国际商务英语阅读1 (1)
商务英语阅读Unit 1-叶兴国ppt课件
such that ...:如此…。 如:
Their anxiety was such that they could not sleep.他们如此焦虑,难
以入睡。
.
Business English: A Reading Course
TEXT B:NEW THINKING FOR SUCCESSFUL ENTREPRENEURS
multinational company do? 5. According to the last part of the passage, what does
globalization do?
TEXT A
Business English: A Reading Course
Notes on the Text:
.
1. Summarize the main idea of the Supplementary Reading: New Thinking for a New Financial Order on P9 with no more than 50 words.
2. Finish Part V Test Yourself on P10.
成功水平是计划新事业的第一步。
KEYS TO EXERCISES
Business English: A Reading Course
.
I. DCDAB
II. Free answer.
III. Translation
1.我对中国文化有足够了解,我知道人们当众对抗是 罕见的, 所以我想和我的老板单独交谈。
one-on-one assessment of your boss? 3. What is the entrepreneurial cultures according to Rohit? 4. According to the last part of the passage, what does a
商务英语阅读C11
---self study
Chapter 11 Advertising
Print advertising
Chapter 11 Advertising
Outdoor advertising
Chapter 11 Advertising
Billboards a large board on the outside of a building or at the side of the road, used for putting advertisements on
批注本地保存成功开通会员云端永久保存去开通
Chapter 11 Advertising
Chapter 11 Advertising
Lead-in What is the intention of advertising?
Chapter 11
Advertising
Advertising is a form of communication for marketing and used to encourage or persuade an audience (viewers, readers or listeners; sometimes a specific group) to continue or take some new action
Chapter 11 Advertising
ambivalent adj. ~ (about / towards sb/sth) having or showing both good and bad feelings about sb/sth e.g. She seems to feel ambivalent about her new job
Unit 1(商务英语阅读教程1)
Homework
1.Summarize the main idea of the the Supplementary Reading on P9 with no more than 50 words. 2.Finish P10 Part V Test Yourself
Note on the Text
1. Enrolling in college is one step toward fulfilling our vision of the future.进入大学是完成将来梦想的第一步。 enroll in:登记入学,入伍,入会等。 如: It's too late to enroll in that class.现在报名进那个班太晚了。 2. Goal-setting involves developing a list of things you would like to achieve in your personal or professional lives-your goals. 设立目标包括列出一些你在个人生活和职业生活中想要完成的事情—— 即你的目标。 3. Understanding what success means to you and the level of success you are willing to accept in life is one of the first stages of new venture planning. 理解成功对你的意义和生活中你想获得的成功水平是计划新事业的第一 步。
Homework
1. If each country’s business had a national style or personality, what would the Chinese business personality be? Discuss how business in China typically operates. 2. Discuss the last time you had to strike a balance in order to reach an agreement about something? 3. Report on the similarities and differences in management of the multinationals (IKEA, TESCO, Walmart, P&G, etc.) in China. 4. Read Text B
商务英语阅读-unit-1-What's-the-business-for
1937年麦当劳兄弟(理查.麦当劳 Richard McDonald, 莫里森.麦当劳 Maurice McDonald)在洛杉机东部开始 经营当时美国极其流行的汽车餐厅。
Kroc其实是一个推销员。当他高二辍学后,便开设了一家音乐 社,将他在钢琴上的才华诸于商业。第一次世界大战爆发后, 他渴望到外国去,所以虚报了年龄,成为红十字救护车驾驶员。 战后,他将弹琴与销售二种技巧合而为一。25岁后以及接下来 的25年中,克罗克一直从事推销工作。克罗克1954年7月第一 次与麦当劳兄弟见面,便决定加入其中。
Activity 8 (p.7)
Paragraph 1
c
Paragraph 2
d
Paragraph 3
b
Paragraph 4
a
Second reading---Read the text with these questions
1. What did “business” mean traditionally?
1.f 2. g 3. a 4. f 5. f 6. e 7. h 8. h 9. c
Activity 1 buying
market
goods
selling
business
company
product
fair
businessman
Have you ever heard of them?
1
2
Bill Gates Henry Ford
1955
1863-1947
Microsoft Corporation
•1992 - What You Want is What You Get
•1988- Good Time, Great Taste, That's Why This is My Place
商英阅读Unit 1
Globalization
Globalization, as a concept, refers both to the "shrinking" of the world and the increased consciousness of the world as a whole. It is a term used to describe the changes in societies and the world economy that are the result of dramatically increased cross-border trade, investment, and cultural exchange. In specifically economic contexts, globalization is often used in characterizing processes underway in the areas of financial markets, production, and investment. Even more narrowly, the term is used to refer almost exclusively to the effects of trade, particularly trade liberalization or "free trade."
4. mitigate [‘miti.geit] vt. 减轻,缓和 e.g. The government is trying to mitigate the effects of inflation. 政府正试图缓和通货膨胀的影响。 5. aggregate [‘ægrigeit] n. 合计 e.g. The television audience aggregated 30 millions. 电视观众合计达3000万人。 6. irreversible [,iri'və:səbl] a. incapable of being reversed 不可逆的 ;不能翻转的;不能取消的; e.g. He suffered irreversible brain damage in the crash 他在事故中大脑受伤无法治愈.
商务英语阅读1 Unit 1
Part II:Voice of Courage
I Background knowledge 1. Know abt
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franklin D. Roosevelt(1882–1945), 32nd President of the United States, commonly known as FDR who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945.
A Democrat, he won a record four presidential elections and emerged as a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century.
He directed the United States government during most of the Great Depression and World War II.
Although its causes are still uncertain and controversial, the net effect was a sudden and general loss of confidence in the economic future.
What 's the function of Roosevelt talk?
As a dominant leader of his party, he built the New Deal Coalition, realigning American politics into the Fifth Party System and defining American liberalism throughout the middle third of the 20th century. He is often rated by scholars as one of the three greatest U.S. Presidents, along with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln.
