cross-cultural 跨文化交际

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什么是cross-cultural competence

什么是cross-cultural competence
什么是cross-cultural competence
Cross-cultural competence是指在不同文化环境下有效地实现目标的能力。

它是一种跨文化交流的能力，这种能力可以帮助人们更好地理解不同的文化背景，并且能够更好地融入不同的文化中。

Cross-cultural competence包括语言能力、文化意识、文化理解和跨文化技能。

它不仅涉及如何与不同文化背景的人交流，而且还涉及如何在不同文化背景中实现共同目标。

它要求人们能够理解不同文化背景的人们的行为，并基于此来建立有效的沟通模式。

Cross-cultural competence的重要性在于，它可以帮助人们更好地理解不同文化背景的人，从而更好地建立良好的关系。

它还可以帮助人们更好地融入不同文化的环境中，从而获得更多的成功。

总之，cross-cultural competence是一种在不同文化环境中有效实现目标的能力，它是成功的关键，可以帮助人们更好地理解不同文化背景的人，并且能够更好地融入不同的文化中。

cross-culturalco...

cross-culturalco...第一篇：cross-cultural communication辅导跨文化交际胡文仲视频演讲稿(含重点和PPT内容)cross-cultural communication辅导（2）跨文化交际胡文仲视频演讲稿（含重点和PPT内容）Hello, every one, this is the second talk, intercultural communication.In this talk, we will be talking about verbal communication.verbal communication is communication using words.we will be talking about language and culture and their relationships.There is a very close relationship between language and culture.In Arab, there are many words related to camel.Because camel used to be a very important part of the life of Arabs.In the Chinese language, there is an elaborate system of kinship terms.Because Chinese families used to be large and hierarchical.We care about whether the grandmother is on the father side or on the mother side.If it is on the side of mother, it is called外祖母.If it is on the side of the father, it is called祖母.But in English, normally, they do not have such distinction.In Chinese, we make a distinction between哥哥and弟弟.Because哥哥has more authorship than弟弟.But in English, normally, they just use brother to refer to either哥哥or弟弟.From this we can see, language is very much influenced by nguage is a mirror of culture, because language reflects human relationships.It reflects the way the society operates.Firth thing is language of kinship terms is a reflection of our family system.As a matter of fact, language is a part of the culture or we can say language is culture.There is no doubt there is a very close relationship between language and culture.Some people go even further and claim that language determines the way we think.This is what wecall linguistic determinism(语言决定主义——语言决定了我们思考的方式。

Cross-cultural-communication跨文化沟通

GlobalLeabharlann riseHowever, with globalization, especially the increase of global trade, it is unavoidable that different cultures will meet, conflict, and blend together. People from different culture find it is difficult to communicate not only due to language barriers, but also are affected by culture styles.Thus the same words can mean different things to people from different cultures, even when they speak the "same" language. When the languages are different, and translation has to be used to communicate, the potential for misunderstandings increases.The study of cross-cultural communication is a global research area. As a result, cultural differences in the study of crosscultural communication can already be found.
Orientation
Cross-cultural communication endeavours to bring together such relatively unrelated areas as cultural anthropology and established areas of communication. Its core is to establish and understand how people from different cultures communicate with each other. Its charge is to also produce some guidelines with which people from different cultures can better communicate with each other.The study of languages other than one's own can serve not only to help one understand what we as humans have in common, but also to assist in the understanding of the diversity which underlines our languages' methods of constructing and organizing knowledge.

