专四语法总结

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专四语法

第一部分语法与词汇一、虚拟语气考点（一）“if”引导从句假设类型if从句谓语v. 主句谓语v.与现在事实相反v.过去式（be用were不用was）would/should（第一人称）/could/might + do与过去事实相反had + done would/should（第一人称）/could/might + have done与将来事实相反were to/should + do would/should（第一人称）/could/might + do1、省略if倒装，变化if从句（1）had + 主语 + （not）done 与过去事实相反（2）should + 主语 + do 与将来事实相反（3）were + 主语 + （not）to do 与将来事实相反以上均省略if，将had、should、were提前，句子倒装。

2、含蓄虚拟，用介词短语代替if从句引导的虚拟（1）without = but for 若不是，要不是，如果没有3、错综（混合）虚拟，主从句事态不在一个时间段（技巧：对号入座，主套主，从套从如：如果我是你（现在），我早把这书买了（过去）。

我要赶上那趟车（过去），现在就坐这上课了（现在）。

﹡（二）其他形式虚拟（单选、挑错常考到，非常重要）从句后是现在时即与现在相反，是过去时即与过去相反，是将来时即与将来相反。

wish、wishes、wishedas if/as though would rather if only 主语过去式与现在事实相反would/could + do 与将来事实相反（1）had done（2）would/could + have done 与过去事实相反would rather主语过去式与现在、将来事实相反（1）had done（2）would/could + have done 与过去事实相反但would rather + 句子用虚拟，不加句子用v.原形had better （not）do + V. 最好做…4、 if only 一般省略主句，用法与wish相同5、用表示建议、命令、要求等词引导的虚拟从句中，am、is、are原形即be解题方法：找出标志词；找出动词原形：do（主动）、be done（被动）（1）用表示建议、命令、要求等V.引导的宾从中公式：主语 + 谓语v.（必认词）+ 主语 +（should）+ do/be done必认v. suggest，propose，order，ask，require，request，desire，demand，insist，command，recommend，move，urge，advise（2）用于与建议、命令、要求等V.意义类似的形容词所引导的从句公式：It is + adj. （必认词）+ that + 主语 +（should）+ do/be done必认adj. suggested，proposed，ordered，asked，required，requested，desired（desirable），demanded，commanded，recommended，urgent，advisable，important，vital，essential，necessary, imperative（3）与表示建议、命令、要求等v.相类似的n.引导的表语从句和同位语从句表从公式：主语 + 系词 + that + 主语（should） + do/be done同位从公式：n. + that + 主语（should）+ do/be done必认n. suggestion，proposal，order，requirement，request，desire，demand，insistence，requirement，request，desire，demand，insistence，motion，recommendation，advice6、 It's/was/ + time + that + 主语 + did（过去式）早该到…的时间了/high time/about time7、跳层虚拟公式：真实，otherwise / or + 虚拟虚拟，but + 真实（一般考过去时）特点：真实——过去时或 must have done，对过去肯定猜测虚拟——would / could + have done（三）情态v. + have done ，表示对过去事情的推测must + have done 肯定，没有musn't（表禁止…）could + have done 本能够，可能做（但未做）may + have done 本可能，或许might + have done 本可能should = ought to + have done 本应做，而未做（含责备）shouldn't = oughtn't to + have done 本不应做而做了（含责备）needn't + have done 没有必要做而做了（无责备）need 情态v.“必要” + v.实义v.“需要” + need doing（形式主动，实际被动） = need to be done“需要”need + to do二、非谓语动词（一）不定式： to do / not to do1、形式（时态/语态）， vt.（vi.只有主动）基本形式：主动被动﹡一般式to do to be done﹡完成式to have done to have been done进行式to be doing ×完成进行式to have been doing ×注意：不定式的一般式表示动作与主句的动作将要发生或同时发生，而不定式的完成式表示动作要先于主句的动作前发生，不定式的完成式不能作定语。

专四常考语法点汇总定稿版

专四常考语法点汇总精编W O R D版IBM system office room 【A0816H-A0912AAAHH-GX8Q8-GNTHHJ8】语法与词汇专项语法核心考点一：从属分句复合句= 主句+从句（1个或1个以上）要点1从属分句是复合句必不可少的组成部分，以语法功能作为分类标准，从属分句可以分为状语从句、关系从句（即定语从句）和名词性从句。

其中状语从句可分为时间、地点、原因、结果、程度、目的、条件、让步和方式等；名词性从句可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。

要点2 状语从句的考点集中在方式、条件、让步、方式和时间状语从句上；关系从句的考点集中在关系代词的选择，限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别；名词性从句的考点集中在宾语从句和同位语从句。

一状语从句状语从句真题剖析：1 Nine is to three _____ three is to one. (2008, 53)A. whenB. thatC. whichD. what2 ______ he wanted to go out with his friends at the weekend, he had to stay behind to finish his assignment. (2008, 55)A. Much thoughB. Much asC. As muchD. Thouth much3 Men differ from animals ____ they can think and speak. (2008, 54)A. for whichB. for thatC. in thatD. in which4 They stood chatting together as easily and naturally as ____. (2008, 60)A. it could beB. could beC. it wasD. was5 The couple had no sooner got to the station ______ the coach left. (2009，60)A. whenB. asC. untilD. than6 ____ the boss says, it is unreasonable to ask me to work overtime without pay. （2010，55）A. WhateverB. WheneverC. WhicheverD. However7 Fool ____ Jerry is, he could not have done such a thing.A. whoB. asC. likeD. that8 He asked me to lend him some money, which I agreed to do, ___ that he paid me back the following week. (2005)A. on occasionB. on purposeC. on conditionD. only if9 Which of the following contains an adverbial clause of cause?A. I got a job as soon as I left university.B. As there was on answer, I wrote again.C. You must do the exercise as I show you.D. Wealthy as he is, Mark is not a happy man.状语从句重点总结：（一）条件状语从句：表示条件或假设，通常由以下连词或结构引导：★特别提醒几种不常用的条件状语从句举例：In the event that she can not arrive on time, we will go first. Suppose it snowed, we would still go.Say what he said were true, what would you do about it?（二）让步状语从句：含有“虽然，尽管，即使”之意，主要引导词有：★特别提醒1. 几种不常用的让步状语从句举例：In spite of the fact that he was deaf and dumb, he had a genius for music. While the grandparents love the children, they are strict with them.Much as she needed the job, she had to refuse.For all that there were a lot of difficulties, he finally entered the final competition and won.Granted you have made much progress, you should not be conceited.2. 用了although或though，就一定不能再后面的从句中同时用but，但是though可以和yet 连用。