商务英语阅读习题及答案一.doc
商务英语阅读习题及答案⼀.docII) Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right1. motivation2. pursue3. mark up4. procurement5. intangible6. cargoroyalty商务英语阅读习题(⼀)I) Comprehension1. What is international trade?2. What are the major motivations for private firm to operate international business?3. What measures do most companies usually adopt to avoid wild swings in the sales and profits?4. Pleas give the four major modes chosen by most companies when entering into international trade.5. Could you find any difference between Direct Investment and Portfolio Investment? If you can, please tell the main reasons.6. What is MNE? What are its synonyms?7. What limits a firm's sales?A. tomake continual efforts to gain sth. B. the action of obtaining, esp. by efforts of carefulattention. C. which by is its nature can not be known by senses, not clear and certain, not real. D. the goods (freight) carried by a ship, plane or vehicle.E. the amount by which a price is raised.F. profit, interest-G. the net value of assets or interest, invest.8. equity 股本,资产净值 H. not needing other things or people, taking decisions alone.9. yield I. a share of the profits.10. independent J. need or purpose.2. A3.E4.B5. C6.D7.18.G9.F 10.HHI) Fill in the blanks with the words or expressions given below and if necessary, put the word in the right form.A. orientationB. diversifyC. seek outD. differentiate...fromE. take advantage ofF. undergoG. bring aboutH. correspond L abandon J. amount to K. Come after L. approach1. That factory is trying to B its products to sell in different markets.2. A successful businessman is always skilled in E every possible opportunity.3. Reforming and opening to the world has G great changes in our lives.4. Can you D this kind of operating the others?5. Private firm going in for international business have a profit A6. He I his company and family and went away with all the money.7. The L of winter brings cold weather.8. The manager's words J a refusal to the proposal./doc/045460db492fb4daa58da0116c175f0e7dd11956.html pany is always C the best way to gain more while cost less.10.The city has F many changes during the last ten years.11.Direct investment usually K a firm has experience in exporting or importing.12.There goods don't H to the list of these I ordered.IV)Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese;1.purchasing power lO.recovery2.sales potentials 11, recession3.mark-up 13. portfolio investment4.domestic markets 12. tangible goods5.finished goods 13. visible exports and imports6.profit margin 14. revenue and expenditure7.market share 15- excess capacity8.trade discrimination9.business cycles 16. licencing agreementsV)Translate the following sentences into Chinese;If the exporting market price exceeds the one at the importing country, a dumping margin exists on that particular sale. Then Under Article VI of GATT( General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) 1994, and the Anti-Dumping Agreement, WTO Members can impose anti-dumping measures, if, after investigation in accordance with the Agreement, a determination is made (a) that dumping is occurring, (b) that the domestic industry producing the like product in the importing country is suffering material injury, and (c) that there is a causal link between the two. Typically anti-dumping action means charging extra import duty on the particular product from the particular exporting country in order to bring its price closer to the “normal value" or to remove the injury to domestic industry in the importing country.VI)Translate the following sentences into English;1.国际贸易有助于所有的国家促进经济的发展。
商务英语阅读1参考答案
商务英语阅读1参考答案一、阅读理解1. 问题1:文章主要讨论了什么?答案:文章主要讨论了全球化背景下商务英语的重要性以及如何提高商务英语的沟通技巧。
2. 问题2:为什么商务英语在当今世界如此重要?答案:商务英语重要性体现在跨国贸易的增长,国际商务交流的频繁,以及对专业商务人士的需求。
3. 问题3:文章提到了哪些提高商务英语能力的方法?答案:文章提到了扩大词汇量、学习商务术语、练习商务写作、参与商务会议以及利用在线资源等方法。
4. 问题4:作者对商务英语的未来趋势有何看法?答案:作者认为随着全球化的深入,商务英语将继续成为国际商务沟通的关键工具,并且其重要性将不断增加。
5. 问题5:文章中提到的“商务英语沟通的障碍”有哪些?答案:文章中提到的障碍包括文化差异、语言习惯、专业术语的误解以及非语言交流的挑战。
二、词汇理解1. 问题1: "Negotiation"在商务英语中通常指的是什么?答案: "Negotiation"在商务英语中通常指的是商务交易或协议过程中的协商过程。
2. 问题2: "Collaboration"一词在商务环境中的含义是什么?答案: "Collaboration"在商务环境中指的是不同个人或组织之间的合作,以实现共同的目标或完成项目。
3. 问题3: "Mergers and Acquisitions"通常指的是什么类型的商务活动?答案: "Mergers and Acquisitions"通常指的是公司之间的合并或收购活动,这是企业扩张或重组的一种方式。
4. 问题4: "Stakeholder"在商务英语中通常指谁?答案: "Stakeholder"在商务英语中通常指的是对公司或项目有直接或间接利益的个人或团体。
5. 问题5: "Due Diligence"在商务英语中的含义是什么?答案: "Due Diligence"在商务英语中指的是在进行商务交易前对相关事务进行彻底的调查和评估,以确保交易的合理性和安全性。
商务英语阅读1
Investors in the United States are preparing for the first public sale of stock in the Chinese company Alibaba. The company sells goods by linking buyers and sellers in the huge Chinese online market. Alibaba is expected to make its initial public offering, called an IPO, in September on the New York Stock Exchange.The total value of the company based in Hangzhou has been estimated at about $200 billion. Reports from Bloomberg News say Alibaba is offering investors a 12 percent share of the company. That would mean the company could raise as much as $20 billion in the public stock sale.After the IPO, Alibaba could become one of the most valuable technology companies in the world. Apple for example, has a market value 市值of about $600 billion, Google is valued atabout $390 billion, and Microsoft is worth about $370 billion.The e-commerce company is responsible for most online sales in China. It dealt with more exchanges last year than U.S. companies Amazon and eBay combined. And it has more than 230 million active buyers.Scott Kennedy is director of Indiana University's Research Center for Chinese Politics & Business."Alibaba has grown from a very small company doing e-commerce 15 years ago or so to now being th e dominant e-business company in China," Kennedy said.Mr. Kennedy says Alibaba has expanded into new areas while growing its share of thee-commerce market."It is also involved in banking and other areas and has just been growing so dramatically thatit now accounts for 80 percent of e-commerce in China," Kennedy said.He says the company is profitable which is unusual for a technology company first offering an IPO. Alibaba has chosen to sell its stock to the public on the New York Stock Exchange rather than in China. Scott Kennedy says that selling stock on Chinese exchanges has been difficult."Chinese companies have been trying to raise capital on stock markets for a long time. Within China listing has been difficult and that market has not done very well," Kennedy said.He says that the Chinese economy has grown quickly over the years, but has not supported strong stock market activity. The California based Internet company Yahoo owns about one-forth of Alibaba. The IPO in September could increase the value of Yahoo's share. China is now the world's second largest market for e-commerce.。
商务英语阅读_Unit 1_办公室基础交流英语
The secre’s central role requires reliability and dependability. If secretaries suddenly become ill each time the going gets rough or the workload becomes unmanageable, you are allowed to ask whether that illness is real or merely psychosomatic and a symptom of an underlying deeper problem, i.e. the secretary’s inability or unwillingness to cope and to face reality, resorting to defense mechanisms instead.
As a bridge, does your secretary smooth ruffled feathers and pour oil on troubled waters? You have a right to expect that he or she does not contribute to a threatening storm in the office. In other words, secretaries need to learn to help solve problem, not contribute to creating them. They must be ever vigilant against displays of temper or frazzlement when the chips are down, lest you and your managerial colleagues begin to question their maturity and self-control.