cross_cultural_coms跨文化交际培训讲义

Module 3Cross-Cultural CommunicationDeveloped by Carolee Buckler, Project Manager, International Institute for Sustainable Development, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; and Kelly Moore, Project Consultant, International Institute for Sustainable Development, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaTable of ContentsKey Terms and ConceptsLearning Objectives/OutcomesIntroduction1. What Is CultureExercise OneSelf-Reflection2. Exploring Your Own CultureExercise Two3. Exploring Your Host CultureExercise Three4. Communication StylesLanguage UsageDirect v. IndirectLinear v. CircularAttached v. DetachedConcrete v. AbstractSelf-Reflection5. Other Aspects of Communication StylesNon-Verbal CommunicationDealing with ConflictDiscussion6. Culture ShockExercise FourSelf-ReflectionFirst StageSecond StageThird StageFourth StageExercise Five7. Cultural Adaptation and Awareness8. Reverse Culture ShockResourcesCircumpolar Young Leaders Training 1Key Terms and Concepts• culture• culture shock• adaptation• stereotyping• cross-cultural communication• reverse culture shockLearning Objectives/OutcomesUpon completion of this module, you should be able to1. create strategies to improve day-to-day cross-cultural communication andmaximize cultural sensitivity.2. explore stages of adaptation and personal strategies for managing thestress of culture shock.3. avoid misunderstanding based on cultural differences and methods formanaging relationships.4. understand the country context and its impact on professional andpersonal objectives.IntroductionCongratulations—you are about to embark on an experience of a lifetime! The opportunity to travel and work overseas is one of the greatest privileges we can enjoy. By going overseas, you will be able to immerse yourself in a foreign culture, speak the language of the people, learn their ways, and see the world through different eyes. You will have the kind of experience that will not only challenge you, but will stay with you through the rest of your life.This Cross-Cultural Communication module will give you a general overview of the issues newcomers may face when they live in a foreign country: cultural self-awareness, cross-cultural communication, stereotypes, and values. This module is intended to help prepare you for your overseas placement through a combination of useful information and thought-provoking exercises. BeingModule 3: Cross-Cultural Communication 2prepared for new working and living contexts can make it easier to adjust, minimize stress, and increase cross-cultural effectiveness on both personal and professional levels.It’s not possible to talk about culture without making generalizations. Cultural generalizations are statements of likelihood and potential. At best, a generalization can tell you how people from a particular culture may behave in a given situation—not how they will behave or how they will always behave. Cultural generalizations can be helpful in the process of learning to understand other cultures, but be ready to set them aside when it is clear they have no meaning. Generalizations become dangerous when they result in negative stereotyping.1. What Is Culture?For the purpose of this module, here is the way to think about culture:Culture is a people’s way of life, their design for living, their way of coping with their biological, physical and social environment. It consists of learned, patterned assumptions (worldview), concepts and behavior, plus the resulting artifacts (material goods).— Charles H. KraftA major component of a culture is its systems of values, beliefs, and material products. First, culture includes belief systems that involve stories, or myths, the interpretation of which can give people insight into how they should feel, think, and/or behave. The most prominent systems of beliefs tend to be those associated with formal religions; however, any system of belief in which the interpretation of stories affects people’s behaviour—a system of superstitions, for example—can contribute to a component of a given society’s culture. Second, culture includes value systems. Values are formed based on how we learned to think things ought to be or how people ought to behave, especially in terms of qualities such as honesty, integrity, and openness. Third, culture is also defined by material products such as food, clothing, and music.Culture is often compared to an iceberg: you can see only a small portion of it, as most of it is hidden beneath the surface. The tip of the iceberg represents the visible aspects of culture, such as behaviour, music, literature, and dress. In this analogy, the remaining huge chunk of ice beneath the surface represents the invisible dimensions of culture, which include assumptions, values, and beliefs. Venturing into different cultures without adequate preparation can be just as dangerous as manoeuvring a ship through icy waters without charts, hoping to be lucky enough to avoid sharing the same fate as the Titanic!Circumpolar Young Leaders Training 3Module 3: Cross-Cultural Communication4Exercise OnePlace each of the following terms in one of the two categories in the table below, as appropriate.• Facial expressions • Gestures• Literature • Paintings• Ideas about leadership • Democracy• Ideas about modesty • Ideas about fairness• Understanding the natural world • Foods• Importance of time • Concept of self• Styles of dress • Concept of beauty• Rules of etiquette • General world view• Gender roles • Housing• Holiday customs • Decision making• Religious beliefs • Religious rituals• Values • Ideas about friendship• Eating habits • The importance of work• Music • Concept of personal space • Modes of transportation • Measures of success• Folklore • Slang• Stereotypes • CelebrationsVisible HiddenCircumpolar Young Leaders Training 5By examining hidden culture (i.e., people’s values and beliefs systems) you will have a better understanding of people’s behaviours and what to make of them. Not all of us interpret things the same way. For example, in North America one might say to a colleague or acquaintance, “We should plan on getting together for a drink next week.” Often this invitation is not followed through in the following week, and the plan is postponed to the next month. While this behaviour is considered acceptable in many North American circles, it is perceived by Danes to be fickle, since Danes typically only make commitments to social engagements if they intend to follow through as presented. Be aware that your behaviours may not be interpreted in another country in the same way as they would be in your home country.Self-ReflectionFor each of the following behaviours, write down your interpretation of the behaviours in terms of your own cultural values, beliefs, or perceptions:1. A person comes late to a meeting.2. Someone makes the “okay” hand gesture at you (holding their hand up,palm facing you, with their thumb and forefinger forming a circle and the last three fingers held straight up).3. Someone kicks a dog.4. Someone in a store says he or she wants to purchase a pair of pants.In North America the “okay” gesture is used as a way of saying things are going well, while in many other cultures it can be considered rude or obscene. In England the word pants means “underwear.” People in England use the word trousers for what in North America is known as “pants.” Local understandings like these make aspects of living in another culture tricky. An innocent remark or a gesture on your part can result in a breakdown in communication. It is easy to know about the material products of a particular country (e.g., food, music, clothing), but it is more difficult to figure out what the values and beliefs are, as those are hidden beneath the surface of the culture.People from the same culture often share a similar background, which leads to like perceptions, interpretations, and values. Culture can be universal—that is, there are ways in which people in all groups are the same—and it can be personal—that is, there are ways in which each one of us is different fromModule 3: Cross-Cultural Communication 6everyone else. You will find some things in your host country’s culture to be similar to yours, while other things will be different. Sometimes, these differences are very subtle. It is your job while overseas to figure out what those differences are.2. Exploring Your Own CultureOne’s own culture provides the “lens” through which we view the world; the “logic” . . . by which we order it;the “grammar” . . . by which it makes sense.—Avruch and BlackCross-cultural understanding also requires knowing one’s own culture as the essential starting point. It is important to know your own cultural constitution and how it can affect your choices, attitudes, and communication while you are overseas. The next exercise will help you to explore your own cultural makeup. Exercise TwoWrite your answers to the following questions, giving a response of 3–5 pages in length (in total). Post your response in the discussion page of WebCT.1. How do you define your national identity? What values, beliefs, customs,and so on, make up your national identity?2. If you were new to your own country and had only the print medium tolearn from, what would you list as the country’s values and/or priorities? 3. How do you perceive your geographic region to be unique in terms of• language, including accent, idioms, jargon, slang?• social persona—openness to newcomers, friendliness, extroversion?