专四语法与词汇

一、不定代词1. Another two/three...+复数名词=two/three more+复数名词，意为“再两/三……”。

如：I want to stay for another four (=four more) days.我想再待4天。

2. Other 可作形容词或代词，作形容词时，意为“别的，其他”，作代词时泛指其他（人或物）。

Any other 通常接单数名词，表示“其他任何……”。

“other +复数名词”相当于others,多用于与前面提到的some并举。

如:Tome runs faster than any other student (=any of th e other students) in his class.汤姆比他班上的任何人都跑得快。

Some students are playing games,others(=other students )are boating.一些学生在玩游戏，另一些在划船。

3.the others 是the other 的复数形式，特指某一范围内的“其他的（人或物）”，the others=the other+复数名词。

如：Two boys will go to the zoo,and the others(= the other student) will stay at home .两个男孩将去动物园，其余的留在家里。

二、冠词1.冠词的习惯用法（1）在世上独有的事物、方位、前文提到的事物、说话语境中明确的事物、最高级以及序数词修饰的事物、山、河、湖、海、楼、塔、沙漠以及各含有普通名词构成的专有名词等等，一般都要用定冠词。

The sun is bigger than the moon. 太阳比月亮大。

I love the mountains,but hate the sea. 我喜欢山，却讨厌海。

（2）以下场合一般不用定冠词：专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词；节假日、星期、月份、季节、疾病名称前；头衔前；球类运动前；泛指的三餐前；by 引导的交通工具前；某些独立结构的名词前；“普通名词+as ”引导的让步状语从句的普通名词前。

专四语法(做完题总结)

1. to protest against ... 意为“抗议，反对”。

to protect ... (from ...) 意为“保护……（使之不受……）”。

to preserve 意为“保护，防护，维护”。

to prosecute 意为“对……起诉；进行，坚持下去”。

2. decline 意为“婉谢，谢绝”，指对别人的邀请、帮助等比较委婉地回绝。

refuse 意为“拒绝”，指对别人的要求、请求等比较直率的，有时比较不客气的拒绝。

refute 意为驳斥，反驳4. run down 意为“（动力等）耗尽；（身体）衰弱，疲乏；（钟表）停了，(使)失灵”。

run up 意为“升起（旗帜）；欠下（钱财）”。

run over意为“撞倒，辗过”。

run off意为“撵走，吓跑”6. superior 意为“优越的，优良的”，后接介词to，表示比较，单词本身没有比较级。

通常在前面加“far”表示“比……好得多9. see （to it ）that……意为“务必，留神，注意做到”10. call off 意为“取消”。

call out 意为“叫（请）出来；叫出（名字）”。

call to 意为“向……喊”。

call on 意为“号召，呼吁，要求”。

11. would rather 表示愿望，后接的宾语从句谓语动词要用虚拟语气。

表示与现在事实相反的愿望时，用过去时；表示与过去事实相反的愿望时，用过去完成时。

13. adapt意为“改编，翻改；使适应”。

add 意为“增加，加强”。

adopt意为“采纳，采取（态度）；收养”。

adjust 意为“调整，适应”。

15. limitation意为“限制，局限”。

boundary 意为“边境线，分界线”。

confinement意为“限制（在范围内），监禁”，。

restraint意为“抑制，遏制，制止”，常接介词from16. put ... up意为“留……住宿；举起；搭建”。

英语专四语法考点总结

一、语法部分考查重点1、虚拟语气的考点为： would rather＋that从句＋一般过去时；It is vital／ necessary／ important／ urgent／ imperative／ desirable／advisable／ natural／ essential＋that＋（should）动词原形；proposal／suggestion＋that＋动词原形；It is time／about time／high time＋that＋一般过去时；lest＋that＋should＋动词原形；if only＋that＋would＋动词原形。

2、状语从句的考点为：非if引导的条件状语从句，此类句子多用at times，provided，so long as，in case，once等来替代if；由even if／so，now that，for all等引导的让步状语从句；just／hardly...when引导的时间状语从句；more than，as...as，not so much as，the same as，as much as等引导的比较状语从句。

3、独立主格结构多以逻辑主语＋分词的形式出现。

4、情态动词多与完成时形式连用。

5、定语从句重点考查介词＋关系代词（which）和as作为关系代词。

二、词汇部分考查重点1、动词、名词与介词的搭配如：popular／patient＋with；yield／solution／adapt／transfer／access＋to；accuse／require＋of；charge＋for；under＋discussion等等。

