斯伦贝谢LWD introduction

•
Real-time Formation Measurement including:
– Resistivity, Density, Porosity
Aug 2003
A Brief History of MWD - the early days
• • • • 1927: First Wireline log run in France by Schlumberger brothers 1929: Jokosky files a patent on the concept of mud pulse telemetry 1950: Arp invents positive mud pulse system 1960’s:
– – – – Horizontal evaluation - special interpretation issues May require 3D interpretation Measurements often crossing beds Anisotropy issues
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Aug 2003
Aug 2003
What is MWD/LWD?
A system which provides real-time data from measurements made near the drill bit during the drilling process
• • Real-time Surveys for Directional Control
Aug 2003
源自文库
What’s Special About LWD?
• Measurements are made soon after drilling
– – – – Before formation alteration Before hole washes out Before fluid invasion Time becomes a factor in interpretation
Aug 2003
MWD Continuous Wave Telemetry
Mud Pulser and Turbine Assembly
As Mud flows through the MWD tool the pressure required to force the mud to flow changes as the Modulator opens and closes Aug 2003
Aug 2003
Formation Evaluation Optimization
low
low
Well Deviation
high
Seismic or Formation Evaluation Complexity
high
Aug 2003
Why use LWD?
•
Scenario A
– High rig cost
•
Scenario B
– Low rig cost
or
an – High drilling risk d or an – High well placement risk d
– Low drilling risk
– Low well placement risk
LWD preferred
WL preferred
Aug 2003
Well Planning, Directional Drilling & New Drilling Technologies
• Well Planning in a geological environment • Survey Uncertainty • DD New Technologies
• All MWD tools use mud-pulse telemetry to transmit data to surface:
• Analog to Digital signals (1 and 0) • Digital signals to pressure pulses • Pressure pulses transmitted through the mud column • Design considerations:
Aug 2003
VISION LWD Services
Aug 2003
Aug 2003
Alphabet soup
ARCx - Array Resistivity Compensated , 2 MHz and 400 KHz resistivity ARC4 = 4 ¾” OD (=Impulse) ARC6 = 6 ¾” OD ARC8 = 8 ¼” OD ARC9 = 9” OD RABx - Resistivity At the Bit Upgraded to GeoVision Resistivity (GVR)
LWD Introduction
Presented by: Wang Ruo
Aug 2003 2003 Aug
MWD/LWD techniques
• Why do we use LWD? • MWD/LWD basics • LWD Measurements – Resistivity: Propagation and Laterolog – Density/Neutron & Sonic tools • LWD measurements for horizontal well-bores • Application of Image and Azimuthal measurements • Well Placement (GeoSteering) Methods
– Teledrift tool developed - mechanical inclinometer with positive mud pulse, still used today – Godbey of Mobil develops the mud siren system
• • •
1971: First successful test of mud siren by Mobil R&D 1978: Teleco commercial with Directional MWD 1980: Schlumberger / Anadrill introduces multi-sensor MWD
– – – – RAB (Resistivity at Bit), GeoSteering Tool Borehole Imaging, Acoustic Caliper
• • • • •
1993: Baroid (NL Sperry) introduces Near Bit Inclinometer 1995: Commercial slim-hole resistivity tools developed 1996: Schlumberger / Anadrill introduces Triple Combo for slim holes 1999: Schlumberger introduces Real-Time formation imaging 2001: Schlumberger introduces Seismic Measurement While Drilling
1983: Teleco introduces RGD 1984:
– NL Baroid introduces Recorded Lithology Log (RLL) – Electromagnetic resistivity and Gamma Ray log – Teeco, Anadrill, Exlog, and Gearhart offer Resistivity and GR services
• LWD sensors are usually rotating
– Resistivity & Density Images – Azimuthal formation evaluation
Aug 2003
What’s Special About LWD?
• LWD tools are often run in high angle boreholes
A Brief History of MWD - imaging at the bi
• • 1990: Teleco commercial with Triple Combo 1992: Schlumberger / Anadrill introduces the IDEAL (Integrated Drilling Evaluation and Logging) system including:
GST Geosteering tool (6 ¾” OD)
ADNx – Azimuthal Density Neutron ADN4 = 4 ¾” OD ADN6 = 6 ¾” OD ADN8 = 8” OD. ISONIC only called ISONIC Aug 2003
More Alphabet soup
MWD Impulse 4 ¾”OD PowerPulse PP6 6 ¾”OD PP8 8 ¼”OD PP9 9” OD Tool Combinations: Visionxxx – Triple combo string, ARC-MWD-ADN Vision475 = 4 ¾” OD (Impulse-ADN) Vision675 = 6 ¾” OD (ARC6-PP6-ADN6 Vision825 = 8 1/4” OD (ARC8-PP8-ADN8)
• Reliability • Maximized data update rate • Minimal impact on drilling operations
Aug 2003
MWD Telemetry Systems
A hydraulic poppet valve momentarily restricts the flow of mud to generate an increase in pressure Controlled valve vents mud briefly to the annulus, decreasing the pressure Rotary valve (siren) restricts the mud flow to create a modulating positive pressure wave
Aug 2003
A Brief History of MWD - the birth of LWD
• 1981:
– Gentrix (Eastman) introduces PPT directional MWD – Exlog introduces NPT multi-sensor MWD
• •
Engineering Qualification
• •
1986: NL Baroid introduces Triple Combo LWD 1989:
– Sperry introduces Triple Combo LWD – Schlumberger / Anadrill introduces Triple Combo LWD
Aug 2003
LWD Operating Modes
Real-time data with MWD
Aug 2003
Data stored in downhole memory
Telemetry: clean signals through dirty
mud
Aug 2003
MWD Data Transmission
– Inclination, azimuth, toolface
Real-time Drilling Mechanics data for Drilling Optimisation and Safety including:
– Weight-on-Bit, Downhole Torque-at-Bit