• economic status/prestige?• cultural values and priorities (festivals, music, food, sport, landscape)?• concepts of time and personal space?4. How do you think others perceive your geographic region?Circumpolar Young Leaders Training 7If you are from Canada, for example, you might first be perceived as a Canadian even if you are originally from another country. You will be considered to be knowledgeable about Canada because you live in Canada. The people you meet overseas will have stereotypes about you, learned from other Canadians or Westerners they have met, or possibly from Hollywood movies. As well, many of the people you meet will be interested in finding out more about Canada. Keep in mind that you are an ambassador for your country and the sending institution. Your actions may be seen as representative of all people in your country. Look at your experience abroad as an opportunity for two cultures to learn about each other.3. Exploring Your Host CultureIt is important to learn as much about your host culture as possible before going abroad. This will help you prepare for your internship and hopefully reduce the number of “cultural faux pas” you unconsciously commit upon arrival.In the Course Content page of WebCT, you will find four Arctic country case studies. In addition to providing general information about your host country, there are cultural insights provided by former interns. Read the case study of your host country, and then complete the following exercise.Exercise Three1. How does the culture of your host country compare to your own culture?2. What aspects are the most different?4. Communication StylesCommunication is about sending and receiving messages. On a daily basis we communicate with people in every sphere of our lives—at home, at work, and in various manifestations within our community. Our messages are open to interpretation, and often we experience communication challenges. Just when we think we are communicating well, we realize that someone has not understood what we were trying to say.1Our culture has a role in presenting us with those challenges: it has helped shape the way in which we approach problems, how we participate in groups, and how 1 Marcelle E. DuPraw and Marya Axner, Working on Common Cross-Cultural Communication Challenges (A More Perfect Union).Module 3: Cross-Cultural Communication 8we interact with people in our communities. In groups, we often notice how differently people approach their work together2 and what happens, for example, when one person interprets a remark differently than the rest of the people in the group.Words and behaviours denote different things in different cultures, and even within a culture. The following is an examination of the way people communicate—that is, their communication styles. Note that although a culture doesn’t use one particular communication style to the exclusion of all others, most cultures tend to use one more than another.Direct v. IndirectSome cultures have very direct/low-context forms of communication. People from direct/low-context cultures are more individualistic than people from indirect cultures; they lead more independent lives and share fewer experiences. They say what they mean and mean what they say. You do not have to read between the lines to figure out what they mean: to them, the truth is more important than sparing someone’s feelings.Other cultures have more indirect/high-context forms of communication. These cultures are more collectivistic, where saving face is important. People imply or suggest what they mean instead of stating it bluntly and directly. In high-context cultures, messages often do not need words to be expressed; people use body language and other forms of communication. This can make it difficult for outsiders to understand, as one has to infer meaning from words or fromnon-verbal cues and behaviours. People living in indirect/high-context cultures tend to avoid confrontation.Linear v. CircularIn a linear communication style, one is straightforward and has a low reliance on context and a strong reliance on words. In a circular communication style, there is a high reliance on context: discussion involves telling stories and otherwise developing a context around the main point.Attached v. DetachedIn an attached communication style, issues are presented with feeling and emotions; the person expresses how he or she feels about a situation. In a detached communication style, issues are discussed in a calm and objective way; people are less likely to get emotionally aroused in a discussion.2 DuPraw and Axner.Circumpolar Young Leaders Training 9Concrete v. AbstractPeople who use a concrete style of communication prefer to communicate using stories, metaphors, and examples, while people who use abstract communication understand issues best through the use of principles and data, and they prefer to emphasize the general rather than the specific.Which style of communication, or combination of styles, do you use?Self-ReflectionYour supervisor comes from a culture in which people do not shy away from confrontation. After two months, you are used to your supervisor’s straightforward manner of addressing issues. She wants to tell you your personal work schedule is too relaxed (coming in late; taking lunch at the wrong time, etc.), but she is heading out of town and has asked your secondary supervisor to let you know the correct office protocol. Your secondary supervisor comes from a culture in which people do not confront people directly.How might your secondary supervisor communicate the message? How might it be different from how your supervisor would communicate the message?5. Other Aspects of Communication Style Language UsageOne aspect of communication style is the customary or established use of words. As you read in the “What Is Culture?” section of this module, from one culture to the next some words and phrases are used to mean different things.For example, even in countries that share the English language, the meaning of“yes” [depending on the speaker’s tone of voice and body language] varies from “maybe, I’ll consider it” to “definitely so,” with many shades in-between.3Non-Verbal CommunicationCommunication can be non-verbal. Gestures, posture, silence, emotional expressions, touch, and physical appearance are examples of non-verbal cues. One culture might attribute a higher importance to non-verbal behaviour, or3 DuPraw and Axner.Module 3: Cross-Cultural Communication 10cues, than would another culture with a different communication style. Still, when we interact with other people, non-verbal cues can bear important information. The concept of personal space, for example, can be understood through non-verbal communication. In some parts of the world, people are accustomed to smaller personal spaces and tend to stand or sit close to each other when they are talking. If such a person is talking to someone who prefers more personal space, the person talking may notice his or her companion take a step or two away. A social difficulty can arise if either person misunderstands their companion’s culture. The person talking may see the other person’s attempt to create more space as dislike or a lack of interest. The person accustomed to more personal space may view attempts to get close as pushy or disrespectful.Dealing with ConflictAnother aspect of communication is how we deal with conflict. DuPraw and Axner explain it well:Some cultures view conflict as a positive thing, while others view it as something to be avoided. In [North America], conflict is not usually desirable; but people often are encouraged to deal directly with conflicts that do arise. In . . . [other] countries, open conflict is experienced as embarrassing or demeaning; as a rule [fortravellers], differences are best worked out quietly. . . . Keep this in mind when you are in a dialogue or when you are working with others.4Another thing to remember when you find yourself in a conflict with someone is that some people may not feel comfortable dealing directly with you. Asking them questions about why they have an issue regarding you or your work may seem intrusive and put them in an uncomfortable situation.DiscussionWhat are some things you can do to ensure that the message you send and the message received are the same? Post your response on the WebCT Discussion Board.DuPraw and Axner have words to remember:Next time you find yourself in a confusing situation, and you suspect thatcross-cultural differences are at play, . . . [a]sk yourself how culture may be shaping your own reactions, and try to see the world from others’ points of view.54 DuPraw and Axner.5 DuPraw and Axner.Circumpolar Young Leaders Training 116. Culture ShockThe term culture shock was first introduced in the 1950s by Kalvero Oberg to describe the phenomena people might experience after moving to a new environment. Culture shock can be described as the feeling of disorientation experienced by a person suddenly subjected to an unfamiliar culture or way of life. Culture shock is difficult to identify. It does not appear suddenly; rather, it builds up slowly and is often a series of small events. For some people, culture shock can be brief and hardly noticeable. For others, it can bring intense physical and emotional discomfort.Why do people experience culture shock? It could be attributed to communication barriers, moving out of a comfort zone, immobility (tighter control over movement), unrealistic expectations, a