商务英语阅读第一单元
Chapter 1 General View of InternationalBusinessWTOPara 1engaged ininternational transactionsbe involved inoriginate引起, 发明, 发起, 创办vi. 起源, 发生restrictions n.限制, 约束virtually: in facttariffs: 关税quotas:配额embargo:禁运boycotts:联合抵制barrier:贸易壁垒The World Trade Organization (WTO)inter-governmental organization:政府间的组织flow:流畅(be) based on:以……为基础services:服务settle:解决;平息trade dispute:贸易争端negotiation:谈判promote cooperation:促进合作joint decision-making:共同决策consensus:一致同意;一致意见body:机构;团体council:决策班子;委员会committee:委员会consist of:由…组成entire membership:全体成员administrative support:行政支撑secretariat:秘书处Geneva, Switzerland:瑞士的日内瓦Para. 2trading system:贸易系统date back:追溯到…Bretton Woods: 布雷顿森林conference:会议delegate:代表conceive:构思create:创立;创建the World Bank:世界银行the International Monetary Fund:国际货币基金组织1International trade organization (ITO):国际贸易组织a specialized agency:个别机构charter:宪章ambitious:有抱负的;有雄心壮志的extend beyond:扩充;延伸world trade disciplines:世界贸易原则commodity agreement:国际商品协定restrictive business practices:限制性经营办法international investment:国际投资Havana:哈瓦拉(古巴首都)Cuba:古巴ratification:批准legislation:立法opposition:反对the U.S. Senate:美国上议院driving forces:动力announce:宣布seek:寻求congressional ratification:国会的批准effectively:有效地eventual result:最后的结果subsequent:随后的;后来的creation:创建;创立the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT):关贸总协定be concerned with:关注…primarily:主要的(mainly)reduce barriers to the international trade of goods:减少国际商品贸易壁垒result from:由…所产生provisional: 临时的prosperous:兴旺发达的multilateral:多边的;多国的international commerce:国际贸易overhaul:彻底改革due:应得的;预期的massive modification:巨大的改革Uruguay Round:乌拉圭回合(在乌拉圭的多次国际贸易谈判) Para 3regulate:控制;调节;规范regulating world trade of goods:规范国际商品贸易tariff barriers:关税壁垒non-tariff barriers:非关税壁垒not long after:soongive birth to: 产生(result in…)de facto: 实际上;实事上informally:非正式的over the years:during the following years evolve: 发展;进化set out:订立conduct international trade:进行国际贸易institution:机构temporary:暂时的;临时的recognize:认可replace:代替amend:修改incorporate:合并live on:继续存在updated:最新的text:版本(version)key principles: 主要原则adopt:采用General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS):服务贸易总协定intellectual property: 知识产权Trade-Related Aspects of International Property Rights (TRIPS):与贸易有关的知识产权协定Para 4signatory (signatories):签署各国intend:打算set up a worldwide trading organization:建立世界贸易组织in the event:最后(eventually)reach an understanding: 达成一致意见(not) increase tariffs beyond their existing level:增加的关税不超过现在的水平Abolition:废除most favored nation:最惠国trading privileges:贸易特权extend:扩展;延伸systems of preferences:优惠系统;特惠系统Commonwealth Preference:英联邦关税特惠制trading blocs:贸易集团establishment:建立common-market type agreements:共同市场协定EC:abbr. 欧共体(European Community)Outward -looking:外向型的Insular:adj.内向型的;海岛的, 孤立的, 超然物外的abolish quotas:废除配额Kennedy Round:肯尼迪回合account for about 80% of international trade:占….. Para. 5emphasis: 重点;强调shift:转换;转移the north-south dialogue:南北对话conduct:进行;实行the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD):联合国贸易与发展会议primary commodities:初级商品discriminate (against):歧视protectionist policy:贸易保护主义政策freer access to markets:更自由进入市场的机会WTO Agreements:世贸协定Part 1expansion:扩充governing:控制;调节cover:包括global exchange of goods:全球商品交易capital:资本multi-national organization:多国贸易(be) capable of:能….resolve: 解决trade conflicts:贸易冲突;贸易争端play a key role:发挥关键性的作用settle trade disputes:解决贸易争端at its heart:起核心作用legal:法定的ground-rules:章程essentially:本质上bind governments to keep their trade policies:约束各国政府保持贸易政策不变within agreed limits:已经过协议的范围内as negotiated and signed governments:作为经过谈判和签署协议的各国政府objective:目标;目的achieve:实现tolerance:宽容generosity:大度impartial means of settling trade disputes:公正解决贸易争端的办法overriding purpose:最重要的目的undesirable side effects:不希望发生的副作用obstacles:障碍ensure:确保;保证individuals:个体transparent:透明的readily:容易地ascertainable:确定的predictable:可预见的protectionism:贸易保护主义bloated:膨胀的inefficient:低效率的closure:关闭draft:草拟drafted and signed by community of trading nations: 由各贸易国共同草拟和签署的considerable debate:充分的辩论controversy:争论function:作用forum:论坛Part 2dispute settlement:解决争端conflicting interest:利益冲突bring actions on its own initiative:独自采取行动initiate actions:采取行动dispute settlement process:解决争端程序spell out:讲清除;详细说明Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes:解决争端规则和程序的谅解govern:管理;统治;控制dispute settlement body:解决争端机构a special assembly:立法机构consultation:磋商interested third-parties:有利益关系的第三当事人the establishment of a panel:建立专家组investigate:调查alleged violations:对违反…的指控appellate review:上诉审查Appellate Body:上诉机构adoption of the panel: 采纳专家意见appellate decision by the Dispute Settlement Body:解决争端机构的上诉裁决implementation of the decision adopted:执行所采纳的裁决escalating:逐步上升的;循序渐进的three-step process:三个步骤voluntary conformity:自愿一致the violating member: 侵害方compensation:赔偿the injured member:被侵害方trade concessions:贸易让步;妥协accomplish:实现retaliation:报复arbitration:仲裁Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization:建立世界贸易组织协定Part 3antidumping: 反倾销imposition:强加impositionof antidumping:强加反倾销(报复) countervailing measures:抵销措施;补偿措施fair value:公平价值dumping: 倾销recognize:公认prohibit:禁止an established industry:已有的工业materially:从物质上inhibit:抑制;约束domestic industry:国内工业provide: 规定impose:强行征税antidumping duty:反倾销税in appropriate circumstances:在适当的情况下outline:概述subsidy:津贴;补助金bounty:津贴bestow:给予artificially cheaper:人为造成的便宜emerging industries: 新兴工业a member nation: 成员国a countervailing duty:反倾销税;反补贴税offset:抵销Part 4lengthy and complex:漫长而复杂的legal texts:法律文本cover a wide range of activities:涉及范围广government purchases: 政府采购food sanitation regulations:食品卫生规则intellectual property:知识产权fundamental principles:基本原则run throughout all of these documents:应用与所有文件worldwide, multilateral trading system:全世界多边贸易系统states v. :规定discrimination:歧视discriminate:歧视grante:准予;承认most-favoured-nation (MFN) status:最惠国地位national treatment (国民待遇)freer:更自由的prediatable:可以预见的arbitrarily:任意地;随意地more