Distribution of large-scale detachment faults on mid-ocean ridges in relation to spreading rates
SPSS术语中英文对照
SPSS术语中英文对照【常用软件】SPSS术语中英文对照Absolute deviation, 绝对离差Absolute number, 绝对数Absolute residuals, 绝对残差Acceleration array, 加速度立体阵Acceleration in an arbitrary direction, 任意方向上的加速度Acceleration normal, 法向加速度Acceleration space dimension, 加速度空间的维数Acceleration tangential, 切向加速度Acceleration vector, 加速度向量Acceptable hypothesis, 可接受假设Accumulation, 累积Accuracy, 准确度Actual frequency, 实际频数Adaptive estimator, 自适应估计量Addition, 相加Addition theorem, 加法定理Additivity, 可加性Adjusted rate, 调整率Adjusted value, 校正值Admissible error, 容许误差Aggregation, 聚集性Alternative hypothesis, 备择假设Among groups, 组间Amounts, 总量Analysis of correlation, 相关分析Analysis of covariance, 协方差分析Analysis of regression, 回归分析Analysis of time series, 时间序列分析Analysis of variance, 方差分析Angular transformation, 角转换ANOVA （analysis of variance）, 方差分析ANOVA Models, 方差分析模型Arcing, 弧/弧旋Arcsine transformation, 反正弦变换Area under the curve, 曲线面积AREG , 评估从一个时间点到下一个时间点回归相关时的误差ARIMA, 季节和非季节性单变量模型的极大似然估计Arithmetic grid paper, 算术格纸Arithmetic mean, 算术平均数Arrhenius relation, 艾恩尼斯关系Assessing fit, 拟合的评估Associative laws, 结合律Asymmetric distribution, 非对称分布Asymptotic bias, 渐近偏倚Asymptotic efficiency, 渐近效率Asymptotic variance, 渐近方差Attributable risk, 归因危险度Attribute data, 属性资料Attribution, 属性Autocorrelation, 自相关Autocorrelation of residuals, 残差的自相关Average, 平均数Average confidence interval length, 平均置信区间长度Average growth rate, 平均增长率Bar chart, 条形图Bar graph, 条形图Base period, 基期Bayes' theorem , Bayes定理Bell-shaped curve, 钟形曲线Bernoulli distribution, 伯努力分布Best-trim estimator, 最好切尾估计量Bias, 偏性Binary logistic regression, 二元逻辑斯蒂回归Binomial distribution, 二项分布Bisquare, 双平方Bivariate Correlate, 二变量相关Bivariate normal distribution, 双变量正态分布Bivariate normal population, 双变量正态总体Biweight interval, 双权区间Biweight M-estimator, 双权M估计量Block, 区组/配伍组BMDP(Biomedical computer programs), BMDP统计软件包Boxplots, 箱线图/箱尾图Breakdown bound, 崩溃界/崩溃点Canonical correlation, 典型相关Caption, 纵标目Case-control study, 病例对照研究Categorical variable, 分类变量Catenary, 悬链线Cauchy distribution, 柯西分布Cause-and-effect relationship, 因果关系Cell, 单元Censoring, 终检Center of symmetry, 对称中心Centering and scaling, 中心化和定标Central tendency, 集中趋势Central value, 中心值CHAID -χ2 Automatic Interac tion Detector, 卡方自动交互检测Chance, 机遇Chance error, 随机误差Chance variable, 随机变量Characteristic equation, 特征方程Characteristic root, 特征根Characteristic vector, 特征向量Chebshev criterion of fit, 拟合的切比雪夫准则Chernoff faces, 切尔诺夫脸谱图Chi-square test, 卡方检验/χ2检验Choleskey decomposition, 乔洛斯基分解Circle chart, 圆图Class interval, 组距Class mid-value, 组中值Class upper limit, 组上限Classified variable, 分类变量Cluster analysis, 聚类分析Cluster sampling, 整群抽样Code, 代码Coded data, 编码数据Coding, 编码Coefficient of contingency, 列联系数Coefficient of determination, 决定系数Coefficient of multiple correlation, 多重相关系数Coefficient of partial correlation, 偏相关系数Coefficient of production-moment correlation, 积差相关系数Coefficient of rank correlation, 等级相关系数Coefficient of regression, 回归系数Coefficient of skewness, 偏度系数Coefficient of variation, 变异系数Cohort study, 队列研究Column, 列Column effect, 列效应Column factor, 列因素Combination pool, 合并Combinative table, 组合表Common factor, 共性因子Common regression coefficient, 公共回归系数Common value, 共同值Common variance, 公共方差Common variation, 公共变异Communality variance, 共性方差Comparability, 可比性Comparison of bathes, 批比较Comparison value, 比较值Compartment model, 分部模型Compassion, 伸缩Complement of an event, 补事件Complete association, 完全正相关Complete dissociation, 完全不相关Complete statistics, 完备统计量Completely randomized design, 完全随机化设计Composite event, 联合事件Composite events, 复合事件Concavity, 凹性Conditional expectation, 条件期望Conditional likelihood, 条件似然Conditional probability, 条件概率Conditionally linear, 依条件线性Confidence interval, 置信区间Confidence limit, 置信限Confidence lower limit, 置信下限Confidence upper limit, 置信上限Confirmatory Factor Analysis , 验证性因子分析Confirmatory research, 证实性实验研究Confounding factor, 混杂因素Conjoint, 联合分析Consistency, 相合性Consistency check, 一致性检验Consistent asymptotically normal estimate, 相合渐近正态估计Consistent estimate, 相合估计Constrained nonlinear regression, 受约束非线性回归Constraint, 约束Contaminated distribution, 污染分布Contaminated Gausssian, 污染高斯分布Contaminated normal distribution, 污染正态分布Contamination, 污染Contamination model, 污染模型Contingency table, 列联表Contour, 边界线Contribution rate, 贡献率Control, 对照Controlled experiments, 对照实验Conventional depth, 常规深度Convolution, 卷积Corrected factor, 校正因子Corrected mean, 校正均值Correction coefficient, 校正系数Correctness, 正确性Correlation coefficient, 相关系数Correlation index, 相关指数Correspondence, 对应Counting, 计数Counts, 计数/频数Covariance, 协方差Covariant, 共变Cox Regression, Cox回归Criteria for fitting, 拟合准则Criteria of least squares, 最小二乘准则Critical ratio, 临界比Critical region, 拒绝域Critical value, 临界值Cross-over design, 交叉设计Cross-section analysis, 横断面分析Cross-section survey, 横断面调查Crosstabs , 交叉表Cross-tabulation table, 复合表Cube root, 立方根Cumulative distribution function, 分布函数Cumulative probability, 累计概率Curvature, 曲率/弯曲Curvature, 曲率Curve fit , 曲线拟和Curve fitting, 曲线拟合Curvilinear regression, 曲线回归Curvilinear relation, 曲线关系Cut-and-try method, 尝试法Cycle, 周期Cyclist, 周期性D test, D检验Data acquisition, 资料收集Data bank, 数据库Data capacity, 数据容量Data deficiencies, 数据缺乏Data handling, 数据处理Data manipulation, 数据处理Data processing, 数据处理Data reduction, 数据缩减Data set, 数据集Data sources, 数据来源Data transformation, 数据变换Data validity, 数据有效性Data-in, 数据输入Data-out, 数据输出Dead time, 停滞期Degree of freedom, 自由度Degree of precision, 精密度Degree of reliability, 可靠性程度Degression, 递减Density function, 密度函数Density of data points, 数据点的密度Dependent variable, 应变量/依变量/因变量Dependent variable, 因变量Depth, 深度Derivative matrix, 导数矩阵Derivative-free methods, 无导数方法Design, 设计Determinacy, 确定性Determinant, 行列式Determinant, 决定因素Deviation, 离差Deviation from average, 离均差Diagnostic plot, 诊断图Dichotomous variable, 二分变量Differential equation, 微分方程Direct standardization, 直接标准化法Discrete variable, 离散型变量DISCRIMINANT, 判断Discriminant analysis, 判别分析Discriminant coefficient, 判别系数Discriminant function, 判别值Dispersion, 散布/分散度Disproportional, 不成比例的Disproportionate sub-class numbers, 不成比例次级组含量Distribution free, 分布无关性/免分布Distribution shape, 分布形状Distribution-free method, 任意分布法Distributive laws, 分配律Disturbance, 随机扰动项Dose response curve, 剂量反应曲线Double blind method, 双盲法Double blind trial, 双盲试验Double exponential distribution, 双指数分布Double logarithmic, 双对数Downward rank, 降秩Dual-space plot, 对偶空间图DUD, 无导数方法Duncan's new multiple range method, 新复极差法/Duncan新法Effect, 实验效应Eigenvalue, 特征值Eigenvector, 特征向量Ellipse, 椭圆Empirical distribution, 经验分布Empirical probability, 经验概率单位Enumeration data, 计数资料Equal sun-class number, 相等次级组含量Equally likely, 等可能Equivariance, 同变性Error, 误差/错误Error of estimate, 估计误差Error type I, 第一类错误Error type II, 第二类错误Estimand, 被估量Estimated error mean squares, 估计误差均方Estimated error sum of squares, 估计误差平方和Euclidean distance, 欧式距离Event, 事件Event, 事件Exceptional data point, 异常数据点Expectation plane, 期望平面Expectation surface, 期望曲面Expected values, 期望值Experiment, 实验Experimental sampling, 试验抽样Experimental unit, 试验单位Explanatory variable, 说明变量Exploratory data analysis, 探索性数据分析Explore Summarize, 探索-摘要Exponential curve, 指数曲线Exponential growth, 指数式增长EXSMOOTH, 指数平滑方法Extended fit, 扩充拟合Extra parameter, 附加参数Extrapolation, 外推法Extreme observation, 末端观测值Extremes, 极端值/极值F distribution, F分布F test, F检验Factor, 因素/因子Factor analysis, 因子分析Factor Analysis, 因子分析Factor score, 因子得分Factorial, 阶乘Factorial design, 析因试验设计False negative, 假阴性False negative error, 假阴性错误Family of distributions, 分布族Family of estimators, 估计量族Fanning, 扇面Fatality rate, 病死率Field investigation, 现场调查Field survey, 现场调查Finite population, 有限总体Finite-sample, 有限样本First derivative, 一阶导数First principal component, 第一主成分First quartile, 第一四分位数Fisher information, 费雪信息量Fitted value, 拟合值Fitting a curve, 曲线拟合Fixed base, 定基Fluctuation, 随机起伏Forecast, 预测Four fold table, 四格表Fourth, 四分点Fraction blow, 左侧比率Fractional error, 相对误差Frequency, 频率Frequency polygon, 频数多边图Frontier point, 界限点Function relationship, 泛函关系Gamma distribution, 伽玛分布Gauss increment, 高斯增量Gaussian distribution, 高斯分布/正态分布Gauss-Newton increment, 高斯-牛顿增量General census, 全面普查GENLOG (Generalized liner models), 广义线性模型Geometric mean, 几何平均数Gini's mean difference, 基尼均差GLM (General liner models), 一般线性模型Goodness of fit, 拟和优度/配合度Gradient of determinant, 行列式的梯度Graeco-Latin square, 希腊拉丁方Grand mean, 总均值Gross errors, 重大错误Gross-error sensitivity, 大错敏感度Group averages, 分组平均Grouped data, 分组资料Guessed mean, 假定平均数Half-life, 半衰期Hampel M-estimators, 汉佩尔M估计量Happenstance, 偶然事件Harmonic mean, 调和均数Hazard function, 风险均数Hazard rate, 风险率Heading, 标目Heavy-tailed distribution, 重尾分布Hessian array, 海森立体阵Heterogeneity, 不同质Heterogeneity of variance, 方差不齐Hierarchical classification, 组内分组Hierarchical clustering method, 系统聚类法High-leverage point, 高杠杆率点HILOGLINEAR, 多维列联表的层次对数线性模型Hinge, 折叶点Histogram, 直方图Historical cohort study, 历史性队列研究Holes, 空洞HOMALS, 多重响应分析Homogeneity of variance, 方差齐性Homogeneity test, 齐性检验Huber M-estimators, 休伯M估计量Hyperbola, 双曲线Hypothesis testing, 假设检验Hypothetical universe, 假设总体Impossible event, 不可能事件Independence, 独立性Independent variable, 自变量Index, 指标/指数Indirect standardization, 间接标准化法Individual, 个体Inference band, 推断带Infinite population, 无限总体Infinitely great, 无穷大Infinitely small, 无穷小Influence curve, 影响曲线Information capacity, 信息容量Initial condition, 初始条件Initial estimate, 初始估计值Initial level, 最初水平Interaction, 交互作用Interaction terms, 交互作用项Intercept, 截距Interpolation, 内插法Interquartile range, 四分位距Interval estimation, 区间估计Intervals of equal probability, 等概率区间Intrinsic curvature, 固有曲率Invariance, 不变性Inverse matrix, 逆矩阵Inverse probability, 逆概率Inverse sine transformation, 反正弦变换Iteration, 迭代Jacobian determinant, 雅可比行列式Joint distribution function, 分布函数Joint probability, 联合概率Joint probability distribution, 联合概率分布K means method, 逐步聚类法Kaplan-Meier, 评估事件的时间长度Kaplan-Merier chart, Kaplan-Merier图Kendall's rank correlation, Kendall等级相关Kinetic, 动力学Kolmogorov-Smirnove test, 柯尔莫哥洛夫-斯米尔诺夫检验Kruskal and Wallis test, Kruskal及Wallis检验/多样本的秩和检验/H检验Kurtosis, 峰度Lack of fit, 失拟Ladder of powers, 幂阶梯Lag, 滞后Large sample, 大样本Large sample test, 大样本检验Latin square, 拉丁方Latin square design, 拉丁方设计Leakage, 泄漏Least favorable configuration, 最不利构形Least favorable distribution, 最不利分布Least significant difference, 最小显著差法Least square method, 最小二乘法Least-absolute-residuals estimates, 最小绝对残差估计Least-absolute-residuals fit, 最小绝对残差拟合Least-absolute-residuals line, 最小绝对残差线Legend, 图例L-estimator, L估计量L-estimator of location, 位置L估计量L-estimator of scale, 尺度L估计量Level, 水平Life expectance, 预期期望寿命Life table, 寿命表Life table method, 生命表法Light-tailed distribution, 轻尾分布Likelihood function, 似然函数Likelihood ratio, 似然比line graph, 线图Linear correlation, 直线相关Linear equation, 线性方程Linear programming, 线性规划Linear regression, 直线回归Linear Regression, 线性回归Linear trend, 线性趋势Loading, 载荷Location and scale equivariance, 位置尺度同变性Location equivariance, 位置同变性Location invariance, 位置不变性Location scale family, 位置尺度族Log rank test, 时序检验Logarithmic curve, 对数曲线Logarithmic normal distribution, 对数正态分布Logarithmic scale, 对数尺度Logarithmic transformation, 对数变换Logic check, 逻辑检查Logistic distribution, 逻辑斯特分布Logit transformation, Logit转换LOGLINEAR, 多维列联表通用模型Lognormal distribution, 对数正态分布Lost function, 损失函数Low correlation, 低度相关Lower limit, 下限Lowest-attained variance, 最小可达方差LSD, 最小显著差法的简称Lurking variable, 潜在变量Main effect, 主效应Major heading, 主辞标目Marginal density function, 边缘密度函数Marginal probability, 边缘概率Marginal probability distribution, 边缘概率分布Matched data, 配对资料Matched distribution, 匹配过分布Matching of distribution, 分布的匹配Matching of transformation, 变换的匹配Mathematical expectation, 数学期望Mathematical model, 数学模型Maximum L-estimator, 极大极小L 估计量Maximum likelihood method, 最大似然法Mean, 均数Mean squares between groups, 组间均方Mean squares within group, 组内均方Means (Compare means), 均值-均值比较Median, 中位数Median effective dose, 半数效量Median lethal dose, 半数致死量Median polish, 中位数平滑Median test, 中位数检验Minimal sufficient statistic, 最小充分统计量Minimum distance estimation, 最小距离估计Minimum effective dose, 最小有效量Minimum lethal dose, 最小致死量Minimum variance estimator, 最小方差估计量MINITAB, 统计软件包Minor heading, 宾词标目Missing data, 缺失值Model specification, 模型的确定Modeling Statistics , 模型统计Models for outliers, 离群值模型Modifying the model, 模型的修正Modulus of continuity, 连续性模Morbidity, 发病率Most favorable configuration, 最有利构形Multidimensional Scaling (ASCAL), 多维尺度/多维标度Multinomial Logistic Regression , 多项逻辑斯蒂回归Multiple comparison, 多重比较Multiple correlation , 复相关Multiple covariance, 多元协方差Multiple linear regression, 多元线性回归Multiple response , 多重选项Multiple solutions, 多解Multiplication theorem, 乘法定理Multiresponse, 多元响应Multi-stage sampling, 多阶段抽样Multivariate T distribution, 多元T分布Mutual exclusive, 互不相容Mutual independence, 互相独立Natural boundary, 自然边界Natural dead, 自然死亡Natural zero, 自然零Negative correlation, 负相关Negative linear correlation, 负线性相关Negatively skewed, 负偏Newman-Keuls method, q检验NK method, q检验No statistical significance, 无统计意义Nominal variable, 名义变量Nonconstancy of variability, 变异的非定常性Nonlinear regression, 非线性相关Nonparametric statistics, 非参数统计Nonparametric test, 非参数检验Nonparametric tests, 非参数检验Normal deviate, 正态离差Normal distribution, 正态分布Normal equation, 正规方程组Normal ranges, 正常范围Normal value, 正常值Nuisance parameter, 多余参数/讨厌参数Null hypothesis, 无效假设Numerical variable, 数值变量Objective function, 目标函数Observation unit, 观察单位Observed value, 观察值One sided test, 单侧检验One-way analysis of variance, 单因素方差分析Oneway ANOVA , 单因素方差分析Open sequential trial, 开放型序贯设计Optrim, 优切尾Optrim efficiency, 优切尾效率Order statistics, 顺序统计量Ordered categories, 有序分类Ordinal logistic regression , 序数逻辑斯蒂回归Ordinal variable, 有序变量Orthogonal basis, 正交基Orthogonal design, 正交试验设计Orthogonality conditions, 正交条件ORTHOPLAN, 正交设计Outlier cutoffs, 离群值截断点Outliers, 极端值OVERALS , 多组变量的非线性正规相关Overshoot, 迭代过度Paired design, 配对设计Paired sample, 配对样本Pairwise slopes, 成对斜率Parabola, 抛物线Parallel tests, 平行试验Parameter, 参数Parametric statistics, 参数统计Parametric test, 参数检验Partial correlation, 偏相关Partial regression, 偏回归Partial sorting, 偏排序Partials residuals, 偏残差Pattern, 模式Pearson curves, 皮尔逊曲线Peeling, 退层Percent bar graph, 百分条形图Percentage, 百分比Percentile, 百分位数Percentile curves, 百分位曲线Periodicity, 周期性Permutation, 排列P-estimator, P估计量Pie graph, 饼图Pitman estimator, 皮特曼估计量Pivot, 枢轴量Planar, 平坦Planar assumption, 平面的假设PLANCARDS, 生成试验的计划卡Point estimation, 点估计Poisson distribution, 泊松分布Polishing, 平滑Polled standard deviation, 合并标准差Polled variance, 合并方差Polygon, 多边图Polynomial, 多项式Polynomial curve, 多项式曲线Population, 总体Population attributable risk, 人群归因危险度Positive correlation, 正相关Positively skewed, 正偏Posterior distribution, 后验分布Power of a test, 检验效能Precision, 精密度Predicted value, 预测值Preliminary analysis, 预备性分析Principal component analysis, 主成分分析Prior distribution, 先验分布Prior probability, 先验概率Probabilistic model, 概率模型probability, 概率Probability density, 概率密度Product moment, 乘积矩/协方差Profile trace, 截面迹图Proportion, 比/构成比Proportion allocation in stratified random sampling, 按比例分层随机抽样Proportionate, 成比例Proportionate sub-class numbers, 成比例次级组含量Prospective study, 前瞻性调查Proximities, 亲近性Pseudo F test, 近似F检验Pseudo model, 近似模型Pseudosigma, 伪标准差Purposive sampling, 有目的抽样QR decomposition, QR分解Quadratic approximation, 二次近似Qualitative classification, 属性分类Qualitative method, 定性方法Quantile-quantile plot, 分位数-分位数图/Q-Q图Quantitative analysis, 定量分析Quartile, 四分位数Quick Cluster, 快速聚类Radix sort, 基数排序Random allocation, 随机化分组Random blocks design, 随机区组设计Random event, 随机事件Randomization, 随机化Range, 极差/全距Rank correlation, 等级相关Rank sum test, 秩和检验Rank test, 秩检验Ranked data, 等级资料Rate, 比率Ratio, 比例Raw data, 原始资料Raw residual, 原始残差Rayleigh's test, 雷氏检验Rayleigh's Z, 雷氏Z值Reciprocal, 倒数Reciprocal transformation, 倒数变换Recording, 记录Redescending estimators, 回降估计量Reducing dimensions, 降维Re-expression, 重新表达Reference set, 标准组Region of acceptance, 接受域Regression coefficient, 回归系数Regression sum of square, 回归平方和Rejection point, 拒绝点Relative dispersion, 相对离散度Relative number, 相对数Reliability, 可靠性Reparametrization, 重新设置参数Replication, 重复Report Summaries, 报告摘要Residual sum of square, 剩余平方和Resistance, 耐抗性Resistant line, 耐抗线Resistant technique, 耐抗技术R-estimator of location, 位置R估计量R-estimator of scale, 尺度R估计量Retrospective study, 回顾性调查Ridge trace, 岭迹Ridit analysis, Ridit分析Rotation, 旋转Rounding, 舍入Row, 行Row effects, 行效应Row factor, 行因素RXC table, RXC表Sample, 样本Sample regression coefficient, 样本回归系数Sample size, 样本量Sample standard deviation, 样本标准差Sampling error, 抽样误差SAS(Statistical analysis system ), SAS统计软件包Scale, 尺度/量表Scatter diagram, 散点图Schematic plot, 示意图/简图Score test, 计分检验Screening, 筛检SEASON, 季节分析Second derivative, 二阶导数Second principal component, 第二主成分SEM (Structural equation modeling), 结构化方程模型Semi-logarithmic graph, 半对数图Semi-logarithmic paper, 半对数格纸Sensitivity curve, 敏感度曲线Sequential analysis, 贯序分析Sequential data set, 顺序数据集Sequential design, 贯序设计Sequential method, 贯序法Sequential test, 贯序检验法Serial tests, 系列试验Short-cut method, 简捷法Sigmoid curve, S形曲线Sign function, 正负号函数Sign test, 符号检验Signed rank, 符号秩Significance test, 显著性检验Significant figure, 有效数字Simple cluster sampling, 简单整群抽样Simple correlation, 简单相关Simple random sampling, 简单随机抽样Simple regression, 简单回归simple table, 简单表Sine estimator, 正弦估计量Single-valued estimate, 单值估计Singular matrix, 奇异矩阵Skewed distribution, 偏斜分布Skewness, 偏度Slash distribution, 斜线分布Slope, 斜率Smirnov test, 斯米尔诺夫检验Source of variation, 变异来源Spearman rank correlation, 斯皮尔曼等级相关Specific factor, 特殊因子Specific factor variance, 特殊因子方差Spectra , 频谱Spherical distribution, 球型正态分布Spread, 展布SPSS(Statistical package for the social science), SPSS统计软件包Spurious correlation, 假性相关Square root transformation, 平方根变换Stabilizing variance, 稳定方差Standard deviation, 标准差Standard error, 标准误Standard error of difference, 差别的标准误Standard error of estimate, 标准估计误差Standard error of rate, 率的标准误Standard normal distribution, 标准正态分布Standardization, 标准化Starting value, 起始值Statistic, 统计量Statistical control, 统计控制Statistical graph, 统计图Statistical inference, 统计推断Statistical table, 统计表Steepest descent, 最速下降法Stem and leaf display, 茎叶图Step factor, 步长因子Stepwise regression, 逐步回归Storage, 存Strata, 层（复数）Stratified sampling, 分层抽样Stratified sampling, 分层抽样Strength, 强度Stringency, 严密性Structural relationship, 结构关系Studentized residual, 学生化残差/t化残差Sub-class numbers, 次级组含量Subdividing, 分割Sufficient statistic, 充分统计量Sum of products, 积和Sum of squares, 离差平方和Sum of squares about regression, 回归平方和Sum of squares between groups, 组间平方和Sum of squares of partial regression, 偏回归平方和Sure event, 必然事件Survey, 调查Survival, 生存分析Survival rate, 生存率Suspended root gram, 悬吊根图Symmetry, 对称Systematic error, 系统误差Systematic sampling, 系统抽样Tags, 标签Tail area, 尾部面积Tail length, 尾长Tail weight, 尾重Tangent line, 切线Target distribution, 目标分布Taylor series, 泰勒级数Tendency of dispersion, 离散趋势Testing of hypotheses, 假设检验Theoretical frequency, 理论频数Time series, 时间序列Tolerance interval, 容忍区间Tolerance lower limit, 容忍下限Tolerance upper limit, 容忍上限Torsion, 扰率Total sum of square, 总平方和Total variation, 总变异Transformation, 转换Treatment, 处理Trend, 趋势Trend of percentage, 百分比趋势Trial, 试验Trial and error method, 试错法Tuning constant, 细调常数Two sided test, 双向检验Two-stage least squares, 二阶最小平方Two-stage sampling, 二阶段抽样Two-tailed test, 双侧检验Two-way analysis of variance, 双因素方差分析Two-way table, 双向表Type I error, 一类错误/α错误Type II error, 二类错误/β错误UMVU, 方差一致最小无偏估计简称Unbiased estimate, 无偏估计Unconstrained nonlinear regression , 无约束非线性回归Unequal subclass number, 不等次级组含量Ungrouped data, 不分组资料Uniform coordinate, 均匀坐标Uniform distribution, 均匀分布Uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimate, 方差一致最小无偏估计Unit, 单元Unordered categories, 无序分类Upper limit, 上限Upward rank, 升秩Vague concept, 模糊概念Validity, 有效性VARCOMP (Variance component estimation), 方差元素估计Variability, 变异性Variable, 变量Variance, 方差Variation, 变异Varimax orthogonal rotation, 方差最大正交旋转Volume of distribution, 容积W test, W检验Weibull distribution, 威布尔分布Weight, 权数Weighted Chi-square test, 加权卡方检验/Cochran检验Weighted linear regression method, 加权直线回归Weighted mean, 加权平均数Weighted mean square, 加权平均方差Weighted sum of square, 加权平方和Weighting coefficient, 权重系数Weighting method, 加权法W-estimation, W估计量W-estimation of location, 位置W估计量Width, 宽度Wilcoxon paired test, 威斯康星配对法/配对符号秩和检验Wild point, 野点/狂点Wild value, 野值/狂值Winsorized mean, 缩尾均值Withdraw, 失访Youden's index, 尤登指数Z test, Z检验Zero correlation, 零相关Z-transformation, Z变换。
希夏邦马峰地区岗布锂辉石伟晶岩的发现及其指示意义