sense of time and pace of life, perceptions of culturally inappropriate behaviours, frustrations over lack of results, and so on.Exercise FourWrite your signature on a piece of paper, first with your usual, dominant hand and then with your weaker hand. Then answer the following questions.1. How did you feel while you wrote your signature with your usual hand?2. How did you feel while you performed this task with your weaker hand?3. What happens when we are faced daily with unusual tasks and demands? No matter how prepared you are, or how open-minded, or how much you have travelled in the past, you can still experience culture shock. Culture shock is normal, and it does not last forever!Many people who experience culture shock are unaware what it is, or they attribute their symptoms to something else. Culture shock has a wide range of symptoms, and being able to identify the symptoms as culture shock can help make adjusting to overseas living easier. Culture shock may involve any of these symptoms:• sadness, loneliness, melancholy• preoccupation with health• insomnia, desire to sleep too much or too littleModule 3: Cross-Cultural Communication 12• depression, feeling vulnerable, feeling powerless, changes in temperament • anger, irritability, resentment, unwillingness to interact with others• identifying with the old culture or idealizing the old country• loss of identity• trying too hard to absorb everything in the new culture or country• unable to solve simple problems• lack of confidence• feelings of inadequacy or insecurity• excessive drinking• developing stereotypes about the new culture• developing obsessions, such as over-cleanliness• longing for family• feeling lost, overlooked, exploited, or abused• a desire to go home, to partake of comfort food, to visit one’s relatives, to talk to people with whom it is easy to communicateSelf-ReflectionReflect on a time when you previously experienced a form of culture shock. Are you having difficulty remembering one? What about the first time you changed schools? Your first year at university? Have you ever moved to another city? When was the last time you felt like an “outsider”?As a result of many studies on culture shock, four stages have been identified.First stage. Known as the “honeymoon stage,” you first arrive to your destination and in spite of loss of sleep from travelling, issues with transportation, and some language difficulties, everything seems great and new. The sites are interesting, the local people are helpful, and the food is tasty. This produces a feeling of euphoria: a desire to look around, experiment, and explore. This stage is normally brief, but it can last up to a month or more. Symptoms: enthusiastic, positive attitude, excited, fascinated, energetic.Second stage. Culture shock sets in. The novelty starts to wear off and one begins to criticize the country, the life, and the values of the people. At this stage, you begin to look for compatriots to discuss your symptoms and to criticize the country and people. You begin to be negative and start to speak ofCircumpolar Young Leaders Training 13the people in the third person, using phrases such as “these people.” This is thecritical stage of culture shock. This can last for a few days, weeks, or months.Symptoms: depressed, frustrated, confused, angry, sick, and critical of the hostculture.Third stage. Known as the “recovery stage,” you begin to understand some ofthe cultural cues and more of the language, and you start to feel less isolated.Your understanding of the local culture deepens. You begin to reflect on thepast couple of weeks and laugh at your own mistakes. Symptoms: accepts thehost culture, less judgmental, sense of humour returns, energy is back.Fourth stage. This is the “adjustment stage,” where you begin to feel at homeand enjoy living in the foreign country. You may not like all of the customs ofthe country, but you can live with them. Symptoms: motivated, acceptingthings you cannot change, adapting and assimilating to the changes, and startingto explore, once again.Can culture shock be avoided? Probably not, but it can be minimized. See thefollowing illustration of the stages of cultural adjustment.The W-Curve: Stages of Cultural AdjustmentSource: Adapted from “Orientated for Success,” edited by M. Barker, Australian International Development Assistance Bureau, 1990; as cited in Council for International Education (UKCOSA), International Students and Culture Shock, in Guidance Notes for Students 2004–05, [online] /images/shock.pdf.Module 3: Cross-Cultural Communication 14Exercise FiveSubmit your written answers to the following questions to your instructor.1. Referring to the previous self-reflection, how did you deal with cultureshock in that situation?2. What other ways can you deal with culture shock?3. How do you plan to get through culture shock while you are on yourinternship?7. Cultural Adaptation and AwarenessAs one goes through the cycle of adjustment in a new culture, one’s understanding and knowledge of the host country increases. This awareness tends to progress through the stages as described in Box 2.1.Box 2.1 Adjustment StagesUnconscious incompetence. At this stage, you are unaware of culture differences. It does not occur to you that you may be making mistakes or that you might be misinterpreting much of the behavior going on around you.Conscious incompetence. You now realize there are differences between how you and local people behave, though you understand very little about these differences, how numerous they might be, etc.Conscious competence. You know cultural differences exist, you know what some of those differences are, and you adjust your behavior accordingly. You have to make a conscious effort to behave in culturally appropriate ways.Unconscious competence. You no longer have to think about what you’re doing in order to do the right thing. It takes little effort for you to be culturally sensitive.Source: Centre for Intercultural Learning, Canadian Foreign Service Institute. Based on work of William Howell; adapted from Peace Corps (1996), "Culture Matters: The Peace Corps Cross-Cultural Workbook" (Washington, DC: The Peace Corps).Circumpolar Young Leaders Training 15Adapting to a culture requires patience, flexibility, and cultural understanding. Remember, just because you adapt to your host country doesn’t mean you become a person of that nationality. It does mean, however, that you are able to understand another culture and make an impact. Successful cultural adaptation will ensure that you’ll benefit from the rewards of your experience abroad for years to come.The following are a few helpful strategies for adapting to your host country. Can you think of others?1. Learn the language. Even if you can’t speak perfectly, your attempts tocommunicate in the native language will be appreciated.2. Become involved in the culture. Show your willingness to learn about thepeople and culture by participating in the daily life of your community.Seek out opportunities to share yourself and your background with yourhosts whenever possible.3. Be honest—if you don’t understand something, seek clarification.To succeed overseasyou must be ableto work effectively across cultures.In Box 2.2, you will find a profile of the interculturally effective person. This is not an exhaustive list, but it includes the main skills and traits an interculturally effective person possesses. Take a look at this inventory and identify your areas of strengths and weaknesses. Don’t despair if you find you don’t have some of these attributes. As you are about to depart on your placement, keep in mind that you will develop and/or enhance many of these qualities as a result of your overseas experience.Module 3: Cross-Cultural Communication 16Box 2.2 A Profile of the Interculturally Efective Person1. Adaptation Skills. Interculturally Effective Persons (IEPs) have the ability to cope personally, professionally, and in their family context with the conditions and challenges of living and working in another culture.2. An Attitude of Modesty and Respect. IEPs demonstrate modesty about their own culture’s answers to problems and a respect for the ways of the local culture, are humble about their knowledge of the local context, and are therefore willing to learn much and consult with locals before coming to conclusions on issues.3. An Understanding of the Concept of Culture. IEPs have an understanding of the concept of culture and the pervasive influence it will have on their life and work abroad.4. Knowledge of the Host Country and Culture. IEPs possess knowledge of the host country and culture and try constantly to expand that knowledge.5. Relationship Building. IEPs possess good relationship-building skills, both social/personal and professional.6. Self-Knowledge. Knowledge of one’s own background, motivations, strengths and weaknesses.7. Intercultural Communication. IEPs are effective intercultural communicators.8. Organizational Skills. IEPs strive to improve the quality of organizational structures, processes, and staff morale, and promote a positive atmospherein the workplace.9. Personal and Professional Commitment. IEPs have a high level of personal and professional commitment to the assignment and the life experience in another culture.Source: Thomas Vulpe et al. (2000), A Profile of the Interculturally Effective Person (Gatineau, Quebec: Centre for Intercultural Learning, Canadian Foreign Service Institute).Circumpolar Young Leaders Training 17。