competitive:更据竞争性的discouraging: 打击market share:市场份额beneficial:受益的flexibility:灵活性special privileges:特权Part 6cost-free: 免费的;不付出代价的attain:获得applicant:申请者go through:经过existing members:现有成员国prospective members:申请加入的国家engage in some painful reforms:进行一些难度很大的改革curb export subsidies(subsidy):控制;抑制enforcement of laws:强制执行法律intellectual property piracy:侵犯知识产权的行为1.2 Globalization1.2.1.globalization:全球化globe: 地球;世界integrated:综合的a more integrated and interdependent world economy:更加综合和相互依赖的世界经济components:成分;因素the globalization of markets:全球化市场the globalization of production:全球化生产1.2.1.1the merging of historically distinct and separate national markets into one huge global marketplace:从过去的明显的单一国内市场融汇为一个巨大的全球市场the taste and preference:品味和偏好converge on a global norm:汇聚为一个全球标准Citicorp credit cards:花旗银行信用卡Levi’s jeans:Levi’s 牛仔服Sony Walkmans and Discmans:Nintendo game players:任天堂游戏机hold up:认为prototypical:典型的trend:趋势Levi Strauss:一公司名(Levi’s strauss 牛仔裤) benefactor: 贡献者;恩人;捐助者facilitator:推动者standardized product:标准化产品the size of these multinational giants:跨国公司规模facilitate: 推动;促进triple:增至三倍account for:占target emerging markets:瞄准新兴市场close to: nearlyPart 2prevalence:流行Sony PlayStations:索尼游戏站push too far: (将某事)过分扩大give way to:让位于….significant:重要的relevant dimensions:相关方面distribution channels:销售渠道culturally embedded value systems:根深帝固的文化价值观念marketing strategy:营销策略and the like: and so onoperating practice: 操作习惯customize:为用户定制best match conditions in a country:最好地与当地国家的情况相适应promote: 开发varying car models:不同的汽车类型a range of factors:一系列的因素traffic congestion:交通拥堵Part 3currently:目前;现在universal need the world over: 全球性的需要the world over:all over the worldcommodity: 商品aluminum:铝microprocessor:微型处理器DRAMs: computer memory chips:电脑存储芯片commercial jet aircraft:商用喷气式飞机financial assets:金融资产US Treasury bills:美国短期债券,偿还期一般为三到六个月futures on the Nikkei Index:日经期货指数the Nikkei Index 东京证券交易所Eurobonds: 欧洲债券Mexican peso:墨西哥比索Part 4an important feature:特点;特征confront:面对;对抗competitor:竞争对手in nation after nation:一个又一个国家rivalry:竞争rival: 对手Pepsi:百事可乐Ford:美国福特汽车公司Toyota:丰田汽车Boeing:波音公司Air-bus:空中客车Caterpillar:公司名Komatsu:公司名Nintendo:任天堂Sony:索尼gain an advantage:取得优势homogeneity:同质:同种multinational enterprise:跨国企业emerge:出现convergence:集中homogeneous:相似的;同类的1.2.1.2 The Globalization of Production tendency: 趋向source:寻找(search for)take advantage of national differences:利用国家之间的不同in the cost and quality:在成本与质量方面factors of production:生产要素overall cost structure:全部成本结构functionality:功能major component parts:主要零件supplier:供应商fuselage, doors and wings:机身,机门和机翼the nose landing gear:飞机起落架wing flaps: 副翼;阻力板rationale:基本原理outsource: 外购;外包perform:从事;做enhance: 提高;增强Part 2dispersal:分散get into the act:参加;插手Swan Optical: 公司名(a company)manufacturer:制造商distributor:销售商eyewear:眼镜revenue:收入jointly: 共同的minority stake:少数股份locations:地方(places)designer eyewear:设计师的眼镜charge a premium price: 获取保险费溢价disperse:分散competitive advantage:竞争优势exemplify:例证;作为…例子irrelevant:不恰当的;不相关的the outsourcing of productive activities:外购(外包)的生产活动substantial:很大的;重要的impediment:障碍optimal dispersion:理想的分散(生产活动)Part 3travel down the road toward…:go toward…characterized by…以…为特点important actors in this drama:这个舞台上的重要演员foster:促进merely:onlyrespond: 相应;回应1.2.2. Implications for the Globalization of Production decline: 下降Implications for International Business:国际贸易的含义due to:由于containerization:集装箱化transportation cost:运输成本associated with…:与…有关technological innovation:技术革新information processing:数据处理;信息处理fall dramatically:很大的下降in the past two decades:在过去的二十年里essential:重要的Texas Instrument (TI): a firm in the US approximately:大约coordinate:管理;协调on a global scale:在全球的范围内remote entry terminals:远程终端inquiry terminals: 查询终端mainframe computers:大型计算机vast:大量的instantaneously:瞬间的;立刻的implement:实现Part 2electronic:电子的Hewlett-Packard: a US firm(be) composed of:由…组成videoconferencing technology:视频会议技术on a weekly basis:每周一次的via: 通过by way ofintegration:综合管理1.22.2Implications for the Globalization of Markets facilitate:推动economical:节约的;经济的mass movement of people:(人们)大量移动cultural distance:文化差距bring about:使…产生convergence:集中consumer tastes and preferences:消费品味和偏好CNN: 美国有限新闻网络primary conveyor:主要载体evolution:发展;演变akin:类似的emergence:出现Rio (巴西)里约热内卢Berlin:柏林Gap jeans:一种牛仔服品牌San Francisco:旧金山Part 4 overemphasize:过分强调usher in:引领conduct:做;操作ignore:忽视peril:危险。
商务英语阅读上册unit (1)_OK
You'd expect nothing less from the man who turned a tiny c ompany called Blue Ribbon Sports into Nike Corp., a multibillio n-dollar enterprise and a household name. With a net worth of $ 5.3 billion, Knight ranks sixth on Forbes's latest list of the richest Americans. Blue Ribbon Sports cleared $3,240 in its first year, 19 64. In fiscal year 1996, Nike's revenue hit $6.5 billion (with $550 million in income). Nowadays Nike has become a $12 billion glo bal business, selling apparel and equipment with an ever wider ra nge of shoes. "In a very short period of time, Phil Knight create d one of the greatest American commerce stories of the 20th cen tury," says sports agent David Falk.
商务英语阅读第一册上Unit
商务英语阅读第一册上Unit的PPT大纲是一个包括了很多重要主题的全面指南, 旨在帮助学习者有效地掌握商务英语的阅读和沟通技巧。
Introduction to Business English Reading
1 Mastering Reading Skills
Learn essential techniques and strategies for effective business English reading.
Learn essential business vocabulary and idiomatic expressions for effective communication in professional settings.
Idioms in Context
Explore idiomatic expressions commonly used in business English and understand their appropriate usage.
3
Writing for Different Audiences
Adapt your writing style and tone to effectively communicate with diverse business stakeholders.
Writing Business Emails and Memos
Etiquette and Formality
Understand the etiquette and formalities involved in writing business emails and memos.