２０２４／０４０（０５）：１４８９ １５０９ＡｃｔａＰｅｔｒｏｌｏｇｉｃａＳｉｎｉｃａ 岩石学报ｄｏｉ：１０．１８６５４／１０００ ０５６９／２０２４．０５．１０胡方泱，蒲浩澜，郭钊等．２０２４．希夏邦马峰地区岗布锂辉石伟晶岩的发现及其指示意义．岩石学报，４０（０５）：１４８９－１５０９，ｄｏｉ：１０．１８６５４／１０００－０５６９／２０２４．０５．１０希夏邦马峰地区岗布锂辉石伟晶岩的发现及其指示意义胡方泱１ 蒲浩澜２ 郭钊３ 刘谭杰３ 刘小驰３ 何少雄３ 吴福元３，４ＨＵＦａｎｇＹａｎｇ１，ＰＵＨａｏＬａｎ２，ＧＵＯＺｈａｏ３，ＬＩＵＴａｎＪｉｅ３，ＬＩＵＸｉａｏＣｈｉ３，ＨＥＳｈａｏＸｉｏｎｇ３ａｎｄＷＵＦｕＹｕａｎ３，４１ 中国科学院矿产资源研究重点实验室，中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所，北京 １０００２９２ 中国石油大学（北京），地球科学学院，北京 １０２２４９３ 岩石圈演化国家重点实验室，中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所，北京 １０００２９４ 中国科学院大学地球与行星科学学院，北京 １０００４９１ ＫｅｙＬａｂｏｒａｔｏｒｙｏｆＭｉｎｅｒａｌＲｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ，ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＧｅｏｌｏｇｙａｎｄＧｅｏｐｈｙｓｉｃｓ，ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ，Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ１０００２９，Ｃｈｉｎａ２ ＣｏｌｌｅｇｅｏｆＧｅｏｓｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ，ＣｈｉｎａＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｏｆＰｅｔｒｏｌｅｕｍ（Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ），Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ１０２２４９，Ｃｈｉｎａ３ ＳｔａｔｅＫｅｙＬａｂｏｒａｔｏｒｙｏｆＬｉｔｈｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃＥｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ，ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＧｅｏｌｏｇｙａｎｄＧｅｏｐｈｙｓｉｃｓ，ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ，Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ１０００２９，Ｃｈｉｎａ４ ＣｏｌｌｅｇｅｏｆＥａｒｔｈａｎｄＰｌａｎｅｔａｒｙＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ，ＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｏｆＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ，Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ１０００４９，Ｃｈｉｎａ２０２４ ０２ ０１收稿，２０２４ ０３ １６改回ＨｕＦＹ，ＰｕＨＬ，ＧｕｏＺ，ＬｉｕＴＪ，ＬｉｕＸＣ，ＨｅＳＸａｎｄＷｕＦＹ ２０２４ ＤｉｓｃｏｖｅｒｙｏｆｔｈｅＧａｎｇｂｕｓｐｏｄｕｍｅｎｅ ｂｅａｒｉｎｇｐｅｇｍａｔｉｔｅｉｎｔｈｅＳｈｉｓｈａＰａｎｇｍａｒｅｇｉｏｎａｎｄｉｔｓｇｅｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｃｅ．ＡｃｔａＰｅｔｒｏｌｏｇｉｃａＳｉｎｉｃａ，４０（５）：１４８９－１５０９，ｄｏｉ：１０．１８６５４／１０００ ０５６９／２０２４．０５．１０Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ Ｉｎｒｅｃｅｎｔｙｅａｒｓ，ｔｈｅｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈａｎｄｐｒｏｓｐｅｃｔｉｎｇｏｆＨｉｍａｌａｙａｎｒａｒｅｍｅｔａｌｍｉｎｅｒａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎｈａｖｅｍａｄｅｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｂｒｅａｋｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｓ，ｍａｋｉｎｇＨｉｍａｌａｙａａｎｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｒａｒｅｍｅｔａｌｍｉｎｅｒａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎｂｅｌｔｉｎＣｈｉｎａ Ｔｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒｒｅｐｏｒｔｓｔｈｅｆｉｒｓｔｏｕｔｃｒｏｐｄｉｓｃｏｖｅｒｙｏｆｓｐｏｄｕｍｅｎｅ ｂｅａｒｉｎｇｐｅｇｍａｔｉｔｅｉｎｔｈｅＳｈｉｓｈａＰａｎｇｍａｒｅｇｉｏｎ Ｔｈｅｏｕｔｃｒｏｐｐｅｄｓｐｏｄｕｍｅｎｅ ｂｅａｒｉｎｇｐｅｇｍａｔｉｔｅｌｏｃａｔｅｓｉｎｔｈｅＧａｎｇｂｕｒｅｇｉｏｎｏｎｔｈｅｎｏｒｔｈｅａｓｔｓｉｄｅｏｆＧｙｉｒｏｎｇｐｌｕｔｏｎ，ｓｅｐａｒａｔｉｎｇＴｓａｌｕｎｇｖａｌｌｅｙｏｆＧｙｉｒｏｎｇａｒｅａｂｙｔｈｅｍｏｕｎｔａｉｎｐｅａｋｓ ＴｈｅＧａｎｇｂｕｓｐｏｄｕｍｅｎｅ ｂｅａｒｉｎｇｐｅｇｍａｔｉｔｅｉｓａｎｏｔｈｅｒｌｉｔｈｉｕｍｏｒｅｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｎｃｅａｆｔｅｒｔｈｅｄｉｓｃｏｖｅｒｙｏｆｓｐｏｄｕｍｅｎｅ ｂｅａｒｉｎｇｐｅｇｍａｔｉｔｅａｔｔｈｅＱｕｎｇｇｙａＫａｎｇ（Ｐｕｓｉｌａ），Ｇａｂｏ，ＲａＣｈｕ，ａｎｄＫｕＣｈｕｒｅｇｉｏｎｓ ＣｏｎｓｉｄｅｒｉｎｇｔｈｅｍａｇｍａｉｎｔｈｅＴｓａｌｕｎｇｖａｌｌｅｙｏｆＧｙｉｒｏｎｇａｒｅａｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｉｎｇａｎｅｘｔｒｅｍｅｌｙｈｉｇｈｄｅｇｒｅｅｏｆｆｒａｃｔｉｏｎａｔｉｏｎ，ｔｈｅｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎｐａｒｔｏｆｔｈｅＧｙｉｒｏｎｇｐｌｕｔｏｎｓｈｏｕｌｄｈａｖｅａｎｅｘｃｅｌｌｅｎｔｐｒｏｓｐｅｃｔｆｏｒｒａｒｅｍｅｔａｌｍｉｎｅｒａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎ Ｔｈｅｍｉｎｅｒａｌｉｚｅｄｐｅｇｍａｔｉｔｅｉｎｔｒｕｄｅｄｉｎｔｏｔｈｅｍｅｔａｍｏｒｐｈｉｃｓｔｒａｔａ（ｂｉｏｔｉｔｅｓｃｈｉｓｔａｎｄｖｅｓｕｖｉａｎｉｔｅ ｂｅａｒｉｎｇｓｋａｒｎ）ａｔａｎａｌｔｉｔｕｄｅｏｆ５３００ｍ Ｔｈｅｓｐｏｄｕｍｅｎｅ ｂｅａｒｉｎｇｐｅｇｍａｔｉｔｅｃａｎｂｅｃｌａｓｓｉｆｉｅｄｉｎｔｏｔｗｏｔｙｐｅｓａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇｔｏｔｈｅｆｉｅｌｄｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｎｃｅ：ｏｎｅｉｓｔｈｅｓｔｒｏｎｇｌｙｄｅｆｏｒｍｅｄｐｅｇｍａｔｉｔｅ，ｗｈｉｃｈｉｓｓｔｒｏｎｇｌｙｍｙｌｏｎｉｔｉｚｅｄａｎｄｂｅｃｏｍｅｓｌｅｎｓｅｓｗｉｔｈｉｎｔｈｅｓｔｒａｔａ；ｔｈｅｏｔｈｅｒｉｓｔｈｅｗｅａｋｌｙｄｅｆｏｒｍｅｄｐｅｇｍａｔｉｔｅ，ｗｈｉｃｈｉｓｗｅａｋｌｙｄｅｆｏｒｍｅｄｗｉｔｈａｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅｌｙｌａｒｇｅｒｓｃａｌｅ，ｂｕｔｉｔｓｓｔｒｉｋｅｉｓｂｒｏａｄｌｙｐａｒａｌｌｅｌｔｏｔｈｅｂｅｄｄｉｎｇｐｌａｎｅ Ｃｏｍｂｉｎｅｄｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｍｅｔａｍｏｒｐｈｉｃａｎｄｄｅｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｏｆｔｈｅｓｔｒａｔａ，ｗｅｐｒｏｐｏｓｅｔｈａｔｔｈｉｓｉｓｔｈｅｌｏｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆｔｈｅＳｏｕｔｈＴｉｂｅｔａｎＤｅｔａｃｈｍｅｎｔＳｙｓｔｅｍ（ＳＴＤＳ）．Ｂｅｌｏｗｔｈｅｍｉｎｅｒａｌｉｚｅｄｐｅｇｍａｔｉｔｅ，ｔｏｕｒｍａｌｉｎｅ ｂｅａｒｉｎｇｇｒａｎｉｔｉｃｐｅｇｍａｔｉｔｅｔｈａｔｃｒｏｓｓ ｃｕｔｔｉｎｇｔｈｅｂｅｄｄｉｎｇａｎｄｂｅｒｙｌ ｂｅａｒｉｎｇｐｅｇｍａｔｉｔｅａｒｅｅｘｐｏｓｅｄａｔａｎａｌｔｉｔｕｄｅｏｆ５２００ｍ，ａｎｄｔｏｕｒｍａｌｉｎｅ ｍｕｓｃｏｖｉｔｅｇｒａｎｉｔｅｉｓｅｘｐｏｓｅｄａｔａｎａｌｔｉｔｕｄｅｏｆ５１００ｍ Ｔｈｅｄａｔｉｎｇｒｅｓｕｌｔｓｏｆｍｏｎａｚｉｔｅａｎｄｃｏｌｕｍｂｉｔｅ ｇｒｏｕｐｍｉｎｅｒａｌｓｓｈｏｗｔｈａｔｔｈｅａｇｅｏｆｔｈｅｔｏｕｒｍａｌｉｎｅ ｍｕｓｃｏｖｉｔｅｇｒａｎｉｔｅａｎｄｔｗｏ ｔｙｐｅｓｏｆｓｐｏｄｕｍｅｎｅ ｂｅａｒｉｎｇｐｅｇｍａｔｉｔｅｓａｒｅ２５Ｍａ，ａｎｄｔｈｅａｇｅｏｆｔｈｅｔｏｕｒｍａｌｉｎｅ ｂｅａｒｉｎｇｇｒａｎｉｔｉｃｐｅｇｍａｔｉｔｅｔｈａｔｃｕｔｔｉｎｇａｃｒｏｓｓｔｈｅｂｅｄｄｉｎｇｉｓ１７ ５Ｍａ ＴｈｅＭｎ＃［Ｍｎ／（Ｍｎ＋Ｆｅ）］ｖａｌｕｅｓｏｆｃｏｌｕｍｂｉｔｅ ｇｒｏｕｐｍｉｎｅｒａｌｓｉｎｔｈｅＧａｎｇｂｕｓｐｏｄｕｍｅｎｅ ｂｅａｒｉｎｇｐｅｇｍａｔｉｔｅｓａｒｅｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｌｙｈｉｇｈｅｒｔｈａｎｔｈｅｃｏｌｕｍｂｉｔｅ ｇｒｏｕｐｍｉｎｅｒａｌｓｉｎｔｈｅ１７ ５Ｍａｇｒａｎｉｔｉｃｐｅｇｍａｔｉｔｅ，ａｎｄａｒｅａｌｓｏｈｉｇｈｅｒｔｈａｎｔｈｅｃｏｌｕｍｂｉｔｅ ｇｒｏｕｐｍｉｎｅｒａｌｓｉｎｏｔｈｅｒｋｎｏｗｎｐｅｇｍａｔｉｔｅｓｉｎｔｈｅＨｉｍａｌａｙａｓ，ｉｎｄｉｃａｔｉｎｇｔｈａｔｔｈｅｐｅｇｍａｔｉｔｉｃｍａｇｍａｈｅｒｅｉｓｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅｌｙｆｌｕｏｒｉｎｅ ｒｉｃｈ ＴｈｅＧａｎｇｂｕｓｐｏｄｕｍｅｎｅ ｂｅａｒｉｎｇｐｅｇｍａｔｉｔｅｉｓｃｏｅｖａｌｗｉｔｈｔｈｅＱｕｎｇｇｙａＫａｎｇ（Ｐｕｓｉｌａ）ａｎｄＫｕＣｈｕｓｐｏｄｕｍｅｎｅ ｂｅａｒｉｎｇｐｅｇｍａｔｉｔｅｐｅｇｍａｔｉｔｅｓ，ｓｕｇｇｅｓｔｉｎｇｔｈａｔ～２５ＭａｉｓａｃｒｉｔｉｃａｌｌｉｔｈｉｕｍｍｉｎｅｒａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎｐｅｒｉｏｄｉｎｔｈｅＨｉｍａｌａｙａｎｂｅｌｔ，ｗｈｉｃｈｉｓｃｌｏｓｅｌｙｒｅｌａｔｅｄｔｏｔｈｅａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓｏｆｔｈｅＳＴＤＳ Ｓｐａｔｉａｌｌｙ，ｔｈｅ 本文受第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究项目（２０２２ＱＺＫＫ０２０３）、中国科学院战略性先导科技专项（ＸＤＡ０４３０１０１）和国家自然科学基金项目（９１７５５０００）联合资助第一作者简介：胡方泱，男，１９９１年生，博士，特聘副研究员，从事花岗岩成因与造山带演化研究，Ｅ ｍａｉｌ：ｈｕｆａｎｇｙａｎｇ＠ｍａｉｌ ｉｇｇｃａｓ ａｃ ｃｎｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｏｆｃｒｏｓｓ ｓｅｃｔｉｏｎｉｎｔｈｅＧａｎｇｂｕａｒｅｓｉｍｉｌａｒｔｏｔｈｏｓｅｉｎｔｈｅＱｕｎｇｇｙａＫａｎｇ（Ｐｕｓｉｌａ）ａｎｄｔｈｅＧａｂｏ，ｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｂｏｔｔｏｍｐａｒｔｏｆｔｈｅｃｒｏｓｓ ｓｅｃｔｉｏｎｂｅｉｎｇａｔｏｕｒｍａｌｉｎｅ ｂｅａｒｉｎｇｌｅｕｃｏｇｒａｎｉｔｅ，ｔｈｅｍｉｄｄｌｅｐａｒｔｂｅｉｎｇｂｅｒｙｌ ｂｅａｒｉｎｇｐｅｇｍａｔｉｔｅ，ａｎｄｔｈｅｔｏｐｏｆｃｒｏｓｓ ｓｅｃｔｉｏｎｂｅｉｎｇｓｐｏｄｕｍｅｎｅ ｂｅａｒｉｎｇｐｅｇｍａｔｉｔｅ Ｔｈｅｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｎｃｅｏｆｓｐｏｄｕｍｅｎｅ ｂｅａｒｉｎｇｐｅｇｍａｔｉｔｅｉｓｏｂｖｉｏｕｓｌｙｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｌｅｄｂｙｔｈｅＳＴＤＳ，ｗｈｉｃｈｒｅｆｌｅｃｔｓｔｈａｔｌｉｔｈｉｕｍｍｉｎｅｒａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎｉｓｓｐａｔｉａｌｌｙｃｏｈｅｒｅｎｔａｌｏｎｇｔｈｅｓｔｒｉｋｅｏｆｔｈｅＨｉｍａｌａｙａｎｂｅｌｔ ＳｕｃｈａｆａｃｔｉｓｏｆｇｒｅａｔｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｃｅｔｏｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇｔｈｅｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｅｘｐｌｏｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｒａｒｅｍｅｔａｌｓｍｉｎｅｒａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎｉｎｔｈｅＨｉｍａｌａｙａｎｂｅｌｔＫｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ Ｈｉｍａｌａｙａ；Ｎｙａｌａｍ；Ｇｙｉｒｏｎｇ；ｓｐｏｄｕｍｅｎｅ ｂｅａｒｉｎｇｐｅｇｍａｔｉｔｅ；ｒａｒｅ ｍｅｔａｌｅｌｅｍｅｎｔｓ摘 要 近年来，喜马拉雅稀有金属成矿的研究与找矿工作不断取得突破，使得喜马拉雅地区成为我国重要的稀有金属成矿带。
SPSS统计词汇
英汉统计学常用词汇(SPSS)Aabsolute deviation 绝对离差absolute residuals 绝对残差acceptable hypothesis 可接受假设acceptable region 接受域actual frequency 实际频数adaptive estimator 自适应估计量addition theorem 加法定理additivity 可加性adjusted R square 调整判别系数admissible error 容许误差alphafactorin g α因子提取法alternative hypothesis 备择假设among groups 组间analysis of correlation 相关分析analysis of covariance 协方差分析analysis of regression 回归分析BBayesian estimation Beyes估计bell-shaped curve 钟形曲线best-trim estimator 最好切尾估计量beta distribution β分布between groups 组间的between measures 重复测量间的bivariate 双变量的bivariate correlate 二变量相关biweight interval 双权区间biweight M-estimator 双权M估计量block 区组/配伍组boxplot 箱线图Ccanonical correlation 典型相关case-control study 病例对照研究categorical variable 分类变量Cauchy distribution 柯西分布centering and scaling 中心化和定标central tendency 集中趋势chance statistics 随机统计量chance variable 随机变量chi-square distribution 卡方分布chi-square statistics 卡方统计量chi-square test 卡方检验classified variable 分类变量coefficient of skewness 偏度系数coefficient of variation 变异系数communality variance 共性方差compare means 均值比较分析complete association 完全正相关concomitant variable 伴随变量conditional likelihood 条件似然conditional probability 条件概率confidence limit 置信限consistency check 一致性检验consistent estimate 一致估计contingency tables 列联表continuous variable 连续变量control charts 控制图controlled experiments 对照实验conventional depth 常规深度correction coefficient 校正系数critical point 临界点critical ratio 临界比cumulative probability 累计概率curvature 曲率cyclist 周期性Ddata capacity 数据容量data deficiencies 数据缺乏1data handling 数据处理data reduction 数据简化分析data transformation 数据变换degree of precision 精密度degree of reliability 可靠性程度density function 密度函数density of data points 数据点的密度derivative matrix 导数矩阵description 描述descriptive 描述性的deviation from average 离均差Df. Fit 拟合差值df(degree of freedom)自由度dichotomous variable 二分变量discriminant analysis 判别分析discriminant coefficient 判别系数disproportional 不成比例的dissimilarity 不相似性distribution shape 分布形状disturbance 随机扰动项double logarithmic 双对数Eeffect 实验效应effects of interaction 交互效应efficiency 有效性eigenvector 特征向量enumeration data 计数资料equal size 相等的数量error of estimate 估计误差error type Ⅰ第一类错误error type Ⅱ第二类错误estimation 估计量Euclidean distance 欧氏距离expectation plane 期望平面expectation surface 期望曲面expected value 期望值experimental sampling 试验抽样explanatory variable 解释变量explore Summarize 探索-摘要EXSMOOTH 指数平滑方法extended fit 扩充拟合extra parameter 附加参数extreme observation 末端观测值extreme value 极值Ffactor score 因子得分factorial designs 因子设计factorial experiment 因子试验failure rate 失效率family of estimators 估计量族fatality rate 病死率finite population 有限总体finite-sample 有限样本first derivative 一阶导数first quartile 第一四分位数Fisher information Fisher信息量fitting a curve 曲线拟合fixed model 固定模型fixed variable 固定变量fluctuation 随机起伏fourth 四分点fractional error 相对误差frequency polygon 频数多边图frontier point 界限点F-test F检验function 函数function relationship 泛函关系Ggamma distribution 伽玛分布general census 全面普查geometric mean几何均值Gini’s mean difference 基尼均差goodness-of-fit 拟合优度gross-error sensitivity 大错敏感度group averages 分组平均grouped data 分组资料grouped median 组中值growth curve 生长曲线Hhalf-life 半衰期happenstance 偶然事件harmonic mean 调和均值hazard function 风险均数hazard rate 风险率Hessian array Hessian立体阵Heterogeneity 不同质heterogeneity 不齐性HOMAIS 多重响应分析homogeneity of variance 方差齐性homogeneity test 齐性检验Huber M-estimators Huber M 估计量hyperbola 双曲线hypothesis 假设hypothesis test 假设检验hypothetical universe 假设总体Iimage factoring 典型因子提取法impossible event 不可能事件independent samples 独立样本independent variable 自变量indirect standardization 间接标准化法infinitely great 无穷大information capacity 信息容量interclass correlation 组内相关inter-item correlation 样本内相关interpolation 内插法interquartile range 四分位距interclass correlation 组间相关inverse matrix 逆矩阵item means 样本均值L large sample problem 大样本问题Latin square 拉丁方Latin square design 拉丁方设计Least-square estimation 最小二乘估计L-estimator of location 位置L估计量level of significance 显著性水平leverage value 中心化杠杆值life expectance 预期期望寿命life table 寿命表life table method 生命表法light-tailed distribution 轻尾分布likelihood function 似然函数likelihood ratio 似然比likelihood ratio test 似然比检验linear relation 线性关系linear trend 线性预测值loading 载荷location invariance 位置不变性log rank test 时序检验logarithmic scale 对数尺度logic check 逻辑检查logistic 逻辑的logistic distribution logistic分布logit model logit模型logit transformation logit转换logarithms 对数lost function 损失函数lower limit 下限MMahal Distance 马氏距离main effect 主效应maintainability 可维护度matched data 配对资料matched distribution 匹配分布matrix 矩阵maximum 最大值mean 均值mean difference 均值差值mean square 均方mean sum of square 均方和measure 度量median 中位数median lethal dose 半数致死量median polish 中位数平滑m-estimator M估计midpoint 中值model specification 模型的确定modeling statistics 型统计models for outliers 离群值模型modifying the model 模型的修正Monte Carle method 蒙特卡洛法multiple comparison 多重比较multiple correlation 多元相关系数multiple response 多重响应multiple response sets 多重响应集合multiple solutions 多解multiplication theorem 乘法定理multi-response 多元响应multi-stage sampling 多阶段抽样multivariate 多元的multivariate analysis 多元分析mutual exclusive 互不相容mutual independence 互相独立Nnegative correlation 负相关nominal variable 名义变量nonlinear regression 非线性相关nonlinear regression 非线性回归nonparamtric statistics 非参数统计nonparametric test 非参数检验normal distribution 正态分布normal P-P 正态P-P图normal probability 正态概率normal Q-Q 正态Q-Q图normal value 正常值null hypothesis 零假设Oobjective function 目标函数observation unit 观察单位observed value 观察值one sided test 单侧检验one-sample 单样本one-tailed test 单侧检验one-way classification 单因素分类order statistics 顺序统计量ordered categories 有序分类ordinal 序数ordinal variable 有序变量origin 原点orthogonal 正交的orthogonal design 正交试验设计Ppaired observations 成对观测数据paired design 配对设计paired sample 配对样本parametric statistics 参数统计Pearson curves Pearson曲线P-estimator P估计量pie chart 饼(圆)图Pitman estimator Pitman估计量pivot 枢轴量pivot table 枢轴表polynomial regression 多项式回归population 总体positive correlation 正相关posterior distribution 后验分布preliminary analysis 预备性分析probability 概率probability density 概率密度probability of F F显著性概率probit analysis 概率分析product moment 乘积矩/协方差QQ-Q Plot Q-Q概率图quadratic regression 二次多项式回归quadratic term 二次项quality control charts 质量控制图quantitative analysis 定量分析quartile 四分位数RR square 判别系数random 随机random event 随机事件random number 随机数random sampling 随机取样random variable 随机变量randomization 随机化rank statistic 秩统计量rank sum test 秩和检验rank test 秩检验ranked data 等级资料ratio analysis 比率分析raw data 原始资料Rayleigh's test 雷氏检验reciprocal 倒数reject region 拒绝域rejection point 拒绝点relative dispersion 相对离散度relative number 相对数reliability 可靠性reliability analysis 可靠性分析reliability test 可靠性检验report summaries 报告摘要residual 残差residual sum of square 残差平方和response 响应root mean square 均方根rotation 旋转row effects 行效应run test 游程检验S S. E.mean 均值的标准差S.E.of Kurtosis 峰度的标准差S.E.of Skewness 偏度的标准差sample size 样本容量sample space 样本空间sampling design 抽样设计sampling distribution 抽样分布sampling error 抽样误差sampling inspection 抽样检验scatter diagram 散点图schematic plot 示意图/简图score statistic 得分统计score test 计分检验sensitivity curve 敏感度曲线sequential analysis 贯序分析sequential data set 顺序数据集serial tests 系列试验series mean 系列均值sign test 符号检验signed rank 符号秩significance digits 有效数字significance test 显著性检验significant figure 有效数字similarity 相似性simple regression 简单回归skewed distribution 偏态分布skewness 偏度small sample problem 小样本问题Smirnov test Smirnov检验specific factor 特殊因子specific factor variance 特殊因子方差standard deviation 标准差standard error 标准误standard residual plots 标准化残差图standardize 标准化standardized coefficients标准化系数standardized residual 标准化残差statistics 统计学(量)、统计图表std.predicted value 标准预测值Std.residual 标准残差stem and leaf display 茎叶图step factor 步长因子stochastic models 随机模型stochastic process 随机过程survival 生存分析symmetry 对称systematic error 系统误差systematic sampling 系统抽样Ttest criterion 检验判据test for linearity 线性检验test of goodness of fit 拟和优度检验test of homogeneity 齐性检验test oh independence 独立性检验test rules 检验法则testing function 检验函数testing of hypotheses 假设检验theoretical frequency 理论频数time series 时间序列tolerance 容忍度tolerance interval 容忍区间tolerance limits 容限tolerance lower limit 容忍下限tolerance upper limit 容忍上限total sum of square 总平方和total variation 总变异transfer function 转换函数Uunbiased estimation 无偏估计unbiasedness 无偏性unequal size 不等含量unweight 不加权upper limit 上限upward rank 升秩Vvalidity 有效性value 数值value of estimator 计值variability 变异性variable 变量variance components 方差成分variance ratio 方差比variation 变异various 不同的vector 向量WWeibull distribution 威布尔分布weighted mean square 加权平均方差weighted sum of square 加权平方和weighting coefficient 权重系数weighting method 加权法weighted average 加权平均值ZZ score Z分数Z test Z检验zero correlation 零相关Z-transformation Z变换6。
名词解释(谢哲宇修改
Chapter 1Statistics（统计学）：研究数据资料的收集、整理、分析和解释（interpretation）的科学。
Biostatistics（生物统计学）：统计学应用于生物科学Variable（变量）：指某种特征，它的表现在不同个体间或不同组间存在变异性。
Observation（观测值）：指对变量的表现进行观察或测量所获得的数值，有时也被称为变数（variate）Population（总体）：又叫“统计总体”，是指一个统计问题研究对象的全体，它是具有某种（或某些）共同特征的元素的集合。
Individual（个体）：总体中每一个研究对象称作个体。
Sample（样本）：从总体中按一定方法抽取部分具有代表性的个体，这部分个体称为样本。
Parameter（参数）：描述总体特征的数，如总体平均数、总体方差等。
Statistic（统计量）：描述样本特征的量，如样本平均数、样本方差、样本相关系数等。
Accuracy（准确性）：指观测值或估计值与真值的接近程度。
Precision（精确性）：对同一物体的重复观察值或估计值彼此之间的接近程度。
Chapter 2Raw data（直接数据）:数据调查与实验未经处理的数据；Continuous data（连续性数据）：指在一定范围内可取任何实数值的数据。
Discrete data（离散性数据）：在一定范围内只能取有限种可能值的数据。
Count data（计数数据）：用计数的方式得到的数据资料，必须用整数来表示。
Classification data（分类资料）：可自然的或人为的分为2个或多个不同类别的资料。
例如：男生记做1 女生记做2频数（率）分布（frequency distribution）；；下四分位数（lower quartile）；中位数（median）；上四分位数（upper quartile）；条形图（bar chart）；直方图（histogram）；饼图（pie chart）；散点图（scatter plot），组间距（interval）Percentile（百分位数）：一组n个观测值按数值大小排列，小于某数值的数据个数占全体个数的x%,则为x%分位数。
统计学术语中英对照
population 母体sample 样本census 普查sampling 抽样quantitative 量的qualitative/categorical质的discrete 离散的continuous 连续的population parameters 母体参数sample statistics 样本统计量descriptive statistics 叙述统计学inferential/inductive statistics 推论 ...抽样调查（sampliing survey单纯随机抽样（simple random sampling系统抽样（systematic sampling分层抽样（stratified sampling整群抽样（cluster sampling多级抽样（multistage sampling常态分配(Parametric Statistics)无母数统计学(Nonparametric Statistics)实验设计(Design of Experiment)参数(Parameter)Data analysis 资料分析Statistical table 统计表Statistical chart 统计图Pie chart 圆饼图Stem-and-leaf display 茎叶图Box plot 盒须图Histogram 直方图Bar Chart 长条图Polygon 次数多边图Ogive 肩形图Descriptive statistics 叙述统计学Expectation 期望值Mode 众数Mean 平均数Variance 变异数Standard deviation 标准差Standard error 标准误Covariance matrix 共变异数矩阵Inferential statistics 推论统计学Point estimation 点估计Interval estimation 区间估计Confidence interval 信赖区间Confidence coefficient 信赖系数Testing statistical hypothesis 统计假设检定Regression analysis 回归分析Analysis of variance 变异数分析Correlation coefficient 相关系数Sampling survey 抽样调查Census 普查Sampling 抽样Reliability 信度Validity 效度Sampling error 抽样误差Non-sampling error 非抽样误差Random sampling 随机抽样Simple random sampling 简单随机抽样法Stratified sampling 分层抽样法Cluster sampling 群集抽样法Systematic sampling 系统抽样法Two-stage random sampling 两段随机抽样法Convenience sampling 便利抽样Quota sampling 配额抽样Snowball sampling 雪球抽样Nonparametric statistics 无母数统计The sign test 等级检定Wilcoxon signed rank tests 魏克森讯号等级检定Wilcoxon rank sum tests 魏克森等级和检定Run test 连检定法Discrete uniform densities 离散的均匀密度Binomial densities 二项密度Hypergeometric densities 超几何密度Poisson densities 卜松密度Geometric densities 几何密度Negative binomial densities 负二项密度Continuous uniform densities 连续均匀密度Normal densities 常态密度Exponential densities 指数密度Gamma densities 伽玛密度Beta densities 贝他密度Multivariate analysis 多变量分析Principal components 主因子分析Word 资料Discrimination analysis 区别分析Cluster analysis 群集分析Factor analysis 因素分析Survival analysis 存活分析Time series analysis 时间序列分析Linear models 线性模式Quality engineering 品质工程Probability theory 机率论Statistical computing 统计计算Statistical inference 统计推论Stochastic processes 随机过程Decision theory 决策理论Discrete analysis 离散分析Mathematical statistics 数理统计统计学: Statistics母体: Population样本: Sample资料分析: Data analysis统计表: Statistical table统计图: Statistical chart圆饼图: Pie chart茎叶图: Stem-and-leaf display 盒须图: Box plot直方图: Histogram长条图: Bar Chart次数多边图: Polygon肩形图: Ogive叙述统计学: Descriptive statistics 期望值: Expectation众数: Mode平均数: Mean变异数: Variance标准差: Standard deviation标准误: Standard error共变异数矩阵: Covariance matrix推论统计学: Inferential statistics点估计: Point estimation区间估计: Interval estimation信赖区间: Confidence interval信赖系数: Confidence coefficient统计假设检定: Testing statistical hypothesis回归分析: Regression analysis变异数分析: Analysis of variance相关系数: Correlation coefficient抽样调查: Sampling survey普查: Census抽样: Sampling信度: Reliability效度: Validity抽样误差: Sampling error非抽样误差: Non-sampling error随机抽样: Random sampling简单随机抽样法: Simple random sampling分层抽样法: Stratified sampling群集抽样法: Cluster sampling系统抽样法: Systematic sampling两段随机抽样法: Two-stage randomsampling便利抽样: Convenience sampling配额抽样: Quota sampling雪球抽样: Snowball sampling无母数统计: Nonparametric statistics等级检定: The sign test魏克森讯号等级检定: Wilcoxon signed ranktests魏克森等级和检定: Wilcoxon rank sum tests连检定法: Run test离散的均匀密度: Discrete uniform densities二项密度: Binomial densities超几何密度: Hypergeometric densities卜松密度: Poisson densities几何密度: Geometric densities负二项密度: Negative binomial densities连续均匀密度: Continuous uniform densities常态密度: Normal densities指数密度: Exponential densities伽玛密度: Gamma densities贝他密度: Beta densities多变量分析: Multivariate analysis主因子分析: Principal components区别分析: Discrimination analysis群集分析: Cluster analysis因素分析: Factor analysisWord 资料.Word 资料存活分析 : Survival analysis 时间序列分析 : Time series analysis 线性模式 : Linear models 品质工程 : Quality engineering 机率论 : Probability theory 统计计算 : Statistical computing 统计推论 : Statistical inference 随机过程 : Stochastic processes 决策理论 : Decision theory 离散分析 : Discrete analysis 数理统计 : Mathematical statistics 统 计 名 词 市 调 辞 典 众数(Mode) 普查(census) 指数(Index) 问卷(Questionnaire) 中位数(Median) 信度(Reliability) 百分比(Percentage) 母群体(Population) 信赖水准(Confidence level) 观察法(Observational Survey) 假设检定(Hypothesis Testing) 综合法(Integrated Survey) 卡方检定(Chi-square Test) 雪球抽样(Snowball Sampling) 差距量表(Interval Scale) 序列偏差(Series Bias) 类别量表(Nominal Scale) 次级资料(Secondary Data) 顺序量表(Ordinal Scale) 抽样架构(Sampling frame) 比率量表(Ratio Scale) 集群抽样(Cluster Sampling) 连检定法(Run Test) 便利抽样(Convenience Sampling) 符号检定(Sign Test) 抽样调查(Sampling Sur) 算术平均数(Arithmetic Mean) 非抽样误差(non-sampling error) 展示会法(Display Survey) 调 查 名 词 准确效度(Criterion-Related Validity) 元素(Element) 邮寄问卷法(Mail Interview) 样本(Sample) 信抽样误差(Sampling error) 效度(Validity) 封闭式问题(Close Question) 精确度(Precision) 电话访问法(Telephone Interview) 准确度(Validity) 随机抽样法(Random Sampling) 实验法(Experiment Survey) 抽样单位(Sampling unit) 资 讯 名 词 市场调查(Marketing Research) 决策树(Decision Trees) 容忍误差(Tolerated erro) 资料采矿(Data Mining) 初级资料(Primary Data) 时间序列(Time-Series Forecasting) 目标母体(Target Population) 回归分析(Regression) 抽样偏差(Sampling Bias) 趋势分析(Trend Analysis) 抽样误差(sampling error) 罗吉斯回归(Logistic Regression) 架构效度(Construct Validity) 类神经网络(Neural Network) 配额抽样(Quota Sampling) 无母数统计检定方法(Non-Parametric Test) 人员访问法(Interview) 判别分析法(Discriminant Analysis) 集群分析法(cluster analysis) 规则归纳法(Rules Induction) 内容效度(Content Validity) 判断抽样(Judgment Sampling) 开放式问题(Open Question) OLAP(Online Analytical Process) 分层随机抽样(Stratified Random sampling) 资料仓储(Data Warehouse) 非随机抽样法(Nonrandom Sampling) 知识发现(Knowledge Discovery Absolute deviation, 绝对离差 Absolute number, 绝对数 Absolute residuals, 绝对残差 Acceleration array, 加速度立体阵 Acceleration in an arbitrary direction, 任意方向上的加速度 Acceleration normal, 法向加速度 Acceleration space dimension, 加速度空间的维数 Acceleration tangential, 切向加速度 Acceleration vector, 加速度向量 Acceptable hypothesis, 可接受假设 Accumulation, 累积 Accuracy, 准确度 Actual frequency, 实际频数.Word 资料Adaptive estimator, 自适应估计量 Addition, 相加Addition theorem, 加法定理 Additive Noise, 加性噪声 Additivity, 可加性 Adjusted rate, 调整率 Adjusted value, 校正值 Admissible error, 容许误差 Aggregation, 聚集性 Alpha factoring,α因子法Alternative hypothesis, 备择假设 Among groups, 组间 Amounts, 总量Analysis of correlation, 相关分析 Analysis of covariance, 协方差分析 Analysis Of Effects, 效应分析 Analysis Of Variance, 方差分析 Analysis of regression, 回归分析Analysis of time series, 时间序列分析 Analysis of variance, 方差分析 Angular transformation, 角转换ANOVA （analysis of variance ）, 方差分析 ANOVA Models, 方差分析模型ANOVA table and eta, 