计算机专业英语课文(第四版)全文翻译
计算机英语(第4版) 刘艺 课文参考译文
《计算机英语（第4版）》参考译文第一单元：计算机与计算机科学课文A：计算机概览一、引言计算机是一种电子设备，它能接收一套指令或一个程序，然后通过对数字数据进行运算或对其他形式的信息进行处理来执行该程序。
要不是由于计算机的发展，现代的高科技世界是不可能产生的。
不同类型和大小的计算机在整个社会被用于存储和处理各种数据，从保密政府文件、银行交易到私人家庭账目。
计算机通过自动化技术开辟了制造业的新纪元，而且它们也增强了现代通信系统的性能。
在几乎每一个研究和应用技术领域，从构建宇宙模型到产生明天的气象报告，计算机都是必要的工具，并且它们的应用本身就开辟了人们推测的新领域。
数据库服务和计算机网络使各种各样的信息源可供使用。
同样的先进技术也使侵犯个人隐私和商业秘密成为可能。
计算机犯罪已经成为作为现代技术代价组成部分的许多风险之一。
二、历史第一台加法机是法国科学家、数学家和哲学家布莱斯•帕斯卡于1642年设计的，它是数字计算机的先驱。
这个装置使用了一系列带有10个齿的轮子，每个齿代表从0到9的一个数字。
轮子互相连接，从而通过按照正确的齿数向前转动轮子，就可以将数字彼此相加。
17世纪70年代，德国哲学家和数学家戈特弗里德•威廉•莱布尼兹对这台机器进行了改良，设计了一台也能做乘法的机器。
法国发明家约瑟夫―玛丽•雅卡尔，在设计自动织机时，使用了穿孔的薄木板来控制复杂图案的编织。
在19世纪80年代期间，美国统计学家赫尔曼•何勒里斯，想出了使用类似雅卡尔的木板那样的穿孔卡片来处理数据的主意。
通过使用一种将穿孔卡片从电触点上移过的系统，他得以为1890年的美国人口普查汇编统计信息。
1、分析机也是在19世纪，英国数学家和发明家查尔斯•巴比奇，提出了现代数字计算机的原理。
他构想出旨在处理复杂数学题的若干机器，如差分机。
许多历史学家认为，巴比奇及其合伙人，数学家奥古斯塔•埃达•拜伦，是现代数字计算机的真正先驱。
巴比奇的设计之一，分析机，具有现代计算机的许多特征。
计算机专业英语翻译参考
1.(P1) Computer science deals with the theoretical foundations of information and computation, together withpractical techniques for the implementation and application of these foundations, such as programming language theory, computational complexity theory, computer graphics and human-computer interaction.计算机科学涉及信息和计算的理论基础，以及这些基础的实施和应用的实际技术，如编程语言理论，计算复杂性理论，计算机图形学和人机交互。
2.(P17) The most important piece of graphics hardware is the graphics card, which is the piece of equipment thatrenders out all images and sends them to a display. There are two types of graphics cards: integrated and dedicated. An integrated graphics card, usually by Intel for use in their computers, is bound to the motherboard and shares RAM (Random Access Memory) with the CPU, reducing the total amount of RAM available. This is undesirable for running programs and applications that use a large amount of video memory. A dedicated graphics card has its own RAM and Processor for generating its images, and does not slow down the computer.Dedicated graphics cards also have higher performance than integrated graphics cards. It is possible to have both dedicated and integrated graphics card, however once a dedicated graphics card is installed, the integrated card will no longer function until the dedicated card is removed.最重要的一块图形硬件是显卡，是一件呈现出所有的图像，并将它们发送到一个显示器的设备。
《计算机英语(第4版)》参考译文
第一单元：计算机与计算机科学课文A：计算机概览一、引言计算机是一种电子设备，它能接收一套指令或一个程序，然后通过对数字数据进行运算或对其他形式的信息进行处理来执行该程序。
要不是由于计算机的发展，现代的高科技世界是不可能产生的。
不同类型和大小的计算机在整个社会被用于存储和处理各种数据，从保密政府文件、银行交易到私人家庭账目。
计算机通过自动化技术开辟了制造业的新纪元，而且它们也增强了现代通信系统的性能。
在几乎每一个研究和应用技术领域，从构建宇宙模型到产生明天的气象报告，计算机都是必要的工具，并且它们的应用本身就开辟了人们推测的新领域。
数据库服务和计算机网络使各种各样的信息源可供使用。
同样的先进技术也使侵犯个人隐私和商业秘密成为可能。
计算机犯罪已经成为作为现代技术代价组成部分的许多风险之一。
二、历史第一台加法机是法国科学家、数学家和哲学家布莱斯•帕斯卡于1642年设计的，它是数字计算机的先驱。
这个装置使用了一系列带有10个齿的轮子，每个齿代表从0到9的一个数字。
轮子互相连接，从而通过按照正确的齿数向前转动轮子，就可以将数字彼此相加。
17世纪70年代，德国哲学家和数学家戈特弗里德•威廉•莱布尼兹对这台机器进行了改良，设计了一台也能做乘法的机器。
法国发明家约瑟夫―玛丽•雅卡尔，在设计自动织机时，使用了穿孔的薄木板来控制复杂图案的编织。
在19世纪80年代期间，美国统计学家赫尔曼•何勒里斯，想出了使用类似雅卡尔的木板那样的穿孔卡片来处理数据的主意。
通过使用一种将穿孔卡片从电触点上移过的系统，他得以为1890年的美国人口普查汇编统计信息。
1、分析机也是在19世纪，英国数学家和发明家查尔斯•巴比奇，提出了现代数字计算机的原理。
他构想出旨在处理复杂数学题的若干机器，如差分机。
许多历史学家认为，巴比奇及其合伙人，数学家奥古斯塔•埃达•拜伦，是现代数字计算机的真正先驱。
巴比奇的设计之一，分析机，具有现代计算机的许多特征。
计算机专业英语的课文与翻译
Unit 8 Computer NetworkingText 1 Data CommunicationsThe end equipment can be computers, printers, keyboards, CRTs, and so on.They are either generates the digital information for transmission or uses the received digital data. This equipment generally operates digital information internally in word units.DTE is data terminal equipment. A station controller STACO is the corresponding unit at the secondaries. At one time, the DTE was the last piece of equipment that belonged to the subscriber in a data link system. Between the DTEs, first is the modem, and then is the communications equipment. The communication equipment is owned and maintained by Telco. Data communications equipment DCE accepts the serial data stream from the DTE. And DCE converts it to some form of analog signal suitable for transmission on voice-grade lines. At the receive end, the DCE performs the reverse function. It converts the received analog signal to a serial digital data stream. The simplest form of DCE is a modem modulator/demodulator or data set. At the transmit end, the modem can be considered a form of digital-to-analog converter.While at the receive end, it can be considered a form of analog-to-digital converter.