商务英语阅读第一册上U
Business Contract Reading
To ensure compliance with terms and conditions
Identify the parties involved and their roles
Key Points in Reading a Business Contract
Vocabulary Building
Active Learning
Expand your vocabulary by learning common business terms, vocabulary, and phrases used in different business contexts
Definition
Business English is a specialized subset of English used in business and commercial contexts It encompassed the language of international trade, finance, marketing, management, and other business related fields
Purpose of Reports To provide information about a project or topic
To make recommendations for future actions
Business Report Reading
To document processes or procedures
02
Fundamentals of Business English
商务英语阅读1-3
Business EnglishExtensive Reading (1)商务英语阅读(1)Ⅰ. Reading ComprehensionPart One :Directions: Choose the correct answers according to the information given from the passeges. Read the passages through carefully before making your choices. Please mark the corresponding leter for each item on Answer Sheet.Passage One: Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.Consumers are being confused and misled by the hodge-podge (大杂烩) of environmental claims made by household products, according to a ―green labeling‖ study published by Consumers International Friday .Among the report’s more outrageous (令人无法容忍的) findings—a German fertilizer described itself as ― earthworm friendly‖, a brand of flour said it was ―no n-polluting‖ and a British toilet paper claimed to be ―environmentally friendlier‖.The study was written and researched by Britain’s National Consumer Council (NCC) for lobby group Consumer International. It was funded by the German and Dutch governments and the European Commission.― While many good and useful claims are being made, it is clear there is a long way to go in ensuring shoppers are adequately informed about the environmental impact of products they buy,‖ said Consumers International director Anna Fielder .The 10-country study surveyed product packaging in Britain. Western Europe, Scandinavia and the United States. It found that products sold in Germany and the United Kingdom made the most environmental claims on average.The report focused on claims made by specific products , such as detergent (洗涤剂), insect sprays and by some garden products . It did not test the claims, but compared them to labeling guidelines set by the International Standards Organization (ISO) in September, 1999.Researchers documented claims of environmental friendliness made by about 2,000 products and found many too vague or too misleading to meet ISO standards.―Many products had specially-designed labels to make them seem environmentally friendly, but in fact ma ny of these symbols mean nothing,‖ said report researcher Philip Page.―Laundry detergents made the most number of claims with 158. Household cleaners were second with 145 separate claims, while paints were third on our list with 73. The high numbers show how very confusing it must be for consumers to sort the true from the misleading.‖ he said.The ISO labeling standards ban vague or misleading claims on product packaging, because terms such as ―environmentally friendly‖ and ―non-polluting‖ cannot be verified. ―What we are now pushing for is to have multinational corporations meet the standards set by the ISO.‖ said Page.1. According to the passage, the NCC found it outrageous that ______A) all the products surveyed claim to meet ISO standardsB) the claims made by products are often unclear or deceivingC) consumers would believe many of the manufactures’ claimD) few products actually prove to be environment friendly2. As indicated in this passage , with so many good claims , the consumers ___A) are becoming more cautious about the products they are going to buyB) are still not willing to pay more for products with green labelingC) are becoming more aware of the effects different products have on the environmentD) still do not know the exact impact of different products on the environment3. A study was carried out by Britain’s NCC to _______A) find out how many claims made by products fail to meet environmental standardsB) inform the consumers of the environmental impact of the products they buyC) examine claims made by products against ISO standardsD) revise the guidelines set by the International Standards Organization4. What is one of the consequences caused by the many claims of household products?A) They are likely to lead to serious environmental problemsB) Consumers find it difficult to tell the true from the falseC) They could arouse widespread anger among consumerD) Consumers will be tempted to buy products they don’t need5. It can be inferred from the passage that the lobby group Consumer International wants to ____.A) make product labeling satisfy ISO requirementsB) see all household products meet environmental standardsC) warn consumers of the danger of so-called green productsD) verify the efforts of non-polluting productsPassage Two Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.Is there enough oil beneath the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (保护区) (ANWR) to help secure America’s energy future ? President Bush certainly th inks so. He has argued that drilling ANWR’s oil would help ease California’s electricity crisis and provide the country’s energy independence. But no one knows for sure how much crude oil lies buried beneath the frozen earth with the last government survey, conducted in 1998, projecting output anywhere from 3 billion to 16 billion barrels.The oil industry goes with the high end of the range---16 billion barrels, which could equal as much as 10% of U.S. consumption for as long as six years. By pumping more than 1 million barrels a day from the reserve for the next two three decades, lobbyists claim, the nation could cut back on imports equivalent to all shipments to the U.S. from Saudi Arabia. Sounds good. An oil boom would also mean a multibillion-dollar windfall(意外之财)in tax revenues, royalties(开采权使用费)and leasing fees for Alaska and the Federal Government. Best of all, advocates of drilling say, damage to the environment would be insignificant . ―We’ve never had a document case of oil rig chasing deer out onto the pack ice.