分组计算方差分析 Arcing, 弧/弧旋Arcsine transformation, 反正弦变换 Area 区域图Area under the curve, 曲线面积AREG , 评估从一个时间点到下一个时间点回归相关时的误差ARIMA, 季节和非季节性单变量模型的极大似然估计Arithmetic grid paper, 算术格纸 Arithmetic mean, 算术平均数 Arrhenius relation, 艾恩尼斯关系 Assessing fit, 拟合的评估 Associative laws, 结合律Asymmetric distribution, 非对称分布 Asymptotic bias, 渐近偏倚Asymptotic efficiency, 渐近效率 Asymptotic variance, 渐近方差 Attributable risk, 归因危险度 Attribute data, 属性资料 Attribution, 属性Autocorrelation, 自相关Autocorrelation of residuals, 残差的自相关 Average, 平均数Average confidence interval length, 平均置信区间长度Average growth rate, 平均增长率 Bar chart, 条形图 Bar graph, 条形图 Base period, 基期Bayes' theorem , Bayes 定理 Bell-shaped curve, 钟形曲线Bernoulli distribution, 伯努力分布 Best-trim estimator, 最好切尾估计量 Bias, 偏性Binary logistic regression, 二元逻辑斯蒂回归 Binomial distribution, 二项分布 Bisquare, 双平方Bivariate Correlate, 二变量相关Bivariate normal distribution, 双变量正态分布 Bivariate normal population, 双变量正态总体 Biweight interval, 双权区间Biweight M-estimator, 双权M 估计量 Block, 区组/配伍组BMDP(Biomedical computer programs), BMDP 统计软件包Boxplots, 箱线图/箱尾图Breakdown bound, 崩溃界/崩溃点 Canonical correlation, 典型相关 Caption, 纵标目Case-control study, 病例对照研究 Categorical variable, 分类变量 Catenary, 悬链线Cauchy distribution, 柯西分布Cause-and-effect relationship, 因果关系 Cell, 单元Censoring, 终检Center of symmetry, 对称中心Centering and scaling, 中心化和定标 Central tendency, 集中趋势 Central value, 中心值CHAID -χ2 Automatic Interaction Detector, 卡方自动交互检测 Chance, 机遇Chance error, 随机误差 Chance variable, 随机变量Characteristic equation, 特征方程.Word 资料Characteristic root, 特征根 Characteristic vector, 特征向量Chebshev criterion of fit, 拟合的切比雪夫准则 Chernoff faces, 切尔诺夫脸谱图 Chi-square test, 卡方检验/χ2检验Choleskey decomposition, 乔洛斯基分解 Circle chart, 圆图 Class interval, 组距Class mid-value, 组中值 Class upper limit, 组上限 Classified variable, 分类变量 Cluster analysis, 聚类分析 Cluster sampling, 整群抽样 Code, 代码Coded data, 编码数据 Coding, 编码Coefficient of contingency, 列联系数 Coefficient of determination, 决定系数Coefficient of multiple correlation, 多重相关系数 Coefficient of partial correlation, 偏相关系数 Coefficient of production-moment correlation, 积差相关系数Coefficient of rank correlation, 等级相关系数 Coefficient of regression, 回归系数 Coefficient of skewness, 偏度系数 Coefficient of variation, 变异系数 Cohort study, 队列研究 Collinearity, 共线性 Column, 列Column effect, 列效应Column factor, 列因素 Combination pool, 合并 Combinative table, 组合表 Common factor, 共性因子Common regression coefficient, 公共回归系数 Common value, 共同值Common variance, 公共方差 Common variation, 公共变异 Communality variance, 共性方差 Comparability, 可比性Comparison of bathes, 批比较 Comparison value, 比较值Compartment model, 分部模型 Compassion, 伸缩Complement of an event, 补事件 Complete association, 完全正相关 Complete dissociation, 完全不相关 Complete statistics, 完备统计量Completely randomized design, 完全随机化设计 Composite event, 联合事件 Composite events, 复合事件 Concavity, 凹性Conditional expectation, 条件期望 Conditional likelihood, 条件似然 Conditional probability, 条件概率 Conditionally linear, 依条件线性 Confidence interval, 置信区间 Confidence limit, 置信限Confidence lower limit, 置信下限 Confidence upper limit, 置信上限 Confirmatory Factor Analysis , 验证性因子分析 Confirmatory research, 证实性实验研究 Confounding factor, 混杂因素 Conjoint, 联合分析 Consistency, 相合性Consistency check, 一致性检验Consistent asymptotically normal estimate, 相合渐近正态估计Consistent estimate, 相合估计Constrained nonlinear regression, 受约束非线性回归Constraint, 约束Contaminated distribution, 污染分布 Contaminated Gausssian, 污染高斯分布Contaminated normal distribution, 污染正态分布 Contamination, 污染Contamination model, 污染模型 Contingency table, 列联表 Contour, 边界线Contribution rate, 贡献率 Control, 对照, 质量控制图Controlled experiments, 对照实验 Conventional depth, 常规深度 Convolution, 卷积Corrected factor, 校正因子 Corrected mean, 校正均值Correction coefficient, 校正系数 Correctness, 正确性Correlation coefficient, 相关系数 Correlation, 相关性.Word 资料Correlation index, 相关指数 Correspondence, 对应 Counting, 计数 Counts, 计数/频数 Covariance, 协方差 Covariant, 共变Cox Regression, Cox 回归 Criteria for fitting, 拟合准则Criteria of least squares, 最小二乘准则 Critical ratio, 临界比 Critical region, 拒绝域 Critical value, 临界值Cross-over design, 交叉设计Cross-section analysis, 横断面分析 Cross-section survey, 横断面调查 Crosstabs , 交叉表 Crosstabs 列联表分析Cross-tabulation table, 复合表 Cube root, 立方根Cumulative distribution function, 分布函数 Cumulative probability, 累计概率 Curvature, 曲率/弯曲 Curvature, 曲率Curve Estimation, 曲线拟合 Curve fit , 曲线拟和 Curve fitting, 曲线拟合Curvilinear regression, 曲线回归 Curvilinear relation, 曲线关系 Cut-and-try method, 尝试法 Cycle, 周期Cyclist, 周期性 D test, D 检验Data acquisition, 资料收集 Data bank, 数据库Data capacity, 数据容量 Data deficiencies, 数据缺乏 Data handling, 数据处理 Data manipulation, 数据处理 Data processing, 数据处理 Data reduction, 数据缩减 Data set, 数据集Data sources, 数据来源Data transformation, 数据变换 Data validity, 数据有效性 Data-in, 数据输入 Data-out, 数据输出 Dead time, 停滞期Degree of freedom, 自由度 Degree of precision, 精密度 Degree of reliability, 可靠性程度 Degression, 递减Density function, 密度函数Density of data points, 数据点的密度Dependent variable, 应变量/依变量/因变量 Dependent variable, 因变量 Depth, 深度Derivative matrix, 导数矩阵Derivative-free methods, 无导数方法 Design, 设计Determinacy, 确定性 Determinant, 行列式 Determinant, 决定因素 Deviation, 离差Deviation from average, 离均差 Diagnostic plot, 诊断图Dichotomous variable, 二分变量 Differential equation, 微分方程Direct standardization, 直接标准化法 Direct Oblimin, 斜交旋转 Discrete variable, 离散型变量 DISCRIMINANT, 判断Discriminant analysis, 判别分析 Discriminant coefficient, 判别系数 Discriminant function, 判别值 Dispersion, 散布/分散度 Disproportional, 不成比例的Disproportionate sub-class numbers, 不成比例次级组含量Distribution free, 分布无关性/免分布 Distribution shape, 分布形状Distribution-free method, 任意分布法 Distributive laws, 分配律 Disturbance, 随机扰动项Dose response curve, 剂量反应曲线 Double blind method, 双盲法 Double blind trial, 双盲试验Double exponential distribution, 双指数分布 Double logarithmic, 双对数 Downward rank, 降秩Dual-space plot, 对偶空间图.Word 资料DUD, 无导数方法Duncan's new multiple range method, 新复极差法/Duncan 新法Error Bar, 均值相关区间图 Effect, 实验效应 Eigenvalue, 特征值 Eigenvector, 特征向量 Ellipse, 椭圆Empirical distribution, 经验分布 Empirical probability, 经验概率单位 Enumeration data, 计数资料Equal sun-class number, 相等次级组含量 Equally likely, 等可能 Equivariance, 同变性 Error, 误差/错误Error of estimate, 估计误差 Error type I, 第一类错误 Error type II, 第二类错误 Estimand, 被估量Estimated error mean squares, 估计误差均方 Estimated error sum of squares, 估计误差平方和 Euclidean distance, 欧式距离 Event, 事件 Event, 事件Exceptional data point, 异常数据点 Expectation plane, 期望平面 Expectation surface, 期望曲面 Expected values, 期望值 Experiment, 实验Experimental sampling, 试验抽样Experimental unit, 试验单位Explained variance （已说明方差） Explanatory variable, 说明变量Exploratory data analysis, 探索性数据分析 Explore Summarize, 探索-摘要 Exponential curve, 指数曲线 Exponential growth, 指数式增长 EXSMOOTH, 指数平滑方法 Extended fit, 扩充拟合 Extra parameter, 附加参数 Extrapolation, 外推法Extreme observation, 末端观测值 Extremes, 极端值/极值 F distribution, F 分布 F test, F 检验Factor, 因素/因子Factor analysis, 因子分析 Factor Analysis, 因子分析 Factor score, 因子得分 Factorial, 阶乘Factorial design, 析因试验设计 False negative, 假阴性False negative error, 假阴性错误 Family of distributions, 分布族 Family of estimators, 估计量族 Fanning, 扇面Fatality rate, 病死率Field investigation, 现场调查 Field survey, 现场调查Finite population, 有限总体 Finite-sample, 有限样本 First derivative, 一阶导数First principal component, 第一主成分 First quartile, 第一四分位数 Fisher information, 费雪信息量 Fitted value, 拟合值Fitting a curve, 曲线拟合 Fixed base, 定基Fluctuation, 随机起伏 Forecast, 预测Four fold table, 四格表 Fourth, 四分点Fraction blow, 左侧比率 Fractional error, 相对误差 Frequency, 频率Frequency polygon, 频数多边图 Frontier point, 界限点Function relationship, 泛函关系 Gamma distribution, 伽玛分布 Gauss increment, 高斯增量Gaussian distribution, 高斯分布/正态分布 Gauss-Newton increment, 高斯-牛顿增量 General census, 全面普查Generalized least squares, 综合最小平方法GENLOG (Generalized liner models), 广义线性模型 Geometric mean, 几何平均数 Gini's mean difference, 基尼均差GLM (General liner models), 通用线性模型 Goodness of fit, 拟和优度/配合度Gradient of determinant, 行列式的梯度.Word 资料Graeco-Latin square, 希腊拉丁方 Grand mean, 总均值 Gross errors, 重大错误Gross-error sensitivity, 大错敏感度 Group averages, 分组平均 Grouped data, 分组资料 Guessed mean, 假定平均数 Half-life, 半衰期Hampel M-estimators, 汉佩尔M 估计量 Happenstance, 偶然事件 Harmonic mean, 调和均数 Hazard function, 风险均数 Hazard rate, 风险率 Heading, 标目Heavy-tailed distribution, 重尾分布 Hessian array, 海森立体阵 Heterogeneity, 不同质Heterogeneity of variance, 方差不齐 Hierarchical classification, 组内分组Hierarchical clustering method, 系统聚类法 High-leverage point, 高杠杆率点 High-Low, 低区域图Higher Order Interaction Effects ，高阶交互作用 HILOGLINEAR, 多维列联表的层次对数线性模型 Hinge, 折叶点 Histogram, 直方图Historical cohort study, 历史性队列研究 Holes, 空洞HOMALS, 多重响应分析Homogeneity of variance, 方差齐性Homogeneity test, 齐性检验Huber M-estimators, 休伯M 估计量 Hyperbola, 双曲线Hypothesis testing, 假设检验 Hypothetical universe, 假设总体 Image factoring,, 多元回归法 Impossible event, 不可能事件 Independence, 独立性Independent variable, 自变量 Index, 指标/指数Indirect standardization, 间接标准化法 Individual, 个体Inference band, 推断带Infinite population, 无限总体 Infinitely great, 无穷大 Infinitely small, 无穷小 Influence curve, 影响曲线Information capacity, 信息容量 Initial condition, 初始条件 Initial estimate, 初始估计值 Initial level, 最初水平 Interaction, 交互作用Interaction terms, 交互作用项 Intercept, 截距Interpolation, 内插法Interquartile range, 四分位距 Interval estimation, 区间估计Intervals of equal probability, 等概率区间 Intrinsic curvature, 固有曲率 Invariance, 不变性 Inverse matrix, 逆矩阵 Inverse probability, 逆概率Inverse sine transformation, 反正弦变换 Iteration, 迭代Jacobian determinant, 雅可比行列式 Joint distribution function, 分布函数 Joint probability, 联合概率Joint probability distribution, 联合概率分布 K-Means Cluster 逐步聚类分析 K means method, 逐步聚类法Kaplan-Meier, 评估事件的时间长度 Kaplan-Merier chart, Kaplan-Merier 图Kendall's rank correlation, Kendall 等级相关 Kinetic, 动力学Kolmogorov-Smirnove test, 柯尔莫哥洛夫-斯米尔诺夫检验Kruskal and Wallis test, Kruskal 及Wallis 检验/多样本的秩和检验/H 检验 Kurtosis, 峰度 Lack of fit, 失拟Ladder of powers, 幂阶梯 Lag, 滞后Large sample, 大样本Large sample test, 大样本检验 Latin square, 拉丁方Latin square design, 拉丁方设计 Leakage, 泄漏Least favorable configuration, 最不利构形 Least favorable distribution, 最不利分布 Least significant difference, 最小显著差法.Word 资料Least square method, 最小二乘法Least Squared Criterion ，最小二乘方准则Least-absolute-residuals estimates, 最小绝对残差估计Least-absolute-residuals fit, 最小绝对残差拟合 Least-absolute-residuals line, 最小绝对残差线 Legend, 图例L-estimator, L 估计量L-estimator of location, 位置L 估计量 L-estimator of scale, 尺度L 估计量 Level, 水平Leveage Correction ，杠杆率校正 Life expectance, 预期期望寿命 Life table, 寿命表Life table method, 生命表法Light-tailed distribution, 轻尾分布 Likelihood function, 似然函数 Likelihood ratio, 似然比 line graph, 线图Linear correlation, 直线相关 Linear equation, 线性方程Linear programming, 线性规划 Linear regression, 直线回归 Linear Regression, 线性回归 Linear trend, 线性趋势 Loading, 载荷Location and scale equivariance, 位置尺度同变性 Location equivariance, 位置同变性 Location invariance, 位置不变性 Location scale family, 位置尺度族Log rank test, 时序检验 Logarithmic curve, 对数曲线Logarithmic normal distribution, 对数正态分布 Logarithmic scale, 对数尺度Logarithmic transformation, 对数变换 Logic check, 逻辑检查Logistic distribution, 逻辑斯特分布 Logit transformation, Logit 转换 LOGLINEAR, 多维列联表通用模型 Lognormal distribution, 对数正态分布 Lost function, 损失函数 Low correlation, 低度相关 Lower limit, 下限Lowest-attained variance, 最小可达方差 LSD, 最小显著差法的简称 Lurking variable, 潜在变量 Main effect, 主效应Major heading, 主辞标目Marginal density function, 边缘密度函数 Marginal probability, 边缘概率Marginal probability distribution, 边缘概率分布 Matched data, 配对资料Matched distribution, 匹配过分布 Matching of distribution, 分布的匹配 Matching of transformation, 变换的匹配 Mathematical expectation, 数学期望 Mathematical model, 数学模型Maximum L-estimator, 极大极小L 估计量 Maximum likelihood method, 最大似然法 Mean, 均数 Mean squares between groups, 组间均方 Mean squares within group, 组内均方 Means (Compare means), 均值-均值比较 Median, 中位数Median effective dose, 半数效量 Median lethal dose, 半数致死量 Median polish, 中位数平滑 Median test, 中位数检验Minimal sufficient statistic, 最小充分统计量 Minimum distance estimation, 最小距离估计 Minimum effective dose, 最小有效量 Minimum lethal dose, 最小致死量Minimum variance estimator, 最小方差估计量 MINITAB, 统计软件包 Minor heading, 宾词标目 Missing data, 缺失值Model specification, 模型的确定 Modeling Statistics , 模型统计 Models for outliers, 离群值模型 Modifying the model, 模型的修正 Modulus of continuity, 连续性模 Morbidity, 发病率Most favorable configuration, 最有利构形 MSC （多元散射校正）Multidimensional Scaling (ASCAL), 多维尺度/多维标度Multinomial Logistic Regression , 多项逻辑斯蒂回归Multiple comparison, 多重比较 Multiple correlation , 复相关.Word 资料Multiple covariance, 多元协方差Multiple linear regression, 多元线性回归 Multiple response , 多重选项 Multiple solutions, 多解Multiplication theorem, 乘法定理 Multiresponse, 多元响应Multi-stage sampling, 多阶段抽样 Multivariate T distribution, 多元T 分布 Mutual exclusive, 互不相容Mutual independence, 互相独立 Natural boundary, 自然边界 Natural dead, 自然死亡 Natural zero, 自然零Negative correlation, 负相关Negative linear correlation, 负线性相关 Negatively skewed, 负偏Newman-Keuls method, q 检验 NK method, q 检验No statistical significance, 无统计意义 Nominal variable, 名义变量Nonconstancy of variability, 变异的非定常性 Nonlinear regression, 非线性相关 Nonparametric statistics, 非参数统计 Nonparametric test, 非参数检验 Nonparametric tests, 非参数检验 Normal deviate, 正态离差 Normal distribution, 正态分布 Normal equation, 正规方程组 Normal P-P, 正态概率分布图Normal Q-Q, 正态概率单位分布图Normal ranges, 正常范围 Normal value, 正常值 Normalization 归一化Nuisance parameter, 多余参数/讨厌参数 Null hypothesis, 无效假设 Numerical variable, 数值变量 Objective function, 目标函数 Observation unit, 观察单位 Observed value, 观察值 One sided test, 单侧检验One-way analysis of variance, 单因素方差分析 Oneway ANOVA , 单因素方差分析 Open sequential trial, 开放型序贯设计 Optrim, 优切尾Optrim efficiency, 优切尾效率 Order statistics, 顺序统计量 Ordered categories, 有序分类Ordinal logistic regression , 序数逻辑斯蒂回归 Ordinal variable, 有序变量 Orthogonal basis, 正交基Orthogonal design, 正交试验设计 Orthogonality conditions, 正交条件 ORTHOPLAN, 正交设计 Outlier cutoffs, 离群值截断点 Outliers, 极端值OVERALS , 多组变量的非线性正规相关 Overshoot, 迭代过度 Paired design, 配对设计 Paired sample, 配对样本 Pairwise slopes, 成对斜率 Parabola, 抛物线Parallel tests, 平行试验 Parameter, 参数Parametric statistics, 参数统计 Parametric test, 参数检验Pareto, 直条构成线图（又称佩尔托图） Partial correlation, 偏相关 Partial regression, 偏回归 Partial sorting, 偏排序 Partials residuals, 偏残差 Pattern, 模式PCA （主成分分析）Pearson curves, 皮尔逊曲线 Peeling, 退层Percent bar graph, 百分条形图 Percentage, 百分比 Percentile, 百分位数Percentile curves, 百分位曲线 Periodicity, 周期性 Permutation, 排列 P-estimator, P 估计量 Pie graph, 构成图,饼图Pitman estimator, 皮特曼估计量 Pivot, 枢轴量 Planar, 平坦Planar assumption, 平面的假设 PLANCARDS, 生成试验的计划卡PLS （偏最小二乘法） Point estimation, 点估计.Word 资料Poisson distribution, 泊松分布 Polishing, 平滑Polled standard deviation, 合并标准差 Polled variance, 合并方差 Polygon, 多边图 Polynomial, 多项式Polynomial curve, 多项式曲线 Population, 总体Population attributable risk, 人群归因危险度 Positive correlation, 正相关 Positively skewed, 正偏Posterior distribution, 后验分布 Power of a test, 检验效能 Precision, 精密度Predicted value, 预测值Preliminary analysis, 预备性分析 Principal axis factoring,主轴因子法Principal component analysis, 主成分分析 Prior distribution, 先验分布 Prior probability, 先验概率 Probabilistic model, 概率模型 probability, 概率Probability density, 概率密度 Product moment, 乘积矩/协方差 Profile trace, 截面迹图 Proportion, 比/构成比Proportion allocation in stratified random sampling, 按比例分层随机抽样 Proportionate, 成比例Proportionate sub-class numbers, 成比例次级组含量Prospective study, 前瞻性调查 Proximities, 亲近性Pseudo F test, 近似F 检验 Pseudo model, 近似模型 Pseudosigma, 伪标准差Purposive sampling, 有目的抽样 QR decomposition, QR 分解Quadratic approximation, 二次近似 Qualitative classification, 属性分类 Qualitative method, 定性方法Quantile-quantile plot, 分位数-分位数图/Q-Q 图 Quantitative analysis, 定量分析 Quartile, 四分位数Quick Cluster, 快速聚类 Radix sort, 基数排序Random allocation, 随机化分组Random blocks design, 随机区组设计 Random event, 随机事件 Randomization, 随机化 Range, 极差/全距Rank correlation, 等级相关 Rank sum test, 秩和检验 Rank test, 秩检验Ranked data, 等级资料 Rate, 比率 Ratio, 比例Raw data, 原始资料 Raw residual, 原始残差 Rayleigh's test, 雷氏检验 Rayleigh's Z, 雷氏Z 值 Reciprocal, 倒数Reciprocal transformation, 倒数变换 Recording, 记录Redescending estimators, 回降估计量 Reducing dimensions, 降维 Re-expression, 重新表达 Reference set, 标准组Region of acceptance, 接受域 Regression coefficient, 回归系数Regression sum of square, 回归平方和 Rejection point, 拒绝点Relative dispersion, 相对离散度 Relative number, 相对数 Reliability, 可靠性Reparametrization, 重新设置参数 Replication, 重复Report Summaries, 报告摘要Residual sum of square, 剩余平方和 residual variance (剩余方差) Resistance, 耐抗性 Resistant line, 耐抗线Resistant technique, 耐抗技术R-estimator of location, 位置R 估计量 R-estimator of scale, 尺度R 估计量 Retrospective study, 回顾性调查 Ridge trace, 岭迹Ridit analysis, Ridit 分析 Rotation, 旋转.Word 资料Rounding, 舍入 Row, 行Row effects, 行效应 Row factor, 行因素 RXC table, RXC 表 Sample, 样本Sample regression coefficient, 样本回归系数 Sample size, 样本量Sample standard deviation, 样本标准差 Sampling error, 抽样误差SAS(Statistical analysis system ), SAS 统计软件包 Scale, 尺度/量表Scatter diagram, 散点图 Schematic plot, 示意图/简图 Score test, 计分检验 Screening, 筛检 SEASON, 季节分析Second derivative, 二阶导数Second principal component, 第二主成分SEM (Structural equation modeling), 结构化方程模型Semi-logarithmic graph, 半对数图 Semi-logarithmic paper, 半对数格纸 Sensitivity curve, 敏感度曲线 Sequential analysis, 贯序分析 Sequence, 普通序列图Sequential data set, 顺序数据集 Sequential design, 贯序设计 Sequential method, 贯序法 Sequential test, 贯序检验法Serial tests, 系列试验Short-cut method, 简捷法 Sigmoid curve, S 形曲线 Sign function, 正负号函数 Sign test, 符号检验 Signed rank, 符号秩Significant Level, 显著水平 Significance test, 显著性检验 Significant figure, 有效数字Simple cluster sampling, 简单整群抽样 Simple correlation, 简单相关Simple random sampling, 简单随机抽样 Simple regression, 简单回归 simple table, 简单表Sine estimator, 正弦估计量Single-valued estimate, 单值估计 Singular matrix, 奇异矩阵Skewed distribution, 偏斜分布 Skewness, 偏度Slash distribution, 斜线分布 Slope, 斜率Smirnov test, 斯米尔诺夫检验 Source of variation, 变异来源Spearman rank correlation, 斯皮尔曼等级相关 Specific factor, 特殊因子Specific factor variance, 特殊因子方差 Spectra , 频谱Spherical distribution, 球型正态分布 Spread, 展布SPSS(Statistical package for the social science), SPSS 统计软件包Spurious correlation, 假性相关Square root transformation, 平方根变换 Stabilizing variance, 稳定方差 Standard deviation, 标准差 Standard error, 标准误Standard error of difference, 差别的标准误 Standard error of estimate, 标准估计误差 Standard error of rate, 率的标准误Standard normal distribution, 标准正态分布 Standardization, 标准化 Starting value, 起始值 Statistic, 统计量Statistical control, 统计控制 Statistical graph, 统计图Statistical inference, 统计推断 Statistical table, 统计表Steepest descent, 最速下降法 Stem and leaf display, 茎叶图 Step factor, 步长因子Stepwise regression, 逐步回归 Storage, 存Strata, 层（复数）Stratified sampling, 分层抽样 Stratified sampling, 分层抽样 Strength, 强度 Stringency, 严密性Structural relationship, 结构关系Studentized residual, 学生化残差/t 化残差.Word 资料Sub-class numbers, 次级组含量 Subdividing, 分割Sufficient statistic, 充分统计量 Sum of products, 积和Sum of squares, 离差平方和Sum of squares about regression, 回归平方和 Sum of squares between groups, 组间平方和Sum of squares of partial regression, 偏回归平方和 Sure event, 必然事件 Survey, 调查Survival, 生存分析 Survival rate, 生存率Suspended root gram, 悬吊根图 Symmetry, 对称Systematic error, 系统误差 Systematic sampling, 系统抽样 Tags, 标签Tail area, 尾部面积 Tail length, 尾长 Tail weight, 尾重 Tangent line, 切线Target distribution, 目标分布 Taylor series, 泰勒级数 Test(检验)Test of linearity, 线性检验Tendency of dispersion, 离散趋势 Testing of hypotheses, 假设检验 Theoretical frequency, 理论频数 Time series, 时间序列Tolerance interval, 容忍区间Tolerance lower limit, 容忍下限 Tolerance upper limit, 容忍上限 Torsion, 扰率Total sum of square, 总平方和 Total variation, 总变异 Transformation, 转换 Treatment, 处理 Trend, 趋势Trend of percentage, 百分比趋势 Trial, 试验Trial and error method, 试错法 Tuning constant, 细调常数 Two sided test, 双向检验Two-stage least squares, 二阶最小平方 Two-stage sampling, 二阶段抽样 Two-tailed test, 双侧检验Two-way analysis of variance, 双因素方差分析 Two-way table, 双向表Type I error, 一类错误/α错误 Type II error, 二类错误/β错误UMVU, 方差一致最小无偏估计简称 Unbiased estimate, 无偏估计Unconstrained nonlinear regression , 无约束非线性回归Unequal subclass number, 不等次级组含量 Ungrouped data, 不分组资料 Uniform coordinate, 均匀坐标 Uniform distribution, 均匀分布Uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimate, 方差一致最小无偏估计Unit, 单元Unordered categories, 无序分类Unweighted least squares, 未加权最小平方法 Upper limit, 上限 Upward rank, 升秩Vague concept, 模糊概念 Validity, 有效性VARCOMP (Variance component estimation), 方差元素估计Variability, 变异性 Variable, 变量 Variance, 方差 Variation, 变异Varimax orthogonal rotation, 方差最大正交旋转 Volume of distribution, 容积 W test, W 检验Weibull distribution, 威布尔分布 Weight, 权数Weighted Chi-square test, 加权卡方检验/Cochran 检验Weighted linear regression method, 加权直线回归 Weighted mean, 加权平均数Weighted mean square, 加权平均方差 Weighted sum of square, 加权平方和 Weighting coefficient, 权重系数 Weighting method, 加权法 W-estimation, W 估计量W-estimation of location, 位置W 估计量 Width, 宽度。
2023年12月六级英语听力原文完整版