参考译文数据通信终端设备可以是计算机、打印机、键盘、CRT等;它们可以生成要发送的数字信息,也可以使用所接收的数字数据;这种设备通常在内部以字为单位处理数字信息;DTE一般称为数据终端设备;辅助设备一方的相应设备是工作站控制器STACO;同时,DTE也是数据链路系统中属于用户端的最后一个设备;在两个DTE之间,先是调制解调器,接着是属于Telco电话公司维护的通信设备;数据通信设备DCE从DTE接收串行数据流,并将其转换成适合于在语音线路上发送的某种模拟信号形式;在接收端,DCE完成相反的功能,把接收到的模拟信号转换成串行数字数据流;最简单的DCE是调制解调器或数据传送机;在发送端,调制解调器可以视为一种数/模转换器,而在接收端则可视为一种模／数转换器;Text 2 Architecture of Computer NetworksComputer network is a complex unit, it consists of two or more connected computing units. It is used for the purpose of data communication and resource sharing. Design of a network and its logical structure should comply with a set of design principles. They include: the organization of functions, the description of data formats and procedure.In the following two sections we will discuss two important network architectures, the OSI reference model and the TCP/IP reference model.(1)the OSI reference modelThe OSI open systems interconnection model was created by the ISO. This model is a foundation for comparing protocols; However, more protocols deviate from the rules set up by the OSI model.The OSI model has seven layers. Note that the OSI model itself is not a network architecture.It just tells what each layer should do. However, ISO has also produced standards for all the layers. Each one has been published as a separate international standard.(2)the TCP/IP reference modelTCP/IP is a communication protocol; it provides many different networking services.The TCP/IP Internet protocol suite is formed from two standards: the TCP Transmission Control Protocol and the IP Internet Protocol. TCP means it is on the transport layer. IP means it is on the network layer. On top of the transport layer is the application layer. It contains all the higher-level protocols. The early ones included virtual terminal TELNET, file transfer FTP, electronic mail SMTP and domain name service DNS.As we know, TCP/IP is the foundation of the Internet.These protocols are continually changing and evolving to support the needs of the user community.参考译文计算机网络结构计算机网络是由两个或多个计算机设备互连而成的一种复合系统,它用于数据通信和资源共享;网络设计及其逻辑结构应该遵循一套设计原则,其中包括：功能的组织以及数据格式和过程的说明;在下面的两小节里,我们将讨论两个重要的网络体系结构,即OSI参考模型和TCP/IP参考模型;(1)OSI参考模型OSI模型开放系统互联参考模型是由国际标准化组织ISO开发的一个建议;相对于其他协议来说,此种模式为基础模式;然而,更多的协议是背离OSI模型的;OSI模型有7层;应该注意的是,OSI模型本身并不是一种网络体系结构,它只是说明每一层应该做什么;然而,ISO还是对各层制定了标准,每一层都是作为一个单独的国际标准来颁布的;(2)TCP/IP参考模型TCP/IP参考模型是一种传输协议,提供了许多不同的网络服务;TCP/IP协议组由TCP传输控制协议和IP网际协议两部分组成;TCP表明是处于传输层,IP意为是在网络层;在传输层上面是应用层;应用层包括所有高层协议;早期的协议包括虚拟终端TELNET、文件传送协议FTP、电子邮件SMTP和域名服务DNS;现在我们知道,TCP/IP协议是因特网的基础;这些协议在用户们的支持下不断地改变和进化着;Text 3 Local Area NetworkA LAN Local area data network is a group of computers. The work devices connected together usually within the same building. By definition, the connections must be high-speed and relatively inexpensive . token ring or Ethernet. For example, a LAN may be used to interconnect workstations distributed around offices within a single building or a group of buildings such as a university campus.LANs consist of carefully selected groups of components hardware and software. They are configured for the specific requirements of the organization. A LAN is generally limited to the size of a department or an organization. And a LAN often consists of 2 to 100 devices. LANs usually contain resources such as servers, printers, and connections to other networks through internetworking devices. The internetworking devices include switches and routers.In the next section we will discuss the structure of the different types of LAN.(1)TopologyMost wide area networks, such as the PSTN, use a mesh sometimes referred to as a network topology. With LANs, however, the limited physical separation of the subscriber DTEs allows simpler topologies to be used. The four topologies in common use are star, bus, ring and hub.The most widespread topology for LANs designed to function as data communication subnetworks for the interconnection of local computer-based equipment is the hub topology. It is a variation of the bus andring.(2)Transmission mediaTwisted pair, coaxial cable and optical fibre are the three main types of transmission medium used for LANs.(3)Medium access control methodsTwo techniques have been adopted for use of the medium access control in the LANs. One is carrier-sense-multiple-access with collision detection, and the other is control token.