2、习惯用法如：confess to／set about／be used to＋doing；be supposed to／have／make sb．＋do等。

3、由同一动词构成的短语如：come，go，set，break等构成的短语。

专四词汇与语法

专四词汇与语法一、词汇部分。

1. abandon [əˈbændən]（动词）- 词义：放弃；抛弃；放纵。

- 例句：Don't abandon yourself to despair.（不要自暴自弃。

）2. ability [əˈbɪləti]（名词）- 词义：能力；才能。

- 例句：He has the ability to solve this difficult problem.（他有能力解决这个难题。

）3. abnormal [æbˈnɔːml]（形容词）- 词义：反常的；不正常的。

- 例句：This abnormal weather has caused a lot of problems.（这种反常的天气造成了许多问题。

）二、语法部分。

1. 时态 - 一般现在时。

- 结构：主语 + 动词原形（第三人称单数形式为动词 + s/es）- 用法：- 表示经常或习惯性的动作或存在的状态。

例如：He often goes to school by bike.（他经常骑自行车上学。

）- 表示客观事实或普遍真理。

例如：The earth moves around the sun.（地球绕着太阳转。

）2. 名词的数 - 可数名词复数形式。

- 规则变化：- 一般情况加 -s，如book - books。

- 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的加 -es，如box - boxes。

- 以辅音字母 + y结尾的，变y为i加 -es，如city - cities。

- 不规则变化：- 如man - men，woman - women，child - children等。

3. 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级。

- 规则变化：- 单音节词和部分双音节词：- 一般情况加 -er（比较级）和 -est（最高级），如tall - taller - tallest。

- 以e结尾的加 -r和 -st，如nice - nicer - nicest。

专四常考语法点

专四常考语法点
英语专业四级考试常考的语法点包括：
1.虚拟语气：虚拟语气是英语语法中的一个重要部分，包括条件句、
虚拟语气的使用等。

2.时态和语态：英语中的时态和语态是非常重要的，包括现在时态、
过去时态、将来时态等。

3.非谓语动词：非谓语动词包括不定式、动名词和分词，是英语语
法中的一个难点。

4.从句：从句包括定语从句、状语从句和名词性从句等，是英语语
法中的一个重要部分。

5.倒装句：倒装句是英语语法中的一种特殊句型，包括完全倒装和
部分倒装等。

6.主谓一致：主谓一致是指句子中的谓语动词和主语在人称和数上
保持一致。

7.比较级和最高级：比较级和最高级是英语语法中的一个重要部分，
包括形容词和副词的比较级和最高级等。

这些语法点是英语专业四级考试中经常出现的，考生需要熟练掌握这些语法知识，才能在考试中取得好成绩。

专四真题常考的语法进行总结

比较结构comparative Construction英语中比较结构最主要有三种as…as… 结构more…than… 结构the most…结构1.as…as…结构基本模式as+adj/adv 原级as…否定形式not as/so+adj/adv 原级as…也可用less…than… E.g John is as bright as Bob.否定John is not as bright as Bob. John is less bright than Bob.用法1.主语不同比较项目相同。

This parcel is as heavy as that one.2.主语相同比较项目不同。

The girl was as brilliant as she was beautiful.这姑娘既漂亮又聪明。

3.主语和比较项目都不同。

The swimming pool isn’t twice as wide as that one is long.倍数as adj/adv as.另一种模式as much/many n as…否定形式not as/so much/many n as…He took as much butter as he need. He didn’t take as/so much butter as he needed.2 She has written as many essays as her brother does. She hasn’t written as many essays as her brother does. 变体形式as adj原级名词词组as…注意下列句子的语序A. George is as efficient a worker as Jack.名词的意义受到强调or George is a worker who is as efficient as Jack. 形容词的意义受到强调B. I don’t want as expensive a car asthis.2. more …than…结构用法：1.用于在两个人或物之间作同一方面的比较。

英语专业四级语法重点汇总

英语专业四级语法重点汇总English英语专八专四学习复习资料英语专四语法重点汇总一、非谓语动词的主要考点1. 有些典型动词后面可以接上不定式或动名词来做宾语的，但是在意思上是有区别的，主要常考到的动词罗列如下：mean to do想要（做某事）VS mean doing意味（做某事）propose to do 打算（做某事）VS propose doing建议（做某事）forget to do忘记（要做的事）VS forget doing忘记（已做的事）remember to do记得（要做某事）VS remember doing记得（做过）go on to do继而（做另一件事）VS go on doing继续（做原来的事）stop to do停下来去做另一件事VS stop doing停止正在做的事regret to do（对将要做的事）遗憾VS regret doing（对已做过的事）后悔2. 不定式的习惯用法典型句型整理如下：如：“cannot help but do”——“不得不做某事”如：“cannot but do”——“不禁做某事”如：“cannot choose but do”——“不由自主地做某事”如：“can do nothing but do”——“不能不做某事”如：“have no choice but to do”——“只能做某事”如：“have no alternative but to do”——“只能做某事”例句：The boy cannot help but be greatly influenced by the useful instruction given by his family tutor.When I start my job career, I cannot choose but look back upon the beautiful days I spent on campus.3. 动名词的习惯用法典型动名词的习惯句型整理罗列如下：如：be busy/active doing sth.如：It’s no good/use doing sth.如：spend/waste time doing sth.如：have difficulty/trouble/problem doing sth.如：have a good/great/wonderful time doing sth.如：There is no point/sense/harm/ use doing sth.例句：There is no use crying over spilt milk.（典型例句）牛奶洒了，哭也没用；后悔是没有用的；覆水难受I really have problem solving these mathematic questions since I am not major in science after all.二、形容词与副词及其比较级1. 形容词的句法功能形容词通常在句子中用做定语、表语与主语的语法成分，通常考到的知识点总结如下：(1) 以“a”开头的形容词如“alone”、“alike”、“asleep”、“awake”等一般不能做前置定语，通常是做表语或后置定语的例句：Jerry didn’t pass the important final exam, please let him alone for the time being.Michael came back from job just now, and his eyes were shut and he seemed to have fallen asleep.(2) 某些以副词词缀“-ly”结尾的词其实是形容词，不能看错是副词，例如“friendly”、“leisurely”、“lovely”等(3) 下列动词既是实义动词又是系动词，注意用做系动词时，要求形容词做表语这些典型单词罗列如下：“remain”、“keep”、“become”、“get”、“grow”、“go”、“come”、“turn”、“stay”、“stand”、“run”、“prove”、“seem”、“appear”、“look”等例句：The situation remains tense between the two countries at this juncture. 在这个节骨眼上，两国形势仍然持续紧张。

