翻译理论与实践论文
本科翻译实践报告论文模板
本科翻译实践报告论文模板摘要：本翻译实践报告主要阐述了翻译项目名称的翻译过程和相关经验总结。
通过对源语言文本类型的翻译，探讨了在翻译中遇到的问题及采取的解决策略，旨在提高翻译能力和质量。
关键词：翻译实践；问题；策略一、引言随着全球化的加速和国际交流的日益频繁，翻译在各个领域的重要性愈发凸显。
本次翻译实践旨在通过实际的翻译操作，提升自身的翻译技能和语言运用能力，为今后的翻译工作积累经验。
二、翻译任务描述（一）任务背景介绍本次翻译任务的来源、目的和重要性。
（二）原文介绍对原文的主题、体裁、语言特点等进行分析，包括原文的难易程度、专业领域等。
三、翻译过程（一）译前准备1、收集相关的背景资料和专业术语，了解原文所涉及的领域知识。
2、选择合适的翻译工具，如词典、翻译软件等。
（二）翻译策略选择1、根据原文的特点和要求，确定采用直译、意译、音译等翻译方法。
2、考虑文化差异，对一些特定的文化元素进行适当的处理。
（三）翻译过程中的困难与解决方法1、遇到的词汇难点，如专业术语、生僻词等，通过查询词典、在线资源或请教专家解决。
2、句子结构复杂的处理方法，如长句的拆分、语序的调整等。
四、案例分析（一）词汇层面列举一些具有代表性的词汇翻译案例，分析选词的依据和考虑因素。
（二）句子层面选取复杂句子的翻译实例，说明句子结构的处理和翻译技巧的运用。
（三）语篇层面从语篇的连贯性和逻辑性角度，分析如何在翻译中保持原文的风格和语气。
五、翻译质量评估（一）自我评估对自己的翻译进行自我评价，指出存在的不足之处和改进的方向。
（二）他人评估收集他人（如老师、同学）对翻译的意见和建议，总结可借鉴的观点。
六、总结（一）翻译经验总结总结在本次翻译实践中获得的宝贵经验，包括翻译技巧的提高、对翻译理论的应用等。
（二）不足之处与改进措施反思翻译过程中存在的问题和不足，提出针对性的改进措施和未来的学习计划。
（三）对未来翻译工作的展望表达对未来翻译工作的期待和努力的方向，强调不断学习和提升的重要性。
翻译理论论文
外国语学院11英教4班李海敏2011154404浅谈英汉语言的主要差异和对应的翻译方法翻译作为跨文化交际的重要手段之一，是和文化紧密结合在一起的。
而语言又是与文化相互交叉，相互渗透的——语言作为文化信息的载体，可以突破时空限制，承载文化信息的多方面内涵。
因此，在语际转换中，翻译是译者将一种语言文字所蕴涵的意思用另一种语言文字表达出来的文化活动，是一种忠实于原文的再创作，而不是简单地将词和句进行转移。
从这一点看，翻译是一种具有科学性、创造性的艺术。
但由于各个民族在政治制度、地理环境、风俗习惯、宗教信仰以及文学艺术等方面都存在文化差异，文化的差异也会使不同的语言存在差异。
在翻译过程中如何对待和处理这些语言上的差异，无论在理论上还是实践上都具有一定的现实意义。
英语讲究结构美，主要特征是语法完整，逻辑外形标志明显；而汉语则讲究意境美，主要特征是流水句多，外形松散而内含逻辑关系。
英语强调句法的完整性和合理性，但是汉语不讲究愈发的完整，只要意思表达清楚即可。
汉英两种语言的差异主要体现在：一、形态差异英语的词汇有形态变化，例如，动词有人称、时态、语态、情态和语气等变化，名词有格和数的变化，形容词和副词有级的变化。
英语通过词汇的形态变化，表示句子丰富多彩的语言关系和逻辑关系。
汉语基本没有形态变化，它靠词语、语序以及暗含逻辑关系来表达句子的语言意义。
由于英汉词汇存在形态差异，所以将英语的形态变化翻译成汉语时，一般用加词或转换说法的办法来表示，比如，时态要加“正在”、“已经”等词。
汉译英时应把汉语的时态、语态、情态等用英语的形态表达出来。
例如翻译句子“托马斯.爱迪生去世已经六十五年了.”时，我们不能译成“Thomas Edison has died for 65 years.”因为在英语的词汇里，die这个单词是表示的动作是瞬间性动作，所以不能用在表示完成时里，要用其他的表持续性动作的同义词代替。
该句应译为“Thomas Edison has been dead for 65 years.”二、英汉复指差异英语用词避免重复，常常用替代、省略和变换的表达方法避免重复，而汉语则相反，汉语用词一般不怕重复，常常运用实称、还原和复说的表达方法。
翻译实践报告7篇
翻译实践报告7篇翻译实践报告1大二的下学，我的职责是俄语翻译，翻译一些资料。
实习的目的是增加社会实践经验，迅速将翻译理论知识应用到实践当中，并加强使用计算机和翻译工具的能力。
翻译实践的过程中，我总结了4种必备的翻译工具：一是灵格斯翻译工具，里面可安装简明俄汉词典、新俄汉词典、大俄汉词典、俄汉实用工业技术词典；二是百度搜索工具；三是google 搜索工具；四是яндех搜索工具——专业的俄文搜索工具。
翻译的具体步骤可如下：首先可以现在灵格斯里查询不懂的单词或词组，寻找最符合原文的解释。
当然这只是最基本的做法，但是由于缺少专业的科技词典，在灵格斯往往是查询不出所需的单词或语义。
于是，求助于google和яндех则是很有必要的。
按照我自己的经验来说，我采取同时在google和яндех搜索的做法，并对同种搜索工具搜索结果进行比较。
它们有着各自的优缺点。
google的优点是打开俄文页面的同时可以同时打开另外一个翻译页面，即google可以自动把页面从________语俄语翻译成汉语，而缺点是经常发生翻译错误，翻译的可信度是50%。
яндех的优点是用俄语词组和句子解释俄语词汇，意义更准确，更贴近原文，而缺点就是有时用于释义的词汇过于深奥，过于专业，相当于用更专业的词汇解释专业词汇，即难上加难。
所以我认为最后就需要用到百度工具了。
结合google和яндех的参考翻译，用百度搜索翻译过的专业词汇，查看是否有相同或相近的专业用语，之后才确定出最准确的译法。
自己校对，虚心地向本专业的老师和材料学院的老师请教。
首先进行的自己去校对。
原以为会限于“当局者迷”之说而不懂查看、修改自己的译文。
但认真看完一遍译文之后才知道自己的眼睛还算是锐利的，检查出不少错误。
比如最明显的一处是有一个句子翻译得不通顺，如果是一个没看过原文的人肯定是看不懂得。
还有专业术语的译错。
但错的最离谱的是编辑排版上的错误。
于是我反复对照原文和译文之后，及时把发现的错误都改了过来。
理论与实践 英语作文
理论与实践英语作文Theory and Practice。
Theory and practice are two important aspects of any field of study or profession. Theory refers to the principles, concepts, and ideas that are used to explain a particular phenomenon or set of phenomena. Practice, on the other hand, refers to the application of these principles, concepts, and ideas in real-world situations. Both theory and practice are essential for a complete understanding of any subject, and they are often interdependent.In many fields, theory and practice are seen as separate entities that are not always connected. For example, in the field of education, there is often a divide between theoretical knowledge and practical experience. Teachers may learn about teaching methods and educational theory in their college courses, but they may not have the opportunity to apply these concepts in real classroomsuntil they begin their teaching careers. This can lead to agap between what teachers know and what they are able to do in practice.However, in other fields, theory and practice are closely intertwined. For example, in the field of science, theories are developed based on observations and experiments. These theories are then tested and refined through further experimentation and observation. In this way, theory and practice are constantly informing each other, and the two are inseparable.In order to be successful in any field, it is important to have a strong understanding of both theory and practice. Theoretical knowledge provides a foundation for practical application, while practical experience helps to refine and improve theoretical concepts. For example, a doctor who has a deep understanding of medical theory will be better equipped to diagnose and treat patients, but it is only through practical experience that the doctor will be able to develop the skills and judgment necessary to make accurate diagnoses and provide effective treatment.In conclusion, theory and practice are both essentialfor a complete understanding of any subject or profession. While they are often seen as separate entities, they are actually interdependent and should be seen as complementary. By combining theoretical knowledge with practical experience, individuals can develop a deep understanding of their field and become more effective practitioners.。
翻译理论论文
翻译理论基础学习收获一、翻译理论背景1.1 翻译学学科历史翻译实践活动的历史和人类文明的历史一样长久，西方翻译最早开始于公元三世纪，距今已有两千多年的历史。
作为文明古国的中国的翻译历史和西方一样悠久。
但由于对于翻译活动的认识存在诸多悖论，达不成一致意见，人们因追求所谓严整的体系、规范的术语而将历史上对翻译的传统认识排斥在理论之外，认为翻译学作为一门独立的研究学科才不过50多年的历史。
1972年，詹姆斯.霍尔姆斯(James S.Holmes,美国人）在哥本哈根第三届国际应用语言学大会上宣读了《The name and nature of translation studies》(翻译学的名称和性质)，这篇论文被普遍认为是翻译学科建设的奠基之作。
对研究翻译的人来说，传统的翻译理论也应该受到一定的关注。
1.2 翻译学学科框架在《The name and nature of translation studies》中，霍尔姆斯将翻译研究领域的名称命名为“translation studyies”，并勾画出了一套系统的翻译研究框架，图里（Toury,1995:10）将其绘制成下图，广为学界引用：图1 翻译学学科框架图在该架构中，翻译学的各个领域彼此之间相互联系，相互作用。
霍尔姆斯的翻译学框架图被视作翻译学作为独立学科建立的标志。
二、语言2.1语言和言语什么是语言？语言是人类所特有的用来表达意思、交流思想的工具，是人们进行沟通交流的各种表达符号系统，它是一种特殊的社会现象，是民族的重要特征之一，由语音、词汇和语法构成一定的系统。
符合随着社会历史的发展可变可塑，不是固定恒定的信号。
什么是言语？言语是人们利用语言进行交际的行为和结果，它是个人的意志和智能的行为和结果。
人们说话包括以下三个方面：（1）张口说话的动作，即“说话”的动作、行为，我们称之为言语动作和言语行为。
（2）说话所使用的一套符号，“说话所使用的词语、规则”。
翻译理论和实践(好)
长句处理
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对于长句，可采用拆译、合译等方法，确保译文逻辑清晰、表
达准确。
语序调整
03
根据目标语言的表达习惯，适当调整语序，使译文更加流畅。
文化背景与语境理解