参考译文局域网局域数据网局域网由若干计算机组成;通常是一幢楼内的工作设备被连接在一起;通过定义可知,这种连接一定是高速并且相对廉价的如：令牌网和以太网;例如,一个局域网可以把一幢楼里或像大学校园内楼群里的各个办公室的工作站连在一起;局域网是由精心挑选的各组设备硬件和软件构成的;它们根据组织的各种特殊需要来配置;局域网的大小一般限制在一个部门或者一个组织,由2～100台电脑组成;局域网经常包含一些资源,如一些服务器和打印机,而且可以通过网络设备与其他的网络连接;这些网络设备包括交换机和路由器等;接下来,我们将讨论不同类型局域网的结构;(1)拓扑结构大多数广域网,如公共电话交换网PSTN,使用网状有时称为网络拓扑结构；而局域网由于用户数据终端设备相距很近,可采用简单的拓扑结构;常用的有星形、总线、环形和集线器等4种拓扑结构;应用最广的、用于互连本部门计算机设备以进行数据通信的局域网拓扑结构是集线器拓扑结构;这种拓扑结构是总线和环形拓扑结构的变种;(2)传输媒体双绞线、同轴电缆和光纤是局域网采用的3种主要传输媒体;(3)媒体访问控制方法局域网中采用了两种媒体访问控制技术,一种是载波侦听多路访问／冲突检测技术CSMA/CD,另一种是令牌控制技术;Text 4 InternetThe Internet is used by millions of people across the world to communicate business and personal information. The Internet is huge. Then we will talk about the difference of “an internet”and “ the Internet”.An internet note the lower case "i" is a computer network. It allows computers with distinctive software and hardware to communicate. Many kinds of computers can be connected to an internet. Each computer can serve a specialized role. It offers a wide variety of services to its users.The Internet is specific kind of internet. In The Internet Passport, the Internet will be defined as the network of networks. It follows a set of rules known as the "Internet Protocol IP suite".But what does this mean to you It means that any computer that is connected to the Internet can communicate with any other Internet computer. From the user's perspective, this works much like the telephone system works. You can dial from your phone to any other phone on the system, no matter what kind of telephone you have; you only need to know the phone number of the person you want to reach.With an Internet connection you can get some of the basic services available are:•E-mail. It’s a fast, easy, and inexpensive way to communicate with other Internet users around the world.•Telnet. It allows a user to log into a remote computer as though it were a local system.•FTP. It allows a user to transfer virtually every kind of file that can be stored on a computer from one Internet-connected computer to another.•Usenet news. It’s a distributed bulletin board which offers a combination news and discussion service on thousands of topics.•World Wide Web . It’s a hypertext interface to Internet information resources. Also, through an Internet connection, you can:•access online library catalogs.•copy computer files or software from archives.•access databases for teaching or research.•obtain free electronic books.•use educational and information services.•use directory services to find Internet users.•access supercomputer sites.It was estimated that at this rapid growth everyone in the world would have an e-mail address in the near future.参考译文互联网因特网是世界上很多人用来进行商业贸易和个人信息交流的网络,它非常巨大;接下来,我们将讨论互联网及因特网;互联网internet注意小写字母i是一种计算机网络,该网络上的计算机在通信时可以使用不同的软件和硬件;多种计算机都可以连入互联网,每台计算机都可以有一独特作用;一个互联网可以向它的用户提供各式各样的业务;因特网Internet是一种专用互联网;因特网在它的证书中定义为网络的网络,该网络使用了一组叫做互联网协议IP组的规则;但对你来说,这意味着什么呢这表明连接到因特网上的计算机可以与因特网上任何其他计算机通信;从用户的角度来看,其工作方式很像电话系统的工作方式;在电话系统内,可以从你的电话机拨打任何其他电话,而不管你使用什么样的电话机,你只需知道对方的电话号码即可;你可以通过因特网得到的基本服务如下：•电子邮件;它是与世界范围内的因特网用户进行联系的一种快速、方便、廉价的交流方式;•远程登录;允许用户连接到远程计算机上,就像这台远程计算机是本地机一样;•文件传输协议;该协议可以将存储在计算机上的各种文件,从因特网上的一台计算机传送给另一台计算机;•新闻组网络系统;一种分布式的电子公告牌,它能提供有关上千种话题的新闻和讨论服务;•万维网;一种因特网信息资源的超文本界面;•访问在线图书馆目录;•从计算机档案库存储器中拷贝文件或软件;•访问教学或科研数据库;•获取免费电子图书;•使用教育和信息服务;•使用目录服务以查找因特网用户;•访问超级计算机站点;估计以这样的高速发展,在不久的将来世界上每个人都将拥有至少一个电子邮件地址;Text 5 The World Wide WebThe World Wide Web also known as or Web is one of the fastest-growing Internet software applications. It is an architectural framework. It linked documents spread out over thousands of machines for accessing all over the Internet.The World Wide Web ties the computers together into a vast collection of interactive multimedia resources. The is a way of exchange information between computers on the Internet.The Web is built around hypertext and hypermedia. A hypertext document has certain keywords or phrases linked to other online documents. A person reading a hypertext document about mobile phone, for example, might be able to select the highlighted word “Nokia 3310”, and he call up another document giving more information about that particular type. With documents intertwined by links into a web of information, you can select paths to browse online resources, a process often referred to as surfing.Hypermedia extends the concept of hypertext to other forms of information. They