跨文化交际(含教案)(高中英语选修课)

跨文化交际一、课程基本信息1、课程中、英文名称：跨化交文际、Cross-cultural Communication2、课程类别：专业专选课程3、课程学时：18学时4、学分：2分二、课程的目的与任务：跨文化交际作为一门学科涉及到文化和交际的各个层面，包括语言交际、非语言交际、人们之间的相互交往，以及不同文化之间的观念和信仰等。

该课程的目的在于通过不同文化差异的比较研究，分析跨文化交际案例，提高学生对文化差异的敏感性，提高不同文化语境中语言交际的能力，从而更好地适应不同文化环境。

使学生了解其他文化的社会文化习俗和价值观念；在语言学习的同时，更多关注相关国家的文化，特别是通过与本族文化的对比，提高跨文化交际能力，以适应社会发展和国际交流的需要,增加跨文化交际意识，并最终形成跨文化交际能力。

三、课程的重点和基本要求：（一）课程的重点本课程教学的重点是增强学生对跨文化交际中文化差异的敏感性，帮助学员解决在跨文化交际中因文化的差异而产生的种种问题。

通过典型实力分析，模拟交流联系，交际失误分析，英汉双向练习等多种形式，使学生认识语言，文化和交际三者之间的关系，加深对对象国文化的了解，掌握在处理跨文化交际中一些微妙问题时所需要的基本知识和技巧，提高跨文化交流的质量。

（二）．基本要求：1、了解跨文化交际研究的范围和目前发展的动向。

2、掌握跨文化交际研究的基本方法，并运用来解决一些实际问题。

3、奠定向该学科研究纵深发展的理论基础。

四、教学内容及要求本课程以语言学习为前提，强调在语言学习的过程中提高利用外语进行跨文化交际的能力，通过对交际与语言，语言与文化，文化与价值观的学习和讨论，提高跨文化交际意识；通过对文化现象的思考和讨论，反思语言学习过程，增加对文化差异的敏感性；通过课堂活动和案例学习，提高跨文化交际意识和能力，达到有效交流的目的。

1．通过学习，学生能够了解语言及非语言交际在跨文化交际中的重要作用及应用规则。

跨文化交际课程大纲

跨文化交际课程大纲（Cross-cultural Communication）课程性质：专业方向课课程学分/学时：2.0学分/30学时上课时间/教室：开课学院：外国语学院教师姓名/职称：马书红，副教授；王初艳，讲师教师联系方式：187****1369,*****************办公时间/地点（Office hours/Place）：周四上午8:00-12:00，南区办公楼305一、课程简介及目标（一）本课简介本课程是面向英语专业学生的专业方向课，主要内容包括：文化的定义、层次和特征；跨文化交际的定义；家庭对个体的社会化、社会交际能力、男女家庭角色定位、价值观等的影响；身份的定义和分类（人种身份、民族身份、性别身份、国家身份、组织身份、个人身份、网络虚拟身份等）；刻板印象及避免产生刻板印象的方法；偏见及其成因；民族中心主义的定义及特点；感知的定义、感知与文化和信念的关系、个人主义和集体主义、权力距离、柔性和刚性文化、高语境和低语境文化；不同文化的非语言交际方式和特征；不同文化的时间和空间概念；不同文化的领导风格；解决跨文化交际冲突的策略。

通过学习，你可以从整体上了解跨文化交际的复杂性和多样性，把握跨文化交际的表现形式和其深层的信仰系统和哲学观，从而塑造人文精神、培养跨文化的觉知和意识、提升睿智与德性，奠定重要的跨文化交流的修养基础。

对于未来在与文化有关的机构工作（如：外事办、外企、跨国公司、旅游局、翻译公司、文化研究所等），本课程尤其具有重要的意义与价值。

（二）课程目标本课程旨在实现下列5个教学目标：1、专业知识目标通过本课程的学习，你能够（1）了解不同文化的外在表现形式（如服饰、饮食、音乐、雕塑、庆典仪式、交往方式等）、特点和异同；（2）了解非语言交际的不同特征与要素；（3）了解跨文化交际能力的构成要素；（4）用目标语言来描述、对比和分析各种文化现象，将语言学习与文化学习相结合；2、思维方式目标在反思中国文化的天人合一、阴阳和合、大一统等整体性、模糊性、直觉性、意向性、崇拜权威的思考方式的基础上，了解与学习其他文化的思考方式、信念传统和价值观等，从而汲取不同文化的思维方式的优势，并学习在不同的情景下、不同的领域中采用适当的思维技术和方法来解决问题，避免非此即彼的对立、生硬的思考模式和处理问题的方法。