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02
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文化背景知识
了解源语和目标语的文化 背景知识，避免文化误解 和冲突。
语境理解
深入理解原文的语境，包 括上下文、情境、背景等， 确保译文的准确性和贴切 性。
翻译理论和实践
• 翻译理论概述 • 翻译实践技巧 • 翻译案例分析 • 翻译质量评估与改进 • 翻译行业现状与前景
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翻译理论概述
翻译的定义与本质
翻译是将一种语言中的文本转换成另 一种语言中的文本的过程，涉及语言 、文化、社会等多个方面。
翻译的本质是信息传递和文化交流， 旨在促进不同语言和文化之间的理解 和沟通。
02
翻译实践技巧
词汇选择与运用
精确选词
根据上下文和语境，选择最准确、贴切的词汇进行翻 译。
词义辨析
注意一词多义现象，根据具体语境选择合适的词义。
词汇搭配
掌握词汇间的固定搭配和习惯用法，使译文更加地道。
句子结构与表达
句式转换
01
灵活运用各种句式，如主动句与被动句的转换、肯定句与否定
句的转换等，使译文表达更加自然。
翻译质量
由于翻译人才素质和翻 译公司管理水平参差不 齐，导致翻译质量良莠 不齐，客户投诉率较高。
翻译行业发展趋势
机器翻译技术的进步
随着人工智能和机器学习技术的发展，机器翻译的质量和效率不 断提高，未来将更加普及。
专业化和细分化
翻译行业将越来越专业化和细分化，不同领域的翻译将需要不同的 专业背景和技能。
英语翻译实践报告论文精选(四篇)
英语翻译实践报告论文精选(四篇)英语翻译实践报告论文篇三怀着感动并期盼的心情20xx年10月8日，我们一行16人，乘着公车来到了xx区新疆学校，开头了为期一个月的实习生活。
在这一个月里，我真正体会到做一位老师责任的重要性，它使我的教学理论变为教学实践，使虚拟教学变为真正的面对面的教学。
与课堂上面对着同学讲课不同，在这里，要求我们的真正力量，最重要的是要有一颗责任心！一个月的实习，令我感慨颇多。
我实习的班级是五班级一班，记得我刚到课室的第一天，班主任陈老师要我和大家讲几句话，我简洁的跟同学们介绍了下自己，并告知他们接下来的一个月会与他们一同度过，同学们赐予了我热闹的掌声，看着眼前一张张真诚并稚嫩的脸，我的心里泛起深深的感动！新疆学校给我们的实践机会特别多，刚到的第一天我就开头了自己的第一堂课。
但是由于阅历不足和应变力量不强第一堂课讲的并不是特别胜利，班主任老师要求我多听课，多向阅历丰富的老师学习。
爱好对于一个学校生来说是至关重要的。
我深知这一点的重要，必需把同学的学习爱好调动起来，使他们在欢乐中主动学习。
无论是上英语还是语文，我都本着work hard,play harder的理念，以欢乐教学的方式，把嬉戏和教学融为一体，教他们唱英语儿歌，一个月的时间里，我教会了他们四首英文儿歌，同学的学习态度由“要我学”转化为了“我要学”。
学校五班级又是毕业班级，除了要求提高他们对学习的爱好，更重要的还是在于成果的要求，所以，在胜利提高同学的学习爱好之后，我又转变把战略变为力量教学，应校长的要求，教给他们一些生活化的英语口语，于是，我把目标索定了“美国俚语”这一环节，每天晚上回家的第一任务，就是翻查资料，找到适合于他们的一些美国俚语，比如“where can i wash my hands?” “may i have your name?” “where to?” 等。
在课堂上大家都很期盼“美国俚语”的环节，同学们都说：这样的英语既好玩又有用！一个月的时间，他们的口语有了明显的提高，无论课上还是课下，同学都会用“hello ada,goodmorning”的方式和我问好，看着他们有这样的成果，我想，我胜利了！此外，由于班主任的信任，我除了英语教学以外，还负责全学年的语文写作课程，一个月的时间里，作文讲解课10余堂，同学们由原来一篇作文100多字增长到400字左右，对作文的爱好也大大提高，课下同学主动找到我说：老师，我现在觉得作文一点都不难！听到这样的话语，我真的兴奋极了。
实践与理论的英文作文
实践与理论的英文作文英文：Practice and theory are two sides of the same coin. Both are essential in any field to achieve success. Practice is the application of theory into real-life situations, while theory is the systematic study of principles and concepts.In my opinion, practical experience is crucial in any profession. It provides the opportunity to apply theoretical knowledge in real-life situations, which helps to develop problem-solving skills and critical thinking abilities. For instance, as a software engineer, I have learned many programming languages and concepts through books and lectures. However, it is only through practical experience that I have been able to understand the nuances of coding and how to apply those concepts in real-life projects.On the other hand, theoretical knowledge is also essential. It provides a framework for understanding the fundamental principles and concepts of a field. It helps to develop a deeper understanding of the subject matter and the ability to analyze and interpret data. For example, in my field, understanding the theoretical concepts of algorithms and data structures is crucial to developing efficient and scalable software systems.In conclusion, both practice and theory are essential in any field. Practical experience helps to develop problem-solving skills and critical thinking abilities, while theoretical knowledge provides a framework for understanding the fundamental principles and concepts of a field.中文：实践和理论是同一枚硬币的两面。
理论和实践 英文作文
理论和实践英文作文英文：Theory and practice are two important aspects in any field of study. They are often seen as two separate entities, but in reality, they are interconnected and complement each other.Theory provides us with a framework to understand the world around us. It is a set of ideas and concepts that help us make sense of complex phenomena and develop hypotheses. For instance, in the field of psychology, theories such as Maslow's hierarchy of needs or Piaget's theory of cognitive development provide a foundation for understanding human behavior and development.However, theory alone is not sufficient. It needs to be tested and validated through practice. Practice involves the application of theory in real-world situations. It helps us to evaluate the effectiveness of theories andidentify their limitations. For example, in the field of medicine, a new drug may be developed based on atheoretical understanding of the disease, but it needs tobe tested in clinical trials before it can be approved for use.Furthermore, practice can also lead to the developmentof new theories. Observations and experiences in the real world can challenge existing theories and inspire new ones. For example, the discovery of DNA in the field of biologyled to the development of the theory of genetics.In conclusion, theory and practice are two sides of the same coin. They are both necessary for a complete understanding of any field of study. Theory provides uswith a framework to understand the world, while practice helps us to test and validate theories and develop new ones.中文：理论和实践是任何学科研究中两个重要的方面。
翻译规范理论指导下的翻译实践报告--以韩文小说《您要去哪儿》的汉译为例
分类编号：单位代码：10068密级：公开学号：y160407天津外国语大学翻译硕士专业学位论文论文题目：번역규범이론을바탕으로한번역실천보고서——한국소설『어디로가고싶으신가요』의중국어번역을중심으로翻译规范理论指导下的翻译实践报告——以韩文小说《您要去哪儿》的汉译为例学生姓名：张钰婧申请学位级别：硕士申请专业名称：翻译研究方向：朝鲜语笔译指导教师姓名：单体瑞专业技术职称：教授提交论文日期： 2018年5月本翻译报告是笔者在论文指导老师单体瑞教授的悉心指导下完成的。
在这里，首先要向单体瑞教授表示衷心的感谢。
在从选题到最终定稿的过程中，单老师都倾注了大量的的心血，每一个步骤都离不开他的悉心指导。
两年来单老师认真敬业、为人谦和的精神面貌深深感染着我，遇见这样一位优秀的导师是我一生的宝贵财富。
我还要感谢所有韩语系老师在这两年间的谆谆教诲和开题答辩时给予我的指导，是老师们让我看到了一个教育工作者对待工作的热情和对专业应有的严谨态度。
同时，还要感谢各位同学、朋友在此实践报告撰写过程中给予我的帮助和鼓励。
没有他们精神上的支持，我论文的写作过程要经历不少的坎坷。
回想整个报告的撰写过程，其中虽有不少艰辛，却让我有足够的时间沉淀过去两年所积累的专业知识，深切地领悟到作为一名职业译员所要具备的专业精神和素养，让我得以在今后的生活和工作中能够戒骄戒躁，踏实前行。
两年的研究生时光转瞬即逝。
两年前，我怀揣着对翻译事业的热爱和对研究生生活的向往来到了天津外国语大学。
在这里，我收获的不仅仅是专业知识，还有老师们治学严谨、求真务实的态度，让我得以为自己近二十载的求学生涯画上一个圆满的句号。
在此毕业之际，我谨向所有曾经帮助过、关心过我的师长、同窗及至亲表示最诚挚的感谢。
第一章任务简介 (1)1.1 任务背景 (1)1.1.1 作者简介 (1)1.1.2 选材内容介绍 (1)1.2 任务目的及意义 (2)第二章任务过程 (3)2.1 译前准备 (3)2.2 译本创作 (3)2.3 译后审校及翻译报告的撰写 (4)第三章理论基础 (5)3.1 翻译规范理论的产生与发展 (5)3.2 切斯特曼翻译规范理论 (6)3.2.1 期待规范 (6)3.2.2 专业规范 (6)3.3 切斯特曼翻译规范理论下的翻译方法 (7)第四章翻译规范理论指导下的案例分析 (8)4.1 期待规范的体现 (8)4.1.1 改变修辞 (8)4.1.2 改变分布 (9)4.1.3 文化过滤 (11)4.2 责任规范的体现 (12)4.2.1 借词 (12)4.2.2 改变连贯 (14)4.2.3 改变清晰度 (15)4.3 交际规范的体现 (16)4.3.1 同义词 (16)4.3.2 改变句子结构 (17)4.3.3 译者的显性 (19)4.4 关系规范的体现 (20)4.4.1 直译 (20)4.4.2 转换语言单位 (21)4.4.3 编译 (23)第五章结语 (25)5.1 翻译任务的经验总结 (25)5.2 报告的不足之处及今后的研究方向 (25)参考文献附录1原文附录2译文文学作为反映社会现实、传递人类内心情感的一门艺术，促进了世界各国人民心灵的相互碰撞和沟通。