include: images, sounds, and even video clips. If a person read a hypermedia document about mobile phones, then he might select a video show of a phone and hear the ring of it.The World Wide Web also subsumes previous Internet information systems such as Gopher and FTP. These resources can still be accessed through the Web. But the Web offered by these more restricted connection methods. Now the Web provides a wealth of additional capabilities.Thousands of computers around the world are now connected to the Web. They offer a huge variety of information and services to visitors. These online documents are generally referred to as pages. They are composed and supported by various people and organizations. Web pages are available for an amazing variety of tasks ranging from the playful to the serious. You can get many services access Web pages. For example, you can search database of mailing lists, you can see pictures of your favorite band and their concert schedule, or you can take a “tour” through a foreign country. Thousands of links to new services are added to the Web each day, and its growth has been explosive.参考译文万维网万维网又称或Web是因特网上发展最快的应用软件之一;它是一种结构化框架,用于访问遍布在因特网上的成千上万台机器中的链接文档;万维网把这些计算机连接成了一个巨大的交互式多媒体资源库,它是因特网上的计算机之间进行信息交流的一种方式;Web是用超文本和超媒体设计的;超文本文档中的一些关键词或短语被链接到了其他的在线文档中;例如,某人在阅读一篇有关移动电话的超文本文档时,如果他选择高亮显示的词“诺基亚3310”,就能链接到另一篇有关这一类型移动电话的文章,从而可以获取更多的信息;网络文章通过链接形成了一个网络信息资源库,用户可以选择路径来浏览这些在线资源,这种行为通常被称为“网上冲浪”;超媒体将超文本的概念扩展到了其他的信息形式,其中包括图片、声音,甚至是录像剪辑;在超媒体文档中阅读有关移动电话的文章时,读者可以选择关于该电话的视频演示,还能听见铃声;万维网也包括了以前的因特网信息系统,如Gopher 和FTP;这些资源仍然可以通过网络访问,但是以前那些连接方式的局限性很大,现在的网络提供了许多先辈们没能提供的功能;现在世界上成千上万的计算机都连接到了网络上,而且为访问者提供了相当多的信息和服务;这些由不同的人和组织编写和支持的在线文档被称为网页;Web网页可以跨越从诙谐到严肃的各种风格;通过访问网页,用户可以查看邮件数据库,查阅自己喜爱的乐队的图片和他们的演出时间表,或去国外周游一圈;现在每天都会增加上千种新的服务链接,万维网已经飞速发展起来了;。
自动化专业英语第四版课文翻译
自动化专业英语第四版课文翻译Unit 1现在工业电子系统使用的是被称为晶体管的装置。
每一类型的晶体管有区别于其他晶体管的不同特点和操作条件。
在讨论的第一部分，我们来关注双极性晶体管。
从结构上看，这个晶体管被描述为双极性的，是因为它有两个不同的电流载体极性。
空穴是阳极电流载体，而电子是阴极电流载体。
这两个不同性质的半导体晶体通过一个公共部分连接在一起。
这个装置的结构类似于两个二极管背靠背连接，其中一个晶体充当另外两个晶体的公共部分。
中间的材料通常被做得比外面的两片都要薄。
图1.1表示的是此晶体管的结构，原件名称，和不同双极性晶体管的语义符号。
一个双极性晶体管主要被用做放大器来限制流经它的电流。
电流从电源流入发射极，经过基极，再流出集电极。
集电极的电流量通常被定义为晶体管的输出量。
集电极电流由基极电流中的一小部分控制。
这个关系被描述为电流增量或β。
数学表达式如下：电流增量=集电极电流：基极电流。
公式中希腊字母△表示变化的值。
它用来表示当有交流输入时晶体管的响应。
这种类型的状态被称为动态特性。
公式中的△的省略部分表示直流或静态工作条件。
所有从发射极进入晶体管的电流被定义为发射极电流。
集电极电流Ic通常小于Ie。
Ie和Ic的不同归因于基极电流。
从数学角度看，Ib=Ie-IcUnit 2一个运算放大器的内部结构相当复杂，常常包含大量的分立元件。
一个运算放大器的使用者通常不需要关心它的内部结构。
然而，对于如何理解内部电子电路的完成却是有所帮助的。
这就允许使用者来观察设备是如何工作的，以及表明它作为一个功能单元的一些局限性。
运算放大器的内部电子线路可以被分为三个功能单元。
图1.7即是一个运算放大器内部功能的简图。
注意每一个功能都被附在一个三角形内。
电子图表中用三角形来表示放大功能。
这个简图显示了运算放大器有三个基本的放大功能。
这些功能一般叫作放大级。
一个放大级包含一或更多有源器件，所有相联元件需实现放大。
第一阶段或一个运算放大器的输入常常是一个差动放大器。
专业英语课文翻译
ACCESS 访问the internet and the telephone system are similar—you can connect a computer to the internet much like you connect a phone to the telephone system . 互联网和电话系统是相似的你可以将计算机连接到互联网更像你将电话连接到电话系统。
once you are on the internet ,your computer becomes an extension of what seems like a giant computer-a computer that branches all over the world. 一旦你在互联网上，您的计算机变得什么看起来像一个巨大的计算机——一个计算机的扩展，世界各地的分支机构。
when provided with a connection to the internet ,you can use a browser program to search the Web. 当提供一个连接到互联网，您可以使用要搜索Web 的浏览器程序。
PROVIDERS 提供商the most common way to access the internet is through an internet service provider(ISP).访问互联网的最常见方式是通过互联网服务运营。
（因特网络提供商）the providers are already connected to the internet and provide a path or connection for individuals to access the internet.供应商已经连接到互联网并提供路径或个人能够访问互联网的连接。
your college or university most likely provides you with free access to the internet either through its local area networks or through a dial-up or telephone connection. 你的学院或大学最有可能为您提供免费接入到互联网通过其局域网络或通过拨号或电话连接。
计算机专业英语教程 第四版 部分翻译和简答题
翻译：1、C++’s advantages include strong typing, operator overloading, and less emphasis on the preprocessor.C++的优点包括强类型，运算符重载和较少地强调预处理器。
2、A program instruction or a piece of data is stored in a specific primary storage location called an address.程序指令和数据是存储在主存中一个特殊的位置，称为地址空间3、A high-level language is an artificial language with which we can write various instructions. This is possible not because computer processors are now so technologically advanced that they can ‘understand’ these langu ages. You should translate from programming languages into machine language which can be understood by the computer processors. Compilers can accomplish this task. This does mean that a high-level language program is not directly executable: it must be compiled to produce processor program, which is executable.高级语言是一门人工的我们可以写入各种各样指令的语言。