专四语法汇总

专四常考语法点汇总：一．虚拟语气1．虚拟条件句1) 倒装结构：条件句有were, had, should时，可使用倒装结构。

e.g. Were it necessary, I would resign.Had you informed me earlier, I would have come over.Should you meet her, you should not be able to recognize her.2) 错综时间条件句e.g. If I my umbrella with me this morning, I wet now. DA. had taken … would not have beenB. took… should not beC. were to take … would not beD. had taken … should not be3) 无条件的虚拟句：but for, with, without, or, but, otherwise, in case of, what if, etc.2．I wish…/If only句式：与现在事实相反，用were或动词的一般过去式；与过去事实相反，用had+过去分词；表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望，用would/could/should/might+动词原形。

3．as if引导的从句（注意区别事实与假设）Some black clouds are floating in the sky. It looks as if . BA.it might rain B it is going to rain C it would be rainy D it was to rain4．在suggest, order, demand, propose, desire等表示建议、命令、态度等词（包括动词和名词）引导的名词从句中用should+动词原形，should可省。

专四常考语法点汇总

语法与词汇专项语法核心考点一：从属分句复合句= 主句+从句（1个或1个以上）要点1从属分句是复合句必不可少的组成部分，以语法功能作为分类标准，从属分句可以分为状语从句、关系从句（即定语从句）和名词性从句。

其中状语从句可分为时间、地点、原因、结果、程度、目的、条件、让步和方式等；名词性从句可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。

要点 2 状语从句的考点集中在方式、条件、让步、方式和时间状语从句上；关系从句的考点集中在关系代词的选择，限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别；名词性从句的考点集中在宾语从句和同位语从句。

一状语从句状语从句真题剖析：1 Nine is to three _____ three is to one. (2008, 53)A. whenB. thatC. whichD. what2 ______ he wanted to go out with his friends at the weekend, he had to stay behind to finish his assignment. (2008, 55)A. Much thoughB. Much asC. As muchD. Thouth much3 Men differ from animals ____ they can think and speak. (2008, 54)A. for whichB. for thatC. in thatD. in which4 They stood chatting together as easily and naturally as ____. (2008, 60)A. it could beB. could beC. it wasD. was5 The couple had no sooner got to the station ______ the coach left. (2009，60)A. whenB. asC. untilD. than6 ____ the boss says, it is unreasonable to ask me to work overtime without pay. （2010，55）A. WhateverB. WheneverC. WhicheverD. However7 Fool ____ Jerry is, he could not have done such a thing.A. whoB. asC. likeD. that8 He asked me to lend him some money, which I agreed to do, ___ that he paid me back the following week. (2005)A. on occasionB. on purposeC. on conditionD. only if9 Which of the following contains an adverbial clause of cause?A. I got a job as soon as I left university.B. As there was on answer, I wrote again.C. You must do the exercise as I show you.D. Wealthy as he is, Mark is not a happy man.状语从句重点总结：几种不常用的条件状语从句举例：In the event that she can not arrive on time, we will go first.Suppose it snowed, we would still go.Say what he said were true, what would you do about it?1. 几种不常用的让步状语从句举例：In spite of the fact that he was deaf and dumb, he had a genius for music.While the grandparents love the children, they are strict with them.Much as she needed the job, she had to refuse.For all that there were a lot of difficulties, he finally entered the final competition and won.Granted you have made much progress, you should not be conceited.2. 用了although或though，就一定不能再后面的从句中同时用but，但是though 可以和yet 连用。

专四语法重点总结

3)not more/er than与no more/er than
eg.
He is no richer than I= as poor as
He is not richer than I
4) more and more
eg. He is becoming fatter and fatter.
5). The more… the more…
Eg. He neither likes fiction nor (likes) poetry.
8) more than简直不
eg. My trip to Beijing is more than sightseeing.
六、并列结构
两个或两个以上意义相关、层次相同、句法功能也相同、并由并列连词或其他并列手段连接起来的语法结构序列叫做并列结构。
1.并列结构的各种形式
１）词与词的并列you and me
2) not only…but also连结成分和连接句子；只连对等结构
Eg. Not only I but also he will take part in the meeting.
Not only did he help me, but also he sent me home.
3) either…or连结成分和连接句子；连对等结构或不对等结构
单音节词尾e,加r, st fine finer finest
闭音节单音节词尾只有一个辅音字母,双写big bigger biggest
辅音字母加er,est
少数以y,er,ow, ble结尾
双音节词尾加er,est happy happier happiest(y前为辅音字母去y加clever cleverer cleverest