跨文化沟通(cross-culture-communication)

是用嘴吃饭，有人可能会说哪个国家的人不是用嘴吃饭，他们还用鼻子吃饭不成。其实说中国人用嘴吃饭，是说中国人吃饭最讲究口味，酸、甜、苦、辣，什么南甜北咸、东辣西酸。中国八大菜系，各有自己的一套烹饪方法，讲究一个风味和口感。
当塞车时：
日本人：拉长了脸，呆在车里一声不吭。
德国人：此时应属于最奇特的一种，不但不心烦，反而感到快乐，这在世界各民族中也许是绝无仅有的。一位德国工程师对此解释说，此时会产生一种“共度难关”时的“同志式感觉”——大家可以好好地一起感叹上一阵子，等道路畅通，一种共同被“解放”的轻松感又会油然而生。中国人：最有行动力的应当属于中国人，在焦急等待中走出车厢，自己充当交警。
日本人是用眼吃饭：说日本人用眼吃饭，并不是贬低日本人，而是日本人长期的岛国心态，造就了他们的饮食习惯，由于日本是一岛国，物产相对来说比较匮乏，有的食材需要长期进口，所以他们把饮食的风格放在少而精上，做得量很少，但是食材选择以活的海鲜为主，用的器皿也是非常讲究，但是都突出一个小字，让人吃起来赏心悦目，但是每次的食量都不是太大，所以我们中国人吃日本料理都说吃不饱，而日本人却养成这样的饮食习惯，所以你在日本很少见到大腹便便的人。
意大利人：不停地按喇叭，以发泄心中的不耐烦。
奥地利人：往往猛烈击掌，表示焦急。
荷兰人：一般会用力跺脚，表示“已缺乏耐心”。
视会卢后大森又扮堡大鬼人笑脸：。，此互时
美国人：往往拿出一支用以减轻堵车烦恼的玩具冲锋枪，扣动扳机，“哒哒” 地扫射一阵，据说此举能帮助重获“心理平衡”。
cross-cultural communication
小组成员：陈莎赖瑶阳靓芳魏巧明郑天向卫平唐文德

Cross-Cultural Communication Unit 1-4 跨文化交际

• At the core of any culture's deep structure are its social organizations (or social institutions).
➢Lessons about life and ways for living that life ➢It's based on cooperation
CHAPTER 1
Communication and Culture: The Challenge of The Future
CHAPTER 1 - Communication and Culture: The Challenge of The Future
Challenge?
• Societies around the globe have been interwoven into a complex fabric of interdependent economic, technological, political, and social relationships.
CHAPTER 2
The Deep Structure of Culture: Roots of Reality
CHAPTER 2 - The Deep Structure of Culture: Roots of Reality
• The deep structure of culture is the unconscious assumptions about how the world operates. It makes each culture unique, and explains how and why of a culture's collective action.

跨文化交际介绍

跨文化交际学是一门新学科，人们对它的研究性质、研究内容、研究方法等等，在理论上，仍在不断探索之中。

在这种情况下，我们可遵循理论联系实际的原则，边摸索边总结，而不必急于寻求某种定论。

概括说来，专门研究跨文化交际中的矛盾与问题，并探索如何提高跨文化交际能力的学科就是跨文化交际学。

鉴于“跨文化交际学”是“舶来品”，有必要先对本学科的名称由来做些说明。

“跨文化交际”、“跨文化交际研究”或“跨文化交际学”的英语名称是intercultural communication或cross-cultural communication，偶尔还见有Tran cultural communication的说法。

Kato(1985：8)对intercultural与cross-cultural先有如下解释：In many cases，IC and cross-cultural communication are understood as being the same．However，Gudykunst and Kim(1984)differentiated between them in their preface，maintaining that the former was a comparison of some phenomena across cultures and the latter was interaction between people from different cultures．The study of IC is generally considered 20 include cross-cultural communication．这里Gudykunst和Kim认为，Intercultural强调“文化比较”，而cross-cultural只是指“交往”(interaction)，也就是说，前者相当于“跨文化交际研究”，而后者相当于“跨文化交际活动”。

跨文化交际学

跨文化交际学(Intercultural Communication又称Cross-cultural Communication)是一门新兴的边缘学科。

跨文化交际既指不同民族不同语言之间的交际，也指不同民族同一语言之间的交际。

也有人认为跨文化交际是泛指一切在语言与文化背景有差异的人们之间的交际。

如果从对比语言学角度出发，则认为跨文化交际学主要还是研究不同民族在跨文化语言交际和非语言交际方面的问题，分析社会习俗、价值观念、文化传统对交际的影响及可能造成的障碍，研究交际原则与方式及通过外语教学传授异文化知识的途径与方法⋯。

四、结论跨文化交际的过程既涉及文化的规约也涉及语言的规约。

不同的文化要求不同的行为，这是一种文化规约；不同文化背景的人们都各自有一套说话规约或习惯，这是语言的规约。

在跨文化的交际中，人们总是习惯于用自己的说话方式来解释对方的话语。

这就可能对对方的话语做出不正确的推论”。

因此，在跨文化交际时，交谈双方一旦发现谈话方式上的差异，则应主动采取非语言交际这一措施来防止发生交际故障和冲突。

而在跨文化言语交际中由于我们缺乏敏感，常常容易忽视非语言交际这一重要方面。

所以，我们在进行交际时，应开始逐步的认识到非语言交际的重要性，也要越来越重视对于非语言交际的研究。

总之，我们应在不断的实践中对非语言交际的特点和功能加以认识，以帮助我们达到更好的交流效果，在跨文化交往中避免交际故障。

通过对各文化肢体语言差异性的研究，我们能更好地理解交际对象，或者他们话语中可能有的言外之意。

所以这种研究可以降低误解的机率，能使我们更有效顺畅地开展跨文化交际。

并且，对各文化环境语言差异性的研究可以帮我们建立起目标文化的整套概念，了解为什么他们有这样、那样的举动，什么能说得过去，什么无法容忍。

Cross-cultural Communication 跨文化交际 PPT课件 (2)