计算机专业英语教程(第4版)译文8.1
计算机专业英语教程(第4版)译文8.1IntroductionMultimedia means, from the user’s perspective, that computer information can be represented through audio and/or video, in addition to text, image, graphics and animation .从用户的观点，多媒体技术意味着，计算机信息不仅可以通过文本、图象、图形和动画，还可以通过音频或者视频表现出来。
For example, using audio and video, a variety of dynamic situations in different areas, such as sport or ornithology lexicon, can often be presented better than just using text and image alone.例如，利用音频或者视频，许多不同领域的动态情形，例如运动场面、鸟类生活，能够比仅仅使用文本和图象更生动形象的表现出来。
The integration of these media into the computer provides additional possibilities for the use of computational power currently available (e.g., for interactive presentation of huge amounts of information ).多媒体与计算机的综合为计算机的普遍应用提供了额外的可行性（例如：大量信息的交互式表现）。
Furthermore, these data can be transmitted though computer andtelecommunication networks, which implies applications in the areas of information distribution and cooperative work.另外，这些数据可以通过意味着信息分工和合作工作。
计算机专业英语Unit04_SectionA_Computer_Program
Computer Program-Program Development At this point, a special applications program translates the source code into machine language, or object code —a format that the operating system will recognize as a proper program and be able to execute.
Computer Program-Program Development With the text editor, the programmer creates a text file, which is an ordered list of instructions, also called the program source file. The individual instructions that make up the program source file are called source code.
编译程序将使用FORTRAN、C和Pascal等高级编程语言编写的 文本文件一次性从源代码翻译成目标代码。这不同于BASIC等 解释执行的语言所采取的方式，在解释执行的语言中程序是随 解释执行的语言 着每条指令的执行而逐个语句地翻译成目标代码的。
10/56
Computer Program-Program Development
556yyy操作系统管理计算机以及与之相连的各种资源和设备如随机存储器硬盘驱动器监视器键盘打印机和调制解调器以便其他程序可以使用它们
Unit 4 Software Development Section A Computer Program
计算机英语第四版课文翻译
《计算机英语》参考译文第一单元：计算机与计算机科学课文A：计算机概览一、引言计算机是一种电子设备，它能接收一套指令或一个程序，然后通过对数字数据进行运算或对其他形式的信息进行处理来执行该程序。
要不是由于计算机的发展，现代的高科技世界是不可能产生的。
不同类型和大小的计算机在整个社会被用于存储和处理各种数据，从保密政府文件、银行交易到私人家庭账目。
计算机通过自动化技术开辟了制造业的新纪元，而且它们也增强了现代通信系统的性能。
在几乎每一个研究和应用技术领域，从构建宇宙模型到产生明天的气象报告，计算机都是必要的工具，并且它们的应用本身就开辟了人们推测的新领域。
数据库服务和计算机网络使各种各样的信息源可供使用。
同样的先进技术也使侵犯个人隐私和商业秘密成为可能。
计算机犯罪已经成为作为现代技术代价组成部分的许多风险之一。
二、历史第一台加法机是法国科学家、数学家和哲学家布莱斯?帕斯卡于1642年设计的，它是数字计算机的先驱。
这个装置使用了一系列带有10个齿的轮子，每个齿代表从0到9的一个数字。
轮子互相连接，从而通过按照正确的齿数向前转动轮子，就可以将数字彼此相加。
17世纪70年代，德国哲学家和数学家戈特弗里德?威廉?莱布尼兹对这台机器进行了改良，设计了一台也能做乘法的机器。
法国发明家约瑟夫―玛丽?雅卡尔，在设计自动织机时，使用了穿孔的薄木板来控制复杂图案的编织。
在19世纪80年代期间，美国统计学家赫尔曼?何勒里斯，想出了使用类似雅卡尔的木板那样的穿孔卡片来处理数据的主意。
通过使用一种将穿孔卡片从电触点上移过的系统，他得以为1890年的美国人口普查汇编统计信息。
1、分析机也是在19世纪，英国数学家和发明家查尔斯?巴比奇，提出了现代数字计算机的原理。
他构想出旨在处理复杂数学题的若干机器，如差分机。
许多历史学家认为，巴比奇及其合伙人，数学家奥古斯塔?埃达?拜伦，是现代数字计算机的真正先驱。
巴比奇的设计之一，分析机，具有现代计算机的许多特征。
计算机专业英语课文翻译
第4章操作系统第一部分阅读和翻译A部分 Windows 71. 简介Windows 7是微软最新发布的windows版本,这一系列微软制造的操作系统主要用于个人电脑,其中包括家庭和商业台式电脑、笔记本电脑、上网本、平板电脑、和媒体中心电脑。
(见图4.1)Windows 7于2009年7月22日开始生产,并在2009年10月22日零售,这个时间距其推出其前任Windows Vista不到三年时间。
与Windows 7相对应的Windows server 2008 R2,也是同年发布。
不像其前一操作系统vista，windows7 引入了大量的新特性，更集中于增量升级的windows线，目标是兼容已经在vista中兼容的应用程序和硬件。
微软在2008年的报告中关注于对于多点触控的支持，以及一个重新设计的windows shell和一个新的任务栏，并将其称之为Superbar，还有一个称之为家庭组的网络系统，注重性能改进。
之前版本的windows 系统中的一些标准的应用程序，包括windows日历，windows邮件，windows movie maker，和windows相片画廊在windows 7中并没有包含进来，而大多数是作为Windows Live Essentials套件单独免费进行提供的。
2. 发展最初，微软计划用一个代号为Blackcomb的windows版本来继承Windows XP(代号惠斯勒)和Windows Server 2003。
微软计划在Blackcomb中设计的主要功能包括在搜索中的加强，查询数据以及一个先进的存储命名系统。
然而，一个临时的，更小的，代号为Longhorn 的版本在2003年发布了。
微软在2003年中旬推迟发布了Blackcomb，但是Longhorn获得了大部分当初试图在Blackcomb中实现的特性。
在2003年，相继有三个主要病毒暴露了windows操作系统的一些漏洞，微软改变了其的发展重点，搁置了Longhorn的主要开发工作，主要开发windows xp和windows server 2003的服务包。
计算机专业英语翻译