专四语法总结

专四必备语法2by +将来时间、by the time/ when +谓语动词是一般现在时的从句,主句用将来完成时.如：By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks.I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.但在it is +具体时间since/before这一句型中,主句更多的时候不用完成时.It is four years since John left school一般过去式.4在It is the +序数词/形容词最高级+that的定语从句中,谓语动词常用现在完成时.如：It isn’t the first time that I have found myself in an embarrassing situation. 5在no sooner…than…, hardly/scarcely…when…句型中,主句常用过去完成时. 3.完成进行时指动作在完成时的基础上还要继续下去.如：The company has been promising a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened.二、不定式1.不定式做主语1引导逻辑主语的介词：不定式的逻辑主语一般由介词for引导,但下列表示人的性格行为特征的形容词做表语时, 不定式的逻辑主语则由of引导：Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to stay healthy.、It is silly of you to be cheated by him..It’s clever of you to have invented such a device.It’s time for you to get up.3.不定式做定语做后置定语.如：the first woman to set foot on the moon 第一个登上月球的女性This book is an attempt to help you use English and recognize how it is used. According to Darwin, random changes that enhance a species’ability to survive are naturally selected and passed on to succeeding generation.5不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot习惯上用不定式做定语.如：Though we have made great progress, there is still much to be improved.I want something to eat.4.不定式做状语不定式做状语主要表示目的、程度、结果、方式.so as to不能置于句首.如：The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, don’t have small children and get along well enough to spend most of their time together. The vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and AmericanEnglish are so trivial and few as hardly to be noticed.only to表示意想不到的结果,Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, only to find it locked.三、动名词1.必须接动名词做宾语的动词牢记下列要求接动名词做宾语的动词：acknowledge, advocate, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, admit, confess, consider, delay, deny, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, favor, finish, forgive, imagine, involve, justify, mention, pardon, practice, postpone, recall,recollect,risk, resist, suggest, tolerate.如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.2.动名词做介词短语考生尤其要识别下列短语中的to是介词,不是不定式符号：object to, resort to, react to, contribute to, look forward to, be accustomed to, be committed to, be exposed to, be subjected to, be devoted to, be dedicated to, be opposed to, be reconciled to, be contrary to, be get used to, come close to, get down to, give oneself up to, prefer…to, see to, set to, take to, in addition to, with regard to, with a view to, on the way to.如：四、分词分词起形容词和副词的作用,在句中做定语或状语.在概念上应清楚：●现在分词表示主动,表示动作在进行.● 过去分词表示被动,表示动作结束了的状态或结果.1.分词做定语,弄清现在分词与过去分词的区别分词短语做定语相当于省略了的定语从句,考生应掌握：1现在分词与被修饰词之间具有主动意义.如：It’s easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes taking place in our ever-increasing world.There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently giving what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic.相当于which gave...How many of us attending a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion相当于How many of us who will attend...2过去分词与被修饰词之间具有被动意义.如：Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the British recapture ofthe port announced half a day before the defenders actually surrendered.相当于…recapture of the port which had been announced…Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone added to the system,Just with t he value of a telephone network increasing withThe author gave a detailed description based on his personal observation of nature.相当于…description which was based on…an escaped prisoner一个逃犯 a retired worker一位退休工人a faded curtain一个褪了色的窗帘 a newly arrived student一个新来的学生2.分词做状语,注意区分分词的一般式与完成式1表示时间,多置于句首,注意如果分词表示的动作的时间先于谓语动词,要用完成式.如：Having completed one task, we started on another one. complete先于start 之前发生3.分词的独立主格结构分词的逻辑主语一般为句子的主语,否则分词短语要有自己的逻辑主语,称为分词独立主格结构.分词独立主格结构只是句子的一个部分.如：All flights having been canceled because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train.Darkness setting in, the young couple lingered on merrymaking.Weather permitting , we will go on a picnic.五、非谓语动词的其他考点1.接不定式或动名词做宾语都可以,但在意思上有区别的动词的用法mean to do想要做某事propose to do 打算做某事mean doing意味做某事propose doing建议做某事regret to do对将要做的事遗憾regret doing对已做过的事后悔三、句型：cannot help but do cannot but docannot choose but do can do nothing but dohave no choice/alternative but to do上述句型的意思接近,即“不得不做”、“不禁做”、“不由自主地做”、“不能不做”、“只能做”.如：Nobody can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction.When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift.4.there be 非谓语动词的用法1做宾语时取决于谓语动词的持续要求.如：The students expected there to be more reviewing classes before the final exams.expect要求接不定式做宾语2做目的状语或程度状语时用for there to be,做其他状语用there being.如：For there to be successful communication, there must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all present. for there to be…在句中做目的状语It isn’t cold enough for there to be a frost tonight, so I can leave Jim’s car out quite safely.for there to be…在句中做程度状语There being no further questions, we’ll stop here today. there being…做原因状语3引导主语用for there to be.如：It is unusual for there to be no late comers today.4做除for外的介词宾语,用there being.如：He would always ignore the fact of there being such a contradiction in his inner thought.六、虚拟语气1.主从句谓语动词的时态如：If the doctor had been available, the child could not have died.2区分主从句表示的不同时间概念：主从句谓语动词所指时间不同,这叫做错综时间条件句,动词形式应根据实际情况来调整.如：Had it not been for the timely investment from the general public, our companywould not be so thriving as it is.主句与现在事实相反,从句与过去事实相反Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he would be our chairman now.主句与现在事实相反,从句与过去事实相反3识别事实和假设混合句：Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a make-up examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time.句子前半部分为假设情况,而“父母病了”是事实I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I was fully occupied the whole of last week.前半部分为假设,后半部分是事实2.名词性从句的虚拟形式名词性从句是指宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句.从句的谓语动词需用should+动词原形表示虚拟.考生应熟悉：1下列动词做谓语时,that宾语从句中的动词用虚拟形式：desire, advise, recommend, command, direct, order, ask, demand, request, require insist, maintain, move, propose, prefer, urge, vote.如：In the past men generally preferred that their wives work in the home.I move that he be discharged for his serious mistake.2下列形容词和分词做表语或补语时,that主语从句中动词用虚拟形式：advisable, desirable, insistent, preferable, urgent, appropriate, compulsory, crucial, essential, imperative, important, necessary, obligatory, possible, probable, proper, vital, advised, arranged, commanded, demanded, desired, ordered, proposed, recommended, requested, required, suggested.