翻译实践报告毕业论文
翻译实践报告毕业论文在大学生活的最后一年，我选择了进行一项研究项目——翻译实践报告毕业论文。
这个项目既是对我所学的翻译理论知识的应用与实践，也是对我个人英语水平和翻译能力的一次考验。
研究的主题是文学翻译中的文化转译。
我选取了一篇中国现代散文作品进行翻译，并将其中的文化元素转译成目标文化的表达方式。
在这个过程中，我深刻体会到了翻译的复杂性和挑战性。
首先，对于文学作品的翻译来说，最重要的是准确传递原文中的思想和情感。
在进行翻译时，我不仅要理解作者的用词和句法结构，还要理解作者的创作意图和文化背景。
只有在全面理解原文的基础上，我才能准确地传达作者的思想和情感。
其次，文学作品中常常涉及到文化元素，如习俗、传统、历史背景等。
在翻译过程中，我不仅要将原文的文化元素转译成目标文化的表达方式，还要确保转译后的表达方式能在目标文化中传达相同的意义和情感。
这就要求我对目标文化有深入的了解，以便选择适当的表达方式。
此外，对于文学作品的翻译来说，语言风格和文体的保持也至关重要。
每个作家都有独特的写作风格和文体，这是他们艺术创作的重要特征。
在翻译时，我要尽力保持原文的语言风格和文体，使读者能够感受到作者的独特魅力。
在进行翻译实践的过程中，我遇到了许多困难和挑战。
首先，文学作品的表达方式往往是抽象而隐喻的，这给翻译带来了很大的困难。
我需要将作者的抽象形象和隐喻意义准确地转译成目标文化的具体形象和意义，这要求我有较高的语言驾驭能力和创造力。
其次，文学作品的翻译需要一定的决策能力。
在翻译过程中，我常常面临多种表达方式的选择。
我需要在准确传达原文意义的基础上，考虑目标读者的接受能力和审美观点，并选择最合适的表达方式。
这就要求我有较好的语言判断和决策能力。
最后，在翻译实践中我也收获了很多。
通过与教授和同学的讨论和反思，我对翻译理论有了更深入的了解，并提高了自己的翻译能力。
我也学会了在短时间内高效地组织和完成一项大型翻译项目，这对我今后的工作和学习都有很大的帮助。
关于英语翻译方向的论文范文
关于英语翻译方向的论文范文翻译在跨文化、跨民族之间的交流和合作中功不可没，英语翻译，它既是语言之间的相互转换，同时也是不同文化间的交流。
下文是店铺为大家整理的英语翻译的论文的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!英语翻译的论文篇1文化空缺与英汉翻译摘要：不同民族的语言产生于不同的文化背景，所承载的文化也不尽相同，这就必然导致两种语言在表达方式上存在很多相异之处，文化空缺就是这些差异的极端表现，它是一个民族语言和文化与其它民族语言和文化的异质性的充分体现，这无疑增加了翻译的难度。
所以文化空缺的翻译不仅是语言的迁移，更是文化的传播。
关键词：文化空缺英汉翻译翻译作为人类最早进行的交流活动之一，一直在不同的语言集团间沟通信息，对人类社会的发展和进步有非常重要的作用。
正是由于翻译所起的中介作用，民族间才可以互通有无、互相学习、共同发展。
跨文化交际学和文化语言学的兴起与发展，为语言与文化的研究带来了勃勃生机。
而作为跨文化交际的翻译，也因此而更加受到重视，对它的研究也呈现出多角度、多侧面、开放性的特点。
翻译作为不同语言之间人们交流思想和文化不可或缺的手段，在传播文化信息、促进不同民族间的相互了解与民族融合的过程中的重要作用已日益凸显。
翻译界对翻译理论研究的重心从译意到译信息再到以文化为导向的翻译，正说明翻译实质是文化的翻译。
如Bassnet & Lefevele就指出翻译的研究实际上就是文化互动的研究，Nida亦强调译者的双文化能力。
而在交流与翻译活动过程中，各民族由于语言文化异质性的客观存在，会不可避免地出现信息交流的障碍。
其中作为语言文化异质性极致体现形式的文化空缺现象更使交流者进入了两难的境地。
为积极应对空缺现象带来的问题，促使交流与翻译的顺利进行，就必须在交流与翻译过程中逐步探寻处理文化空缺的有效途径和办法。
翻译，在古时候叫做“象寄”或“通事”。
《说文解字》里说：“传译四夷之言者。
”《义疏》里也提到：“译即易，谓换易言语使相解也。
翻译英语毕业论文范文3篇
翻译英语毕业论⽂范⽂3篇英语毕业论⽂:论功能翻译理论摘要：中国传统翻译理论只有宏观的论述，缺乏⽅法论，操作性不强。
本⽂简述了功能翻译理论，详细地探讨了该理论的理论基础，并⽤关联理论予以论证，丰富了它的内容。
关键词：功能翻译理论；基础理论；阐释Abstract:Chinesetraditionaltranslationtheoryconsistsonlyoftranslationprincipleswithoutconcretemethodologyanditcannotbeappliedtopracticaltranslating.Thispapergivesabriefaccounttofunctionaltranslationtheory,prob Keywords:functionaltranslationtheory;basictheory;exposition功能翻译理论强调，翻译是⼀种特殊的交际形式，涉及三种⽂本：原语⽂本、译者的图式⽂本和译语⽂本。
对于原语⽂本，最重要的是抓住作者的修辞功能正确理解原语的修辞功能，是产⽣理想的图式⽂本的关键。
⽽正确把握原⽂的认知图式⼜是正确理解原⽂修辞功能的基础。
理想的图式⽂本来⾃原⽂的认知图式，来⾃对原⽂作者的修辞意图的准确把握。
在这个图式⽂本的基础上，产⽣怎样的译语⽂本，除了修辞功能等值之外，还应该考虑翻译的⽬的和读者对象。
⼀、功能翻译理论简述（⼀）、功能翻译理论的要点根据杂志上发表的论⽂、学术会议上宣读的论⽂、学术报告和出版的专著，功能翻译理论的要点简述如下：1、分析概念段（conceptualparagraph，具有明确主题意义⼀个或多个⾃然段）和句⼦的修辞功能，使修辞功能的形式重现，从形式的等同中求得功能的等值，意义的等值，这种翻译叫做功能翻译。
翻译应该是在修辞功能等值的前提下，遵守“信、达、X”规范；⽂体不同，翻译的⽬的不⼀样，X不⼀样。
翻译理论与实践论文
中南财经政法大学研究生课程考试试卷（课程论文）论文题目On the Aesthetic Effects of theTranslation of Haunting Olivia 课程名称翻译理论与实践完成时间 2015.2专业年级 2014级翻译硕士中文摘要文学翻译是语言再现的艺术, 是审美的翻译。
小说作为文学文本，是一种特殊的艺术形式，翻译小说的最终目的就是实现小说的审美再现。
本文以美国作家凯伦·罗舒的短篇小说《游魂奥莉维亚》为研究对象，分析了小说中的人物语言个性、人物塑造和修辞，介绍了小说的翻译过程。
并且本小说的中文翻译文本，以以上对小说的具体三方面的分析为基础，着重分析了本人翻译过程。
本文结尾还列出了本人在翻译过程中遇到的困难。
关键字：审美；翻译；人物语言个性；人物塑造；修辞AbstractLiterary translation is an art of language representation with aesthetic effect. As one kind of literary text, fiction is a special art form, and the aim of fiction translation is to represent the aesthetic effects. This paper analyzes character personalities reflected by their speech, characterization and rhetoric, introduces the process of translating this fiction. And this paper will emphasize on analyzing my translation process and some strategies and skills. Also, this paper lists some problems I have met during translation.Key words:aesthetic; translation; character personalities reflected by their speech;characterization; rhetoricContentsABSTRACT (2)Ⅰ. Introduction of the author (4)Ⅱ. Analysis of the short story (5)2.1 What is the story about (5)2.2 Aesthetic analysis of the source text (5)2.2.1 Distinct character personalities reflected by their speech (5)2.2.2 Vivid characterisation (6)2.2.3 Rhetorical beauty (7)Ⅲ. The analysis of source text’s translation (7)3.1 The translation of distinct character personalities reflected by their speech (7)3.1.1 The translation of linguistic meaning (8)3.1.2The translation of pragmatic meaning (9)3.2 The representation of vivid characterisation (10)3.2.1 The translation of portrait description (10)3.2.2The translation of action description (10)3.2.3The translation of psychological description (11)3.3 The translation of rhetorical beauty (12)3.3.1 The translation of metaphor (12)3.3.2The translation of symbol (12)Ⅳ. Problems in the process of translation (13)Ⅴ.What I’ve learnt from the project (15)Bibliography (16)Appendix (17)Ⅰ. Introduction of the authorKaren Russell (born July 10, 1981) is an American novelist and short story writer whose haunting yet comic tales blend fantastical elements with psychological realism and classic themes of transformation and redemption. Setting much of her work in the Everglades of her native Florida, she depicts in lyrical, energetic prose an enchanting and forbidding landscape and delves into subcultures rarely encountered in contemporary American literature.The vividly realized stories in her debut collection, St. Lucy’s Home for Girls Raised by Wolves (2006), revolve around a cast of adolescents, often parentless, caught between the worlds of childhood and adulthood, wilderness and civilization, island and mainland, the living and the dead. In her novel Swamplandia! (2011), R ussell revisits and expands on the opening story of her earlier collection, “Ava Wrestles the Alligator,” to explore the intricacies and consequences of a family’s grief following the death of their matriarch. Narrated primarily by its thirteen-year-old protagonist, Ava, the novel weaves together a chilling odyssey into a swampland netherworld; lush descriptions of the