As we are approaching the 21st century communications is becoming a vital key in business and home computing. As a result we are constantly inventing new ways in order to make communications easier for the user to access in our daily lives. Therefore the information superhighway has sparred awareness in home technology or lack of home technology. The abbreviation MP3 stands for MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group) layer 3, which is a standard format for storing compressed music. An MP3 file is an audio file that has been compressed (anywhere from 1/5th to 1/17th of its original size) without any noticeable loss in sound quality. That means a great sounding file, in a package small enough that it can be downloaded and/or stored on your PC (MP3 files can be identified by their file extension, .mp3.). The basic idea is that music digitized at CD quality has information that can be suppressed with little or no quality loss, as perceived by most people. Thanks to this and some mathematics, it is possible to compress a digitized track to about 8 percent of its original size, or a compression ratio of 12:1. This means that, while a regular music CD can contain about one hour of music (74 minutes, actually), a similar CD used to store mp3 files can contain almost 12 hours of music. MP3 is used particularly for music distribution over the Internet, but is also used for other purposes such as real-time digital audio transmissions over ISDN (used by reporters). How is it possible to do this you ask? Well, I won't get into the technical details, but basically the MP3 encoder removes the parts of the sound not audible to the human ear. This means that MP3 is a 'loss' type of compression (comparable to JPEG in the graphics area). This means that what comes out from your CD or Wave file is NOT the same thing that comes out of the MP3 that has been created from the CD/Wav. The sound data that has been lost will not be returned if the MP3 is decoded back to WAV. However, CDs and .wav files are troublesome when the Internet gets involved. Songs or sound files in .wav form can take up a lot of memory, depending on the length of the recording. If you make a five-second, low quality happy birthday! .wav message using the Sound Recorder program mentioned above, it will probably take up just 20 or 30 KB of memory small enough to attach to an e-mail message and send it off to your mom. But a three-minute, CD-quality song in .wav form will take up 30 MB (that's M, as in Megabytes) of memory. A file that size not only occupies more space than most programs on your computer, but would take over six hours to upload and send it as an email attachment to your mom using a normal modem. That's if your e-mail account even lets you send an attachment that big! This is where mp3 comes in. Certain programs such as MusicMatch can compress sound files to the much smaller .mp3 format. MusicMatch and other programs can uncompress .mp3 files and play them back through your PC's speakers without sacrificing audio quality. The program is designed so that you don't have to really think about compressing/uncompressing computer files, it's just a matter of pressing record or play on the screen! Another way to look at mp3s: Imagine squeezing a foam ball and putting it in your pocket that's what compressing (or recording)a song into an mp3 file is like. Taking the ball out of your pocket and letting it pop back into its original form is the equivalent of uncompressing (or playing) an mp3 file. A typical 3-minute long, CD-quality song in mp3 format takes up about 3 MB of space. Bibliography As we are approaching the 21st century communications is becoming a vital key in business and home computing. As a result we are constantly inventing new ways in order to make communications easier for the user to access in our daily lives. Therefore the information superhighway has sparred awareness in home technology or lack of home technology. The abbreviation MP3 stands for MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group) layer 3, which is a standard format for storing compressed music. An MP3 file is an audio file that has been compressed (anywhere from 1/5th to 1/17th of its original size) without any noticeable loss in sound quality. That means a great sounding file, in a package small enough that it can be downloaded and/or stored on your PC (MP3 files can be identified by their file extension, .mp3.). The basic idea is that music digitized at CD quality has information that can be suppressed with little or no quality loss, as perceived by most people. Thanks to this and some mathematics, it is possible to compress a digitized track to about 8 percent of its original size, or a compression ratio of 12:1. This means that, while a regular music CD can contain about one hour of music (74 minutes, actually), a