‖ says Alaska State Representative Scott Ogan .Not so fast, say environmentalists. Sticking to the low end of government estimates---3 billion barrels, environmentalists says there may be no more than 3.2 billion barrels of economically recoverable oil in the coastal plain of ANWR, a drop in the bucket that would do virtually nothing to ease America’s energy problems. And consumers would wait up to a decade to gain any benefits, because drilling could begin only after much bargaining over leases, environmental permits and regulatory review. As for ANWR’s impact on the California power crisis, environmentalists point out that oil is responsible for only 1% of the Golden State’s electricity output –and just 3% of the nation’s.6. What does President Bush think of drilling oil in ANWR?A) It will exhaust the nation’s oil reserves.B) It will help secure the future of ANWR.C) It will help reduce the nation’s oil importsD) It will increase America’s energy consumption7. We learn from the second paragraph that the American oil industry _______A) believes that drilling for oil in ANWR will produce high outputB) tends to exaggerate America’s reliance on foreign oilC) shows little interest in tapping oil in ANWRD) expects to stop oil imports from Saudi Arabia8. Environmentalists argue that _________A) it can cause serious damage to the environmentB) it can do little to solve U.S. energy problemsC) it will drain the oil reserves in the Alaskan regionD) it will not have much commercial value9. What do the envi ronmentalists mean by saying ―Not so fast‖ (Line 1, Para .3)?A) Oil exploitation takes a short time C) Don’t be too optimisticB) The oil drilling should not be delayed D) Don’t e xpect lot of benefits.10. It can be learned from the passage that oil exploitation beneath ANWR’s frozen earth ______.A) remains an unsettled problem C) involves a lot of technological problemsB) is expected to get under way soon D) will enable the U.S. to be oil independentPart Two : Directions:In this part,you will have 1 5 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet .For questions 1—7,markY(for YES)if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;N(for NO)if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage:’For questions 8--10,complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.PassportsIf you’ve ever traveled outside the United States,one of the most important tasks you had to complete before your trip was applying for a passport.A copy of your original birth certificate may suffice for short trips to Mexico or the Caribbean,say on a cruise (乘船游览).But,generally speaking,want to see the world,you have to have a passport—the only universally accepted form of identification.What Exactly Is a Passport and How Long Has It Been Around?Passports have been around in some form for hundreds of years.Governments learned long ago that an official document or certification—one that identified a traveler as a citizen or national with a right to protection while abroad and a right to return to the country of his citizenship – is a necessity.Passports,letters of transit and similar documents were used for centuries to allow individuals to travel safely in foreign lands,but the adoption of the passport by all nations is a development of the 19th and,20th centuries.According to State Department historians,except for brief periods-during wartime,passports were not generally required for travel abroad and few obstacles were presented by foreign states' passport requirements until after1914.An executive order made on Dec.15,1915,required every person entering or leaving the United States to have a valid passport.In the United States,passports are issued upon application to U.S.citizens by the State Department and its 13 passport agencies in major cities,by the clerks of federal and certain state courts,certain designated (指定的)post offices and by U.S.consular authorities abroad.The passport is required for both departure from and re-entry to the United States.It is valid for 10years for adults and five years for people under 18.A U.S.passport cannot simply be renewed but must be completely replaced when it expires.Applying for a PassportYou can find passport applications at any regional passport agency or at designated post offices or clerk of court offices.Today,you can even download and print your own passport applications.However,you still have to go in person to apply for your first passport.You should apply for your passport several months in advance of your planned departure,making sure you fill in the dates of your upcoming trip in the appropriate place on the application.If you'll need visas from foreign embassies,allow more time.As a rule,it takes about 25 business days to process your passport application and get the document sent to you.Something to think about:Lines are longest at passport agencies from January to July,resulting in longer waiting times for applicants.You might want to avoid the crowds by applying through a nearby clerk of court or post office that accepts passport applications.The passport agency processes expedited (加快)passports within three working days from receipt of the application.If you choose not to pay for overnight mail,you should receive your passport in 7—10 business days.You can also expedite passport renewal2 and you can do it by mail.Does Everybody Have to Apply in Person?The State Department’s Passport Agency says you must apply in person for a U.S.passport if you meet any of the following descriptions:You are 13 or older and are applying for a U.S.passport for the first time.Your previous passport was lost or stolen.Your previous passport has expired and was issued more than 12 years ago.You are applying for a passport for a child under age 12.Applying in PersonApplying for a passport is not really difficult—it just requires following very specific rules.Follow these steps and you’ll have all your bases covered:1.Complete application Form DSP.11一but Do NOT sign the form until you are instructed to do so by the passport agent.2.Present proof of U.S.citizenship:Previous U.S.passportCertified birth certificate issued by the city,county or state.Consular report of birth abroadNaturalization certificateCertificate of citizenshipOne more thing:Even though your Social Security card is not required by the passport application,it does ask for your Social Security number.What Happens to My Passport Application After I Submit It?If you apply at a passport acceptance facility,like the post office,the same day that youapply,your application will be sent:to Passport Services for processing,and you will receive your passport by first class mail within six weeks.If you apply at a passport agency,you will receive your passport within five weeks by first class mail.Your passport will be sent to the mailing address you provided on your application.How Much Will My Passport Cost?When you consider