flora, fauna, and history of the Everglades region; and profound observations about human nature in the face of irreparable loss.Russell’s recently published collection of stories, Vampires in the Lemon Grove (2013), navigates new and diverse terrain, from a nineteenth-century silk factory in Japan, to a drought-ravaged homesteader settlement on the plains of Nebraska, to the traumatic memories of an Iraq War veteran. Through the wildly inventive premises of these and other stories, Russell is widening the scope of her already far-reaching and distinctive imagination.Karen Russell received a B.A. (2003) from Northwestern University and an M.F.A. (2006) from Columbia University. Her short stories have appeared in such publications as The New Yorker, Granta, Zoetrope, and Oxford American. She was a fellow at the Cullman Center (2010) and at the American Academy of Berlin (2012), and she has taught writing and literature at Columbia University (2006–2009), Williams College (2009), Bard College (2011), Bryn Mawr College (2012), and theUniversity of Rutgers, Camden (2013).Ⅱ.Analysis of the short story2.1What is the story aboutThe short story Haunting Olivia is about two boys，Wallow and Timothy took a crab sled to look for their little dead sister and describes the wonderful scene they saw and their deep missing for their sister during search. In the novel, crab sledding is the closest thing island kids have to a winter sport. Wallow, Timothy and Olivia often played this game. One day, they’d spent all day crab sledding down the beach, and Wallow and Timothy wanted to go to Granana’s house. But Olivia wanted to play for a while. While neither of them is willing to accompany Olivia who was only 8 years old. After giving her a final push that sent her racing down the slopes, they left. Sine then, Olivia disappeared for ever. Wallow and Timothy planned to look for their little sister by rowing crab sled, and they thought Olivia must be in a cave of Glowworm Grotto drawn by herself. They began working their way around the island to find that cave. This fiction describes what Timothy saw under the water wearing goggles, the night sky above the sea and the scene in the cave during the process of their searching for Olivia, and reflects their deep missing for Olivia.2.2Aesthetic analysis of the source text2.2.1 Distinct character personalities reflected by their speechFiction contains the aesthetic factors which hide in semantic information and exists in characters’conversation(Hu Anjiang, 2005). In the fiction, character personality is an important factor inducing or restricting the variations of language style. Words are the voice of the mind; words are the reflections of one person. So the characters’conversation is undoubtedly the best explanation of self image. The meaning of “words are the voice of the mind”is that the conversations can show characters’ ideological trend, convey the mood of characters and reflect the character'spsychology. That words are the reflections of one person means conversation can reveal one’s characters' personality and nature. In Haunting Olivia, all the conversations between characters convey a certain sense and highlight characters’distinctive individuality. Conversations between Wallow and Timothy, including conversations taking place when they try the goggles, their first booty, founding in the process of two people looking for Olivia. It vividly portrays two little lovely and innocent kids whose relationship is close; Conversations between Olivia and her brothers reflect Olivia is a naughty，smart and cute; Conversations between the two boys and Granana reflect Granana is a very simple old woman having experienced hardships……2.2.2 Vivid characterizationOne important feature of fiction is to shape a large number of the vivid characters. These images not only inspired but also move the reader, and bring reader into poetic realm, and let them own extremely rich aesthetic experience at the same time(Hu Xianyao & Lili, 2009). Here, I will analyze the vivid characters in this fiction from three aspects: portrait description, action description and psychological description(Liu Xinlei, 2011).Portrait description depicts the characters by describing the character's appearance, clothing and gesture, and it is a way of revealing characters’ thoughts and personalities of a way. This novel has many portrait descriptions in paragraph ten, these descriptions use extensive adjectives and similes which compare Olivia's face to red apple and compare the Wallow teeth to the tusks of warthog. Thus it vividly highlights the Olivia's cuteness and Wallow’s funny appearance. But the sentences in source text are hard to understand, so when translating into Chinese, translators should convert them into ones conforming to Chinese patterns. In addition to the portrait description, action description can also vividly shape the characters.There are a large number of action descriptions in the novel. Paragraph 25 vividly depicts the picture of Timothy jump from pier down to water. In addition, paragraph 30 also lively the pleasant scene of rowing crab sled on the beach. Theseaction descriptions are consisted of a series of verbs, so we should pay attention to choose the corresponding words during translation.Novelists prefer using psychological description to shape the characters. By describing characters’ inner world, the author can directly narrates the ups and downs characters’ emotion and shows the characters’mind and personality traits. Psychological description is well organized, and readers can logically see characters’rational spirit world. The psychological descriptions of Timothy after seeing the ghosts of dead children show that timothy was very scared. And the psychological description: "I'd rather drown in Olivia's ghost than have question look at me that way" shows us the struggle in Timothy’s spirit world.2.2.3 Rhetorical beautyNovelist can’t improve language skills and create