similar CD used to store mp3 files can contain almost 12 hours of music. MP3 is used particularly for music distribution over the Internet, but is also used for other purposes such as real-time digital audio transmissions over ISDN (used by reporters). How is it possible to do this you ask? Well, I won't get into the technical details, but basically the MP3 encoder removes the parts of the sound not audible to the human ear. This means that MP3 is a 'loss' type of compression (comparable to JPEG in the graphics area). This means that what comes out from your CD or Wave file is NOT the same thing that comes out of the MP3 that has been created from the CD/Wav. The sound data that has been lost will not be returned if the MP3 is decoded back to WAV. However, CDs and .wav files are troublesome when the Internet gets involved. Songs or sound files in .wav form can take up a lot of memory, depending on the length of the recording. If you make a five-second, low quality happy birthday! .wav message using the Sound Recorder program mentioned above, it will probably take up just 20 or 30 KB of memory small enough to attach to an e-mail message and send it off to your mom. But a three-minute, CD-quality song in .wav form will take up 30 MB (that's M, as in Megabytes) of memory. A file that size not only occupies more space than most programs on your computer, but would take over six hours to upload and send it as an email attachment to your mom using a normal modem. That's if your e-mail account even lets you send an attachment that big! This is where mp3 comes in. Certain programs such as MusicMatch can compress sound files to the much smaller .mp3 format. MusicMatch and other programs can uncompress .mp3 files and play them back through your PC's speakers without sacrificing audio quality. Theprogram is designed so that you don't have to really think about compressing/uncompressing computer files, it's just a matter of pressing record or play on the screen! Another way to look at mp3s: Imagine squeezing a foam ball and putting it in your pocket that's what compressing (or recording) a song into an mp3 file is like. Taking the ball out of your pocket and letting it pop back into its original form is the equivalent of uncompressing (or playing) an mp3 file. A typical 3-minute long, CD-quality song in mp3 format takes up about 3 MB of space. Word Count: 643由于我们正在接近21世纪的通信正在成为重要的商业和家庭计算的关键。
计算机专业英语教程第四版翻译课后练习题含答案
计算机专业英语教程第四版翻译课后练习题含答案简介《计算机专业英语教程》是针对计算机专业学生编写的一本英语教材。
本书旨在帮助学生通过学习计算机领域的专业英语词汇和语法，提升他们的英语能力和技能。
本文将为读者提供该教材第四版的课后练习题及答案。
第一课练习题1.将下列单词从易到难排序：chip, computer, algorithm, software,desktop2.将下列单词从中文翻译为英文：程序设计，硬件，操作系统，输入，输出3.请解释下列缩略语的全称：RAM，CPU，OS答案1.desktop, chip, computer, software, algorithm2.programming, hardware, operating system, input, output3.RAM（Random Access Memory），CPU（Central Processing Unit），OS（Operating System）第二课练习题1.请翻译下列句子：计算机的功能越来越强大，它可以执行许多任务。
2.请解释下列单词的意思：interface，protocol，server，router答案puters are becoming more and more powerful and they canperform many tasks.2.interface（接口）, protocol（协议），server（服务器），router（路由器）第三课练习题1.请将下列单词按字母顺序排列：database，file，program，server，storage2.请填写下列句子的空格：计算机会读取从硬盘 __ （into）内存。
3.请解释下列单词的意思：database，algorithm，client，browser答案1.algorithm，database，file，program，server，storage2.into3.database（数据库），algorithm（算法），client（客户端），browser（浏览器）第四课练习题1.请翻译下列句子：今天我学会了如何编写计算机程序。
计算机专业英语翻译
为什么微电影最近这么流行科学美国人（科普杂志）戴维伯格在线微视频现在大受欢迎,尽管缺乏先进的技术。
列如，存在26年之久的GIF格式的动画在邮件签名中深受欢迎，并且是微博、红迪网等网站上的是最常见的存在形式，尽管它播放时间短、没声音，还一顿一顿的。
同样的，尼康第一代相机是最畅销的的，尽管它的模式转盘只提供四个选项，包括一秒钟,无声视频运动快照。
另一个有限但广受欢迎的视频工具是Vine,一个iPhone应用程序,可以记录六秒钟视频并可以发布视频在Vine社交网络、Facebook或者Twitter。
这些有限制的功能工具之所以这么流行的一种可能的解释是，他们的技术局限性实际上带来一些好处，因为他们不像高质量视频那样占更多的带宽。
小视频加载很快，并且不花费电话费和浪费时间。
此外,不像一些现代格式,gif动画可以发布任何地方,包括评论版和个人图片、并且可以在所有的浏览器和设备上工作。
另一个可能性是,这些工具的限制促进创造力，通过要求使用者传达他们的信息在一个六秒钟的视频,例如。
微视频也可以被认为是一个比较复杂的照片,而不是一个不那么先进的视频。
新黑客：明日科技的幕后策划者有线新闻(04/03/13)凯德梅茨谷歌招募的计算机科学家约翰·威尔克斯开发的欧米茄软件系统运行在数千个计算机服务器，确保每一个被用来让该公司提供的各种公共服务的能力。
欧米茄使谷歌横跨一大集群均匀地分布任务，而不是为每个服务运行在不同的服务器集群。
欧米茄的前任博格有异曲同工之妙，但欧米茄进步的技术允许它调整本身，而不是要求谷歌的工程师们根据特定的需求来优化系统。
一个对惠普公司PA RISC 处理器和软件操作系统做出了贡献的贡献者——威尔克斯以为一个具有自我管理的能力的一个巨大的存储系统工作而著名。
谷歌现在是开创性的系统研究，利用一个史无前例的巨大系统的扩展网操作。
为了提高效率，谷歌需要作为一个单一的机器运作的数据中心。
威尔克斯将更开放的做法带到他的工作比谷歌的典型。
计算机专业英语课文的翻译 中文 (5)[5页]
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第5单元程序开发和编程语言第一部分听力和对话对话：认识Java运行时环境（JRE）和Java虚拟机（JVM）（在Java编程的第一课之前，Mark下载了一个简单的Java小应用程序进行示例学习，但他发现，它无法正常运行。