如：The board deem it urgent that these files should be printed right away.It is essential that all these figures be checked twice.3下列名词接同位语从句或表语从句时,从句中动词用虚拟形式：insistence, preference, recommendation, suggestion, proposal, motion, desire, requirement, request, order, necessity, importance, regulation, rule, resolution, understanding.如：John Wagner’s most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it be analyzed in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.They keep telling us it is of utmost importance that our representative be sent to the conference on schedule.3.含蓄虚拟条件句的谓语动词形式含蓄虚拟语气是指假设条件不通过if从句表达,而是暗含在其他结构中.考生应熟悉：1连词but, but that, or, or else；副词otherwise, unfortunately等表示转折假设.如：A safety analysis would have identified the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done.Victor obviously doesn’t know what’s happened; otherwise he wouldn’t have made such a stupid remark.2介词短语暗含假设条件,常用的有：without, but for, under more favorable conditions等.如：But for the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday. 3intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned或was/were +不定式完成式或had intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished+不定式一般式暗示虚拟语气.如：I intended to have called on you, but I was busy at that time.4情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气.如：I should have called to make an airline reservation, but I didn’t.4.常用虚拟形式的句型1从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式表示虚拟的句型：would rather would as soon as though suppose…had rathe r would sooner as if supposing…If only…It is high time that…从句中动词只用过去式如：His wife would rather they didn’t talk about the matter any more.I’d rather you went by train, because I can’t bear the idea of your being in an airplane in such bad weather.If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I buried my head in my hands for a cry.My father always talks as though he were addressing a public meeting.3If only…要是...就好了谓语动词视情况选用适当的形式.如：If only the committee would approve the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible.4lest/for fear that/in case 从句谓语用should+动词原形.如：The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.3.几个情态动词常考的句型1may/might just as well“不妨,最好”,与had better相近.如：Since the flight was cancelled, you might as well go by train.2cannot/can’t…too… “越……越好,怎么也不过分”.注意这个句型的变体cannot…over….如：You cannot be too careful when you drive a car.4should 除了“应该”一层意思外,大纲还规定要掌握其“竟然”的意思.如：I didn’t expect that he should have behaved like that..3.最高级形式应注意的问题比较级形式表示最高级意义时,比较对象的范围应用：any other +单数名词the other +复数名词the othersanyone/anything else上述词是用来将比较级结构转变成最高级意义的关键词语,切不可遗漏,否则会造成逻辑混乱的错误.1not so much…as…与其说……不如说……The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates as a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.2no/not any more…than…两者一样都不……The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, any more than they can limit how much water you drink.3no /not any less…than…两者一样都……She is no less beautiful than her sister.4just as…so….正如……,……也……用倒装结构Just as the soil is a part of the earth, so is the atmospher e.九、平行结构1.注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否相同.如：It is better to die on one’s feet than to live on one’s knees.Despite the temporary difficulties, the manager prefers increasing the output to decreasing it.2.其他具有并列或比较意义的短语.1rather than, let alone虽不是并列连词,但在结构上连接两个语法形式相同的成分.如：We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style rather than in a personal style.For the new country to survive, let alone for its people to enjoy prosperity, new economic policies will be required.2如果平行的两个成分在形式上是介词短语,而且介词相同,一般说来第二个介词不要省略.如：At times, more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of the features and editorials.十、代词2.that的指代作用that指代不可数名词和单数可数名词如是复数,用those,后面通常跟有修饰语,如出现在比较结构中的that of.如：Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener, and it calls for occasional “digestive pauses” by both.No bread eaten by man is so sweet as that earned by his own labor.3.one的指代作用one指代不确指的单数可数名词,复数为ones.the one 指代确指的单数可数名词.如：A good writer is one who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.十一、主谓一致问题1.主语与谓语之间有定语从句或其他结构修饰,所以距离较远,考生易误认主语.如：The amount of pressure which the materials are subject to affects the quality of the products.2.关系代词做主语的定语从句中,谓语的数要与先行词一致.如：Despite much research, there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the insect that are not fully understood.There are many valuable services which the public are willing to pay for, but which do not bring a return in money to the community.3.动名词短语、不定式短语、名词性从句做主语,谓语用单数.如：Buying clothes is often a time-consuming job because those clothes that a person likes are rarely the ones that fit him or her.To understand the situation completely requires more thought than has been given thus far.4.主语带有together/alongwith, such as, as well as, accompanied by, including, rather than 等附加成分, 谓语的数不受附加成分的影响.如：The president of the college, together with the deans, is planning a conference for the purpose of laying down certain regulations.5.表示时间、距离、金额、重量、面积、体积、容积等度量的名词短语做主语时,谓语用单数.6.某些固定结构中谓语的数：a great many + 可数名词复数谓语用复数many a + 可数名词单数谓语用单数a number of +可数名词复数谓语用复数the number of +可数名词复数谓语用单数the majority of +可数名词复数谓语用复数each/every +可数名词单数谓语用单数neither/either of +可数名词复数谓语用单数more than one +可数名词单数谓语用单数one and a half +可数名词复数谓语用单数the greater part of / a large proportion of / 50% of/ one third of / plenty of / the rest of谓语的数与of后面的名词一致十二、倒装结构2.以only修饰状语开头的句子,句子的主谓要部分倒装Only you主语can do this.Only when you have obtained sufficient data can you come to a sound conclusion.3.以下列副词或短语开头的句子,句子的主谓要部分倒装often, so, well, to such a degree, to such an extent, to such extremes, to such a point,many a time.如：So involved with their computers do the children become that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.4.以下列副词开头的句子,句子的主谓要全部倒装1出于修辞需要,表示方向的副词：out, down, in, up, away, on.如：Here comes the teacher. Here you are.Down jumped the burglar from the tenth floor when he heard someone shouted at him.2出于习惯用法：here, there, now, thus, hence, then.如：Now is your turn. There goes the bell.5.让步从句的倒装1as引导让步状语从句,必须采用倒装结构,但不是主谓倒装,而是将被强调的内容置于句首.如：Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her, in thoroughness, whatever the job.2出现在句型be+主语+其他, come what may中.如：Our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge—be it scientific or artistic.The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.Come what may, I’ll be on your side.6.比较从句的倒装as, than引导的比较从句中,如果主语是名词短语且较长,经常采用倒装结构不倒装也可以.注意：这种结构主语一般为名词,如果是代词则不倒装.如：Hydrogen burns much more cleanly than do other fuels and is easy to produce. Reading is to the mind as is exercise to the body.十三、复合句——形容词性定语从句1.尤其要注意whose的用法whose在从句中做定语,修饰名词.所以,如果关系代词后面紧接的是名词,且关系代词又不在从句中做主语或宾语,那么,这个关系代词就应该是whose.如：2.介词 + which的用法如果从句中主宾成分齐全,考生便可考虑关系代词是否在从句中做状语,而状语通常用介词短语充当,于是可以得知,关系代词前面应有介词,再分析所给的选项,根据与名词的搭配作出正确选择.