charm language art without rhetoric. The rhetoric is a kind of language art, which can let reader have an aesthetic experience when reading a novel. Haunting Olivia uses a large number of rhetorical devices, such as:1. Aesthetic effects created by metaphorsCompared with simile, the relationship between ontology and vehicle are not directly express. Metaphor gives readers more vast space for imagination. This novel use metaphor for many times and make the source text vivid (Chen Dingan, 2004). The description of Olivia eyes and the scene emerging in Timothy’s mind after hearing grandfather used to take Granana skinny-dipping swim. All these show the aesthetic effects of metaphor.2. Aesthetic effects created by symbolIn the novel, symbol is a micro rhetoric as important as metaphor. In this novel, there are many descriptions of light in the cave including the light coming from the the caves, the light of glowworms and the light shadow on the stone at the bottom of cave. The description of the light symbolizes the Timothy’s mood changes.Ⅲ.The analysis of source text’s translation3.1 The translation of distinct character personalities reflectedby their speechJust as the analysis of character personalities reflected by their speech above, the aim of conversations is to depict characters and convey a certain meaning, so the translation is to translate meaning. But meaning has multiple levels, semiotics provides the most comprehensive meaning theory: As a kind of symbol system, language has three meanings: referential meaning, linguistic meaning and pragmatic meaning. Here I mainly analyze linguistic meaning and pragmatic meaning applied in my translation. Linguistic meaning refers to the relationship between the language symbols of the same language system. Pragmatic meaning refers to the relationship between symbols and the user, namely the relationship between language and its users( Xu Jun, 2014).3.1.1 The translation of linguistic meaningLinguistic meaning is owned by a certain kind of language, so it’s hard to keep it in the process of translation, but it does not mean it can not be conveyed. Linguistic meaning includes the sound system meaning, grammatical meaning, lexical meaning, syntactic meaning, etc. Please look at the following example:Source text：“I want my parents to stop sailing around taking pictures of Sudanese leper colonies. I want Wallow to row back to shore and sleep through the night. I want everybody in the goddam family to leave Olivia here for dead.”Target text：“我想爸妈不要旅行去拍苏丹拍一些麻风病人隔离区的照片；我想瓦洛划回岸上然后好好睡一觉；我想这个讨厌的家庭中每个人都让奥莉维亚死在这儿。
毕业论文翻译实践报告
毕业论文翻译实践报告毕业论文翻译报告本科毕业论文中文题目：《严肃点，我在开玩笑》（第一至三章）翻译报告外文题目: A Translation Project Report of Seriously, I’m 院系英语学院专业英语（翻译）年级学号xxxxxxxxxxxx学生姓名xxx指导教师xxx结稿日期2014年4月30日《严肃点，我在开玩笑》（第一至三章）翻译报告摘要本文是一篇翻译报告，翻译项目原文为美国著名日间节目主持人艾伦·德杰尼勒斯的《严肃点，我在开玩笑》(Seriously, I’m Kidding )第一至第三章节。
该作品的风格简单，语言朴实，无华丽辞藻的修饰，就是艾伦的随笔杂文，在书中表达了自己对社会某些现状的看法，对人应该具有的品质的想法等，表达口语化但又幽默风趣，正如她的脱口秀一样，富含美式幽默，如和读者进行面对面的交流。
同时，因该书语言较口语化，且因中美文化差异和思维方式的不同，对其中的某些语句不能完全领悟，所以很多西方国家的人觉得非常好笑的事情，我们却不能够完全领会其中的趣味。
所以该翻译报告的目的与意义就是在翻译过程中更好的了解中美文化差异，获得更多的翻译经验，以及有关翻译理论和实践的思考，分析文化差异与文化背景对语句理解，意义传达所造成的影响，希望通过自己的翻译实践心得，更好的理解这本书中蕴含的美国文化与幽默。
本翻译报告分为四部分。
第一，翻译项目介绍，包括项目背景、项目意义与报告结构。
第二，原作背景介绍，包括作者介绍、原文版本、主要内容介绍以及原文分析。
第三，翻译难点与翻译方法，包括翻译之前的准备工作，以及举例说明翻译过程中采用的翻译方法。
第四，总结翻译过程中的经验教训以及仍待解决的问题。
关键词：翻译报告；杂文翻译；翻译方法；直译；意译AcknowledgmentsThe paper benefited from my teacher and roommates. I could never finish thepaper without their help. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to them.On the completion of thesis, first and foremost, I would like to express myheartfelt gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Zhao Huijun, forher supervisor encouragement, guidance, care and valuable suggestions in the period of writing. During this time, my supervisor also gave me some contributed thoughtful insights, and these will be of great benefit to my future writing work. That help me a lot.My special thanks should go to all the participants of the present study. What I can never forget is the days spent with my roommates. Their warmestconcern, firmest encouragement and sincere friendship have always been with me during these four years.I thanks them all from the bottom of my heart. Their kindness and generositywould stay in my mind all my life.目录摘要i 致谢ii第一章引言11.1 项目目标11.2 项目背景11.3 项目意义1第二章原文背景22.1 关于作者22.2 关于原文22.2.1 原文版本22.2.2 主要内容22.2.3 原文分析3第三章翻译难点与翻译方法43.1 翻译难点43.2 准备工作43.3 翻译方法43.3.1 直译与意译43.3.2 增补法63.3.3 顺译法73.3.4 变序法73.3.5 其他翻译方法73.4 小结8第四章总结94.1 翻译经验 94.2 翻译教训 94.3 仍待解决的问题9 注释11 参考文献12 附录 1 原文13 附录 2 译文23毕业论文翻译实践报告篇二：翻译实践报告论文大二的下学，我的职责是俄语翻译，翻译一些资料。
期末论文：翻译理论与实践论文
研究生课程论文学年学期：2011-2012学年第一学期论文题目：隐喻及隐喻的英汉翻译课程：《翻译理论与实践》任课教师：姓名：班级：翻译硕士英语笔译学号：Discussion on Metaphor and Related English-Chinese Translation Abstract: According to the translation theory of Newmark, an English translator, metaphor can be divided into five types-“dead”, “cliché”, “stock”, “recent” and “origina1”, which will be subject to the analysis in this text in terms of their features. Meanwhile, on the basis of the translation theories learned, there are many kinds of methods for translation of metaphor. And this text also deals with the following approaches to translation of metaphor-literal translation, free translation, domestication and alienation. In addition, metaphor also serves as a way of thinking of people in western world and there are some traps in the translation of metaphor. So, it is not an easy task to carry out the translation of metaphor properly.Key words: metaphor; literal translation; free translation; domestication; alienation; trap1. PrefaceMetaphor is a common kind of rhetorical device in English. To bring the metaphor into the translation study can facilitate our interpretation of the original text and achieve the balance of various manners of recognition of the world and ourselves between two different kinds of languages and cultures so as to draw on others’ merits widely.2. Classification of MetaphorIn his work Approaches to Translation, Newmark divides metaphor into five types, namely “dead”, “cliché”, “stock”, “recent” and “origina1”.