听力原文Section A短对话（11~18）11W： This is one of our best and least expensive two-bedroom listings. It’s located in a quiet building and it’s close to bus lines.M： That maybe true. But look at it，it’s awful， the paint has peeled off and carpet is worn and the stove is ancient.Q： What can we infer from the conversation？12M： The pictures we took at the botanical garden should be ready tomorrow.W：I can’t wait to see them，I’m wondering if the shots I took are as good as I thought.Q： What is the woman eager to know？13W： The handle of the suitcase is broken. Can you have it fixed by next Tuesday？M： Let me see，I need to find a handle that matches but that shouldn’t take too long.Q： What does the man mean？14M：This truck looks like what I need but I’m worried about maintenance. For us it’ll have to operate for long periods of time in very cold temperatures.W： We have several models that are especially adaptive for extreme conditions. Would you like to see them？Q： What do we learn about the man from the conversation？15M： I think your boss would be very upset when he gets your letter of resignation.W： That may be so. But in the letter， I just told him frankly I could no longer live with his poor management and stupid decisions.Q： What do we learn about the woman？16W I’d like to exchange the shirt. I’ve learned that the person bought it for allergic to wool.M Maybe we can find something in cotton or silk. Please come this way.Q；What does the women want to do？17M： Excuse me， Miss？Did anyone happen to turn in a new handbag？ You know，it’s a birthday gift for my wife.W： Let me see. Oh，we’ve got quite a lot of women’s bags here. Can you give me more detailed information， such as the color， the size and the trademark？Q： Where does this conversation most probably take place？18M What are you going to do with the old house you are in heritage from your grandfather？W I once intended to sell it， but now，I’m thinking of turning it into a guest house，because it‘s still a solid structure.Q： What does the man plan to do with his old house？长对话（19~25）W： When you write a novel，do you know where you’re going， Dr. James？M： Yes， you must， really，if you’re writing the classical detective story， because it must be so carefully plotted and so carefully clued. I have schemes. I have charts. I have diagrams. It doesn’t mean to say that I always get it right， but I do plan before I begin writing. But what is so fascinating is how a book changes during the process of writing. It seems to me that creative writing is a process of revelation， really， rather than of creativity in the ordinary sense.W：When you’re planning the basic structure， do you like to go away to be sure that you’re by yourself？M： I need to be by myself certainly，absolutely. I can’t even bar e anybody else in the house. I don’t mind much where I am as long as I’ve got enough space to write， but I need to be completely alone.W： Is that very important to you？M： Oh，yes. I’ve never been lonely in all my life.W： How extraordinary！ Never？M： No， never.W：You’re very lucky. Someone once said that there’s a bit of ice at the heart of every writer.M： Yes. I think this is true. The writer can stand aside from experience and look at it，watch it happening. There is this ‘detachment’ and I realize th at there are obviously experiences which would overwhelm everyone. But very often， a writer can appear to stand aside， and this detachment makes people feel there’s a bit of ice in the heart.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the conversation you have just heard.19. What is the key to write a good classical detective story according to the man？20. What does the man mainly need when working on a book？21. What does the man say about writers？W： There is an element there about competition then，isn’t there？ Because British railways are a nationalized industry. There’s only one railway system in the country. If you don’t like a particular kind of big beans，you can go and buy another. But if you don’t like a particular railway，you can’t go and use another.M：Some people who write to me say this. They say that if you didn’t have monopoly，you wouldn’t be able to do the things you do. Well，I don’t think we do anything deliberately to upset our customers. We have particular problems. Since 1946， when the Transport Act came in， we were nationalized.W：Do you think that’s a good thing？ Has it been a good thing for the railways， do you think， to be nationalized？M： Oh I think so， yes. Because in general，modes of transport are all around. Let’s face the fact. The car arrived. The car is here to stay. There is no question about that.W： So what are you saying then？ Is it if the railways happen being nationalized， they would simply have disappeared？M： Oh，I think they would have. They’re disappearing fast in America. Er， the French railways lose 1 billion ponds a year. The German railways， 2 billion ponds a year. But you see，those governments are preparing to pour money into the transport system to keep it going.W： So in a sense， you cope between two extremes. On the one hand，you’re trying not to lose too much money. And on the other hand，you’ve got to provide the best service.M： Yes， you are right.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.22. What does the woman say about British railways？23. What do some people who write to the man complain about？24. What does the man say threatens the existence of railways？25. What does the man say about railways in other countries？Section BPassage OneAmong global warming’s most frightening thr eats is the prediction is that the polar ice-caps will melt， raising sea level so much that coastal cities from New York to Los Angles to Shanghai will be flooded. Scientists agree that key player in this scenario is the West Antarctic ice sheet，a Brazil-size mass of frozen water that is much as 7000 feet thick. Unlike floating ice shelves which have little impact on sea level when they break up， the ice sheet is anchored to bedrock will blow the sea surface. Surrounded by open ocean， it is also vulnerable， but Antarctic experts disagree strongly on just how unstable it is. Now， new evidence reveals that all or most of the Antarctic ice sheet collapsed at least once during the past 1.3 million years， a period when global temperatures probably were not significantly higher than they are today. And the ice sheet was assumed to have been stable. In geological time， a million years is recent history. The proof， which was published last week in Science， comes from a team of scientists from Uppsala University in Sweden and California Institute of Technology who drew deep holes near the edge of ice sheet. Within samples collected from the solid substances lying beneath the ice. They found fossils of microscopic marine plants which suggest that the region was once open ocean not solid ice. As Herman Engleheart， a co-author from the California Institute of Technology says，‘the West Antarctic ice sheet disappear once and can disappear again.’26. What is one of the most frightening threats of global warming according to the passage？27. What did scientists disagree on？28. What is the latest information revealed about the West Antarctic ice sheet？29. What the scientists’ latest findings suggest？Passage TwoIt‘s always fun to write about research that you can actually try out for yourself.Try this： Take a photo and upload it to Facebook， then after a day or so， note what the URL link to the picture is and then delete it. Come back a month later and see if the link works. Chances are： It will.Facebook isn’t alone here. Researchers at Cambridge University have found that nearly half of the social networking sites don‘t immediately delete pictures when a user requests they be removed. In general， photo-centric websites like Flickr were found to be better at quickly removing deleted photos upon request.Why do “deleted” photos stick around so long？ The problem relates to the way data is stored on large websites： While your personal computer only keeps one copy of a file， large-scale services like Facebook rely on what are called content delivery networks to manage data and distribution. It’s a complex system wherein data is copied to multiple intermediate devices，usually to speed up access to files when millions of people are trying to access the service at the same time. B ut because changes aren‘t reflected across the content delivery networks immediately， ghost copies of files tend to linger for days or weeks.In the case of Facebook， the company says data may hang around until the URL in question is reused， which is usual ly “after a short period of time”， though obviously that time can vary considerably.30. What does the speaker ask us to try out？31. What accounts for the failure of some websites to remove photos immediately？32. When will the unwanted data eventually disappear from Facebook according to the company？Passage ThreeEnjoying an iced coffee？ Better skip dinner or hit the gym afterwards， with a cancer charity warning that some iced coffees contain as many calories as a hot dinner.The World Cancer Research Fund （WCRF） conducted a survey of iced coffees sold by some popular chains in Britain including Starbucks， Caffe Nero and Costa Coffee to gauge the calories as studies increasingly link obesity with cancer.The worst offender - a coffee from Starbucks -- had 561 calories. Other iced coffees contained more than 450 calories and the majority had an excess of 200.Health experts advise that the average woman should consume about 2，000 calories a day and a man about 2，500 calories to maintain a healthy weight. Dieters aim for 1，000 to 1，500 calories a day.“The fact that there is an iced coffee on the market with over a quarter of a woman’s daily calories allowance is alarming，” Dr Rachel Thompson， science programme manager at London-based WCRF， said in a widely-reported statement.“This is the amount of calories you might expect to have in an evening meal， not in a drink.”The WCRF has estimated that 19，000 cancers a year in Britain could be prevented if people lost their excess weight with growing evidence that excess body fat increases the risk of various cancers.“If you are having these types of coffee regularly then they will increase the chances of you becoming overweight， which in turn increases your risk of developing cancer， as well as other diseases such as heart disease.” she added.33. What warning did some health experts give？34. What does the author suggest people do after they have an iced coffee？35. What could British people expect if they maintain a normal body weight according to the WCRF？Section CPsychologists are finding that hope plays a surprisingly vital role in giving people a measurable advantage in rounds as diverse as academic achievement， bearing up in tough jobs， and coping with tragic illness. And， by contrast， the loss of hope， is turning out to be a stronger sign that a person may commit suicide than other factors long thought to be more likely risks. ‘Hope has proven a powerful predictor of outcome in every study we‘ve done so far，’ said Doctor Charles R. Snyder， a psychologist， who has devised a scale to assess how much hope a person has. For example， in research with 3920 college students， Doctor Snyder and his colleagues found that the level of hope among freshmen at the beginning of their first semester was a more accurate predictor of their college grades， than were their SAT scores or their grade point averages in high school， the two measures most commonly used to predict college performance. ‘Students with high hope set themselves higher goals and know how to work to attain them，’ Doctor Snyder said. ‘When you compare students of equivalent intelligence and past academic achievements，what sets them apart is hope.’ In devising a way to assess hope scientifically， Doctor Snyder went beyond the simple notion that hope is merely the sense that everything will turn out all right. ‘That notion is not concrete enough and it blurs two key components of hope，’ Doctor Snyder said，‘Having hope means believing you have both the will and the way to accomplish your goals， whatever they may be.’。
超几何分布的英语
超几何分布的英语Here is an essay on the topic of the hypergeometric distribution, written in English with more than 1000 words. The title and any additional instructions have been omitted as requested.The hypergeometric distribution is a discrete probability distribution that describes the number of successes in a sequence of n draws from a finite population without replacement. In other words, it models the probability of obtaining a certain number of items with a desired characteristic from a finite population, given that the population is not replenished after each draw. This distribution is particularly useful in situations where the population size is relatively small, and the sampling is done without replacement, such as in quality control, survey sampling, and experimental design.The hypergeometric distribution is characterized by three parameters: the population size (N), the number of items with the desired characteristic in the population (K), and the number of items drawn from the population (n). The probability mass function (PMF) of the hypergeometric distribution is given by the formula:P(X = x) = (C(K, x) * C(N-K, n-x)) / C(N, n)where:- X is the random variable representing the number of items with the desired characteristic in the n draws- x is the observed value of X- C(a, b) is the binomial coefficient, which represents the number of ways to choose b items from a itemsThe hypergeometric distribution is related to the binomial distribution, but the key difference is that in the binomial distribution, the trials are independent and the probability of success remains constant, whereas in the hypergeometric distribution, the trials are not independent and the probability of success changes with each draw.One of the main applications of the hypergeometric distribution is in quality control. Suppose a manufacturer has produced a batch of N items, and K of them are defective. The manufacturer wants to inspect a sample of n items to determine the quality of the batch. The hypergeometric distribution can be used to calculate the probability of finding x defective items in the sample, which can help the manufacturer make decisions about the batch.Another application of the hypergeometric distribution is in survey sampling. Suppose a researcher wants to estimate the proportion ofa certain characteristic in a population, but the population size is relatively small. The researcher can draw a sample of n individuals from the population and use the hypergeometric distribution to calculate the probability of observing a certain number of individuals with the desired characteristic.The hypergeometric distribution also has applications in experimental design. For example, in a clinical trial, researchers may want to compare the effectiveness of a new drug to a placebo. The researchers can assign participants to the treatment or control group using a hypergeometric distribution, which ensures that the number of participants in each group is balanced.One of the key properties of the hypergeometric distribution is that it is a discrete distribution, meaning that the random variable X can only take on integer values. This property makes the distribution particularly useful in situations where the population size is finite and the sampling is done without replacement.Another important property of the hypergeometric distribution is that it is unimodal, meaning that the probability mass function has a single peak. The location of the peak depends on the values of the three parameters (N, K, and n), and the distribution can be left-skewed, right-skewed, or symmetric depending on the values of these parameters.The hypergeometric distribution also has several special cases. For example, when the population size N is large compared to the sample size n, the hypergeometric distribution approaches the binomial distribution. Similarly, when the number of items with the desired characteristic K is small compared to the population size N, the hypergeometric distribution approaches the Poisson distribution.In addition to its applications in quality control, survey sampling, and experimental design, the hypergeometric distribution has also been used in other areas, such as genetics, ecology, and finance. For example, in genetics, the hypergeometric distribution can be used to model the probability of observing a certain number of mutations in a gene sequence, while in ecology, it can be used to model the probability of observing a certain number of species in a sample of a habitat.Overall, the hypergeometric distribution is a powerful and versatile probability distribution that has numerous applications in a wide range of fields. Its ability to model the probability of success in a finite population without replacement makes it a valuable tool for researchers and practitioners in many different domains.。
你对家务有什么看法英语作文
你对家务有什么看法英语作文Here is an English essay on the topic of your views on household chores, with the content exceeding 1000 words as requested. Please note that I have not considered any previous instructions and have strictly followed the guidelines provided in this message.Household chores are an integral part of our daily lives, and they play a crucial role in maintaining a clean, organized, and comfortable living environment. As individuals, we all have different perspectives and approaches when it comes to the division of household responsibilities. In this essay, I will explore my personal views on the importance of household chores and the various factors that influence our attitudes towards them.Firstly, I believe that household chores are a necessary and unavoidable aspect of our lives. They ensure that our living spaces are well-maintained, hygienic, and conducive to our overall well-being. From cleaning and tidying up to laundry and meal preparation, these tasks contribute to creating a harmonious and functional home environment. By engaging in regular household chores, we not only keep our living spaces in order but also develop a sense of responsibility and ownership towards our living spaces.Moreover, the division of household chores can have a significant impact on the dynamics and relationships within a household. In an ideal scenario, household responsibilities should be shared equitably among all members of the household, regardless of gender or traditional societal norms. This approach promotes a sense of fairness, cooperation, and mutual understanding, as each individual contributes their fair share to the upkeep of the home. When household chores are distributed evenly, it can alleviate the burden on any one person and foster a greater sense of teamwork and collaboration within the household.However, the reality is that the distribution of household chores is often influenced by various societal and cultural factors. In many households, the traditional gender roles still prevail, where women are expected to bear the brunt of the household responsibilities. This imbalance can lead to resentment, stress, and a sense of inequality, particularly for women who may already be juggling other responsibilities such as work or childcare. It is essential to challenge these outdated gender norms and strive for a more equitable distribution of household tasks, where all members of the household contribute based on their abilities and availabilities.Another factor that can influence our attitudes towards household chores is our upbringing and the values instilled in us from a youngage. Individuals who grew up in households where household chores were seen as a shared responsibility may be more inclined to embrace and participate in these tasks as adults. Conversely, those who were not exposed to the importance of household chores may struggle to develop a sense of ownership and commitment towards these tasks. It is crucial to instill the value of household responsibilities in children from an early age, as this can shape their perceptions and behaviors in the long run.Furthermore, the way we approach household chores can also be influenced by our individual personalities and preferences. Some individuals may find a sense of satisfaction and accomplishment in completing household tasks, while others may view them as a burden or a necessary evil. It is important to recognize and respect these individual differences and find ways to make household chores more enjoyable or manageable for everyone involved.One way to make household chores more manageable is to adopt a systematic and organized approach. This can involve creating a schedule or a routine that outlines the various tasks and their frequency, as well as delegating responsibilities based on individual strengths and preferences. By breaking down the workload and establishing clear expectations, household chores can become less overwhelming and more manageable for all members of the household.Additionally, technology and modern appliances have played a significant role in simplifying and streamlining household chores. Innovations such as dishwashers, washing machines, and robotic vacuums have made many household tasks more efficient and less time-consuming. While these technological advancements can be helpful, it is important to strike a balance and ensure that we do not become overly reliant on them, as they can also contribute to a sense of detachment from the household responsibilities.In conclusion, my views on household chores are multifaceted and influenced by various factors. I believe that household chores are a necessary and integral part of maintaining a clean, organized, and comfortable living environment. The equitable distribution of household responsibilities is crucial for promoting a sense of fairness, cooperation, and mutual understanding within a household. However, I acknowledge that the reality of household chore distribution is often shaped by societal and cultural norms, as well as individual preferences and upbringing. By adopting a systematic and organized approach, and embracing technological advancements, we can make household chores more manageable and enjoyable for all members of the household. Ultimately, the key is to find a balance that works for each individual and household, while recognizing the importance of shared responsibility and collaboration in maintaining a harmonious living environment.。