）Mark：对不起，Henry和Sophie。
你们能帮助我吗？Henry：当然可以。
什么问题？Mark：为什么这个Java小应用程序不能运行？它的源代码是正确的。
Sophie：你的计算机是否安装了Java运行环境[1]？Mark：还没有。
什么是Java运行环境？Henry：简称JRE,是一个由太阳微系统公司开发的软件平台，可以让计算机运行由Java 编程语言编写的Java小应用程序和应用程序。
[2]Sophie：它包含Java虚拟机、Java库和一些其他组件。
Mark：Java虚拟机是做什么用的？Sophie: Java虚拟机（简称JVM)是一套计算机软件程序和数据结构，它使用虚拟机模型来执行其他计算机程序和脚本。
它可以隐藏能够运行程序的计算机硬件的细节。
[3]Mark：JVM和JRE是什么关系？[4]Henry：JVM是JRE的实例，当执行Java程序时开始起作用。
当执行完成后，这个实例具有垃圾回收机制。
JVM与一套能够实现Java API（Application Program Interface，应用程序接口）的标准类库一起发行。
虚拟机和API必须彼此一致，因此它们被捆绑成为JRE.[5]Sophie：因此，这可以被视为一个虚拟的计算机，其中虚拟机是处理器，并且API是用户界面。
Henry： JVM是Java平台一个至关重要的组件。
使用所有平台的相同字节码可将Java描述成“编译一次，到处运行”Mark: 字节码？Henry：是的。
JVM在通常称为Java字节码的一种中间语言上运行，这种中间语言通常是由Java源代码产生的，但也不一定。
打算在JVM上运行的程序，必须编译成这种标准化的可移植的二进制格式。
计算机专业英语翻译参考
计算机专业英语翻译参考1.(P1) Computer science deals with the theoreticalfoundations of information and computation, together with practical techniques for the implementation and application of these foundations, such as programming language theory, computational complexity theory, computer graphics and human-computer interaction.计算机科学涉及信息和计算的理论基础，以及这些基础的实施和应用的实际技术，如编程语言理论，计算复杂性理论，计算机图形学和人机交互。
2.(P17) The most important piece of graphics hardware isthe graphics card, which is the piece of equipment that renders out all images and sends them to a display.There are two types of graphics cards: integrated and dedicated. An integrated graphics card, usually by Intel for use in their computers, is bound to the motherboard and shares RAM (Random Access Memory) with the CPU, reducing the total amount of RAM available. This is undesirable for running programs and applications that use a large amount of video memory. A dedicated graphics card has its own RAM and Processor for generating its images, and does not slow down the computer. Dedicated graphics cards also have higher performance than integrated graphicscards. It is possible to have both dedicated and integrated graphics card, however once a dedicated graphics card is installed, the integrated card will no longer function until the dedicated card is removed.最重要的一块图形硬件是显卡，是一件呈现出所有的图像，并将它们发送到一个显示器的设备。
计算机专业英语翻译
●计算机专业英语翻译部分●Data is a collection of un-organized facts, which can include words, numbers, images, andsounds.●数据是未经组织的事实的集合,数据可以包括单词,数字,图像和声音.● A computer consists of a variety of hardware components that work together with software toperform calculations（计算）, organize data, and communicate with other computer.●计算机由许多硬件部件构成,这些硬件与软件一起工作,以便执行计算,组织数据及与其他计算机通信的任务.●These hardware components include input devices, output devices, a system unit, storagedevices, and communications devices.●硬件部件包括输入设备,输出设备,系统单元,存储设备和通信设备.●An input device allows a user to enter data and commands into the memory of a computer.●输入设备让用户向计算机存储器输入数据和命令.●Storage differs from memory ,which can hold these items permanently(永久的)，whereasmemory holds these memory holds items only temporarily(暂时的)。
●外存储器与内存储器不同,外存储器能永久保存数据而内存储器仅临时保存.●Four common storage devices are a floppy disk drive, a hard disk drive, a CD-ROM drive, and aDVD-ROM drive.●四种常用的外存设备分别是:软盘驱动器,硬盘驱动器,CD-ROM驱动器和DVD-ROM驱动器.●Television?and?data?can?be?mixed?on?one?cable.?●宽带能用于多个方面。
计算机专业英语教程（第4版）全书译文
计算机专业英语教程（第4版）全书译文1We have learned that all computers have similar capabilities and perform essentially the same functions, although some might be faster than others. We have also learned that a computer system has input, output, storage, and processing components; that th e processor is the “intelligence” of a computer system; and that a single computer system may have several processors. We have discussed how data are represented inside a computer system in electronic states called bits. We are now ready to expose the inner workings of the nucleus of the computer system — the processor.我们已经知道，所有的计算机都具有相似的能力，并且在本质上执行相同的功能，尽管一些可能会比另一些快一点。
我们也知道，一个计算机系统具有输入，输出，存储和处理部件；处理器是一个计算机系统智能核心，并且一个计算机系统可以有许多个处理器。
我们已经讨论过如何在计算机系统内部，用被称作“位”的电子状态来表现数据，现在我们要弄明白计算机系统的核心，即处理器，的内在的工作方式。
The internal operation of a computer is interesting, but there really is no mystery to it. The mystery is in the minds of those who listen to hearsay and believe science-fiction writer. The computer is a nonthinking electronic device that has to be plugged into an electrical power source, just like a toaster or a lamp.计算机的内部操作很有意思，但确实没有什么神秘可言。