(1) DeadThe “dead” metaphor means the metaphor related with the ordinary words describing time, space, human body, natural environment and human activities with the vehicle almost not realized by people. In English, words like “space, field, top, bottom, arm, circle, drop, fall, rise” usually carry meanings of metaphor in order to ensure the explicit and clear expression of concepts and ideas. For instance, in the field of human knowledge, at the bottom of the mountain, the rise and fall off the Roman Empire, etc.(2) Cliché“Cliché” refers to many common metaphor methods that have lost their former influence. For example, one says the first one comparing woman as flower can be called genius and the second on who uses such comparison is called also-ran. This type of metaphor, cliché-some though, has its application value. For instance, “So, let us in the next five years, start a newLong March together, not in lockstep, but on different roads leading to the same goa1”.(3) Stock“Stock” refers to a kind of metaphor that has long been accepted, which has become an inherent part of language and will not lose its influence as a result of overuse. And the cultural metaphor represents an important part of the stock metaphor. For instance, “Judas’kiss (metaphor for insidious deeds –honey words and dastardly heart)” and “cat’s paw (metaphor for person serving as tool for others)”.(4) Recent“Recent” means the new terms that emerge recently. For instance, Levinski (metaphor for illicit love), Water gate scandal (metaphor for political scandal) and “9·I1”(metaphor for terrorist incidents)etc.(5) Original“Original” means a kind of metaphor used first by the writer. This kind of metaphor is not always available but product of writers’ inspiration.比如有些”坐冷板凳”的词,在作者的笔下却闪烁出灵感的光芒,这就是独创隐喻的魅力所在.Therefore, whenever you come across a sentence with correct grammatical structure but without any meaning, you must check the factors leading to the superficial meaninglessness carefully to explore the probable meaning of metaphor.3. Discussion on Translation Methods of MetaphorIn discussing the translation of metaphor, Newmark has raised seven methods:(1) Reproducing the same image in the TL); (2) Replace the image in the SL with a standard TL image; (3)The translation of metaphor by simile; (4) Translation of metaphor (or simile) by simile plus sense; (5) Conversion of metaphor to sense; (6) Deletion; (7) Same metaphor combined with sense. With reference to other methods and combining the conclusion of some of the above methods, this text will discuss the following four methods.(1) Literal TranslationLiteral translation is applicable to the metaphor with complete English-Chinese equivalence. It can retain the ethnic and cultural features of the metaphor in the original text and helpreaders using the target language have more understanding of the cultural characteristics of the original language. As a matter of fact, many cases of metaphor in English have been absorbed by the Chinese language. For example, “crocodile’s tears”, “Pandora’S box”, and “cold war”, etc. And literal translation should be adopted for some idioms consisting of metaphor and with completely equivalent meanings. For instance, “castle in the air”, “walls have ears”, and “to add oil to the flames”, etc. Besides, for some sentences containing metaphor, this method can also be used. For example, “Time is money” and “The world is a stage” etc.(2) Free TranslationFree translation, a concept opposite to literal translation, generally refers to that remove the form and reserve the content of the original text, which allows translators’ originality to some degree but with the basic information of the original text retained.Eg1. His theory has thousands of little rooms and long, windy corridors.Translation: 他的理论有过多的组成部分, 而且各部分间的关系也过于错综复杂.Eg Because of his one man style of operation, Henry Kissinger had become a kind of bottleneck in his own National Security Council system.Translation:由于亨利·基辛格惯于独断专行, 他已经成了国家安全事务委员会工作中的一块绊脚石.(3) Domestication TranslationThe domestication translation is targeted at the proper conformity of the translated text with the linguistic and cultural norms of the target language to properly satisfy the readers’ need for more localization.Eg2. They were only crying crocodile tears at the old man’s funeral because nobody had really liked man.Translation 1: 在老头的葬礼上, 他们只不过假惺惺的哭了几声, 因为在老人生前, 没人真的喜欢他.Translation 2: 在老头的葬礼上, 他们只不过挤了几滴鳄鱼的眼泪, 因为在老人生前, 没人真的喜欢他.Eg3. Many Canadians have never read a news paper though some newspapers are free, because they do not know their ABC.Translation 1: 尽管有的报纸免费, 许多加拿大人从不看报, 因为他们目不识丁. Translation 2: 尽管有的报纸免费, 许多加拿大人从不看报, 因为他们不懂自己的ABC.Domestication method is applied to Translation 1 for Eg 2, which provides all convenient conditions for readers. So, on the basis of the standard “it does not look the translation when read”, it can be rated as better translation.However, from the perspective of cultural exchange, it is obvious that Translation 2 has better effect. The reason is: although the term “crocodile tears” is borrowed, its meaning has been known for Chinese readers, and not only can literal translation be accepted by Chinese readers, but it can reflect the national features of the original text properly, which can also be reproduced. Additionally, the substitution of the expression means of the target language for that of the original language, though conveying related meanings, cannot reflect the way of thinking of the user of the original text and help readers have a comprehensive and thorough understanding of their culture to achieve the goal of translation in real terms. Nevertheless, despite the equivalence conversion of Translation 2 for Eg3, it has failed to achieve its communication goal.(4) Alienation Translation异化翻译策略是以源语文化为归宿而进行的语际间篇章意义的相互转换.近年来, 在翻译界主张重视异化翻译的学者日益增多.