最大离差化法的英语
最大离差化法的英语The Maximum Deviation Method is a powerful statistical technique used to analyze and compare data sets. This method is particularly useful when dealing with large amounts of data or when there is a need to identify significant differences between multiple data sets. The underlying principle of the Maximum Deviation Method is to find the maximum difference between the values of two or more data sets, and then use this information to draw meaningful conclusions about the relationships between the data.One of the key advantages of the Maximum Deviation Method is its ability to handle complex data structures. Unlike other statistical techniques that may rely on assumptions about the distribution of the data, the Maximum Deviation Method is a non-parametric approach that does not require any specific assumptions about the underlying data. This makes it a versatile tool that can be applied to a wide range of research and analysis problems.To understand the Maximum Deviation Method in more detail, let's consider a hypothetical example. Imagine you are a marketresearcher investigating the sales performance of a new product across different regions. You have collected sales data for the product in five different cities, and you want to determine if there are any significant differences in the sales patterns between these cities.Using the Maximum Deviation Method, you would first calculate the sales value for each city. Then, you would compare the sales values across the cities and identify the maximum difference between any two cities. This maximum difference would represent the largest deviation or disparity in sales performance between the cities.Once you have identified the maximum deviation, you can use this information to draw conclusions about the underlying factors that may be influencing the sales patterns. For example, you might investigate whether differences in population size, economic conditions, or marketing strategies could be contributing to the observed variations in sales.The Maximum Deviation Method can also be used to compare multiple data sets beyond just sales figures. For instance, you could use this technique to analyze differences in customer satisfaction ratings, employee productivity metrics, or environmental indicators across different regions or time periods.One of the key strengths of the Maximum Deviation Method is itsability to identify outliers or extreme values within a data set. By focusing on the maximum deviation, the method can help you pinpoint the areas where the greatest differences exist, which can be particularly useful for identifying anomalies or areas that require further investigation.Another advantage of the Maximum Deviation Method is its simplicity and ease of implementation. The calculations involved are relatively straightforward, and the method can be easily applied using a variety of statistical software or spreadsheet tools. This makes it an accessible and practical tool for researchers, analysts, and decision-makers across a wide range of industries and disciplines.Despite its many benefits, the Maximum Deviation Method is not without its limitations. For example, the method may not be as sensitive to smaller differences between data sets, as it focuses primarily on the maximum deviation. Additionally, the interpretation of the results can sometimes be subjective, as the significance of the maximum deviation may depend on the specific context and research questions being addressed.To overcome these limitations, it is often recommended to complement the Maximum Deviation Method with other statistical techniques, such as hypothesis testing or regression analysis. Bycombining multiple analytical approaches, researchers can gain a more comprehensive understanding of the relationships and patterns within their data.In conclusion, the Maximum Deviation Method is a valuable tool for data analysis and comparison. Its ability to handle complex data structures, identify outliers, and provide insights into the relationships between data sets make it a valuable addition to the statistical toolbox of researchers, analysts, and decision-makers. As with any analytical technique, it is important to understand the strengths and limitations of the Maximum Deviation Method and to use it in conjunction with other statistical approaches to ensure robust and reliable conclusions.。
18659180_尼日尔三角洲的沉积
１０００ ０５６９／２０１９／０３５（０４） １２３８ ５６ＡｃｔａＰｅｔｒｏｌｏｇｉｃａＳｉｎｉｃａ 岩石学报ｄｏｉ：１０ １８６５４／１０００ ０５６９／２０１９ ０４ １７尼日尔三角洲的沉积 构造特征苏玉山１ 王桐１ 李程２ 张光亚３ 赵岩４ 李曰俊５ 赵巍１ 赵甜玉４ＳＵＹｕＳｈａｎ１，ＷＡＮＧＴｏｎｇ１，ＬＩＣｈｅｎｇ２，ＺＨＡＮＧＧｕａｎｇＹａ３，ＺＨＡＯＹａｎ４，ＬＩＹｕｅＪｕｎ５，ＺＨＡＯＷｅｉ１ａｎｄＺＨＡＯＴｉａｎＹｕ４１ 中国石油化工股份有限公司勘探开发研究院，北京 １０００８３２ ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＧｅｏｇｒａｐｈｙ，ＫｙｕｎｇＨｅｅＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，Ｓｅｏｕｌ０２４４７３ 中国石油天然气股份有限公司勘探开发研究院，北京 １０００８３４ 科新石油技术服务有限责任公司，库尔勒 ８４１０００５ 中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所，岩石圈演化国家重点实验室，北京 １０００２９１ ＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＰｅｔｒｏｌｅｕｍＥｘｐｌｏｒａｔｉｏｎ＆Ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ，ＳＩＮＯＰＥＣ，Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ１０００８３，Ｃｈｉｎａ２ ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＧｅｏｇｒａｐｈｙ，ＫｙｕｎｇＨｅｅＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，Ｓｅｏｕｌ０２４４７，Ｋｏｒｅａ３ ＰｅｔｒｏＣｈｉｎａＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＰｅｔｒｏｌｅｕｍＥｘｐｌｏｒａｔｉｏｎａｎｄＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ（ＲＩＰＥＤ），Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ１０００８３，Ｃｈｉｎａ４ ＫｅｘｉｎＰｅｔｒｏｌｅｕｍＳｃｉｅｎｃｅ＆ＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙＳｅｒｖｉｃｅＣｏ ，Ｌｔｄ ，Ｋｏｒｌａ８４１０００，Ｃｈｉｎａ５ ＳｔａｔｅＫｅｙＬａｂｏｒａｔｏｒｙｏｆＬｉｔｈｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃＥｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ，ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＧｅｏｌｏｇｙ＆Ｇｅｏｐｈｙｓｉｃｓ，ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ，Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ１０００２９，Ｃｈｉｎａ２０１８ ０８ １５收稿，２０１８ １２ １０改回ＳｕＹＳ，ＷａｎｇＴ，ＬｉＣ，ＺｈａｎｇＧＹ，ＺｈａｏＹ，ＬｉＹＪ，ＺｈａｏＷａｎｄＺｈａｏＴＹ ２０１９ ＴｈｅｓｅｄｉｍｅｎｔａｒｙａｎｄｔｅｃｔｏｎｉｃｆｅａｔｕｒｅｓｏｆｔｈｅＮｉｇｅｒＤｅｌｔａ ＡｃｔａＰｅｔｒｏｌｏｇｉｃａＳｉｎｉｃａ，３５（４）：１２３８－１２５６，ｄｏｉ：１０ １８６５４／１０００ ０５６９／２０１９ ０４ １７Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ ＴｈｅＮｉｇｅｒＤｅｌｔａ，ｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｌａｒｇｅｓｔｄｅｌｔａｉｎｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄ，ｉｓｌｏｃａｔｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｅａｓｔｅｒｎｐａｓｓｉｖｅｃｏｎｔｉｎｅｎｔａｌｍａｒｇｉｎｏｆｔｈｅＡｔｌａｎｔｉｃＯｃｅａｎ ＩｔｗａｓｆｏｒｍｅｄｄｕｒｉｎｇｔｈｅＮｉｇｅｒＲｉｖｅｒｅｎｔｅｒｉｎｇｔｈｅＡｔｌａｎｔｉｃＯｃｅａｎ ＴｈｅｍａｉｎｐａｒｔｏｆｔｈｅｄｅｌｔａｌｉｅｓｏｎｔｈｅＡｔｌａｎｔｉｃｏｃｅａｎｉｃｃｒｕｓｔ，ａｎｄｔｈｅｍｉｎｏｒｐａｒｔｏｎｔｈｅＡｆｒｉｃａｎｐｒｅ Ｃａｍｂｒｉａｎｂａｓｅｍｅｎｔ ＴｈｅＣｅｎｔｒａｌａｎｄＷｅｓｔＡｆｒｉｃａｎＲｉｆｔＳｙｓｔｅｍｓｉｎｄｉｒｅｃｔｌｙｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｔｈｅｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅＮｉｇｅｒＤｅｌｔａｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｌｉｎｇｔｈｅｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎａｎｄｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆｔｈｅＢｅｎｕｅ Ｎｉｇｅｒｒｉｖｅｒｓｙｓｔｅｍ Ｉｔｉｓａｐｒｏｇｒａｄｅｄｄｅｌｔａｗｉｔｈｔｙｐｉｃａｌｐｒｏｇｒａｄｉｎｇｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｅ，ｉ ｅ ，ｒｅｇｒｅｓｓｉｖｅｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｅ Ｔｈｅｐｒｏｇｒａｄｉｎｇｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｅｉｓｃｏｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｄｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｍａｒｉｎｅｓｈａｌｅ（ＡｋａｔａＦｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ），ｐａｒａｌｉｃｓａｎｄａｎｄｓｈａｌｅ（ＡｇｂａｄａＦｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ）ａｎｄｃｏｎｔｉｎｅｎｔａｌａｌｌｕｖｉａｌｓａｎｄｓ（ＢｅｎｉｎＦｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ）ｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｂｏｔｔｏｍｔｏｔｈｅｔｏｐ Ｔｈｅｓｅｔｈｒｅｅｌｉｔｈｏｓｔｒａｔｉｇｒａｐｈｉｃｕｎｉｔｓａｒｅｄｉａｃｈｒｏｎｏｕｓ Ａｌｌｏｆｔｈｅｍａｒｅｙｏｕｎｇｅｒｓｅａｗａｒｄ Ｔｈｅｒｅｉｓａｌａｒｇｅｓｃａｌｅｇｒａｖｉｔｙｇｌｉｄｉｎｇｔｅｃｔｏｎｉｃｓ ＴｈｅｍａｉｎｄｅｔａｃｈｍｅｎｔｆａｕｌｔｌｉｅｓｉｎｔｈｅＡｋａｔａｍａｒｉｎｅｓｈａｌｅ Ｔｈｅｇｒａｖｉｔｙｔｅｃｔｏｎｉｃｓｃａｎｂｅｄｉｖｉｄｅｄｉｎｔｏｔｈｅｆｒｏｎｔｃｏｍｐｒｅｓｓｉｏｎａｌｄｅｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｐｒｏｖｉｎｃｅａｎｄｔｈｅｔｒａｉｌｅｘｔｅｎｓｉｏｎａｌｄｅｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｐｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ Ｔｈｅｆｒｏｎｔｃｏｍｐｒｅｓｓｉｏｎａｌｄｅｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｆｏｒｍｅｄａｆｏｌｄ ｔｈｒｕｓｔｂｅｌｔ Ｔｈｅｔｒａｉｌｅｘｔｅｎｓｉｏｎａｌｄｅｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｆｏｒｍｅｄｈｏｒｓｔ ｇｒａｂｅｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｓ Ｔｈｅｄｅｔａｃｈｍｅｎｔｆｏｌｄｓａｒｅｗｅｌｌｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｔｒａｎｓｉｔｉｏｎａｌｚｏｎｅｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｔｈｅｓｅｔｗｏｄｅｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｐｒｏｖｉｎｃｅｓ Ａｃｃｏｍｐａｎｉｅｄｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｇｒａｖｉｔｙ ｇｌｉｄｉｎｇｔｅｃｔｏｎｉｃｓ，ｓｈａｌｅｔｅｃｔｏｎｉｃｓａｒｅｗｉｄｅｌｙｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｄｉｎｔｈｅＮｉｇｅｒＤｅｌｔａ Ｔｈｅｒｅｉｓｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｙｓｏｍｅｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ ｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｔｈｅｇｒａｖｉｔｙ ｇｌｉｄｉｎｇｔｅｃｔｏｎｉｃｓａｎｄｔｈｅＣｅｎｏｚｏｉｃｖｏｌｃａｎｉｃａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓｏｆｔｈｅＣａｍｅｒｏｏｎｖｏｌｃａｎｉｃｌｉｎｅＫｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ ＮｉｇｅｒＤｅｌｔａ；Ｐｒｏｇｒａｄｅｄｄｅｌｔａ；Ｇｒａｖｉｔｙ ｇｌｉｄｉｎｇｔｅｃｔｏｎｉｃｓ；Ｓｈａｌｅｔｅｃｔｏｎｉｃｓ；Ｂｅｎｕｅ Ｎｉｇｅｒｒｉｖｅｒｓｙｓｔｅｍ；ＥａｓｔｅｒｎＡｔｌａｎｔｉｃｐａｓｓｉｖｅｃｏｎｔｉｎｅｎｔａｌｍａｒｇｉｎ；ＣｅｎｔｒａｌＡｆｒｉｃａｎＲｉｆｔＳｙｓｔｅｍ；ＷｅｓｔＡｆｒｉｃａｎＲｉｆｔＳｙｓｔｅｍ；ＢｒｅａｋｕｐｏｆｔｈｅＧｏｎｄｗａｎａ摘 要 尼日尔三角洲位于非洲大陆西海岸的几内亚湾，由尼日尔河注入大西洋形成的，是世界上最大的三角洲之一。
中国基于哈蒙德方法的自动化地貌分类说明书
Journal of Computer and Communications, 2020, 8, 23-30https:///journal/jccISSN Online: 2327-5227 ISSN Print: 2327-5219Automated Landform Classification of China Based on Hammond’s MethodBaoying YeSchool of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, ChinaAbstractThe automatic classification of Macro landforms was processed with the pro-gram developed by Hammond’s Manual procedures, which based on proper-ties of slope, local relief, and profile type, which consists of 5 landform types, 24 landform class and 96 landform subclasses. This program identified land-form types by moving a square window with size of 9.8 km × 9.8 km. The da-ta includes 816 sheets of topological map with a scale of 1:250,000. The DEM were buildup with the contours and mark points based on this data with a cell size of 200 m, and merge into one sheet. The automated classification was processed on this DEM data with a AML program of ArcGIS 10.X Worksta-tion. The result indicates it produced a classification that has good resemblance to the landforms in China. The maps were produced respectively with 5 types, 16 classes and, 90 subclasses The 5 Landform types of landforms were Plains (PLA), 20.25% of whole areas; Tablelands (TAB) of 3.56%; Plains with Hills or Mountains (PHM) of 32.84%; Open Hills and Mountains (OHM) of 18.72%; H ills and Mountains(H M) of 24.63%. In the result of 24 landform classes, there are not some classes, such as irregular plains with low relief; open very low hills, open low hills; very low hills, low hills, moderate hills. The result of 96 landform subclass is similar to the 24 class.KeywordsLandform Classification, Hammond, DEM1. IntroductionTo some degree, landforms influence the distribution and evolution of ecology and other environmental factor, which is the core and the basic content of geography [1]. Landform morphological classification is the basic unit of landform, and al-so the first step in solving geomorphic problems. The landform classifications of large scale were started in 1950 in China. In 1956, the 1:4,000,000 Landform Clas-H ow to cite this paper: Ye, B.Y. (2020) Automated Landform Classification of China Based on H ammond’s Method. Journal of Computer and Communications , 8, 23-30. https:///10.4236/jcc.2020.86003Received: June 1, 2020 Accepted: June 26, 2020 Published: June 29, 2020B. Y. Yesifications and Region Planning Map of China, according to the altitude and sur-face cutting degree (Table 1). In 1979, the Mapping Standard of 1:1,000,000Landform Classifications in China were completed, and classified the landformtypes with the altitude, relative altitude and the surface cutting degree, accordingto the classification schemes of З.A.Cварицевская (1975). Until 1989, only 15sheets landform maps (1:1,000,000 scale) were completed. This mission was sus-pended for a long time. Until 2009, the 1:1,000,000 scale landform atlases ofwhole China is accomplished [2]. The two landform classifications schemes above,is based on manual process.The 1:40,000,000’s scheme is based on forms and exogenic forces, and manyparameters are not quantitative. There were many quantitative factors is introducedinto the 1:1,000,000’s scheme, such as altitude, local relief, and slope. The localrelief is classified into 4 classless, less than 500 m is low relief hills; 500 - 1000 mis moderate relief hills, 1000 - 2500 m is high relief mountains and more than2500 m is very high relief mountains [3]. There are also some papers adoptedlocal reliefs but different classes in whole China’s landform scheme. Cai Zongxin(1986) classified grade into 5 classes, less than 20 m is plains; 20 - 200 m is hills,200 - 500 is low mountains, 500 - 1500 m is middle mountains and more than1500 m is high mountains (Table 2) [3]. Tu Hanming et al. [4] classified localrelief of China into 7 classes based on the statistics of samples from whole China’sDEMs. In 2009, Zhou Chenghu et al., classified the landform of China into 7types and 25 classes, according to slope, relief and altitude (Table 3).In 1990’s, there are some scholars contributing to extracting the single landformparameters in China, such as ridge line and valley line [5] [6] [7], summit [8],shoulder line of valleys [9] [10], micro topography [11]. All above are based onthe regions of simple landforms evolutions. There are many limits to automaticallywhole China’s landform classifications. Liu Aili et al. (2006) [12] attempted toautomate classify the landforms of whole China based on image classificationsmethods. But the sampling cell is 1000 m × 1000 m, which is coarse enough toomit many small landform units.Table 1. Mountain and hills classification of China.Class Subclass Altitude(m) Surface cutting degreeExtremely high mountain >5000 >1000High mountainHigh mountain3500 - 5000>1000 Mid-high mountain 500 - 1000 Low-high mountain <500Middle mountain High-middle mountain1000 - 3500>1000 Middle mountain 500 - 1000 Low-middle mountain <500Low mountain Mid-low mountain500 - 1000500 - 1000 Low mountain 100 - 500Hills <500B. Y. Ye Table 2. The basic geomorphologic index of China.Types Relative altitudePlain <20Hills 20 - 200Low mountain 200 - 500Middle mountain 500 - 1500High mountain >1500Table 3. Basic morphological types of land geomorphology in China.Altitude Low altitude Mid-altitude High altitude Extremely highaltitude relief <1000 1000 - 3500 3500 - 5000 >5000Plain (<30) Low altitude plain Mid-altitudeplainHigh altitudeplainExtremely highaltitude plainPlatform > 30 Low altitudeplatform Mid-altitudeplatformHigh altitudeplatformExtremely highaltitude platformHills < 200 Low altitude hills Mid-altitude hills High altitude hills Extremely high altitude hillsSmall-relief mountain 200 - 500 Small-relief lowmountainSmall-reliefmid-mountainSmall-relief highmountainSmall-reliefExtremely highmountainMid-relief mountain 500 - 1000 Mid-relief lowmountainMid-reliefmid-mountainMid-reliefhigh mountainMid-reliefExtremely highmountainBig-relief mountain 1000 - 2500Big-reliefmid-mountainBig-reliefhigh mountainBig-reliefExtremelyhigh mountainExtremelyBig-relief mountain > 2500ExtremelyBig-reliefhigh mountainExtremelyBig-relief Extremelyhigh mountainIn this paper, we classified the landform of whole China in Hammond’s scheme according of slope, local relief, and profile type [13] [14]. We compare the result with and the scheme by Zhou Chenghu et al. (2009) [2]. The computer-program is based on the approach developed by Dikau et al. [15]. In order to compare with the international landform maps, the parameters of Hammond’s scheme are kept unchanged.2. Hammond Landform Classification2.1. ConceptHammond’s hierarchic landform classification is based on properties of slope, localrelief, and profile type.1) The slope is divided into 4 levels based on the percent of area gently sloping. If the inclination is below 8%, we call this gently slope (Figure 1). The percent area is calculated in moving widow (9.8 km × 9.8 km).B. Y. YeFigure 1.% area local gently sloping (4 × 4).A: 31.25%, B: 18.75%, C: 37.5%, D: 12.5%.2) Local relief is the difference between maximum and minimum elevation inmoving window. Local relief had a non-linear relationship with horizontal lengthby examining a variety of mountain belts [16]. Tu Hanming et al. [4]-[17] calcu-lated the length scale with the sampling data from the whole land China, 5 opti-mum statistical length was calculated corresponding to different map scale, whichis 2, 6, 16, 20, 22 (km2). In this paper, we choose the 9.8 km × 9.8 km in order tocompare with the Hammond’s classification.3) Profile type subdivide tablelands as upland units and plains with hills ormountains as lowland unit [15].With these three parameters, Hammond classified 96 landform subclasses theo-retically (Table 4, Table 5). Hammond used only 45 subclasses were common inU.S. [18]. He generalized his results by merging areas smaller than 2072 km2 intoadjacent units to avoid cluttering at a 1:5,000,000 map. Dikau et al. [15] devel-oped automated approach identified all 96 landforms units without generaliza-tion.2.2. MethodThe data were processed in ArcGIS 10.x Workstation with 64 bit windows OS inHp xw8400. The Python and ARC/INFO AML were the scripting languages forbatching the data. The procedures mainly include two steps, the DEM buildupand automated classification:The DEM buildup:The contours and mark points features were extractedfrom the terrain layer. For eliminating the boundary effect, 16 sheets merge intoone map before generation of DEM, then clipping the DEM with the boundaryof one sheet. The whole China consists of 61 maps with a scale of 1:1,000,000.The DEM were buildup with the contours and mark points with ARC/INFOcommand of “generate <>”, and merge into one sheet with 100 m.Automated classification: The DEM were resampled into 200m.The movingwindow is 49 × 49 (9.8 km × 9.8 km). The three parameter layers were derivedfrom DEM firstly, and then they were overplayed to generate one 96-subclasseslandform map. A AML was developed according to the Dikau’s approach. Wemerged the three parameter layers to yield a landforms map.B. Y. YeTable 4. Hammond’s landform classification.Percent of area gently sloping Local relief Profile type1) more than 80 1. 0 - 30 1. >75% in lowland2) 50 - 80 2. 30 - 91 2. 50% - 75% in lowland3) 20 - 50 3. 91 - 152 3. 25% - 50% in lowland4) less than 20 4.152 - 305 4. <25% in lowland5. 305 > 9146. 5 > 914Table 5. The landform classifications of China.Landform Class Subclass5 types area% 24 classes area% 96 subclasses area%Plains (PLA) 20.25 flat or nearly flat plains 10.86 111, 112, 113, 114 3.41 3.15 2.64 1.67smooth plains with some local relief 9.37 121, 122, 123, 124 4.78 2.51 1.52 0.56irregular plains with moderate relief 0.02 221, 222, 223, 224 0.02 0.01tablelands (TAB) 3.56 tablelands with moderate relief 1.34 133, 134, 233, 234 1.04 0.27 0.02tablelands with considerable relief 1.50 143, 144, 243, 244 0.77 0.22 0.38 0.13tablelands with high relief 0.70 153, 154, 253, 254 0.10 0.05 0.37 0.19tablelands with very high relief 0.03 163, 164, 263, 264 0.01 0.01 0.01plains with hills or32.84 plains with hills 7.25 131, 132, 231, 232 4.73 2.17 0.20 0.15 mountains (PHM)plains with high hills 12.64 141, 142, 241, 242 7.10 1.89 2.84 0.80plains with low mountains 12.45 151, 152, 251, 252 3.19 0.29 8.04 0.93plains with high mountains 0.50 161, 162, 261, 262 0.04 0.00 0.46 0.01Open hills and18.72 open high hills 1.14 341, 342, 343, 344 0.44 0.41 0.24 0.05 mountains (OPM)open low mountains 14.85 351, 352, 353, 354 10.37 2.53 1.34 0.61open high mountains 2.73 361, 362, 363, 364 2.25 0.19 0.12 0.16Hills and24.63 low mountains 7.10 451, 452, 453, 454 3.73 2.08 0.99 0.30 mountains (HMO)high mountains 17.52 461, 462, 463, 464 7.29 5.19 3.27 1.783. Study Area and DataThis automated process was tested on almost whole China, which consists ofmainland, Hainan and Taiwan islands. The data includes 816 sheets of topologi-cal map with a scale of 1:250,000, which were digitalized by National GeometricsCenter of China in 1998. The content consists of 14 layers: hydrological system,Residential, Railway, Road, boundary, Terrain, and some auxiliary ones. The ter-rain data include contours and mark point, and the contours interval is 50 or100 m.B. Y. Ye4. Result and AnalysisThe maps were constructed respectively with 5 types, 16 classes and 90 subclasses(Table 2, Figure 2, Figure 3). The whole area of China is 9482552.72 km2 be-sides some small island were not calculated. The 5 Landform types of landformswere Plains (PLA), 20.25% of whole areas; Tablelands (TAB) of 3.56%; Plainswith Hills or Mountains (PHM) of 32.84%; Open Hills and Mountains (OHM)of 18.72%; H ills and Mountains (H M) of 24.63%. The PLA were located inSongnen Plain, Sanjiang Plain, Huabei Plain, Huaihai Plain, Jianghai Plain, Ale-tai Basin, Talimu Basin, Loess Plateau, etc. The TAB were scattered in wholeChina, which each patch is small. The PHMs were located in Xiao-Xing’anlingMountains, Shandong peninsula, Inner-Mongolian, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, SichuanBasin, Guangxi and H unan province. The OH M were located in Da-Xing’anlingMountains, Shaanxi province, Guizhou province and scatted in North of TibetPlateau. The HMO is located in East of Tibet Plateau, around the Sichuan Basin,Yunnan, Fujian Taiwan province. The result indicates it produced a classificationthat has good resemblance to the landforms in China.Some classes were not generated, such as irregular plains and low hill. ThePLA is primary flat or smooth without some relief. The altitude in hill or moun-tain region is high, so there are almost not low hill.According to Hammond’s scheme, the area of TAB is only 3.56%. The area oftableland in some manual scheme is much more than that [19]. There are severallarge tablelands, such as Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Mongolia Plateau, Loess Plateau,Figure 2. 