5.Case studies
Mutual Monitoring Process
Xiu went to a BC buffet reception in the BC headquarters in Beijing. It just so happened that Xiu arrived a little too early. The waiting lounge was almost empty except a charming lady sitting at a corner seat. After a long interval of unbearable silence Xiu decided to break the silence by approaching the lady.
Yes, but not good
1.An orator delivers a speech to a large gathering. 3. You send an e-mail message to an American friend. 4.Jane lies in bed reading a novel.
Model Two: unilateral-cultural model
(one knows another’s language and cultural environment but the other one doesn’t)
Lu Bing ,a Chinese tour guide is talking in English with George Luke, a British tourist who does not know Chinese at all.
Activity 3: Meanings in communication

跨文化交际名词解释

目前，跨文化交际学已发展成为一门被国际学者们充分重视的集人类学、语言学、心理学、传播学、社会学等为一体的综合性学科。

4.文化差异文化差异是由各国的历史传统以及不同的社会发展进程所产生的，表现在社会文化的各个方面。

从霍氏的各文化维度指标值中，可得出东西方的文化差异是十分明显的，就是在同为东方文化圈的中国大陆、日本、中国香港、新加坡等也是较明显的。

就如中日两国文化都是一种集体主义导向，但两种集体主义却有较大的不同。

此外，除了民族、地域文化差异之外，不可否认，还有投资合作伙伴“公司文化”的风格差异。

可以说，公司内文化差距越大，产生文化冲突与困惑的可能性与强度就会越来越大。

霍夫斯坦特对文化下了这样一个定义：所谓“文化”，是在同一个环境中的人民所具有的“共同的心理程序”。

因此，文化不是一种个体特征，而是具有相同社会经验、受过相同教育的许多人所共有的心理程序。

不同的群体，不同的国家或地区的人们，这种共有的心理程序之所以会有差异，是因为他们向来受着不同的教育、有着不同的社会和工作，从而也就有不同的思维方式。

（权力距离、不确定性避免、个人主义与集体主义、男性度与女性度、长期取向与短期取向）5、文化词，什么是文化词呢？文化词就是指蕴含社会文化意义的词语，文化意义就是指社会赋予词语的引申义、联想义、比喻义、象征义等。

文化词与民族心理、风俗习惯和社会变革等密切相关，是词汇中最活跃的部分。

文化词和其他词汇一起组成了语言的底座，与语言紧密相随，在语言中也随处可见。

通过多年的对外汉语教学我发现，对留学生的文化词教学仅仅停留在词汇的表层意义上已经不能满足学生对汉语深层意蕴的渴求，文化词教学在对外汉语教学中是一个必须面对又很难把握的环节，甚至很多老师还没有认识到文化词教学其实是对外汉语教学的一部分。

6、体态语释义：又称“身体语言”。

是用身体动作来表达情感、交流信息、说明意向的沟通手段。

包括姿态、手势、面部表情和其他非语言手段，如点头、摇头、挥手、瞪眼等。

第12单元跨文化技巧 Cross-cultural Communication

（4）译员必须掌握口译翻译的基本技巧和策略，包括断句、转换、重复、增补、省略、反说、归纳等。
（1）非语言交际包括使用语言之外的一切传递信息的方式，其形式多种多样，如：姿态动作、目光接触、面部表情、身体距离、衣着打扮、空间利用、触碰行为、声音暗示，甚至没有表情和动作都可以构成非语言交际的有效方式。
（2）译员应提高语言功底和口头表达能力。熟悉其语言的文化背景，理解语言的雅俗、诙谐、夸张、婉转等修辞上的特征。注意表达上的言之有序、词能达意、严于流畅，保证语言层面的正确性，注重语言使用的灵活性和多变性。
（3）译员要熟练掌握源语和译入语的转换模式，了解原语和目的语的语言概念完全对应、部分对应及其完全不对应的情况下该如何翻译，提高语言表达的高效率。
（1）译员应设身处地体味说话人的情感，将自己代入对方的心境，以引起共鸣。
（2）译员要承认并尊重母语文化与异文化之间存在的差异，克服民族中心意识，抛弃有关性别、民族和文化等方面错误甚至歧视性的态度和看法。
（3）译员要关注跨文化交际中异文化使用者及其现实的交际场景，注意对方的言语和非言语表达，理解对方自然的情感反应。
1 口译中的文化差异 Cultural Differences in Interpreting
2 口译中的文化障碍 Cultural Barriers in Interpreting
3 跨文化口译的原则 Principles of Cross-culture Interpreting
4 培养跨文化意识 The Development of Cross-culture Awareness
5 口译中跨文化非语言交际 Non-verbal Cross-culture Interpreting

Cross-CulturalCommunicationUnit1-4跨文化交际.ppt

• In order to study cross-cultural communication, we must pay attention to the following:
a) Each individual are unique. b) Stereotyping. c) Objectivity. d) Communication is not a Cure-all.
CHAPTER 1 - Communication and Culture: The Challenge of The Future
• Culture is – Transmitted from generation to generation – Learned – Shared – Based on symbols – Dynamic – An intergrated system
Cross-CulturalCommunicationUnit1-4跨文化交际
CHAPTER 1
Communication and Culture: The Challenge of The Future
CHAPTER 1 - Communication and Culture: The Challenge of The Future
– increased the probability of survival
– satisfaction for the participants in an ecological niche
– share with those who could communicate with each other and lived in the same tCommunication:

跨文化交际英语

跨文化交际英语跨文化交际英语是：cross-cultural communication。

例句：1、在跨文化交际过程中，语言禁忌的问题往往会成为影响交际顺利进行的一个重要因素。

More attention must be paid to language taboos during our cross-cultu ral communication.2、在跨文化交际中，由于文化和价值观的普遍性，使得顺利地沟通成为可能，但因其差异性，交际受到了种种负面影响。