从文化交流的角度看, 它是尊重各国文化的内在要求, 有助于在平等的基础上真实地反映外国文化.随着文化交流的不断深入, 异化翻译逐渐显示出其特有的魅力.隐喻的异化翻译策略可以分为两种情形:a. Direct AlienationThe meaning of some vases of metaphor can be reflected clearly through the context. So the direct alienation method can be adopted without the necessity to explore the corresponding expression in the translation painstakingly.Eg4.Hitler was armed to the teeth when he launched the Second World War, but in a few years, he was completely defeated.Translation: 希特勒在发动第二次世界大战时是武装到牙齿的, 可是不到几年, 就被彻底打败了.Eg5.Some personnel executives complained that many college graduates they had interviewed here had two star abilities with five2star ambitions.Translation: 一些人事经理抱怨, 在他们面试过的大学毕业生中, 不少人本事只有”二星级”, 心气儿倒有”五星级”.b. Alienation ExplanationThere are limited cases where the direct alienation method can be used in the translation of metaphor. On many occasions, brief elaboration must be made on the cultural information or cultural context contained in the text, only in which way can the goal of communication be attained.Eg6.The Warren Report has left many ques2tions unanswered.Translation: 沃伦报告(指美国肯尼迪总统被谋杀事件的调查报告) 留下许多未解之迷. Eg7.The man who waters his grass after a heavy rain is carrying coals to Newcastle. Translation:大雨后给草地浇水是多此一举.(注: 纽卡斯尔是英国的一个产煤中心.)Eg8.He was in the seventh heaven last night.Translation: 昨晚他欣喜若狂.(in the seventh heaven: ( not formal) in a state of great happiness or contentment, 意思是: 人能和上帝同居最高层,自然是非常愉快的.) Domestication and alienation are two kinds of translation strategies applied by the translator targeted at the differences in the two languages and corresponding cultures according to varied aspects such as aim of translation, type of text, intention of writers and readers of the target language to facilitate the guidance of the selection and application of specific translation methods and techniques. The two methods, sometimes, should be selected with reference to the regulations of the social culture as well as political and ideological aspects. Whichever strategy is used, it is required to focus on the need of readers and the society.Eg9. The students had been trained to compete continually against each other, so that the lesson turned into a kind of noisy grey dog race.Translation 1: 学生们练就了持续相互竞争的本事,所以这堂课变成了一场嘈杂的拍卖会场.Translation 2: 学生们练就了持续相互竞争的本事,所以这堂课变成了一场嘈杂的灰狗比赛.In the above sentence, the term “grey hound race” created in the original language-English, is analogous to the scene of disorder and chaos in class like the scene of grey dog race. Anddomestication and alienation methods are used respectively in the two sentences. But it is quite difficult for Chinese readers to understand the alienation method for translation of metaphor due to lack of grey dog race in Chinese culture. By contrast, the Chinese readers can understand the scene of the auction, which can help readers catch the connotation of this metaphor. It follows that domestication and alienation cannot only be reflected on the level of language, but also in processing the cultural factors.4. Way of Thinking in Metaphor and Traps in TranslationMetaphor is not only a type of rhetorical device but also represents a way of thinking. In other words, metaphor exists in languages and people’s thinking and behavior as well as all aspects of our daily life. And from some expressions of basic concepts of people in western countries, we can further understand that metaphor serves as their way of thinking. Way of thinking related with love: Love is a physical force; love is war.与时间有关的思维:Time is money; time is life. Besides, as a matter of fact, many proverbs in English contain the way of thinking featured by metaphor. For instance: Time and tide wait for no man(时光和潮流不等人). This is a proverb encouraging people to value time, in which the translation has failed to reflect the metaphor contained. And in this proverb, “and” does not only serve as a parallelism structure linking “time” and “tide”, but constitutes a kind of metaphor, 即将time比作tide: tide (caused by the lunar gravity) waits for no man, so does time. Another example is: Truth and roses have thorns about them(真理和玫瑰一样,都带刺); Kings and bears worry their keeper(伴君如伴虎).Only through understanding and precise translation of the metaphor implicated in these proverbs can we get hang of the way of thinking of people in western world in a more impressive and thorough way. On the other hand, some cases of metaphor seem in harmony but actually at variance. That’s what is called “trap” according to Newmark’s theory. For instance, here are some idioms containing metaphor: To heat about the bush≠打草惊蛇(而是to talk about something without coming to the point”旁敲侧击”); to lock the stable door after the horse has been stolen≠亡羊补牢(而是to take precautions too late to be effective”于事无补”); the last straw≠救命稻草(actually, “the last straw” originates from the English proverb “the last straw that breaks the camel’s back”“致命一击”). Thus, intranslating these idioms with traps of metaphor, one should avoid having superficial understanding and catching the meaning of words literally from the context, otherwise, it will lead to a miss as good as a mile.5. ConclusionIn discussing the metaphor and its translation, we do not only take metaphor as a kind of rhetorical device but also a way of thinking and a way of recognizing the objective world. And as a way of recognition, metaphor is featured with clear national characteristics as well as rich cultural connotations. Therefore, we should take flexible translation methods according to the features of texts, different contexts as well as readers’ acceptability. And generally, when involving metaphor, translation should be focused on the vehicle of the original text with the meaning of metaphor reproduces to achieve the unity of form and spirit.Reference【1】Newmark,P．A Textbook of Translation IM]．上海:上海外语教育出版社,2001．【2】Newmark,P．Approaches to Translation【M】．上海:上海外语教育出版社,2001．【3】胡曙中．英汉修辞比较研究fM1．上海:上海外语教育出版社,1993．【4】毛荣贵．新世纪大学英汉翻译教程fM1．上海:上海交通大学出版社,2002．。
试析翻译策略和翻译理论研究论文