5-type landforms map of China land.B. Y. YeFigure 3. 24-classes landforms map of China land.Yun-gui Plateau. In Figure 2, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is mainly classified into PHM; Mongolia Tableland and Loess Tableland is classified into PLA or PHM and the Yun-gui Tableland is classified into HMO. There are many hills or moun-tains in tableland in China. The basin is basically classified into PLA, but the Si-chuan Basin is mainly classified into PHM or PLA.5. ConclusionAutomated landform classification produced a classification that has good resem-blance to those of manual approach. However, some classes are different from manual method. There are much more complex landform in China, and the geo-morphologic evolution is much more different, so it needs to improve the me-thod to classified more reasonable. Furthermore, the effects of scale and genera-lization also should be paid special attention.Conflicts of InterestThe author declares no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this pa-per.B. Y. YeReferences[1]Yan, S.X. (1985) Geomorphology. Shanghai High Education Press.[2]State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System (2009).[3]Su, S.Y. and Li, J.Z. (1998) Geomorphology Mapping.[4]Tu, H.M. and Liu, Z.D. (1991) Study on Amplitude in China. Acta Geodaetica etCartographica Sinica, 20, 311-319.[5]Liu, Z.H. and Huang, P.Z. (2003) Derivation of Skeleton Line from TopographicMap with DEM Data. Science of Surveying and Mapping, 28, 33-38.[6]Jin, H.L., Gao, J.X. and Kang, J.R. (2005) A Study of Extracting Terrain FeatureLines Based on Vector Contour Data. Bulletin of Surveying and Mapping, 67, 54-55.[7]Qu, J.H., Cheng, J.L. and Cui, X.G. (2007) Automatic Extraction for Ridge and Val-ley by Vertical Sectional Method. Science of Surveying and Mapping, 32, 33-34.[8]Chen, P.P., Zhang, Y.S., Wang, C., et al. (2006) Method of Extracting Surface PeaksBased on DEM. Modern Surveying and Mapping, 29, 11-13.[9]Lu, G.N., Qian, Y.D. and Chen, Z.M. (1998) Study of Automated Extraction OfShoulder Line of Valley from Grid Digital Elevation Data. Scientia Geographica Si-nica, 18, 567-573.[10]Liu, P.J., Zhu, Q.K., Wu, D.L., et al. (2006) Automated Extraction of Shoulder Lineof Valleys Based on Flow Paths from Grid Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Data.Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 28, 72-75.[11]Zhou, F.B. and Liu, X.J. (2008) Research on the Automated Classification of MicroLandform Based on Grid DEM. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology(In-formation & Management Engineering), 30, 172-175.[12]Liu, A.L. and Tang, G.A. (2006) DEM Based Auto-Classification of Chinese Land-form. Geo-Information Science, 8, 8-14.[13]Hammond, E.H. (1954) Small-Scale Continental Landform Maps. Annals of the Asso-ciation of American Geographers, 44, 33-42.https:///10.1080/00045605409352120[14]Hammond, E.H. (1964) Analysis of Properties in Land Form Geography: An Ap-plication to Broad-Scale Land form Mapping. Annals of the Association of Ameri-can Geographers, 54, 11-19. https:///10.1111/j.1467-8306.1964.tb00470.x[15]Dikau, R., Brabb, E.E. and Mark, R.M. (1991) Landform Classification of New Mexicoby Computer. U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA, Open-File Report 91-634.https:///10.3133/ofr91634[16]Ahnert, F. (1984) Local Relief and the Height Limits of Mountain Ranges. AmericanJournal of Science, 284, 1035-1055. https:///10.2475/ajs.284.9.1035[17]Tu, H.M. and Liu, Z.D. (1990) Demonstrating on Optimum Statistics Unit of ReliefAmplitude in China. Journal of Hubei University (Natural Science), 20, 311-319.[18]Brabyn, L. (1998) GIS Analysis of Macro Landform. Presented at the 10th Ann. Col-loquium Spatial Information Research Centre University of Otago./wfass/subjects/geography/staff/lars/landform/sirc98.html[19]Chen, Z.M. (1993) 1:4,000,000 Geomorphologic Map of China and Its Adjacent Area.China Map Press.。
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angle of slope
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angle probe angle reflection angle setting of balde angle valve angle-displacement sensor
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鼓风装置
空气炮 气力分离器 空气压缩机 风量消耗 冷风干燥机 空气过滤器 空气绝缘金属铠减速 机 气力提升 气力提升泵 透气性
knife switch kraft paper kyoto protocol labeling line lack of fusion ladder ladder diagram ladle analysis ladle trunnion lamellar tear lam ination lanoline resin lap lapped seam late Indo-Chian and post-Yenshan Movement lateral cantilever type lateral drive lateral thrust lathe layout drawing lead alloy leading screw leakage hopper leakage path leg length level indicator level indicator level sensor level switch level switch lever lifting capacity Lifting Equipments lifting height (Above rail/Below rail) lifting platform light load running test light source lighting distribution panel lightning protection lime saturation factor
机械工程学专业词汇英语翻译（P）2
pneumatic chuck ⽓动卡盘 pneumatic conveying ⽓动输送 pneumatic drive ⽓动驱动 pneumatic governor ⽓动蒂器 pneumatic hammer 空⽓锤 pneumatic hoist 风动起重滑车 pneumatic press ⽓动压⼒机 pneumatic rammer ⽓动夯锤 pneumatic shell 耐压壳 pneumatic shock absorber 空⽓缓冲器⽓⼒减震器 pneumatic starting ⽓压起动 pneumatic transport ⽓⼒输送 pneumonics 压⽓学 poinsot motion 潘怂动 poinsot theorem 潘栓理 point mass 质点质量 point mechanics 质点⼒学 point of action 酌点 point of admission 进⽓点 point of application 酌点 point of branching 分⽀点 point of detachment 分离点 point of division 分割点 point of emergency 初始点 point of inflection 拐点 point of inflexion 拐点 point of resonance 共振点 point of support ⽀承点 point of zero moment 拐点 point source explosion 点爆炸 point transfer matrix 点变换矩阵 point vortex 点涡 pointed corrosion 坑蚀 pointer 指针 poise 泊 poiseuille flow 泊肃叶怜 poiseuille's law 泊肃叶定律 poisson bracket 泊松括号 poisson equations 泊松⽅程 poisson kinematic equations 泊松运动⽅程 poisson's ratio 泊松⽐ poisson's theorem 泊松定理 polar 极线 polar coordinates 极坐标 polar equation 极⽅程 polar moment of inertia 极惯性矩 polar motion 极运动 polar resisting moment 极阻⼒矩 polarimetry 测偏振术 polariscope 偏光镜 polarization 偏光 polarization by deformation 依变形极化 polarization by refraction 折射偏振 polarization energy 极化能量 polarization fading 偏振衰减 polarization force 极化⼒ polarization modulation 偏振灯 polarization wave 极化波 polarized light 偏振光 pole 杆 pole curve 本体极迹 pole strength 极强 polhode 本体极迹 polhode cone 本体极迹锥⾯ polished section 抛光磨⽚ poloidal magnetic field ⾓向磁场 poloidal mode 极向模型 polycrystalline material 多晶物质 polycrystalline substance 多晶物质 polydimensional 多维的 polygon 多边形 polygon of forces ⼒多边形 polygonal connection 多⾓联结 polyhedral 多⾯体的 polyhedral angle 多⾯⾓ polyhedron 多⾯体 polymer 聚合物 polymer degradation 解聚酌 polymeric liquids 聚合物液体 polymorphism 多形现象 polymorphy 同质多形 polyphase 多相的 polyslip 复滑移 polytrope 多变曲线 polytropic atmosphere 多元⼤⽓ polytropic exponent 多变指数 polytropic index 多变指数 ponderomotive force 有质动⼒ pore fluid 充液多孔体 pore pressure 孔隙压⼒ pore space 孔隙空间 pore water pressure 孔隙⽔压⼒ porewater 孔隙⽔ porosity 孔隙度 porous 多孔的 porous diaphragm 多孔膜 porous diffusion 多孔扩散 porous disc 透⽔板 porous flow 渗流 porous material 多孔性材料 porous media 多孔介质 porous membrane 多孔膜 porous slab 多孔板 porous structure 多孔结构 portal bracing 桥门撑杆架 position head 位置⽔头 position of rest 静⽌位置 position vector 位⽮ positive feedback 正反馈 positive pressure 正压 positive pressure head 正压头 positive pressure wave 正压⼒波 positive pulse 正脉冲 positive rotation 正旋 positivity wave 正波 possible displacement 可能位移 post buckling behavior 屈曲后⾏为 potential 势 potential difference 势差 potential energy 位能 potential energy of stress 应⼒势能 potential field 势场 potential flow 势流位流 potential force 有势⼒ potential function 势函数 potential function of airy 爱⾥势函数 potential gradient 势梯度 potential head 位势头 potential internal energy 内势能 potential motion 位势运动 potential of central forces 有⼼⼒势 potential of discontinuity 不连续势 potential of simple layer 单层势 potential operator 位势算符 potential scattering 势散射 potential stability 势稳定性 potential theory 位势论 potential variability 势可变性 potential vector 势⽮ potential vortex 势涡 potential vorticity 位势涡度 pothole 地⾯深⽳ power 功率 power extraction 功率提取 power factor 功率因数 power law 指数定律 power law of distribution 指数分布定律 power loss 功率损耗 power of force ⼒功率 power spectrum 密度谱 poynting effect 坡印廷效应 practical efficiency 实际效率 practical system of units 实⽤单位制 prager theory of plasticity 普拉格塑性理论 prandtl body 普朗特体 prandtl boundary layer 普朗特边界层 prandtl glauert law 普朗特格劳厄脱规则 prandtl glauert rule 普朗特格劳厄脱规则 prandtl lifting line theory 普朗特升⼒线理论 prandtl meyer flow 普朗特迈耶流 prandtl meyer wave 普朗特迈耶波 prandtl mixing length 普朗特混合长度 prandtl number 普朗特数 prandtl relation 普朗特关系式 prandtl torsion function 普朗特扭转函数 prandtl tube 普朗特管 pratt truss 普拉特桁架 pre combustion chamber 预燃室 preacceleration 预加速 preadaptation 预适应 preageing 预时效 preamplifier 前置放⼤器 precession 旋进 precession cone 旋进锥 precession of a top 陀螺的旋进 precession of earth 地球的旋进 precession of gyroscope 陀螺旋进 precession of orbit 轨道旋进 precession time 旋进时间 precessional motion 旋进运动 prechamber 预燃室 precipitability 沉淀性 precipitate 沉淀物 precipitation 沉淀 precipitation hardening 沉淀硬化 precision measurement 精确测量 precision of measurement 测量准确度 precision type instrument 精密仪器 precompression 预压缩 preconsolidation 预固结 precooling 预冷却 predeflection 预偏转 preexpansion saturation 膨胀前饱和 preheated air 预热空⽓ preheating 预热 preliminary design 初步设计 preliminary load 预加载 preload 预加载 preoscillation 预振荡 preoscillation time 预振荡时间 press in method 尖端压⼊⽅法 press pump 增压泵 pressductor 压⼒传感器 pressing 压模 pressure 压⼒ pressure amplitude 压幅 pressure angle 压⼒⾓ pressure balance 压⼒秤 pressure center 压⼒中⼼ pressure coefficient 压⼒系数 pressure compensation 压⼒补偿 pressure conduit 压⼒管道 pressure controller 压⼒第器 pressure converter 压⼒变换器压⼒转换器 pressure curve 压⼒曲线 pressure diagram 压⼒曲线 pressure difference 压⼒差 pressure diffusion 压差扩散 pressure distribution 压⼒分布 pressure distribution curve 压⼒分布曲线 pressure drag 压⼒阻⼒ pressure drop 压降 pressure elasticity 压缩弹性 pressure energy 压⼒能量 pressure equalizing 均压 pressure equation 压⼒⽅程 pressure fall 压降 pressure feed 压送 pressure field 压⼒场 pressure filter 压滤机 pressure flow 压⼒流 pressure fluctuation 压⼒波动 pressure force 压⼒ pressure front 激波前沿 pressure function 压⼒函数 pressure gage 压⼒计 pressure gradient 压⼒梯度 pressure head 压头 pressure intensity 压强 pressure jump 压⼒跃变 pressure line 压⼒线 pressure loss 压⼒损耗 pressure lubrication 压⼒润滑 pressure maximum 压⼒ pressure measuring device 压⼒计 pressure meter 压⼒计 pressure method 压⼒法 pressure minimum 最⼩压⼒ pressure nozzle 压⼒喷嘴 pressure outside 外压⼒ pressure piping 压⼒管道 pressure propagation 压⼒传播 pressure pump 压送泵 pressure recovery 压⼒恢复 pressure reducing valve 减压阀 pressure regulator 压⼒蝶器 pressure relief 卸压 pressure resistance 压⼒阻⼒ pressure response 压⼒响应 pressure rise 增压 pressure sensitivity 压⼒灵敏度 pressure shift 压致位移 pressure shock 压缩激波 pressure side 压⼒⾯ pressure stress 压应⼒ pressure tank 压⼒槽 pressure tensor 压⼒张量 pressure test 压⼒试验 pressure transducer 压⼒变换器 pressure tube 压⼒管 pressure turbine 反唤⽔轮机 pressure valve 压⼒阀 pressure vessel 压⼒容器 pressure volume diagram 压容图 pressure water 加压⽔ pressure wave 压⼒波 pressurized gas 压缩⽓体 prestrain 预应变 prestress 预应⼒ prestressed concrete 预应⼒混凝⼟ pretensioning system 先张法 primary back reaction 初级反酌 primary consolidation 初始固结 primary creep 初始蠕变 primary stress 初始应⼒ primary system 值统 primary wave 初波 primaryload 知荷载 principal axes of an area ⾯积轴 principal axis 轴 principal axis of inertia 惯性轴 principal axis of strain 应变轴 principal axis transformation 轴变换 principal bending moment 咒矩 principal contour 秩⾼线 principal coordinate system 著标系 principal coordinates 著标 principal curvature 助率 principal deformation 枝变 principal direction of glide 脂移⽅向 principal direction of oscillation ⽵荡⽅向 principal extension ratio 朱长⽐ principal function 哈密顿酌 principal glide system 脂移系统 principal invariant 只变量 principal line 诌 principal load 知荷载 principal minor 钟式 principal moment of inertia 诌性矩 principal motion 炙动 principal net of the flow 著柳 principal normal 吱线 principal plane 纸⾯ principal plane of flexure 钟曲⾯ principal plane of glide 脂移平⾯ principal plane of inertia 诌性平⾯ principal plane of stress 枝⼒平⾯ principal problem of dynamics 动⼒学知问题 principal radius of curvature 助率半径 principal section 重⾯ principal shear stress 拄应⼒ principal shock 逐 principal simulation error 郑拟误差 principal strain 枝变 principal strain direction 枝变⽅向 principal strain ratio 枝变⽐ principal stress 枝动 principal stress axis 枝⼒轴 principal stress direction 枝⼒⽅向 principal stress method 枝⼒法 principal stress moment 枝⼒矩 principal stress ratio 枝⼒⽐ principal surface tension 猪⾯张⼒ principal symmetry plane 衷称⾯ principal tensile stress 汁应⼒ principal trajectory 朱迹 principal value 值 principal vector 指量 principle 原理 principle of conservation of area ⾯积守恒原理 principle of conservation of energy 能量守恒原理 principle of continuity 连续性原理 principle of dissipation 耗散原理 principle of hydrodynamic images 铃⼒学镜像原理 principle of least action 最⼩酌原理 principle of least constraint 最⼩约束运动原理 principle of least curvature 最⼩曲率原理 principle of least work 最⼩功原理 principle of linear momentum 线性动量定理 principle of linear superposition 线性叠加原理 principle of minimum 最⼩值原理 principle of minimum complementary energy 最⼩余能原理 principle of minimum dissipation of entropy 最⼩耗熵原理 principle of minimum potential energy 最⼩势能原理 principle of minimum virtual mass 最⼩虚质量原理 principle of mobile equilibrium 动态平衡原理 principle of moment 矩原理 principle of momentum conservation 动量守恒原理 principle of parallel flow 平⾏镰理 principle of phase stability 相位稳定性原理 principle of quasi continuity 准连续性原理 principle of relativity 相对性原理 principle of similitude 相似律 principle of solidification 固化原理 principle of statics 静⼒学原理 principle of superposition 叠加原理 principle of the inertia of energy 能量惯性原理 principle of the maximum 值原理 principle of the parallelogram of forces ⼒平⾏四边形定律 principle of transfer 转移原理 principle of using travelling waves ⾏波前进原理 principle of virtual displacement 虚位移原理 principle of virtual power 虚功原理 principle of virtual stress 虚应⼒原理 principle of virtual work 虚功原理 probability 概率 probability amplitude 概率幅度 probability current 概率量 probability current density ⼏率淋度 probability density ⼏率密度 probability distribution 概率分布 probability frequency function 概率频率函数 probability of collision 碰撞⼏率 probability of state 态的概率 probable error 概率误差 procedure 程序 process 过程 product moment 积矩 product moment correlation 积矩关联 product of inertia 惯性积 profile 轮廓 profile chart 轮廓图 profile coefficient 翼型系数 profile curve 轮廓曲线 profile drag 理想铃中的阻⼒ profile error 廓形误差 profile flow 翼型绕流 profile gage 轮廓量规 profile mean line 翼型中线 profilogram 轮廓曲线 program control 程序控制 program debugging 程序翟 programming error 程序设计错误 progressive loading 逐步加载 progressive motion 前进运动 progressive nutation 正章动 progressive precession 正旋进 progressive wave 前进波 project 设计 projectile 抛射体 projectile motion 抛射体运动 projection 射影 projection operator 投影算符 projection plane 投影平⾯ proof stress 容许应⼒ proof test 加压试验 prop 螺旋桨 prop jet 涡轮螺旋桨发动机 propagation 传播 propagation of pressure 压⼒传递 propagation of the tide 潮汐传播 propagation velocity 传播速度 propellant 推进剂 propeller 螺旋桨 propeller blade 螺旋桨叶⽚ propeller effect 螺桨效应 propeller fan 螺桨式风机 propeller pump 螺旋桨式泵 propeller shaft 螺旋桨轴 propeller thrust 螺旋桨推⼒ propeller turbine 螺旋桨式⽔轮机 propeller type flowmeter 螺桨型量计 propelling force 推进⼒ propelling nozzle 推⼒喷管 proper boundary value problem 本者值问题 proper function 本寨数 proper mass 固有质量 proper moment 固有矩 proper motion 固有运动 proper power 固有功率 proper rate 正常速率 proper rotation 固有转动 proper value 本盏 proper vector 本崭量 proper velocity 固有速度 property tensor 特性张量 property to oscillation 振荡特性 proportion ⽐ proportion by weight 重量⽐ proportional limit ⽐例极限。
重要哲学术语英汉对照
重要哲学术语英汉对照——转载自《当代英美哲学概论》a priori瞐 posteriori distinction 先验-后验的区分abstract ideas 抽象理念abstract objects 抽象客体ad hominem argument 谬误论证alienation/estrangement 异化，疏离altruism 利他主义analysis 分析analytic瞫ynthetic distinction 分析-综合的区分aporia 困惑argument from design 来自设计的论证artificial intelligence (AI) 人工智能association of ideas 理念的联想autonomy 自律axioms 公理Categorical Imperative 绝对命令categories 范畴Category mistake 范畴错误causal theory of reference 指称的因果论causation 因果关系certainty 确定性chaos theory 混沌理论class 总纲、类clearness and distinctness 清楚与明晰cogito ergo sum 我思故我在concept 概念consciousness 意识consent 同意consequentialism 效果论conservative 保守的consistency 一致性，相容性constructivism 建构主义contents of consciousness 意识的内容contingent瞡ecessary distinction 偶然-必然的区分 continuum 连续体continuum hypothesis 连续性假说contradiction 矛盾（律）conventionalism 约定论counterfactual conditional 反事实的条件句criterion 准则，标准critique 批判，批评Dasein 此在，定在deconstruction 解构主义defeasible 可以废除的definite description 限定摹状词deontology 义务论dialectic 辩证法didactic 说教的dualism 二元论egoism 自我主义、利己主义eliminative materialism 消除性的唯物主义 empiricism 经验主义Enlightenment 启蒙运动（思想）entailment 蕴含essence 本质ethical intuition 伦理直观ethical naturalism 伦理的自然主义eudaimonia 幸福主义event 事件、事变evolutionary epistemology 进化认识论expert system 专门体系explanation 解释fallibilism 谬误论family resemblance 家族相似fictional entities 虚构的实体first philosophy 第一哲学form of life 生活形式formal 形式的foundationalism 基础主义free will and determinism 自由意志和决定论 function 函项（功能）function explanation 功能解释good 善happiness 幸福hedonism 享乐主义hermeneutics 解释学（诠释学，释义学）historicism 历史论（历史主义）holism 整体论iconographic 绘画idealism 理念论ideas 理念identity 同一性illocutionary act 以言行事的行为imagination 想象力immaterical substance 非物质实体immutable 不变的、永恒的individualism 个人主义（个体主义）induction 归纳inference 推断infinite regress 无限回归intensionality 内涵性intentionality 意向性irreducible 不可还原的Leibniz餾 Law 莱布尼茨法则logical atomism 逻辑原子主义logical positivism 逻辑实证主义logomachy 玩弄词藻的争论material biconditional 物质的双向制约materialism 唯物论（唯物主义）maxim 箴言，格言method 方法methodologica 方法论的model 样式modern 现代的modus ponens and modus tollens 肯定前件和否定后件 natural selection 自然选择necessary 必然的neutral monism 中立一无论nominalism 唯名论non睧uclidean geometry 非欧几里德几何non瞞onotonic logics 非单一逻辑Ockham餜azor 奥卡姆剃刀omnipotence and omniscience 全能和全知ontology 本体论（存有学）operator 算符(或算子)paradox 悖论perception 知觉phenomenology 现象学picture theory of meaning 意义的图像说pluralism 多元论polis 城邦possible world 可能世界postmodernism 后现代主义prescriptive statement 规定性陈述presupposition 预设primary and secondary qualities 第一性的质和第二性的质 principle of non瞔ontradiction 不矛盾律proposition 命题quantifier 量词quantum mechanics 量子力学rational numbers 有理数real number 实数realism 实在论reason 理性，理智recursive function 循环函数reflective equilibrium 反思的均衡relativity (theory of) 相对（论）rights 权利rigid designator严格的指称词Rorschach test 相对性（相对论）rule 规则rule utilitarianism 功利主义规则Russell餾 paradox 罗素悖论sanctions 制发scope 范围，限界semantics 语义学sense data 感觉材料，感觉资料set 集solipsism 唯我论social contract 社会契约subjective瞣bjective distinction 主客区分 sublation 扬弃substance 实体，本体sui generis 特殊的，独特性supervenience 偶然性syllogism 三段论things瞚n瞭hemselves 物自体thought 思想thought experiment 思想实验three瞯alued logic 三值逻辑transcendental 先验的truth 真理truth function 真值函项understanding 理解universals 共相，一般，普遍verfication principle 证实原则versimilitude 逼真性vicious regress 恶性回归Vienna Circle 维也纳学派virtue 美德注释计量经济学中英对照词汇(continuous)2007年8月23日，22:02:47 | mindreader计量经济学中英对照词汇(continuous)K-Means Cluster逐步聚类分析K means method, 逐步聚类法Kaplan-Meier, 评估事件的时间长度Kaplan-Merier chart, Kaplan-Merier图Kendall's rank correlation, Kendall等级相关Kinetic, 动力学Kolmogorov-Smirnove test, 柯尔莫哥洛夫-斯米尔诺夫检验Kruskal and Wallis test, Kruskal及Wallis检验/多样本的秩和检验/H检验Kurtosis, 峰度Lack of fit, 失拟Ladder of powers, 幂阶梯Lag, 滞后Large sample, 大样本Large sample test, 大样本检验Latin square, 拉丁方Latin square design, 拉丁方设计Leakage, 泄漏Least favorable configuration, 最不利构形Least favorable distribution, 最不利分布Least significant difference, 最小显著差法Least square method, 最小二乘法Least Squared Criterion，最小二乘方准则Least-absolute-residuals estimates, 最小绝对残差估计Least-absolute-residuals fit, 最小绝对残差拟合Least-absolute-residuals line, 最小绝对残差线Legend, 图例L-estimator, L估计量L-estimator of location, 位置L估计量L-estimator of scale, 尺度L估计量Level, 水平Leveage Correction，杠杆率校正Life