如：We are not conscious of the extent to which work provides the psychological satisfaction that can make the difference between a full and an empty life.3.as 与which用作关系代词的区别1as与the same, such, so, as等关联使用.如：As the forest goes, so goes its animal life.2as和which都可以引导非限定性定语从句,但as在句中的位置比较灵活,可出现在句首、句中、句末,而which只能出现在句末,尤其是当先行词是整个句子时.如：As is true in all institutions, juries are capable of making mistakes.As is generally accepted, economic growth is determined by the smooth development of production.常见的这类结构有：as has been said before, as has been mentioned above, as can be imagined, as is known to all, as has been announced, as can be seen from these figures, as might/could be expected, as is often the case, as has been pointed out, as often happens, as will be shown等.4.关系代词that与which用于引导定语从句的区别1如果关系代词在从句中做宾语,用that, which都可以,而且可以省略；2先行词是不定代词anything, nothing, little, all, everything时,关系代词用that；3先行词由形容词最高级或序数词修饰或由next,last, only, very修饰时,用that；4非限定性定语从句只能用which引导；5关系代词前面如果有介词,只能用which.5.but做关系代词,用于否定句,相当于who…not, that…not这个结构的特点是主句中常有否定词或含有否定意义的词.如：There are few teachers but know how to use a computer.There is no complicated problem but can be solved by a computer.十四、复合句——名词性从句一个句子起名词的作用,在句中做主语、宾语／介词宾语、表语、同位语,那么这个句子就是名词性从句.1.what/whatever的用法考生应把握：what是关系代词,它起着引导从句并在从句中担当一个成分这两个作用.如：They lost their way in the forest, and what made matters worse was that night began to fall.what既引导主语从句又在从句中做主语Water will continue to be what it is today—next in importance to oxygen.what既引导表语从句又在从句中做表语2.whoever和whomever的区别whoever和whomever相当于anyone who,用主格与宾格取决于其在从句中做主语还是做宾语.如：They always give the vacant seats to whoever comes first. whoever在从句中做主语3.有关同位语从句的问题1引导词通常为that, 但有时因名词内容的需要,也可由whether及连接副词why, when, where, how引导.that不表示任何意义,其他词表示时间、地点、原因等.如：The problem, where I will have my college education, at home or abroad, remains untouched.2同位语从句有时与先行词隔开,注意识别.如：Evidence came up that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.4.whether与if在引导名词性从句时的区别1主语从句只能用whether引导；2whether一般多用于宾语从句的肯定式,而if引导的从句可以有否定式；3whether or not可以连在一起用,而if or not则不能,or not只能放在句末；4whether可以引导介词宾语从句,if则不能；5宾语从句提至谓语前面时,只能用whether引导；6在question, ask后面一般只用whether,question的同位语从句也用whether引导；7后接不定式时,只能用whether.5.动词believe, expect, fancy, imagine, suppose, think后的宾语从句如为否定式,一般将否定词转移到主句谓语上.十五、复合句——副词性状语从句副词在句中起状语作用,故如果起状语作用的部分为一个句子,那么该句便是副词性从句,也称状语从句.状语从句可细分为：时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、目的、结果、比较、方式等.状语从句的测试重点为：考查考生对主从句之间逻辑意义关系的把握,看其是否能选择正确的从属连词.1.条件状语从句的常考知识点1if与unless的用法.if和unless都是引导条件状语从句的连词,考生应尤其注意unless的用法,因为它表示反面条件,相当于if not“如果不”、“除非”.如：In debating, one must correct the opponent’s facts, deny the relevance of his proof, or deny that what he presents as proof, if relevant, is sufficient. 2复合连词as long as,so long as,as far as,on condition that,in the event that；动词及分词providedthat,providingthat,given that, suppose/supposingthat,assuming,say等引导条件状语从句.如：You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting provided you don’t mind taking the night train.Assuming he is diligent in his studies at ordinary times, he is sure to pass the test.In the event that she has not been informed, I will tell her. 如果……You can go swimming on condition that you don’t go too far from the river bank. 如果……Suppose it rained, we would still go. 假如……Say it were true, what would you do about it 假如……3祈使句表示条件.如：Dress warmly, or else you’ll catch cold.Talk to anyone in the drug industry, and you’ll soon discover that the science of genetics is the biggest thing to hit drug research since penicillin was discovered.2.让步状语从句的常考知识点1as 引导让步从句,要求用倒装结构,把强调的部分置于句首.如：Much as he likes her, he does get irritated with her sometimes.Humble as it may be, there is no place like home.2while引导让步从句.如:Everybody cheats a little, some psychologists say, while others insist that most people are basically honest and some wouldn’t cheat under any circumstances.3复合连接词for all that和分词granting/grantedthat引导让步从句.如:Granted you have made much progress, you should not be conceited.For all that computers can provide us with great help, they shouldn’t be seen as substitutes for fundamental thinking and reasoning skills.3.时间状语从句的常考知识点1before表示汉语的“只有/必须……才能”.如:New ideas sometimes have to wait for years before they are fully accepted.2when引导时间从句时,如果出现在后半句,则表示“这/那时突然”.如：I have just started back for the house to change my clothes when I heard the voices.3when it comes to 是习惯用法,意为“当谈到……时”.如：Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true when it comes to classroom tests.4名词短语、介词短语each /every time, the moment/second/minute, in the time, by the time起连词作用.如:I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year. My pain must have been apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically: “Are you feeling all right”Mercury’s velocity is so much greater than the Earth’s that it completes more than four revolutions around the Sun in the time it takes the Earth to complete one.5副词directly, immediately, instantly, now引导时间从句, 相当于as soon as.如:The policemen went into action directly they heard the alarm.4.原因状语从句的常考知识点1in that引导原因从句时,有时翻译成“是因为”、“就在于”.如:Advertising is distinguished from other forms of communication in that the advertiser pays for the message to be delivered.Criticism and self-criticism is necessary in that it helps us to find and correct our mistakes.2now that表示“既然” ; seeing that, considering表示“鉴于”、“考虑到”.如:Now that we have all the material ready, we should begin the new task at once. He did poorly in the examinations, considering how hard he had tried for them. Seeing that she is lawfully old enough to get married, I don’t think you can stop her.其他引导原因状语从句的连接词语还有: for the simple reason that, by reason that, on the grounds that, in as much as, in so far as等.5.while, whereas 引导对比从句如: While the teenage population in the United States has declined over the past decade, violent crimes committed by juveniles have sharply increased.A baby might show fear of an unfamiliar adult, whereas he is likely to smile and reach out to another infant.6.so…that…, with the result that, so much so that 引导结果状语从句如: Over the years, a large number of overseas students have studied at that university with the result that it has acquired substantial experience in dealing with them.He himself believed in freedom, so much so that he would rather die than live without it.7.in order that, in case, for fear that, lest 用虚拟语气引导目的状语从句如: Give me your telephone number, in case I need your help.Helen listened carefully in order that she might discover exactly what John wanted.8.where作为连接副词的一种用法, 翻译为“在……地方”如: In Japan, a person’s capabilities are not forced into an inflexible specialty. Where there is willingness and intelligence, there is a place within the company to try and to succeed.。

