英语语言学名词解释(2)

现代语言学

一绪论

1. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language

2 Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics. For example, vowels and consonants.

3 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.For example,phone,phoneme,and allophone.

4 Morphology :The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.For example,boy and “ish”---boyish,teach---teacher.

5 Syntax : The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.For esample,”John like linguistics.”

6 Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example,:The seal could not be found.The zoo keeper became worried.” The seal could not be found,The king became worried.” Here the word seal means different things.

7 Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.For example, “I do” The word do means different context.

8 Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.For example,regional dialects,social variation in language.

9Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to workings of mind is called psycholinguistics.

二音系学

1 Phonetics: The study of sounds that are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics.

2 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.

3 Phone: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segement. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning; some do,some don’t.

4 Phoneme: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme;it is a unit that is of distinctive value.

5 allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme.

6 Complementary distribution: These two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution.

7 Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segement which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.

8 Stress: When a certain syllable of a word is stressed, it means that the syllable is prounced with great force than the other or others.

9 tones: Tones are pitch variation, which are caused by the different rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phoneme; therefore, the tone is a suprasegemental feature.

10 intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language,especially in a language like English{$isbest}

三形态学

1 morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammer which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.

2 inflectional morphology: Inflectional morphology studies the inflections of word-formation.