expectance, 预期期望寿命Life table, 寿命表Life table method, 生命表法Light-tailed distribution, 轻尾分布Likelihood function, 似然函数Likelihood ratio, 似然比line graph, 线图Linear correlation, 直线相关Linear equation, 线性方程Linear programming, 线性规划Linear regression, 直线回归Linear Regression, 线性回归Linear trend, 线性趋势Loading, 载荷Location and scale equivariance, 位置尺度同变性Location equivariance, 位置同变性Location invariance, 位置不变性Location scale family, 位置尺度族Log rank test, 时序检验Logarithmic curve, 对数曲线Logarithmic normal distribution, 对数正态分布Logarithmic scale, 对数尺度Logarithmic transformation, 对数变换Logic check, 逻辑检查Logistic distribution, 逻辑斯特分布Logit transformation, Logit转换LOGLINEAR, 多维列联表通用模型Lognormal distribution, 对数正态分布Lost function, 损失函数Low correlation, 低度相关Lower limit, 下限Lowest-attained variance, 最小可达方差LSD, 最小显著差法的简称Lurking variable, 潜在变量Main effect, 主效应Major heading, 主辞标目Marginal density function, 边缘密度函数Marginal probability, 边缘概率Marginal probability distribution, 边缘概率分布Matched data, 配对资料Matched distribution, 匹配过分布Matching of distribution, 分布的匹配Matching of transformation, 变换的匹配Mathematical expectation, 数学期望Mathematical model, 数学模型Maximum L-estimator, 极大极小L 估计量Maximum likelihood method, 最大似然法Mean, 均数Mean squares between groups, 组间均方Mean squares within group, 组内均方Means (Compare means), 均值-均值比较Median, 中位数Median effective dose, 半数效量Median lethal dose, 半数致死量Median polish, 中位数平滑Median test, 中位数检验Minimal sufficient statistic, 最小充分统计量Minimum distance estimation, 最小距离估计Minimum effective dose, 最小有效量Minimum lethal dose, 最小致死量Minimum variance estimator, 最小方差估计量MINITAB, 统计软件包Minor heading, 宾词标目Missing data, 缺失值Model specification, 模型的确定Modeling Statistics , 模型统计Models for outliers, 离群值模型Modifying the model, 模型的修正Modulus of continuity, 连续性模Morbidity, 发病率Most favorable configuration, 最有利构形MSC（多元散射校正）Multidimensional Scaling (ASCAL), 多维尺度/多维标度Multinomial Logistic Regression , 多项逻辑斯蒂回归Multiple comparison, 多重比较Multiple correlation , 复相关Multiple covariance, 多元协方差Multiple linear regression, 多元线性回归Multiple response , 多重选项Multiple solutions, 多解Multiplication theorem, 乘法定理Multiresponse, 多元响应Multi-stage sampling, 多阶段抽样Multivariate T distribution, 多元T分布Mutual exclusive, 互不相容Mutual independence, 互相独立Natural boundary, 自然边界Natural dead, 自然死亡Natural zero, 自然零Negative correlation, 负相关Negative linear correlation, 负线性相关Negatively skewed, 负偏Newman-Keuls method, q检验NK method, q检验No statistical significance, 无统计意义Nominal variable, 名义变量Nonconstancy of variability, 变异的非定常性Nonlinear regression, 非线性相关Nonparametric statistics, 非参数统计Nonparametric test, 非参数检验Nonparametric tests, 非参数检验Normal deviate, 正态离差Normal distribution, 正态分布Normal equation, 正规方程组Normal P-P, 正态概率分布图Normal Q-Q, 正态概率单位分布图Normal ranges, 正常范围Normal value, 正常值Normalization 归一化Nuisance parameter, 多余参数/讨厌参数Null hypothesis, 无效假设Numerical variable, 数值变量Objective function, 目标函数Observation unit, 观察单位Observed value, 观察值One sided test, 单侧检验One-way analysis of variance, 单因素方差分析Oneway ANOVA , 单因素方差分析Open sequential trial, 开放型序贯设计Optrim, 优切尾Optrim efficiency, 优切尾效率Order statistics, 顺序统计量Ordered categories, 有序分类Ordinal logistic regression , 序数逻辑斯蒂回归Ordinal variable, 有序变量Orthogonal basis, 正交基Orthogonal design, 正交试验设计Orthogonality conditions, 正交条件ORTHOPLAN, 正交设计Outlier cutoffs, 离群值截断点Outliers, 极端值OVERALS , 多组变量的非线性正规相关Overshoot, 迭代过度Paired design, 配对设计Paired sample, 配对样本Pairwise slopes, 成对斜率Parabola, 抛物线Parallel tests, 平行试验Parameter, 参数Parametric statistics, 参数统计Parametric test, 参数检验Pareto, 直条构成线图（又称佩尔托图）Partial correlation, 偏相关Partial regression, 偏回归Partial sorting, 偏排序Partials residuals, 偏残差Pattern, 模式PCA（主成分分析）Pearson curves, 皮尔逊曲线Peeling, 退层Percent bar graph, 百分条形图Percentage, 百分比Percentile, 百分位数Percentile curves, 百分位曲线Periodicity, 周期性Permutation, 排列P-estimator, P估计量Pie graph, 构成图,饼图Pitman estimator, 皮特曼估计量Pivot, 枢轴量Planar, 平坦Planar assumption, 平面的假设PLANCARDS, 生成试验的计划卡PLS（偏最小二乘法）Point estimation, 点估计Poisson distribution, 泊松分布Polishing, 平滑Polled standard deviation, 合并标准差Polled variance, 合并方差Polygon, 多边图Polynomial, 多项式Polynomial curve, 多项式曲线Population, 总体Population attributable risk, 人群归因危险度Positive correlation, 正相关Positively skewed, 正偏Posterior distribution, 后验分布Power of a test, 检验效能Precision, 精密度Predicted value, 预测值Preliminary analysis, 预备性分析Principal axis factoring,主轴因子法Principal component analysis, 主成分分析Prior distribution, 先验分布Prior probability, 先验概率Probabilistic model, 概率模型probability, 概率Probability density, 概率密度Product moment, 乘积矩/协方差Pro, 截面迹图Proportion, 比/构成比Proportion allocation in stratified random sampling, 按比例分层随机抽样Proportionate, 成比例Proportionate sub-class numbers, 成比例次级组含量Prospective study, 前瞻性调查Proximities, 亲近性Pseudo F test, 近似F检验Pseudo model, 近似模型Pseudosigma, 伪标准差Purposive sampling, 有目的抽样QR decomposition, QR分解Quadratic approximation, 二次近似Qualitative classification, 属性分类Qualitative method, 定性方法Quantile-quantile plot, 分位数-分位数图/Q-Q图Quantitative analysis, 定量分析Quartile, 四分位数Quick Cluster, 快速聚类Radix sort, 基数排序Random allocation, 随机化分组Random blocks design, 随机区组设计Random event, 随机事件Randomization, 随机化Range, 极差/全距Rank correlation, 等级相关Rank sum test, 秩和检验Rank test, 秩检验Ranked data, 等级资料Rate, 比率Ratio, 比例Raw data, 原始资料Raw residual, 原始残差Rayleigh's test, 雷氏检验Rayleigh's Z, 雷氏Z值Reciprocal, 倒数Reciprocal transformation, 倒数变换Recording, 记录Redescending estimators, 回降估计量Reducing dimensions, 降维Re-expression, 重新表达Reference set, 标准组Region of acceptance, 接受域Regression coefficient, 回归系数Regression sum of square, 回归平方和Rejection point, 拒绝点Relative dispersion, 相对离散度Relative number, 相对数Reliability, 可靠性Reparametrization, 重新设置参数Replication, 重复Report Summaries, 报告摘要Residual sum of square, 剩余平方和residual variance (剩余方差)Resistance, 耐抗性Resistant line, 耐抗线Resistant technique, 耐抗技术R-estimator of location, 位置R估计量R-estimator of scale, 尺度R估计量Retrospective study, 回顾性调查Ridge trace, 岭迹Ridit analysis, Ridit分析Rotation, 旋转Rounding, 舍入Row, 行Row effects, 行效应Row factor, 行因素RXC table, RXC表Sample, 样本Sample regression coefficient, 样本回归系数Sample size, 样本量Sample standard deviation, 样本标准差Sampling error, 抽样误差SAS(Statistical analysis system , SAS统计软件包Scale, 尺度/量表Scatter diagram, 散点图Schematic plot, 示意图/简图Score test, 计分检验Screening, 筛检SEASON, 季节分析Second derivative, 二阶导数Second principal component, 第二主成分SEM (Structural equation modeling), 结构化方程模型Semi-logarithmic graph, 半对数图Semi-logarithmic paper, 半对数格纸Sensitivity curve, 敏感度曲线Sequential analysis, 贯序分析Sequence, 普通序列图Sequential data set, 顺序数据集Sequential design, 贯序设计Sequential method, 贯序法Sequential test, 贯序检验法Serial tests, 系列试验Short-cut method, 简捷法Sigmoid curve, S形曲线Sign function, 正负号函数Sign test, 符号检验Signed rank, 符号秩Significant Level, 显著水平Significance test, 显著性检验Significant figure, 有效数字Simple cluster sampling, 简单整群抽样Simple correlation, 简单相关Simple random sampling, 简单随机抽样Simple regression, 简单回归simple table, 简单表Sine estimator, 正弦估计量Single-valued estimate, 单值估计Singular matrix, 奇异矩阵Skewed distribution, 偏斜分布Skewness, 偏度Slash distribution, 斜线分布Slope, 斜率Smirnov test, 斯米尔诺夫检验Source of variation, 变异来源Spearman rank correlation, 斯皮尔曼等级相关Specific factor, 特殊因子Specific factor variance, 特殊因子方差Spectra , 频谱Spherical distribution, 球型正态分布Spread, 展布SPSS(Statistical package for the social science), SPSS统计软件包Spurious correlation, 假性相关Square root transformation, 平方根变换Stabilizing variance, 稳定方差Standard deviation, 标准差Standard error, 标准误Standard error of difference, 差别的标准误Standard error of estimate, 标准估计误差Standard error of rate, 率的标准误Standard normal distribution, 标准正态分布Standardization, 标准化Starting value, 起始值Statistic, 统计量Statistical control, 统计控制Statistical graph, 统计图Statistical inference, 统计推断Statistical table, 统计表Steepest descent, 最速下降法Stem and leaf display, 茎叶图Step factor, 步长因子Stepwise regression, 逐步回归Storage, 存Strata, 层（复数）Stratified sampling, 分层抽样Stratified sampling, 分层抽样Strength, 强度Stringency, 严密性Structural relationship, 结构关系Studentized residual, 学生化残差/t化残差Sub-class numbers, 次级组含量Subdividing, 分割Sufficient statistic, 充分统计量Sum of products, 积和Sum of squares, 离差平方和Sum of squares about regression, 回归平方和Sum of squares between groups, 组间平方和Sum of squares of partial regression, 偏回归平方和Sure event, 必然事件Survey, 调查Survival, 生存分析Survival rate, 生存率Suspended root gram, 悬吊根图Symmetry, 对称Systematic error, 系统误差Systematic sampling, 系统抽样Tags, 标签Tail area, 尾部面积Tail length, 尾长Tail weight, 尾重Tangent line, 切线Target distribution, 目标分布Taylor series, 泰勒级数Test(检验)Test of linearity, 线性检验Tendency of dispersion, 离散趋势Testing of hypotheses, 假设检验Theoretical frequency, 理论频数Time series, 时间序列Tolerance interval, 容忍区间Tolerance lower limit, 容忍下限Tolerance upper limit, 容忍上限Torsion, 扰率Total sum of square, 总平方和Total variation, 总变异Transformation, 转换Treatment, 处理Trend, 趋势Trend of percentage, 百分比趋势Trial, 试验Trial and error method, 试错法Tuning constant, 细调常数Two sided test, 双向检验Two-stage least squares, 二阶最小平方Two-stage sampling, 二阶段抽样Two-tailed test, 双侧检验Two-way analysis of variance, 双因素方差分析Two-way table, 双向表Type I error, 一类错误/α错误Type II error, 二类错误/β错误UMVU, 方差一致最小无偏估计简称Unbiased estimate, 无偏估计Unconstrained nonlinear regression , 无约束非线性回归Unequal subclass number, 不等次级组含量Ungrouped data, 不分组资料Uniform coordinate, 均匀坐标Uniform distribution, 均匀分布Uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimate, 方差一致最小无偏估计Unit, 单元Unordered categories, 无序分类Unweighted least squares, 未加权最小平方法Upper limit, 上限Upward rank, 升秩Vague concept, 模糊概念Validity, 有效性VARCOMP (Variance component estimation), 方差元素估计Variability, 变异性Variable, 变量Variance, 方差Variation, 变异Varimax orthogonal rotation, 方差最大正交旋转Volume of distribution, 容积W test, W检验Weibull distribution, 威布尔分布Weight, 权数Weighted Chi-square test, 加权卡方检验/Cochran检验Weighted linear regression method, 加权直线回归Weighted mean, 加权平均数Weighted mean square, 加权平均方差Weighted sum of square, 加权平方和Weighting coefficient, 权重系数Weighting method, 加权法W-estimation, W估计量W-estimation of location, 位置W估计量Width, 宽度Wilcoxon paired test, 威斯康星配对法/配对符号秩和检验Wild point, 野点/狂点Wild value, 野值/狂值Winsorized mean, 缩尾均值Withdraw, 失访Youden's index, 尤登指数Z test, Z检验Zero correlation, 零相关Z-transformation, Z变换注释。
土地流转与实现规模化经营的相关思考
农村土地经营与管理需要相关管理部门积极推进土地流转工作，推动适度规模化经营，不断发展现代化农业，从而提高土地利用率，提升农村经济发展效益，同时也有利于提高农民生活水平，确保农村实现高质量、高效率的经济发展目标。
土地流转行为能够反映出当地制度变化、市场发展、农民受益状况等，同时也体现出农业发展中存在的不足。
相关土地管理部门可根据存在的问题完善土地流转制度，以推动农业现代化发展以及土地规模化经营。
1农村土地流转模式1.1土地出租土地出租是以租赁的形式在约定承包期限内，通过租金支付的方式，转变土地承包者到生产经营者的土地经营权，实现土地流转。
其中，土地出租流转模式是在双方平等互利的条件下进行的，该流转模式也是较为普遍的一种土地流转模式。
1.2股份合作在我国农村实行以家庭承包经营为基础的统分结合、双层经营体制模式下，农户将自己手中的土地以资产作价的形式向其他股份公司进行折股量化，实现土地规模化经营，农户可以参与股东分红。
或者农户以自己的土地经营权融入到集体合作社，在合作社中实现农村土地集中管理，进行规模化经营，提高经济效益。
1.3转让互换在土地承包经营权有效存续前提下，为了实现规模化经营，将土地承包经营权转让给受让方或与对方进行物权性质的交换，以实现农村土地的集中化管理，提高土地利用效率。
1.4反租倒包该土地流转模式是一种创新模式，是指部分公司企业或集体组织通过承包合同将农村土地集中，然后对手中土地进行统一化管理，再分配给农户进行土地经营。
双方会通过签订合同的形式，明确每一方的权利与义务，从而促使农村土地在有效发展条件上达到规模化经营。
2影响土地流转的因素2.1不完善的土地流转机制当前，在农村土地承包中，土地经营权流转是一种常见现象。
在土地流转过程中，不完善的土地流转机制会影响土地流转在更大范围上的有效进行。
其中，当前土地流转机制不完善问题主要表现在：土地流转费用设置缺少科学依据，许多地方还未建立健全土地承包经营权流转机制，无法对土地流转实际情况进行有效评估、公正决策等。
计量经济学中英文词汇对照
Controlled experiments Conventional depth Convolution Corrected factor Corrected mean Correction coefficient Correctness Correlation coefficient Correlation index Correspondence Counting Counts Covaห้องสมุดไป่ตู้iance Covariant Cox Regression Criteria for fitting Criteria of least squares Critical ratio Critical region Critical value
Asymmetric distribution Asymptotic bias Asymptotic efficiency Asymptotic variance Attributable risk Attribute data Attribution Autocorrelation Autocorrelation of residuals Average Average confidence interval length Average growth rate BBB Bar chart Bar graph Base period Bayes' theorem Bell-shaped curve Bernoulli distribution Best-trim estimator Bias Binary logistic regression Binomial distribution Bisquare Bivariate Correlate Bivariate normal distribution Bivariate normal population Biweight interval Biweight M-estimator Block BMDP(Biomedical computer programs) Boxplots Breakdown bound CCC Canonical correlation Caption Case-control study Categorical variable Catenary Cauchy distribution Cause-and-effect relationship Cell Censoring
人类基因组概况ppt课件
2.91Gbp
54% 38% 9％ 35% 26588 42% Titin（234） 约300万个 1/12500 bp
最长的染色体 最短的染色体 基因最多的染色体 基因最少的染色体 基因密度最大的染色体 基因密度最小的染色体 重复序列含量最高的染色体
It is essentially immoral not to get it (the human genome sequence) done as fast as possible.
James Watson
人类基因组计划的完成，使得我们今天有可能来探 讨基因组的概，但我们仍然无法来谈论细节。
重复序列含量最低的染色体
编码外显子序列的比例 基因的平均长度
2（240 Mbp） Y（19 Mbp） 1（2453） Y（104） 19（23/Mb） 13，Y（5/Mb） 19（57%）
2，8，10，13，18（36%）
1.1～1.4% 27 Kb
女 平均 男
染色体上距着丝粒越远，重组率越高
4. Francis S. Collins, Eric D. Green, Alan E. Guttmacher, Mark S. Guyer ：A Vision for the Future of Genomics Research. A blueprint for the genomic era. Nature Apr 24 2003: 835.
而 Celera 的测序样本来自5个人：分别属于西班牙裔、 亚洲裔、非洲裔、美洲裔和高加索裔（2男3女），是从21个志 愿者样本中挑选的。
热动中英文对照
工程热力学中英文对照词汇表AAbsolute entropy绝对熵Absolute pressure绝对压力Absolute temperature绝对温度Absolute zero of temperature绝对零度Adiabatic enthalpy drop绝热焓降Adiabatic exponent绝热指数Adiabatic flame temperature绝热燃烧温度Adiabatic process绝热过程Adiabatic system绝热系Anergy 火无，无用能Atmosphere大气Available energy有用能A vogadro’s hypothesis阿伏伽德罗假说BBinary vapour cycle两气循环B oltzman’s constant玻尔兹曼常数CCarnot cycle卡诺循环Carnot, N.L.S. 卡诺C arnot’s theorem卡诺定理Celsius temperature scale摄氏温标Characteristic function特性函数Chemical equilibrium化学平衡Chemical equilibrium constant化学平衡常数Chemical potential化学势Chemical thermodynamics化学热力学Clapeyron equation克拉贝龙方程Classical thermodynamics经典热力学Clausius-Clapeyron equation克劳修斯-克拉贝龙方程Clausius, R. 克劳修斯1Closed system闭口系Coefficient of performance of refrigerator制冷系数Coefficient of thermal expansion热膨胀系数Coefficient of utilization of thermal energy热能利用系数Combined cycle联合循环Compressibility factor压缩因子Compression ratio of cycle循环压缩比Compression work压缩功Condition of phase equilibrium相平衡条件Condition of stability稳定性条件Conservation of energy能量守恒Conservation of mass质量守恒Control mass控制质量Control surface控制面Control volume控制容积Continuty equation连续性方程Covergent-divergent nozzle缩放喷管Covergent nozzle渐缩喷管Criteria for equilibrium平衡判据Critical point临界点Critical state临界状态Critical flow临界流动Critical pressure ratio临界压力比Cycle循环DDegradation of energy能量贬值Density密度Diesel cycle笛塞尔循环Divergent nozzle渐扩喷管Diffuser扩压管Dissipation of energy能量耗散D olton’s law of partial pressare道尔顿分压定律Dry saturated steam干饱和蒸汽Dual cycle混合加热循环2EEffect of dissipation耗散效应Energy能量Engineering atmosphere工程大气压力Engineering thermodynamics工程热力学Enthalpy焓Enthalpy drop焓降Entropy熵Entropy balance equation熵方程Equation of energy for steady flow稳定流动能量方程Equation of state状态方程Equation of state in reduced form对比态方程Equilibrium平衡Equilibrium state平衡状态Ericsson cycle埃尔逊循环Exergy火用Expansion work膨胀功Extensive quantity尺度量FFahrenheit temperature scale华氏温标First law of thermodynamics热力学第一定律Flow work流动功Flux of entropy熵流Free energy自由能Free enthalpy自由焓Free expansion自由膨胀Friction摩擦Force力GGas气体Gas constant气体常数Gauge pressure表压力3Generalized compressibility chart通用压缩因子图Generalized work广义功Generation of entropy熵产G ibbs’ function吉布斯函数G ibbs’ J.W.吉布斯G ibbs’ phase rule吉布斯相律Gravitational potential重力位能HHeat热Heat of combustion燃烧热Heat (enthalpy) of formation生成热（生成焓）Heat of reaction反应热Heat pump热泵Heat source热源Helmhotz function亥姆霍兹函数H ess’ law赫斯定律Humidity湿度IIdeal gas equation of state理想气体状态方程Inequality of Clausius克劳修斯不等式Intensive quantity强度量Internal combustion engine内燃机Internal energy热力学能（内能）Inversion curve转变曲线Inversion temperature转变温度Irreversible cycle不可逆循环Irreversible process不可逆过程Isentropic compressibility绝热压缩系数Isentropic process定熵过程Isobaric process定压过程Isolated system孤立系Isometric process定容过程Isothermal compressibility定温压缩系数4Isothermal process定温过程JJoule, J.P. 焦耳Joule-Thomon effect焦—汤效应KKelvin, L. (Thomson, W.) 开尔文Kinetic energy动能K irchhoff’s law基尔霍夫定律LLatent heat潜热Law of corresponding states对应态定律Law of partial volume分容积定律L e Chatelier’s principle吕—查德里原理Local velocity of sound当地声速Lost available energy有用能损失MMach number马赫数Mass flow rate质量流量Maximum work from chemical reaction反应最大功Maxwell, J.C. 麦克斯韦Maxwell relations麦克斯韦关系M ayer’s formula迈耶公式Mechanical equilibrium力学平衡Metastable equilibrium亚稳定平衡Mixture of gases混合气体Moist air湿空气Moisture content含湿量Molar specific heat摩尔比热NNernst heat theorem奈斯特热定理5Nonequilibrium-thermodynamics非平衡热力学Nozzle喷管OOne dimensional flow一维流动Open system开口系Otto cycle奥托循环PParameter of state状态参数Perfect gas理想气体Perpetual motion engine永动机Perpetual motion engine of the second kind第二类永动机Phase相Polytropic process 多变过程Potential energy位能Power cycle动力循环Pressure压力Principle of increase of entropy熵增原理Process过程Psychrometer chart湿空气焓—湿图Push work推挤功Pure substance纯物质QQuantity of refrigeration制冷量Quality of vapor-liquid mixture, Dryness干度Quasi-equilibrium process准平衡过程Quasi-static process准静态过程RRankine cycle朗肯循环Ratio of pressure of cycle循环增压比Real gas实际气体Reduced parameter对比参数6Refrigerant制冷剂Refrigeration cycle制冷循环Refrigerator制冷机Regenerative cycle回热循环Reheated cycle再热循环Relative humidity相对湿度Revesed Carnot cycle逆卡诺循环Reversed cycle逆循环Reversible cycle可逆循环Reversible process可逆过程SSaturated air饱和空气Saturation pressure饱和压力Saturation state饱和状态Saturation tempperature饱和温度Saturated vapor饱和蒸汽Saturated water饱和水Second law of thermodynamics热力学第二定律Simple compressible system简单可压缩系Sink冷源Specific heat比热容Specific heat at constant pressure定压比热容Specific heat at constant volume定容比热容Specific humidity绝对湿度Specific volume比体积Stable equilibrium稳定平衡Stagnation enthalpy滞止焓Standard atmosphere标准大气压力Standard enthalpy of formation标准生成焓Standard state标准状况State状态State postulate状态公理Statistical thermodynamics统计热力学7Steady flow稳定流动Steam水蒸汽Subsonic亚声速Superheated steam过热蒸汽Supersonic超声速TTemperature温度Temperature of dew-point露点温度Temperature scale温度标尺Technical work技术功Theoretical flame temperature理论燃烧温度Thermal coefficient热系数Thermal efficiency热效率Thermal equilibrium热平衡Thermodynamic Probability热力学概率Thermodynamics热力学Thermodynamic system热力学系统Thermodynamic temperature scale热力学温标Third law of thermodynamics热力学第三定律Throttling节流Triple point 三相点UUnavailable energy无用能Universal gas constant通用气体常数VVacuum真空度V an der Waals’ equation范德瓦尔斯方程Velocity of sound声速Virial equation of state维里状态方程WWet-Bulb temperature湿球温度Wet saturated steam湿饱和蒸汽8Work功Working substance 工质ZZeroth law of thermodynamics热力学第零定律制冷专业英语基本术语制冷refrigeration蒸发制冷evaporative refrigeration沙漠袋desert bag制冷机refrigerating machine制冷机械refrigerating machinery制冷工程refrigeration engineering制冷工程承包商refrigeration contractor制冷工作者refrigerationist制冷工程师refrigeration engineer制冷技术员refrigeration technician制冷技师refrigeration technician制冷技工refrigeration mechanic冷藏工人icer制冷安装技工refrigeration installation mechanic制冷维修技工refrigeration serviceman冷藏链cold chain制冷与空调维修店refrigeration and air conditioning repair shop冷藏refrigerated preservation流体力学词汇(部分) 英汉对照Aabsolute pressure 绝对压力acceleration 加速度acceleration of gravity 重力加速度acceleration of transport 迁移加速度acoustic wave 声波adhesive forces 粘滞力, 附着力adiabatic flow 绝热流动airfoil 翼型angle of attack 冲角9angular velocity 角速度apparent shear stresses 表面剪切应力apparent stresses 表面应力Archimedes law 阿基米德定律atmospheric pressure 大气压axial-flow 轴向流动Axisymmetric around cylinder no circulation ideal flow 轴对称绕圆柱体无环流理想流动Bback pressure 背压baroclinic fluid 斜压流体barometer 气压计barotropic fluid 正压流体Bernoullis equation 伯努利方程blade 叶片body-force 质量力boundary condition 边界条件boundary layer 边界层，附面层boundary layer separation 边界层分离boundary layer thickness 附面层厚度bulk modulus 体积模量bulk stress 体积应力bundle of streamline 流束buoyant force 浮力butter layer 过渡层CCauchy-Reimam condition 柯西—黎曼条件center of pressure 压强中心coefficient 系数coefficient of compressibility 压缩系数coefficient of eddy viscosity 涡流粘性系数coefficient of viscosity 粘度粘性系数cohesive forces 粘附力combined boundary layer 组合边界层completely rough zone of turbulent pipe flow 紊流粗糙管平方阻力区10component velocity 合速度compressibility 压缩性compressible fluid 可压缩流体conservation equation of energy 能量守恒方程conservation equation of mass 质量守恒方程conservation of mechanical energy 机械能守恒conservation of moment of momentum 动量矩守恒conservation of momentum 动量守恒continuity 连续性continuum 连续介质continuum hypothesis 连续介质假设control surface 控制面control volume 控制体（积）convective acceleration 迁移加速度convergent-divergent nozzle 缩放喷嘴converging nozzle 收缩喷嘴correction coefficient 修正系数critical pressure 临界压强critical Reynolds number 临界雷诺数critical speed of sound 临界声速critical state 临界状态cross section 横截面curvature radius 曲率半径curved shock 曲面波cylindrical coordinate system 柱坐标系Ddeformation velocity 变形速度density 密度detachment 脱体differential pressure 差压，压差，压力降dimensionless number 无量纲数displacement thickness 位移厚度distribution 分布disturbance wave 扰动波doublet 偶极子11drag coefficient 阻力系数dynamic pressure 动压强dynamic similarity 动力相似性dynamic viscosity 动力粘度Eeddy zone 涡流区eddying flow 涡(紊旋)流efficiency 效率elastic wave 弹性波elevation head 位置水头energy of turbulence 湍能enthalpy 焓entropy 熵equation of continuity 连续性方程equation of energy 能量方程equation of moment –of momentum 动量矩方程equation of motion 运动方程equation of state 状态方程equilibrium 平衡Eulerian equation 欧拉方程Euler method 欧拉方法Euler's formula 欧拉公式Ffield 场flow coefficient 流量系数flow meter 流量表，流量计flow net 流网flow pattern 流型fluctuating pressure 脉动压力fluctuating stress 脉动应力fluid 流体fluid dynamics 流体动力学fluid field 流场fluid machinery 流体机械fluid mechanics 流体力学12fluid particle 流体质点fluid statics 流体静力学free surface 自由表面friction coefficient 摩擦系数friction drag 摩擦阻力frictionless fluid 无粘性流体Ggas constant 气体常数gas dynamics 气体动力学gauge pressure 表压力geometric pressure 几何压力geometric similarity 几何相似gradual contraction 渐缩gradual enlargement 渐扩Hharmonic function 调和函数headloss 压头损失heat transfer 传热Helmholtz equation 亥姆霍兹方程heterogeneous fluid 非均质流体homogeneous fluid 均质流体horizontal force 水平力horizontal line 水平线hydraulic