During the cross-cultural communication, the commonness will make the effective communication possible, while the differences could cause negative results.3、这将有助于培养学生的实际语言能力、文化意识和跨文化交际能力。

This aims to help foster students' practical language capacity, cultural a wareness and intercultural communication skills.4、如果能够理解其他文化、价值观，根据他们的价值观行事，你会在跨文化交际中避免很多麻烦。

If you can accept that people from other cultures, act according to their values, not yours, getting along with them will be much easier.5、在这种形势下，个人必须具备创造性和跨文化交际能力，死板地工作是无法生存的。

Where individuals are expected to innovate and communicate across cu ltures, and where a defined employee role may not exist.。

跨文化交际的英文表达

"Cross-cultural communication" 是指在不同文化背景下进行交流和理解的过程。

在许多情境下，人们可能会用以下表达来描述跨文化交际：
1. Intercultural Communication: 跨文化交际的常用术语。

2. Cultural Exchange: 文化交流，表示在不同文化间分享和交流信息。

3. Global Communication: 全球交流，指的是超越国界进行的跨文化沟通。

4. Diversity and Inclusion: 多元性与包容，强调在交际中考虑和尊重不同文化的多样性。

5. Interpersonal Understanding: 人际理解，强调在交流中理解和尊重他人的文化差异。

6. Cultural Sensitivity: 文化敏感性，指的是在交际中考虑并尊重他人的文化背景。

7. Adaptation and Adjustment: 适应与调整，表示在不同文化环境中调整自己的交际方式以融入当地文化。

8. Global Citizenship: 全球公民意识，鼓励个体在跨文化交际中具有开放、包容和全球意识。

9. Cultural Intelligence (CQ): 文化智商，强调个体在不同文化中有效交往的能力。

10. Bridging Cultural Divides: 架桥文化分歧，表示尝试弥合不同文化间的差异。

在任何跨文化交际中，理解文化差异的重要性以及尊重他人文化的价值观是关键。

这些表达可以帮助描述和促进在多元文化背景中的有效交际。

跨文化交际——Cross-cultural communication

Cross-cultural Communication
炼成记
@Seven
文化差异
1 情绪化障碍
2 障碍 6
认识上的误区非语言冒犯 Nhomakorabea3
5
4 价值观的差异
民族中心主义
1
跨文化意识是关键
提高文化敏感度，培养跨文化意识。
主动学习对方语言，以便更好地沟通。
语言还是基础
2
走出“民族中心主义”，树立文化全球化意识
避免不必要的误会
5
恰当使用身体语言
6
实践出真知
通过不断的实践，进行改进、积累。加深对异文化的沉淀积累。
字箴言尊重差异包容个性和谐共存造福世界
Thanks!
世界是个地球村，这就意味着......
每个人和其他人都是联系的所以我们应该学会跨文化沟通
正确对待文化差异
承认有文化差异的存在正确对待文化的差异，学习适应包容。
既不能有霸权主义，也不能有
文化自卑
4
本质是沟通
技巧
话要说到对方心里
给自己时间思考，也给对方时间反应。
一个都不能 [少]
了解对方身体语言

跨文化沟通(cross-culture-communication)ppt课件

.
中国人：最有行动力的应当属于中国人，在焦急等待中走出车厢，自己充当交警。
.
.
VS
.
差异：
1、世界观的不同
4、学习目的的不同
2、宇宙观的不同
5、时间观的不同
3、思维方式的不同
6、沟通方式的不同
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跨文化沟通障碍：
一、组织内部的沟通障碍（1）员工结构的改变增加了沟通的难度（2）组织层次和部门的冗杂，导致信息丢失二、组织外部的沟通障碍（1）信息多元化（2）社会文化多元化（3）组织外部沟通对象多元化
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日本人是用眼吃饭：说日本人用眼吃饭，并不是贬低日本人，而是日本人长期的岛国心
态，造就了他们的饮食习惯，由于日本是一岛国，物产相对来说比较匮乏，有的食材需要长期进口，所以他们把饮食的风格放在少而精上，做得量很少，但是食材选择以活的海鲜为主，用的器皿也是非常讲究，但是都突出一个小字，让人吃起来赏心悦目，但是每次的食量都不是太大，所以我们中国人吃日本料理都说吃不饱，而日本人却养成这样的饮食习惯，所以你在日本很少见到大腹便便的人。
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中国人是用嘴吃饭：说中国人真正是用嘴吃饭，有人可能会说哪个国家的人不是用嘴
吃饭，他们还用鼻子吃饭不成。其实说中国人用嘴吃饭，是说中国人吃饭最讲究口味，酸、甜、苦、辣，什么南甜北咸、东辣西酸。中国八大菜系，各有自己的一套烹饪方法，讲究一个风味和口感。
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当塞车时：
日本人：拉长了脸，呆在车里一声不吭。
cross-cultural communication
小组成员：陈莎赖瑶阳靓芳魏巧明郑天向卫平唐文德
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作为一个有抱负有理想的大学生，具备有效沟通的能力是很重要的，而随着全球一体化，跨文化沟通也越来越重要也越发普遍。

什么是跨文化交际

什么是跨文化交际?跨文化交际是什么？所谓跨文化交际，即不同文化背景的人走到一起分享思想、感情和信息时所发生的一切。

跨文化交际的英语名是Intercultural munication，早期也称为Cross-cultural munication。

跨文化交际学最先在美国兴起。

美国是个移民国家，文化碰撞时有发生。

来自世界各地的移民都强调并维护自己的文化，因此形成了美国的多元文化格局。

于是跨文化交际引起了美国学者和各界人士的广泛关注。

日本也不甘落后，于1972年在东京率先召开了第一届跨文化交际学国际研讨会，出席人数超过两千。

1974年，跨文化教育训练与研究学会(SIETAR，Society for Intercultural Education，Training and Research)在美国正式宣布成立。

我国研究跨文化交际学起步较晚。

北京外国语大学著名语言学家胡文仲教授于80年代初期开始从事跨文化交际学的研究，著作颇丰，目前已经编著出版了《跨文化交际学概论》跨文化与语言交际》等多部图书。