与就远原则
1.就近原则 There be, either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also…, nor…or... Eg. Neither the students nor the teacher is to attend the meeting. Eg . There is an apple, two bottles and three books on the desk.
注意 有些集体名词如police, people, militia, cattle, youth 等作主语时谓语动词通常用复 数。 Eg . The police are discussing in the meeting room. Eg . Are there any cattle in the farm？
3) One of +n （复数）谓复 the only one of + n （复数） 谓单 Eg. This is one of the best movies that have been on this year. Eg. She is the only one of the students who is good at French in our class.
4） 并列结构作主语时谓语动词的数 并列结构作主语时谓语用复数 ,用and 或 both and连接并列主语，谓复 Eg. Tom and Jim are good friends. 注意：当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个 单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓 语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只 有一个冠词 Eg. The poet and writer is famous.
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时刻回想自己从开始备考到今天这一路， 不管是辛酸也好、快乐也罢，都既往不 咎，十二月我们更应该有万物沉淀的气 定神闲，经得起周边环境的骚扰，受得 了心理上的孤独寂寞。加油，亲们！
Worrying is a waste of time; it doesn't change anything, it just messes with your mind and steals your happiness.
2. The committee ______ over the problem among themselves for two hours. A. argued B. had argued C. has been arguing D. have been arguing
3. Each students ____got an English –Chinese dictionary. It means that the students each ____ a dictionary. A. have; has B. have; have C. has; has D. has; have
2)) 某些集体名词作单数使用 foliage, machinery, equipment, furniture, merchandise
Eg. All the furniture in the factory is made in China.
3. 单、复数同形的名词主语时, 要 根据意义决定谓语的形式。这类名 词有：means（方法），works （工厂,作品），species（种类） 等。 Eg . The water works is near the city. Eg . Every means has been tried.
2. 就远原则 即谓语动词的单复数形式取决于距 离它较远的词语（主要指名词）的 单复数形式。 n + with, together with, along with, combine with, as well as, rather than, but, except, besides, no less than
4） 并列结构作主语时谓语动词的数 并列结构作主语时谓语用复数 ,用and 或 both and连接并列主语，谓复 Eg. Tom and Jim are good friends. 注意：当主语由and连结时，如果它表 示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同 一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时 连接的两个词前只有一个冠词 Eg. The poet and writer is famous.
If you find a path with no obstacles, it probably doesn't lead anywhere. 如果问你成功的人一般都具有什么特质，你会怎 么回答？答案有很多，但相信每一个成功的人， 都具有一个相同的品质，那就是懂得坚持。2013 年最后一个月，请不抛弃、不放弃，因为，希望 就在前方。
虚拟语气
虚拟语气概念
虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿 望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不 一定是事实，或与事实相反。虚拟 语气在条件句中应用比较多。 • 条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条 件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真 实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可 能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。
与现 在事 实相 反的 假设
注意!
条件句中的谓语动词为be时，不管 主语是单数还是复数，书面语中一 般都用were, “ if I were you...”
与过 去相 反的 假设
if+主语+had+过 主语+would, should, could, 去分词 Eg . If they had might +have worked harder, done they would have Eg . If he had passed the exam. taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake.
• 成双成对的名词,作复数shoes, trousers, pants, clothes, gloves, shorts, pajamas, jeans, slacks, suspenders, chopsticks, scissors, glasses, pincers, tongs, pliers, scales, sunglasses, shears, spectacles, compasses 等。
!注意
单复数的区分用法。 1）如果主语是 more than one… 或 many a…构成，谓语动词用 单数。 Eg. Many a girl likes this movie. Eg. More than one student has passed the han +复数” 或者“ more + 复 + than one” + 复 Eg. More than 30 students have passed the exam. Eg. More students than one were absent.
2）a number of, a variety of, a group of 修饰名词作主语，谓复。 而the number of, the variety of , the amount of , the quantity of 修 饰名词作主语，谓单。 Eg. A number of students are having class now. Eg. The quantity of books in the library is great.
and 连接的并列名词词组带有each, every, many a 等限定词时，其后的谓语用单数。 Eg . Every man and every woman likes this building. 补充：代词each以及由every, some, no, any 等构成的复合代词作主语时，或主语中含 有each, every时, 谓语需用单数。 Eg . Each of us has a mobile phone.
符合这条规则的结构主要有 There be, either…or…,neither…nor…, not only…but also…, nor…or... Eg. Neither the students nor the teacher is to attend the meeting. Eg . There is an apple, two bottles and three books on the desk. There ___ two bottles , an apple and three books on the desk.
Eg . Statistics is a subject that is difficult to learn. Eg . Statistics show that about 60% students in China wear glasses. The acoustics in the new concert hall are faultless. Acoustics is the science of sound.
Eg. Lucy as well as her friends, was invited to the party Nobody but two students is in the cl assroom.
主谓一致练习 1.Politics ____ one of the subjects that I study. A. Is B. are C. was D. were
虚拟条件句 （ if ） if+主语+动词 的过去式（动 词be用were） Eg . If they were here, they would help us.
主句 主语+would, should, could, might +do Eg . If I knew his telephone number, I would tell you.
1. 语法一致
语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要 一致。 主单，谓单；主复，谓复；不可数名词用单 Eg . There is little water in the thermos.
但当不可数名词前有表示数量 的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。 Eg . Large quantities of time are needed.
• 以-s 结尾的地理名词 指国名， 作单数；指群岛、山脉、海峡 、瀑布等作复数。
Eg. The United States is a country of large people. Eg. The Himalayas have a magnificent variety of plant and animal life.
3) One of 谓复 the only one of 谓 单 Eg. This is one of the best movies that have been on this year. Eg. She is the only one of the students who is good at French in our class.
注意 英语中某些以 ics 结尾的名词， 如 physics物理学, mathematics, mechanics, optics光学, acoustics, politics, statistics, economics, linguistics, athletics体育, tactics用 兵学等，如果表示学科，则用单数， 但是，如果这些名词表示实际内容 时，则用复数。
注意 1)) 有些集体名词如police, people, militia, cattle, youth 等作主语时谓 语动词通常用复数。 Eg . The police are discussing in the meeting room. Eg . Are there any cattle in the farm？