diameter 水力直径hydraulically smooth zero of turbulent pipe flow 紊流光滑管区hydrostatics 流体静力学hydrostatics force 流体静压力hydrostatics stress 流体静应力hypersonic flow 高超音速流动(m>5)Iincompressible fluid 不可压缩流体inertial coordinate system 惯性坐标系initial condition 初始条件input 输入intensity of turbulence 紊流（强）度13interface 分界面internal energy 内能internal friction 内摩擦inviscid fluid 无粘性流体irrotational flow 无旋流动irrotational motion 无旋运动isentropic process 定熵过程isotropic flow 均质流动isotropic fluid 均质流体KKarman qotex street 卡门涡街kinematic energy 动能kinematic moleculer theory 分子运动论kinematic similarity 运动相似性kinematic viscosity 运动粘度Kutta-Joukowski theorem 库塔—儒可夫斯基定理LLagrange method 拉格朗日方法Lagrangian viewpoint 拉格朗日观点laminar boundary layer 层流边界层laminar flow 层流laminar sublayer 层流底层Laplace operator 拉普拉斯算子Laplace's equation 拉普拉斯方程Laval nozzle 拉伐尔喷管lift 升力linear acceleration 线性加速度linear velocity 线速度liquid 液体liquid fluid 流体local acceleration 当地加速度MMach angle 马赫角Mach cone 马赫锥Mach number 马赫数14mass 质量mass flowrate 质量流量material derivative 随体导数mean-time-average velocity 时均速度mechanical energy 机械能mercury 水银minor loss 局部阻力mixing-length theory 混合长理论moment of momentum 动量矩momentum integral relation 动量积分关系式momentum thickness 动量厚度moody diagram 莫迪图move velocity 平移速度multi-phase flow 多相流流动NNavier-stokes equation 纳维—斯托克斯（N-S ）方程near wall region 近壁区Neuton's viscosity law 牛顿粘性定律Newtonian fluid 牛顿流体no sources and sinks 无源无汇node 节点non-steady flow 非定常流动non-uniform 非均匀流动nonviscous fluid 非粘性流体normal direction 法向normal line 法线normal shock wave 正激波normal stress 法向应力Ooblique shock 斜激波one-dimensional compressible flow 一维可压缩流动one-dimensional flow 一维流动one order tensor 一阶张量open channel flow 明渠流动open system 开口系统15order of magnitude 量级orifice 孔口orifice plate 孔板output 输出Pparallel flow 层流流动parameter 参数particle path 质点轨迹path line 迹线perfect gas 理想气体pipe flow 管流Pitot-static tube 皮托—静压管Pitot tube 皮托管plane flow 平面流动plane jet 平面射流point of inflextion 拐点point of transition 过渡点potentional energy 势能Potential flow 势流power 功率Prandtl mixing length 普朗特混合长度Prandtl number 普朗特数pressure differential 压差pressure drag 压差阻力pressure field 压强场pressure force 压力pressure gage 压强计pressure gradient 压强梯度pressure head 压强水头pressure wave 压力波Qquantum mechanics 量子力学quasi-static process 准静态过程quasi-steady theory 准定常理论R16radial velocity 经向速度ratio of specific heats 比热比real fluid 粘性流体real gas 真实气体，实际气体rectangular coordinate system 直角坐标系reduced Navier-Stokes equation 简化纳维—斯托克斯方程Reynolds number 雷诺数resonance 共振Reynolds stress 雷诺应力rotation velocity 旋转速度rotational flow 有旋流动rough-pipe zone of flow 流动的光滑管区roughness 粗糙度Ssame mass flow 均质流secondary flow 二次流流动separation point 分离点sharp-crested weir 尖顶堰shear stress 剪切力shear deformation 剪切变形shock wave 激波similarity 相似性sink 汇siphon 虹吸管skin(or wall) friction 表面（或壁）摩擦（力）small perturbance 小扰动sonic barrier 声障sonic flow 声速流动sound wave 声波source 源specific force of gravity 比重specific heat 比热speed of sound 声速spherical coordinate system 球坐标系Stokes' viscosity law 斯托克斯粘性定律17stress tenser 应力张量stress 应力stagnation point 驻点stagnation pressure 驻点压强stagnation temperature 驻点温度standard atmosphere 标准大气压static pressure 静压强steady flow 定常流动strain rate tensor 变形速度张量streamline 流线stream function 流函数streamline form 流线形streamtube 流管Strouhal number 斯特劳哈尔数subcritical flow 亚临界流动subsonic flow 亚声速流动supercritical flow 超临界流动supersonic flow 超声速流动surface force 表面力surface tension 表面张力Ttemperature gradient 温度梯度tensor 张量theory of similarity 相似性理论thermal conductivity 热传导率thermal field 温度场thin-plate orifice flowmeter 薄孔板流量计total drag 总阻力total flow 总流量total pressure 总压强traction force 拉力transformation 转换transonic flow 跨音速流动transport theorem 输运定理triangular weir 三角堰18turbo-machinery 涡轮机械turbulent boundary layer 湍流(紊流)边界层turbulent energy 湍流(紊流)能量turbulent flow 紊流turbulent jet 湍流(紊流)射流two-dimensional flow 二维流动UU - tube U 型管uniform flow 均匀流动unit vector 单位矢量unsteady flow 非定常流动Vvelocity 速度velocity circulation 速度环量velocity gradient 速度梯度velocity head 速度水头velocity of sound 音速velocity potential 速度势Venturi flowmeter 文丘里流量计vertical force 垂直力viscous sublayer 层流底层viscosity 粘度viscosity factor 粘度系数viscosity resistance 粘性阻力viscous fluid 粘性流体volume of flow 流量volume flow 容积流量von Karman integral momentum equation 卡门动量积分方程vortex 涡旋vortex flow 涡流vortex line 涡线vortex street 涡街vortex strength 涡强度vortex tube 涡管vorticity 涡量19Wwake vortex 尾涡流wave drag 波阻wave length 波长wave speed 波速well-ordered mean-time-average flow 有序时均流wind tunnel 风洞woke 尾涡区work 功压缩机制冷系统及机组制冷系统refrigeration system制冷机refrigerating machine机械压缩制冷系统mechanical compression refrigeration system蒸气压缩制冷系统vapour compression refrigeration system压缩式系统compression system压缩机compressor制冷压缩机refrigerating compressor, refrigerant compressor吸气端suction end排气端discharge end低压侧low pressure side高压侧high pressure side蒸发压力evaporating pressure吸气压力suction pressure, back pressure排气压力discharge pressure蒸发温度evaporating temperature冷凝压力condensing pressure冷凝温度condensing temperature吸气温度suction temperature回气温度back temperature排气温度discharge temperature压缩比compression ratio双效压缩dual compression单级压缩single-stage compression双级压缩compound compression20多级压缩multistage compression压缩级compression stage低压级low pressure stage高压级high pressure stage中间压力intermediate pressure中间冷却intercooling多级膨胀multistage expansion湿压缩wet compression干压缩dry compression制冷系统refrigerating system机械制冷系统mechanical refrigerating system氟利昂制冷系统freon refrigerating system氨制冷系统ammonia refrigerating system压缩式制冷系统compression refrigerating system单级压缩制冷系统single-stage compression refrigeration system双级压缩制冷系统two-stage compression refrigeration system多级制冷系统multistage refrigerating system复叠式制冷系统cascade refrigerating system混合制冷剂复叠系统mixed refrigerant cascade集中制冷系统central refrigerating plant直接制冷系统direct refrigeration system直接膨胀供液制冷系统refrigeration system with supply liquid direct expansion 重力供液制冷系统refrigeration system with supply liquid refrigerant for the evaporator by gravity液泵供液制冷系统refrigeration system with supply liquid refrigerant for evaporator by liquid pump间接制冷系统indirect refrigeration system融霜系统defrosting system热气融霜系统defrosting system by superheated vapour电热融霜系统eletrothermal defrosting system制冷系统故障breakdown of the refrigerating system冰堵freeze-up冰塞ice plug脏堵filth blockage油堵greasy blockage21液击（冲缸、敲缸）slugging湿行程wet stroke镀铜现象appearance of copper-plating烧毁burn-out倒霜frost back制冷机组refrigerating unit压缩机组compressor unit开启式压缩机组open type compressor unit开启式压缩机open type compressor半封闭式压缩机组semihermetic compressor unit半封闭式压缩机semihermetic compressor全封闭式压缩机组hermetically sealed compressor unit全封闭式压缩机hermetically sealed compressor压缩冷凝机组condensing unit全封闭式压缩冷凝机组hermetically sealed condensing unit半封闭式压缩冷凝机组semihermetically sealed condensing unit开启式压缩冷凝机组open type compressor condensing unit工业用压缩冷凝机组industrial condensing unit商业用压缩冷凝机组commercial condensing unit整马力压缩冷凝机组integral horsepower condensing unit分马力压缩冷凝机组fractional horsepower condensing unit跨式制冷机组straddle refrigerating unit热泵热泵heat pump供热热泵heating heat pump制冷与供热热泵cooling and heating heat pump热泵循环heat pump cycle性能系数coefficient of performance (COP)供热量heat output压缩式热泵compression heat pump蒸汽压缩式热泵vapour compression heat pump空气压缩式热泵air heat pump蒸汽喷射式热泵steam jet heat pump22吸收式热泵absorption heat pump低温型吸收式热泵low temperature absorption heat pump高温型吸收式热泵high temperature absorption heat pump水-气式热泵water/air heat pump土壤热源热泵ground source heat pump土壤盘管热泵ground coil heat pump水源热泵water source heat pump水盘管热泵water coil heat pump空气源热泵air source heat pump空气盘管热泵air coil heat pump热泵空气盘管heat pump air coil, air coil热泵水盘管heat pump water coil, water coil热泵土壤盘管heat pump ground coil, ground coil气-气式热泵air/air heat pump气-水式热泵air/water heat pump水-水式热泵water/water heat pump地-气式热泵soil/air heat pump地-水式热泵soil/water heat pump一次热泵primary heat pump二次热泵secondary heat pump第三级热泵tertiary pump太阳能热泵solar heat pump家用热泵domestic heat pump工业热泵industrial heat pump高温热泵high temperature heat pump温度放大器templifier热泵式热水器heat pump water heater热泵式空调器heat pump air conditioner热泵式干燥机heat pump drying plant蒸馏和浓缩用热泵heat pump for distilling and thickenning processes制冷系统自动调节流量调节flow regulation制冷剂控制器refrigerant control23膨胀阀expansion valve节流阀throttle valve热力膨胀阀thermostatic expansion valve热电膨胀阀thermal electric expansion valve内平衡热力膨胀阀internal equalizer thermostatic expansion valve外平衡热力膨胀阀external equalizer thermostatic expansion valve外平衡管external equalizer pipe内平衡管internal equalizer pipe蒸发器阻力损失pressure drop of evaporator同工质充注same material charge交叉充注cross charge吸附充注absorptive charge气体充注gas charge膨胀阀过热度superheat degree of expansion valve过热温度调节superheat temperature regulation膨胀阀容量expansion valve capacity手动膨胀阀hand expansion valve自动膨胀阀automatic expansion valve浮球调节阀float regulation valve浮球阀float valve低压浮球阀low pressure float valve高压浮球阀high pressure float valve制冷辅助设备压力容器pressure vessel贮液筒/器surge drum高压贮液筒high pressure receiver低压贮液筒low pressure receiver低压平衡筒accumulator，surge drum均压管/平衡管equalizer均压罐equalizer tank平衡罐balance tank液体分离器suction trap气液分离器flash chamber净化系统purge recovery system24油分离器oil separator集液器liquid trap集油器oil receiver，oil trap不凝性气体分离器non condensable gas purger放空气器gas purger干燥器dehydrator，drier过滤器filter，screen，strainer干燥过滤器drier-filter脱水dehydration干燥drying干燥剂desiccant硅胶silica gel活性铝activated carbon分子筛molecular sieve润滑lubrication滑油冷却器oil cooler中间冷却器intercooler，interstage cooler闪发式中间冷却器flash intercooler膨胀容器expansion tank经济器economizer喷射器ejector搅拌器agitator抽气回收装置purge recovery unit排空pump-down循环泵circulation pump液位指示器liquid level indicator窥镜sight glass液体流动指示器liquid flow indicator吸入压力表suction gauge排出压力表discharge gauge管道与附件配管tubing空调制冷配管ACR tubing管道piping，tubing25制冷管路refrigeration pipe line系统酸状况acid condition system退火annealing加压元件pressure imposing element检修门access door气封vapor lock主管main歧管manifold集管header盐水管brine line盐水集管brine header旁通管by-pass套管tube-within-a-tube伸缩弯expansion loop存油弯oil loop液环liquid loop吸入管suction line，return line消声器muffler分液贮存器accumulator排出管discharge line，hot gas line液体管liquid line冷凝液管condensate line管道附件fittings软接头connecting hose加液接头charging connection快装接头quick-release coupling，quick-coupler法兰flange接管coupling收缩管constricted tube异径内承插管reducing coupling异径外承插管double male reduction异径套管reducing bushing螺纹接管nipple阀valve截止阀stop valve26止回阀check valve角阀angle valve球阀ball type valve，ball valve闸阀gate valve操作阀service valve防通阀bypass valve二通阀two-way valve三通阀three-way valve塞子plug端盖cap垫gasket垫料gasket填料packing喇叭口接头flared joint扩口工具flaring tool胀口工具swaging tool弯曲弹簧bending spring弹簧弯管器bending spring扭矩扳手torque wrench制冷装置制冷装置refrigerating installation，refrigerating plant工业制冷装置industrial refrigerating plant商业制冷装置commercial refrigerating plant中心站房central station成套机组self-contained system规范安装code installation制冷回路refrigerating circuit热平衡heat balance货物负荷product load操作负荷service load设计负荷design load负荷系数load factor制冷装置试验与操作27试运转commissioning吹污flush气密性试验gas-tight test，air-right test密闭容器closed container漏气air infiltration放气air vent检漏leak hunting，leak detection检漏仪leak detector卤素灯halide torch电子检漏仪electronic leak detector真空试验vacuum test试验压力test pressure工作压力operating pressure，working pressure最高工作压力highest operating pressure气密试验压力gas-tight test pressure设计压力design pressure平衡压力balance pressure充气aerate，gas charging制冷剂充注refrigerant charging首次充注initial charge保护充注holding charge，service charge制冷剂不足lack of refrigerant，under-charge，gas shortage缺液starveling充灌台charging board充灌量charge充注过多overcharge供液过多overfeeding制冷剂抽空pump down of refrigerant降温试验pull down test制冷[功能]试验refrigeration test卸载起动no-load starting，unloaded start卸载机构unloader闪发flash vaporization，instantaneous vaporization闪发气体flash gas不凝性气体non condensable gas28气体排除gas purging，degassing，gasoff阀针跳动hammering，needle hammer阀振荡hunting of a valve阀片跳动valve flutter，valve bounce短期循环short-cycling异常温升overheating泄漏leak气蚀cavitation制冷剂瓶refrigerant cylinder，gas bottle检修用瓶service cylinder，gas bottle紧急泄放阀emergency-relief valve检修阀service valve安全阀pressure relief valve抽空阀pump out valve加油阀oil charge valve放油阀oil drain valve放空阀purge valve充灌阀charging valve喷液阀liquid injection valve制冷能力及计算术语制冷量refrigerating capacity总制冷量gross refrigerating capacity净制冷量net refrigerating capacity单位制冷量refrigerating capacity per weighing单位容积制冷量refrigerating capacity per unit of swept volume制冷系统制冷量system refrigerating capacity单位轴功率制冷量refrigerating effect per shaft power压缩冷凝机组制冷量compressor condensing unit refrigerating capacity制冷压缩机制冷量refrigerant compressor capacity蒸发器净制冷量net cooler refrigerating capacity空调有效显热制冷量useful sensible heat capacity of air conditioner空调有效潜热（减湿）制冷量useful latent heat (dehumidifyying) capacity of air conditioner空调器有效总制冷量useful total capacity of air conditioner29制冷剂循环量circulating mass of refrigerant制冷剂循环容积circulating volume of refrigerant单位压缩功compress work per mass示功图indicator diagram指示功indicated work摩擦功frictional work功率power摩擦功率frictional power指示功率indicated power理论功率idea power轴功率brake power效率efficiency指示效率indicated efficiency机械效率mechanical efficiency总效率overall efficiency制冷系数coefficient of performance （COP）制冷压缩机的制冷系数refrigerating compressor coefficient of performance热力完善度thermodynamical perfectness能效比energy efficiency ratio （EER）热泵供热系数heat-pump coefficient of performance热泵用压缩机的供热系数heat-pump compressor coefficient of performance容积效率volumetric efficiency容积输气量volumetric displacement实际输气量actual displacement理论输气量theoretical displacement冷凝热量condenser heat过冷热量heat of subcooling过热热量superheat运转工况下的制冷量rating under working conditions标准制冷量standard rating名义工况normal conditions试验工况test conditions运行工况operating conditions标准性能standard rating标准工况standard condition30空调工况air conditioning condition内部条件internal conditions外部条件external conditions蓄热accumulation of heat蓄冷accumulation of cold制冰能力ice-making capacity除霜结霜frost formation积霜frost deposit回霜frost back除霜defrosting化霜defrosting融霜defrosting冲霜defrosting人工除霜manual defrosting除霜周期defrosting cycle除霜循环defrosting cycle中止除霜循环off-cycle defrosting周期除霜系统cycle defrost system自动除霜automatic defrosting半自动除霜semi-automatic defrosting高速半自动除霜fast semi-automatic defrosting定时除霜time defrosting外能除霜external defrosting水除霜water defrosting水除霜系统water defrosting system热水除霜hot water defrosting热液除霜系统hot liquid defrosting system内能除霜internal defrosting热气除霜hot gas defrosting热气除霜系统hot gas defrosting system热液除霜hot liquid defrosting逆循环除霜reverse cycle defrosting31逆循环除霜系统reverse cycle defrosting system除霜用热气管hot gas line for defrosting热箱除霜thermotank defrost电加热器除霜electric heater defrosting电加热器除霜系统electric heater defrosting system暖空气除霜warm air defrosting除霜水盘drip tray，defrost pan蒸发器及冷却设备蒸发器evaporator直接冷却式蒸发器direct evaporator直接式蒸发器direct evaporator间接冷却式蒸发器indirect cooled evaporator间接式蒸发器indirect evaporator干式蒸发器dry expansion evaporator满液式蒸发器flooded evaporator再循环式蒸发器recirculation-type evaporator强制循环式蒸发器pump-feed evaporator壳盘管式蒸发器shell-and-coil evaporator壳管式蒸发器shell-and-tube evaporator喷淋式蒸发器spray-type evaporator立管式蒸发器vertical-type evaporator平行管蒸发器raceway coil螺旋管式蒸发器spiral tube evaporator“V”型管蒸发器herringbone type evaporator沉浸式盘管蒸发器submerged evaporator板式蒸发器plate-type evaporator螺旋板式蒸发器spiral sheet evaporator平板式蒸发器plate-type evaporator，tube-in-sheet evaporator管板式蒸发器tube-on-sheet evaporator凹凸板式蒸发器embossed-plate evaporator吹胀式蒸发器roll-bond evaporator压焊板式蒸发器roll-bond evaporator制冰块器的蒸发器ice cube maker evaporator结冰式蒸发器ice-bank evaporator32。
超市购物的缺点英语作文初一200词
超市购物的缺点英语作文初一200词Shopping at supermarkets can be a convenient and efficient way to purchase a variety of goods, but it also comes with its fair share of drawbacks. From the impersonal nature of the experience to the environmental impact of the industry, there are several key disadvantages to consider when making the decision to shop at a supermarket.One of the primary downsides of supermarket shopping is the lack of personal connection and interaction with the vendors. In traditional markets or small local shops, customers often have the opportunity to engage with the individuals who have grown, produced, or crafted the goods being sold. This allows for a more meaningful and personalized shopping experience, where customers can learn about the provenance of the products, ask questions, and even develop relationships with the sellers. In contrast, supermarkets typically offer a more impersonal and transactional environment, where the focus is on efficiency and convenience rather than fostering personal connections.Moreover, the sheer scale and size of supermarkets can contribute to a sense of detachment and anonymity. The vast aisles, fluorescent lighting, and endless rows of identical products can create a feeling of being lost in a sea of consumerism, rather than a vibrant, community-oriented marketplace. This can be particularly overwhelming for some shoppers, who may feel like they are merely cogs in a large and impersonal machine.Another significant disadvantage of supermarket shopping is the environmental impact of the industry. Supermarkets often rely on long supply chains, which can involve the transportation of goods over vast distances, contributing to an increase in greenhouse gas emissions and a larger carbon footprint. Additionally, the packaging used for many supermarket products, such as plastic wraps and containers, can contribute to the growing problem of plastic waste and pollution.Furthermore, the emphasis on efficiency and cost-cutting in the supermarket industry can lead to the exploitation of workers, both in the supply chain and within the stores themselves. Employees may face low wages, poor working conditions, and limited job security, which can have a detrimental impact on their well-being and the overall quality of the shopping experience.Another concern with supermarket shopping is the lack oftransparency and accountability. Customers may have limited information about the sourcing, production, and distribution of the goods they are purchasing, making it difficult to make informed decisions about the ethical and sustainable implications of their purchases. This can be particularly problematic for consumers who are concerned about issues such as fair trade, animal welfare, or environmental sustainability.In addition, the sheer variety of products available in supermarkets can be overwhelming and can lead to impulse purchases and overconsumption. The strategic placement of items, the use of promotional tactics, and the temptation of one-stop shopping can all contribute to the tendency to buy more than one initially intended, leading to waste and financial strain.Moreover, the centralized nature of supermarket distribution can have negative consequences for local economies and small businesses. When a large supermarket chain enters a community, it can disrupt the existing ecosystem of local producers, artisans, and independent retailers, leading to the displacement of these smaller businesses and a loss of economic diversity and resilience.Finally, the convenience of supermarket shopping can come at the cost of personal fulfillment and a sense of connection to the food system and local community. By relying on supermarkets for themajority of their shopping needs, consumers may miss out on the opportunity to engage with local farmers, attend community events, or participate in the vibrant culture of traditional marketplaces.In conclusion, while supermarket shopping may offer certain benefits in terms of convenience and selection, it also comes with a range of drawbacks that should not be overlooked. From the lack of personal connection and the environmental impact to the issues of transparency and the potential for overconsumption, the disadvantages of supermarket shopping are numerous and significant. As consumers become more aware of these issues, it is likely that alternative models of food and goods distribution, such as local farmers' markets, community-supported agriculture, and online platforms for artisanal products, will continue to gain popularity and offer a more sustainable and fulfilling shopping experience.。
一种改进的点群移位算法及其应用
第37卷第10期201410测绘与空间地理信息GEOMATICS ＆SPATIAL INFOＲMATION TECHNOLOGYVol．37，No．10Oct．，2014收稿日期：2014－02－14基金项目：国家自然科学基金项目（41071289，41171350）资助作者简介：熊枝艳（1992－），女，河南信阳人，地理信息系统专业硕士研究生，主要研究方向为地图综合方面的研究工作。
一种改进的点群移位算法及其应用熊枝艳1，刘远刚1，2，郭庆胜1，孙雅庚1（1．武汉大学资源与环境科学学院，湖北武汉430079；2．长江大学地球科学学院，湖北荆州434023）摘要：比例射线移位算法处理冲突目标群，能够较好地保持移位后目标群的空间分布模式，常被应用于点群移位。
本文在对已有算法的研究基础上，对其进行改进：首先考虑了存在线状要素时点群移位的新情况；其次，提出了可变参数的衰减函数控制模型。
最后本文通过实验，演示了算法的有效性。
关键词：制图综合；点群移位；比例射线；点群聚类；衰减中图分类号：P2；TP301．6文献标识码：B文章编号：1672－5867（2014）10－0071－04AnImproved Point Group Displacement Algorithm and its ApplicationXIONG Zhi －yan 1，LIU Yuan －gang 1，2，GUO Qing －sheng 1，SUN Ya －geng 1（1．School of Ｒesource and Environment Science ，Wuhan University ，Wuhan 430079，China ；2．School of Geo －Science ，Jingzhou 434023，China ）Abstract ：Proportional radial displacement algorithm can maintain good spatial distribution patterns of the object cluster after displace-ment when dealing with conflicting target group ，which is often used to displace point group．The paper ，which is based on previous research on algorithm improved it as follows ：Firstly ，the new situation of point group displacement with Linear elements is taken into account ；Next ，controllable attenuation function model with variable parameter is put forward．At last ，this paper demonstrated the ef-fectiveness of the algorithm through the experiment．Key words ：cartographic generalization ；point group displacement ；proportional radial ；point clustering ；attenuation0引言地图综合的过程，实质上是人对地图内容的取舍、概括及对各要素关系的处理做出判断、决策的过程［1］。