试析翻译策略和翻译理论研究论文论文摘要：本文分析了基于全球化的大背景下，中国翻译所面临的挑战和任务，从译者的译材选取和具体翻译策略的采取，以及翻译理论研究建设两个方面，分别提出了要坚持以民族性特征为指导的必要性和紧迫性，主张建立立足于中国本土文化的翻译理论。
从本国语言文化特征出发并不意味着拒绝外来翻译策略和理论，而意味着将我国及外来优秀成果结合，使之成为中国翻译发展的新动力。
全球化是一种超越国界与国家主权的，在全世界范围内所展现的沟通与联系，交流与互动的趋势。
虽然全球化进程在经济和市场领域中尤其明显，但是它实际上已经影响到了生活的各个方面，包括政治和社会系统、社会制度，以及价值标准，甚至是个人的日常生活等。
信息与文化全球化趋势以经济全球化为前提和依托，在经济全球化的发展中，由各民族文化相互碰撞和整合而成。
而在信息与文化全球化时代，各国各民族通过世界性的交流，打破了各自的狭隘界限而走向开放和多元。
作为国际问理解的钥匙，翻译是和全球化时代紧紧相连的，两者相互作用相互推进。
一方面，全球化进程无疑大大的推动和促进着翻译的发展，为翻译理论的提升和翻译实践的加强提供了有利环境和动力；而另一方面，全球化需要翻译，只有借助于翻译这个促进社会进步和交流的必要手段，一国的先进技术和成果才能得以被引进和介绍到国外，全球化进程才得以展开和进行。
而且，在全球化的大背景下，各国通过积极翻译介绍本国文化于世界从而成为全球化的一部分，同时，也通过积极翻译介绍外来文化于本国而丰富和推动了本土文化的发展，从而间接为全球化作出了贡献。
在中国，全球化又给翻译带来了理论上扩充深化，实践上熟习进步的契机，甚至可能是一次和我国历史上j次翻译高潮并举的“新的翻译高潮”，“它无论是在规模上、范围上，还是在质量水平和对中国社会发展的贡献上，都是前三次无法比拟的”(李占喜2001)。
社会的进步离不开翻译，不译则亡，在信息与文化全球化的背景下，中同翻译所处的形势值得关注。
翻译理论与实践典论文的写作与评析
翻译理论与实践典论文的写作与评析翻译是跨文化交际的重要方式*是各国进行政治、经济、文化和科学技术等交流的重要手段。
在整个人类历史上，翻译活动对文化交流和社会发展起了巨大的推动和促进作用。
从某种意义上说，文明的保存、社会的发展，首先应归功于翻译.从古罗马帝国到现代欧洲共同体，从基督教的传播到佛教的弘扬，离开翻译人员的努力都是难以想象的D虽然翻译活动无论在中国或西方都已有一两千年的历史，翻译研究活动也一直伴随着这一历史进程，但是由于各种主客观原因，翻译研究一直没有得到应有的重视。
翻译以及译者的社会地位一直不髙，翻译在一般人眼里只是一门技能，译者只是译匠而已。
相对于原文以及原文作者，译者只不过是“仆人”、“媒人”、“舌人”以及“不忠的美人”而已9翻译不仅是一门技能，更是一门综合性很强的学科，因为它集语言学、文学、社会学、教育学、心理学、人类学和信息学等学科特点于一身，在长期的社会实践中巳经拥有了一套自己的抽象的理论、原则和具体方法，形成了自己独立的体系。
尽管把翻译学作为一门独立的学科而进行认真的研究还是近几十年的事情，但翻译学如今已成为一个公认的•92 ■英语专业毕此论文写作教程学术名词，译学研究也越来越引起专家学者们的重视，并在国内、国外取得了令人瞩目的进展。
作为一门尚未成熟的学科，它还有许多基础研究工作等待着翻译爱好者和翻译研究者认真去做^在翻译领域可供研究探索的课题非常多。
大体说来，英语专业学生可从以下几个论题着手进行翻译方面的论文写作。
1.翻译的基本间題：翻译的定义和性质关于“什么是翻译”存在许多回答。
例如，英国著名翻译理论家J.C.Catford.曾经说过：“翻译是一项对语言进行操作的工作，即用一种语言的文本来替代另一种语言的文本的过程”（19G5: 20)。
美国翻译理论家Eugene A Nida则认为：“翻译是在接受语中寻找和原文信息尽可能接近的自然的对等话语，首先是意义上对等，其次才是风格上的对等”(1982；12)。
试论翻译理论与实践的关系及其结合方式
校园英语 / 翻译研究试论翻译理论与实践的关系及其结合方式对外经济贸易大学/苏盼【摘要】“翻译理论与实践”是高校英语专业的一门基础课程，要获得完美的翻译效果，必须要运用翻译理论来决定采用的翻译实践类型，通过翻译实践来完成译作，要厘清两者的关系并进行有机的结合。
本文介绍了翻译理论与实践的关系以及两者的结合方式。
【关键词】翻译理论 翻译实践 关系 结合方式一、前言翻译是一种交际活动，它是不同语言、文化和社会关系的交流，翻译同时也是一门科学和艺术。
如果认为精通了一门外语再借助于字典和工具书就可以翻译，是非常片面和错误的。
要做出具有专业水平和质量的译文，必须要深入的研究原语文化。
在翻译过程中熟悉两种语言是最基本的，语言是有灵魂和生命的，要通过语言表达的信息来了解其所反映的文化，这样才能深刻体会中西文化的差异。
不同的民族都有不同的生存环境，对于世界的认识也存在着差异，这些都造成了民族文化的差异。
人们通过本民族的文化理解方式来理解周围的信息，原文的作者和读者一般来说文化背景是相似的，读者会通过词汇表达意思的理解来理解文章的文化内涵，译者根据自己的语言理解和文化前景进行翻译，表达自己的情感和对原文信息，所以纽马克说“翻译者必须是一个真正意义上的文化人”。
翻译者要精通两种语言，要通过大量的信息来了解两个语种文化的差异，这样才能找到一个契合点，才能让译者更客观的读懂原作，可以准确的把握原文的文化信息并进行传播，翻译理论和翻译实践缺一不可。
二、翻译理论与翻译实践1.翻译理论。
翻译理论的产生和发展一度呈现出百家争鸣、学派林业的局面，通过进行翻译理论的研究，更加深入了解翻译活动的本质，最初研究的是原文与译文，随着研究的深入，进行了对译文的读者、采取的翻译策略以及翻译者的心理活动等深层次的研究，通过翻译理论的日渐系统化，人们越来越重视翻译理论的研究。
比较有代表性的是英国翻译理论家彼得·纽马克的翻译理论，纽马克对翻译领域的各派系翻译理论进行了部结，在对翻译理论进行研究时融合了文体、话语分析、格语法、功能语法以及跨文化交际等理论内容，非常全面的论述了翻译理论、翻译教学和翻译技巧。
理论在翻译实践中的作用
摘要：奈达的译学思想在中国翻译界一向占据着重要的地位，但他本人最近宣布“我的观点已经发生根本变化”。
奈达学术观点的这一变化无疑会给我们目前译学建设带来一定的负面影响。
本文将着重从翻译理论的作用、翻译标准及语言学与翻译的关系三个角度对奈达翻译思想的转变加以分析；重新阐述理论在译学框架中的地位及作用，理论和实践的关系及翻译理论的意义。
Abstra ct: Nida‟sideason transl ation have greatinflue nce on Chines e transl ation schola rs. His recent statem ent－”Myideashave change d substa ntial ly”－will surely have anegati ve impact on the develo pment of transl ation studie s in China. This paperaims at analyz ing, from threeperspe ctive s, the reason sforNida‟schange of viewson transl ation. It will also give a re-evalua tionof the positi on and role of transl ation theori es in transl ation studie s, as well as explor e the relati on of theory and practi ce.一、奈达思想的转变及对我国译界的影响奈达博士是西方语言学翻译理论学派的代表人物之一，经过五十多年的翻译实践与理论研究，取得了丰硕的成果。
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谈严复翻译
翻译，作为一种实践活动，在人类文化的交流中一直在广泛进行着。
丰富的翻译活动，有利于我们科学系统地对翻译进行研究，也有利于我们形成独特的中西文化观。
严复就是中国近代第一个学贯中西的人，他的翻译对中国近代思想有着深远的影响。
严复曾在福州马尾船厂船政学堂学习了五年，他学习了英文，几何，代数，电磁学，光学等新科学知识，到过新加坡，日本等地考察，后又到英国学习考察政治，经济，法律和社会制度，“了解中西政教，风俗之差异，关心世界大事。
”回国后，他翻译了向国人敲起危亡警钟的《天演论》。
揭示了自然界和人类社会“物竞天择，适者生存”的客观规律，宣传了进化思想。
下面研究一下严复的翻译思想和特点。
在词法和句法结构中，他模仿先秦文体的词法句法结构，桐城派古文的优点，其他文体的积极因素，在此基础上进行创造性转化，创造了独具个人特色的新型文体。
在《天演论》的手稿初稿中，他直接引用先秦散文中的句子并标明出处，虽然后来他觉得译作中放入中国古书的名字，中国古人的名字明显不妥，使读者感到彷徨，于是在改稿过程中将正文中出现的中国特色的专有名词尽皆删去，但导言仍保留部分如《导言十三》中的“以其所爱，及其所弗爱”一句系取自《孟子》；《导言十二》中的“诱然
皆生，而不知其所以生；同然皆生，而不知其所以得”系庄子所云，“自营为私”是韩非所言，“人之性恶”出自《荀子》。
译文中多用单音节词，双音节词很少。
而且他的翻译话语中有很多词类活用的范例。
1. 辨物穷微，明揭天道必不可知说。
（《天演论·论六》）
2.不见夫业真者乎？（《原富》）
微是形容词，在句1中活用为动词。
句2的业本来为名词，但在句中担任动词职务。
同时，严复话语中疑问代词宾语前置，否定句中代词宾语前置的例子也不少。
如：
何以明之？（《天演论·人群》）
人弗之觉也，觉亦弗之异也。
（《天演论·能实》）
其少见的被动句主要采用先秦的“见”字句结构，如：
特在人者，每为气禀所拘。
（《天演论·论八》）
而为是幻且虚者之所主。
（《天演论·论九》)
若是物特为天下只所厚而择焉以存也者，夫是之谓天择。
（《天演论·导言一》）
为了追求群内达旨，他用了很多排偶句：
小之极于跂行倒生，大之放乎日星天地；隐之则神思智识之所以圣狂，显之则政俗文章之所以沿革。
（《天演论·导言二·广义》）
人，动物之灵者也，与不灵之禽兽鱼鳖昆虫对；动物者，生类之有知觉运动者也，与无知觉之指植物对；生类者，有质之物而具支体官理者也，与无支体官理之金石对。
（《天演论·导言三·趋异》）
严复的翻译使用最多的策略当推意译，为了启发民智，在翻译过程中
运用了多种翻译策略，如改译，增评，删节，加按语，注评等。
增评
例如《天演论·讲演》第四部分中一个句子的翻译：
The earlier forms of Indian philosophy agreed with those prevalent in our own times, in supposing the existence of a permanent reality, or ‘substance’, beneath the shifting series of the cosmos was ‘Brahma’ that of the individual man ‘Atman’.
考乾竺初法，与挽近斐洛苏所明，不相悬异。
其言物理也，皆有不变者为之根，谓之曰真、曰净。
真净云者，精湛常然，不随物转者也。
净不可以以色、声、味、接触，可以色、声、味、接触者，附净发现，谓之曰应、曰名。
应名云者，诸有为法，变动不居，不主故常者也。
宇宙有大净曰婆罗门，而即为就教之号。
其分赋人人之净曰阿德门，二者本为同物。
译文中划横线的部分室内严复增添的词句。
他把赫胥黎文中提到的a permanent reality, or ‘substance’译为“真，净”，这一佛教概念，对于读者来说势必难懂，因此严复增加了一些文字对概念作出清楚解释。
而且对“婆罗门”和“阿德门”这两个抽象佛教概念，严复仅补写了一句“二者本为同物”，便明白无误指出两者关系。
删节
《天演论》书名就属于删节，原著书名为“Evolution and Ethics”, 赫胥黎认为人类社会不同与自然界，人类社会要经历伦理过程而自然界却不需要，所以进化论不能简单地用于人类社会，探讨人类社会问
题一定要把进化和伦理结合起来。
而严复认为进化论可以解释一切，包括人类社会的各种问题，当然也包括伦理问题，因此进化与伦理不是并列关系，后者应服从前者。
严复将书名中的Ethics删去，反映了他对赫胥黎观点的排斥。
改译
如《天演论》原著的《导言》里有这么一句话：
And，though one can not justify Haman for wishing to hang Mordecai on such a very high gibbet, yet, really, the consciousness of the Vizier of Ahasuerus, as he went in and out of the gate,that this obscure Jew had no respect for him,must have been very annoying.
译文：李将军必取霸陵尉而杀之，可谓过矣。
然以飞将威名。
二千石之重，尉何物，乃以等闲视之？其憾之者，犹人情也。
原文提到的“哈猛想要吊死摩德开”一事来源于《圣经·旧约》的典故，但对于中国读者是非常陌生的，严复将其替换为中国读者比较熟悉的“汉将李广杀霸陵尉”的故事，内容虽异，但说明事理是一样的。
由以上一些实例可以看出严复的翻译大都是用的归化法，把外国的名著都翻译的古香古色，我们不得不承认他翻译的能力，但在现在看来他的翻译不符合时代要求。
不过他的翻译是受当时社会影响的，为了救国，他不得不把难懂的外国文学变成中国士大夫愿意读的文章，他在翻译和救国方面都做出了很大的贡献。
得出了现在我们仍适用的文化观“择其善者而从之”。
不管怎么说他都是出色的翻译家。