its importance and how long it lasts,a passport:is a pretty good deal.For routine services,passports for adults 1 6 and older cost$60.Those age 15 and younger pay a total of $40.If you were born outside the United States and your citizenship has not yet been determined or if the passport agent considers your case ―complex,‖ getting a passport will cost more.As we discussed earlier,expediting an application will also cost more.Can I Have My Old Passport Back?Yes! Most people view their passports as important memorabilia and are eager to get them back.That’s why your previous passport,marked ―canceled,‖ will be returned to you with your new one.Lost or Stolen PassportLosing your passport --especially if you’re in a foreign country --can be scary.It’s the most important item you carry with you,so:it’s best to keep it someplace secure.Another safety measure you can take is to make two photocopies of the photo ID page of your passport.Leave one at home with family or friends and keep the other in a different place from your passport,perhaps buried in the bottom of checked luggage.This could make all the difference in getting you on your flight home in the event that your passport is lost or stolen.It also makes getting it replaced much easier.You’ll want to report the loss of your passport as ―soon as possible.You can actually report a lost or stolen passport at the same time you apply for the new one.At that time.you will submit,a DSP-64,―Statement Regarding Lost or Stolen Passport‖ form.You’ll also need to fill out a Form DSP.11 passport application and submit it in person along with appropriate documentation and fees,to your nearest passport acceptance facility.1.A passport is the only universally accepted form of identification around the world.2.In the United Sates,the passport is valid for 10 years for people under 18.3.If you are over 13 and are applying for a U.S.passport for the first time,you have to apply in person.4.It is very difficult to apply for a passport as it requires many specific rules.5.For routine services,passports for adults 16 and older cost more than those age 15 and younger.6.In fact,you cannot report a lost passport and apply for a new one at the same time.7.This passage mainly deals with the history of passports.8.According to ________made on Dec.15,1915,every person entering or leaving the United States is required to have a valid passport.9.Normally,it takes ________ or so to process your passport application and get the document sent to you.10.Your passport will be sent to ________ you provided on your application.Ⅱ. CloseDirections: In this section, there is a passage with 10 blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the blank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding leter for each item on Answer Sheet. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Attention to detail is something everyone can and should do especially in a tight job market.Bob Crossley,a human-resources-expert,notices this in the job applications that come __1__ his desk everyday.―Some candidates don’t bother to spell the company’s name correctly.Once I see a mistake,I __2__the candidate.‖ Crossley concludes.―If they cannot take care of these details,why should we trust them with a job?‖Can we pay too much attention to details? Absolutely.Perfectionists struggle over little things at the __3__of something larger they work toward.―To keep from losing the forest for the trees,‖says Charles Garfield,__4__ professor at the University of Califomia,―we must constantly ask ourselves how the details we’re working on fit into the larger picture.If they don’t,we should __5__ them and move to something else.‖Garfield compares this process to his work at NASA.“The ApolloⅡmoon launch was slightly off-course 90 percent of the time,”says Garfield.“But a successful landing was still __6__because we knew the exact coordinates of our goal.This allowed us to make adjustments as__7__.”Knowing where we want to go helps us judge the importance of every task we __8__.Too often we believe what __9__ for others’ success is some special secret or a lucky break.But rarely is success so mysterious.Again and again,we see that by doing little things within our grasp well,large rewards__10__.A) associate B) vice C) undertake D) explains E) necessaryF) drop G) eliminate H) payment I) follow J) acrossK)along L) accounts M) cost N) usual O) likelyⅢ. Word ExerciseDirections: Complete each of the following sentences with a suitable word. The first letter anmd the Chinese meaning are given. Please write the missing letters for each item on Answer Sheet. 1.Modern business is well organized and operates smoothly. B_______ (商业)supplies the foodyou eat, the clothes you wear, the home you live in, and many other goods and services.2.Business means different things to different people. It means producing goodsthrough farming or some other industry. Or it means buying and selling m________(商品).3.E_________(企业) such as the grocery store, the bus line, and the bank arereadily identified as being in business.4.Goods that everyone must have, such as food, clothes and shelter,are calledn_________(必需品).5.For the i________(投资者), business provides ways to put his funds to work.6.D_________(分配) is the total process of moving, handling and storing goods onthe way from producers to consumers.7.M_________(营销) is the process of planning and executing the conception,pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to createexchanges.8.As you continue touring your community, the b______(广告牌) on highways orstreets are encouraging you to ―Try 7 Up‖ or ― Visit Disneyland‖.9.P_______(主要) buying motives cause a customer to select one service ratherthan another.10.Business today is very c________(有竞争力的). There are many businesses thatsell similar products and services.Ⅳ. TranslationDirections:Please translation the following sentences into Chinese. Write the Chinese version on the Answer Sheet.1.Customers will not purchase a product or service until they are convinced that theywill benefit from owning that product or service.2. College campuses are attracting students from all social classes despite the rapidlyrising cost of higher education.3. Not all activities in which work is involved are classed as business. If moneypayment is required, the activity is business.4.Business manager want to hire people who are creative, who work well withothers, and who contribute to the success of their business.5. Once consumers have used a product or seen it advertised, it moves from theunknown to the known category, and the probability of its being purchased is increased.。
商务英语阅读1-1
Business EnglishExtensive Reading (1)商务英语阅读(1)Ⅰ. Reading ComprehensionPart One : Directions: Choose the correct answers according to the information given from the passeges. Read the passages through carefully before making your choices. Please mark the corresponding leter for each item on Answer Sheet.Passage One: Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.The popularity in North America is Iceberg Water, a leading brand of bottled water, which is harvested from icebergs off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada.Arthur Wiesenberger, who carries the title Water Master, is one of the few water critics in North America.As a boy,he spent time in the larger cities of Italy,France and Switzerland, where bottled water is consumed daily.Even then,he kept a water journal,writing down the brands he liked best.“My dog could tell the difference between bottled and tap water,”he says.But is plain tap water a11 that bad? Not at a11.In fact, New York’s municipal water for more than 100 years was recently considered among the best in the world in terms of both taste and purity.Similarly,a magazine in England found that tap water tasted better than several leading brands of bottled water.Nevertheless,soft-drink companies view bottled water as the next battle-ground for market share.As diners thirst for leading brands, soft-drink companies and restaurants salivate(垂涎)over the profits.A restaurant’s typical mark-up on wine is 100 to 150 percent, whereas on bottled water it's often 300 to 500 percent.As a result some restaurants are selling bottled water.According to an article in The Wall Street Journal, some of the more shameless tactics include placing attractive bottles on the table for a visual sell,listing brands on the menu without prices,and pouring bottled water without even asking the diners if they want itRegardless of how it's sold,the popularity of bottled water bring us better health and purity. 注意:此部分试题请在答题卡上作答。
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第2单元 出口、进口与对等贸易辨认出口机会出口面临的一个最大障碍就是信息的匮乏。
通常一个公司的产品会有许多需求市场,不过由于许多需求市场都不在本国,基于文化、语言、距离以及时间的不同,公司很难找到这些需求市场。
事实上全世界有180多个国家,各个国家之间又有很大的文化差异,这些使得辨认出口机会更加困难了。
面对这样复杂以及多样化的市场,企业很多时候在寻找出口伙伴时显得优柔寡断也就不足为奇了。
国际比较克服出口信息不对称的办法就是尽可能的搜集信息。
我们先以德国为例。
德国有一些贸易协会、政府代理商以及商业银行为企业牵线搭桥,帮一些小公司寻找出口机会。
日本也有类似这样的商业机构,譬如日本国际工商业会社,总是积极地帮出口商寻找出口机会。
此外,日本许多公司都是综合商社的分公司。
综合商社是日本特有的综合贸易公司,由于办事处遍布全世界,它能够积极不断地为大大小小的分公司提供各种出口信息。
日本、德国公司的一个最大优势就是能够为他们的出口企业搜集到世界各地的技术经验、出口信息以及其他资源。
与德国、日本那些竞争对手相比,美国的许多企业在寻找出口机会时就显得有些盲目,在信息搜集上处于劣势。
这种差异一部分是历史上的原因。
长期以来日本、德国都把对外贸易作为支柱产业,而美国一直到近期还是一个相对自给型的国家,对外贸易在美国经济当中只占据很小的一部分。
虽然近两年美国对外贸易在国内经济当中的分量比20年前重了许多,然而美国依然没有一个类似于日本或者德国那样的商业机构帮助出口企业搜集信息。
信息来源尽管美国处于劣势,美国企业也在不断提高搜寻出口机会的意识。
美国商务部及其在全国各地的办公室是美国最大的出口信息源,其下属的两个独立机构——国际贸易局、美国对外商业服务中心都致力于为企业提供智力援助并且积极地帮助企业拓展海外市场。
他们为潜在出口商提供一份“光辉前程”名单,名单上列出了某种行业海外市场潜在经销商的名称、地址及联系方式。
此外,美国商务部专门成立了一个针对海外14个主要出口市场的“比较购物服务”中心。
企业缴纳很少的费用就可以获得一份某产品目标市场的顾客调查报告,报告不仅提供该产品海外市场的可销售性,而且对竞争者、比较价格、营销渠道以及可能的销售代表人员都作了详尽的描述。
调查报告是由美国商务部的官员进行实地考察而得出的。
商务部还会组织一些贸易活动帮助潜在出口商与外界接触,拓展海外市场。
在一些大城市举办的国际贸易展览会上,美国商务部也会组织出口企业参展。
另外,美国商务部还帮助企业牵线搭桥,商务部会派出代表陪同企业家到海外结交一些资深的代理商、经销商以及顾客。
不仅是商务部,几乎每一个州甚至一些大城市也都与那些促进企业出口的商会保持着紧密地联系。
因为大部分的商会都能为企业提供咨询服务、出口信息、技术支持以及资金援助。
然而不幸的是,有不少商会由于财政预算缩减、政治的争权夺势以及其他出口机构的财政支持而无力做下去。
许多私营组织也开始为可能的出口商提供越来越多的援助。
最明显的是,商业银行以及一些主要的会计公司比起10年前更愿意资助小公司开展出口业务,甚至那些曾经在全球成功运作的跨国公司也乐意与小公司的老板或经营者商讨海外出口的机会。
进出口融资为了应付国际贸易中可能出现的一个特别尖锐的问题:当一个人必须与陌生人做生意时,彼此双方都缺少应有的信任,在过去的几个世纪里逐渐形成了进出口融资的机制。
这一节我们来看一下在国际贸易环境中为了解决这一问题应运而生的金融工具:信用证、汇票、提单。
接着我们再来看一个典型的进出口交易所经历的14个步骤。
缺乏信任贸易公司面临的一个最棘手的问题就是必须得相信一个素昧谋面的陌生人,那个人可能住在另一个国家,讲另一种语言,遵循一种截然不同的法律制度。
最关键的是如果这个人违约,将很难追究其责任。
举个例子来讲,美国一公司出口一批货物给法国某经销商。
美国商人担心,如果在收到进口商货款前就将货物发送的话,进口商有可能在接到货物之后拒绝付款。
相应地,法国进口商想,如果在货物发送之前就交付货款的话,美方有可能拿到钱不发货或者发次品。
双方在空间、语言以及文化上的距离使任何一方都不能完全地相信对方。
而且由于缺少完善的国际法规敦促合同的履行,买卖双方更是互不信任。
这样各方都倾向于选择那种有利于自己的交易方式。
为了确保进口方付款,美国出口公司的经理希望法国公司先交付货款,然后美国公司再装运货物。
而法国公司为了确保能收到满意的货物,希望美国公司先发送货物,然后法国公司再付款。
由于买卖双方有各自不同的选择偏好,除非使用某种方法使双方建立诚信,否则进出口交易很难发生。
图2—1 美国出口商的选择偏好图2—2 法国进口商的选择偏好引入双方都信任的第三方——通常是信誉比较好的银行——这个问题即可得到解决。
进出口交易流程如图2—3:法国公司向一家信誉比较好的银行申请得到其代表法国公司保证付款的承诺。
这个承诺就是我们通常所说的信用证。
见到信用证后,美国出口公司向法国公司发货,并将产品的所有权凭证即提单提交给银行要求银行付款。
银行收到符合信用证要求的文件后付款。
出口人要求银行付款的文件被称作汇票。
如果银行相信法国进口公司的资信情况,那么银行付款后即可将货物所有权转交给法国进口公司。
按照银行与法国进口公司之间的协议规定,若干天后,法国公司将货款交付银行。
下面我们具体看一下这一流程是如何运作的。
图2—3 引入第三方信用证信用证,缩写为L/C,是国际贸易中的主要支付工具。
在进口商的要求下由银行开具的信用证规定在受益人提交特定具体规定的文件后立即向其支付一定的金额。
我们仍以美国出口公司和法国进口公司的进出口交易为例。
法国进口公司向当地银行,比如巴黎银行,申请开具信用证。
巴黎银行对法国这家公司进行资信调查后,如果对其资信情况满意,将会按照申请人的要求开出信用证并要求申请人在其银行存入一定数量的现金或其他形式的抵押物。
另外,巴黎银行还会要求申请人缴纳一定数额的服务费,通常是信用证金额的0.5%~2%。
具体比例还要取决于进口商的资信度以及交易的金额(一般是交易额越大,比例越小)。
假如巴黎银行对法国进口公司的资信情况满意并同意为其开具信用证。
信用证规定只要美国出口公司根据具体的操作要求和条件运送了货物,巴黎银行即向美国出口公司支付货款。
此时信用证是美国出口公司与巴黎银行之间的一份经济契约。
巴黎银行把信用证寄给美国出口公司的当地银行,比如纽约银行。
纽约银行收到信用证后通知美国出口公司。
美国商人见到信用证后即可装运货物,并且按照信用证上写明的付款人开出以巴黎银行为付款人的汇票,随附货运单据提交给纽约银行要求付款。
纽约银行将相关单据转交给巴黎银行。
如果单据与信用证的要求相符,巴黎银行承兑汇票并且把货款交给纽约银行。
纽约银行收到货款后再转交给美国出口公司。
巴黎银行可以在付款后立即向法国进口公司索要货款,也可以允许进口商在汇票到期前借单提货,待汇票到期时再付清货款。
这种情况在进口商是中间商而不是货物的最终消费者时非常常见。
这样可以帮助进口商周转资金。
当然巴黎银行要将拖延期内的货款当作对法国进口商的贷款,要求进口商支付一定数额的利息。
这一案例中信用证的最大优势在于虽然法国进口商和美国出口商彼此不信任,但是有了双方都相信的信誉较好的银行,双方生意合作即可进行。
美国出口公司见到信用证后就相信货款有了保证,从而可以放心地向进口商发货,而且信用证还可以帮助出口商获得出口前的融资便利。
比如纽约银行见到信用证后将会同意借款给出口商用以出口商品的生产、采购和装运。
这笔钱可以在出口公司收到付款后再还给银行。
对于进口商而言,使用信用证的好处是可以让其在收到所有单据并且一一满足信用证的要求时再支付货款。
缺点是他得向银行支付一定金额的服务费用。
此外,信用证是以进口商为借方的金融负债,这将降低其用于其他用途的借款能力。
汇票汇票是一种在国际贸易中通常用以实现付款的文件。
汇票是出口商要求进口商或其代理机构在某一确定时间支付某一确定金额的书面支付命令。
在美国出口公司与法国进口公司这一案例中,出口商开出一张汇票要求巴黎银行即进口商的代理机构支付货款。
开具汇票的个人或工商企业被称作开票人(此例中为美国出口商),汇票被提示并被要求付款的人是汇票的受票人(此例中即是巴黎银行)。
国际贸易中通常使用汇票进行贸易结算,这与国内贸易的结算方式不同。
国内贸易中卖方将货物以账户方式发货,开出一张商业发票表明货物名称和应付货款。
国内贸易中买方不必签署一份正式的文件声明他(她)的付款义务即可获得货物的所有权,而在国际贸易中由于买卖双方缺乏应有的信任,买方需要在收到货物之前先付款或出具一份正式文件承诺付款。
汇票分为两类:即期汇票和远期汇票。
即期汇票是指在提示或见票时需立即付款的汇票。
远期汇票允许在一定时期,通常是30天、60天、90天或120天后付款。
受票人接到汇票后在其表面书写或者是盖上“承兑”字样表示承担到期付款的责任和承诺行为。
远期汇票一经承兑即变成承兑方的一份支付承诺。
当一张汇票以银行为付款人并经银行承兑之后被称作银行承兑汇票。
以商业企业为付款人所承兑的远期汇票被称作商业承兑汇票。
远期汇票是可以议付的法律文件,也就是说汇票一经承兑,持票人可以按票面价值折价卖给投资者。
再回到我们的例子中,假设美国出口公司与法国出口公司签订合同规定出口商通过纽约银行将远期汇票交给巴黎银行,要求其见票承兑后120天付款。
巴黎银行见票承兑远期汇票,假设汇票金额是100 000美元。
出口商可以持有汇票等到120天后到银行兑付100 000美元,或者他还可以把承兑汇票按照票面价值折价卖给投资商,比如说是纽约银行。
如果市场上的折价率是7%,那么出口商现在将其卖掉即可获得96 500美元(年折价率是7%那么100 000美元120天折价3 500美元,100 000美元-3 500美元=96 500美元),而纽约银行可以在120天后从巴黎银行支取汇票的全额100 000美元。
如果出口商需要加速资金周转或者急需填补债务空缺,他通常会选择提前出售远期承兑汇票。
提单国际贸易当中与资金相关的第三个重要文件是提单。
提单是货物承运人签发给出口人的单据。
它有三个作用:收据、合同及货物所有权凭证。
作为收据,提单表示承运人收到了单据表面所表明的货物。
作为合同,提单明确规定了承运人的责任——提供运输服务、托运人的义务——支付承运人一定数额的运费。
作为物权凭证,提单可以用来收取货款或者在货物交给进口商之前获得一份书面付款承诺。
另外,提单可供出口商的当地银行在货物运抵进口商的过程中及进口商最终付款之前作为应收货款的担保物。
典型的国际贸易交易现在我们已经回顾了国际贸易交易当中所涉及的所有元素,现在我们仍以美国出口商向法国进口商出口为例来看一下在一个典型的对外贸易交易中,整个流程是如何运作的。