专四英语语法考点分析解析

语法考点之一：虚拟语气考点1. If从句中的虚拟语气1、与过去事实相反：从句sb had done，主句sb would(should, could, might)+ have done；2、省略if，从句的语序用到装，即将were, had或should移至主语的前面，但否定词not不前移。

3、与将来事实相反：从句sb did (should+do或were+to do)，主句sb would (should, could, might)+do。

4、错综条件句：主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间段。

比如：从句对过去虚拟，而主句对现在虚拟，即从句sb had done，主句sb would(should, could, might)+do；考点2：表示建议、要求、命令等动词如insist, order, command, suggest, advise, propose, ask, require, request, demand引导的从句和it引导的相应的分词、名词和形容词从句，谓语用（should)+动词原形。

考点3：It is +advisable, essential, important, imperative, incredible等从句，谓语用（should）+动词原形。

考点4：it is (high/about) time that的结构中，从句使用一般过去式。

例如:考点5：much as"尽管，虽然"引导让步状语从句，从句中用would have done表示假设。

考点6：if only, wish, as if/as though引导从句，与过去事实相反：had + done；与现在事实相反：动词过去式；与将来事实相反：could/would + do考点7：would rather/sooner从句中使用一般过去式或过去完成式分别表示对现在或过去的虚拟考点8：lest / for fear that+(should ) +原形动词。

英语专四语法总结

1.主谓一致就近原则1.由并列结构或连词（either…or, neither…nor, not…but, not only…but also, or 等）连接的并列主语, 谓语动词与靠近的那个名词或代词保持一致。

2.在倒装句和there be句型中, 谓语动词与后面的第一个主语保持一致。

例句: There is a book and some pens on the desk.桌子上有一本书和几支钢笔。

3. 在强调句中，连接代词又在句中作主语，这时它应与被强调的主语保持一致。

例句：It is Mary’s brother who was injured in the car accident.是Mary的哥哥在车祸中受伤了。

意义一致原则1.当主语与谓语动词之间插入along with, with, as well as, together with, no less than, besides, except, but, including等短语时, 谓语动词不受这些插入语的干扰, 依然和主语保持一致。

例句: I, along with my sister, am going to Shanghai next month.我, 还有我姐姐, 打算下个月去上海。

2.英语中有一类单、复数同型的词（people, means, sheep, deer, fish 等）, 其单、复数取决于它在句中的含义。

例句: All of the people in the country have been prepared for the great reformation.这个国家的人都已经为大变革做好了准备。

3.多数情况下，由“what”引导的名词性从句作主语时，其后的谓语动词通常用单数形式。

例句: What I want to say is just “Take care!”.我只想说: “多保重！”4.当主语与all, none, any, some等不定代词、形容词连用时, 应根据具体句意, 来决定其后的谓语动词的单复数。

专四应试技巧(语法词汇汇总篇)

专四应试技巧（语法词汇汇总篇)语法词汇篇1:集体名词作主语主谓一致集体名词作主语主谓一致1)通常作复数的集体名词集体名词，如：police, people, cattle, militia, poultry等，通常作复数，用复数动词。

如：Domestic cattle provide us with milk, beef and hides.2)通常作不可数名词的集体名词有些集体名词，如foliage, machinery, equipment, furniture, merchandise,通常作不可数名词，随后的动词用单数。

例如：All the machinery in the factory is made in China.3)既可作单数也可作复数的集体名词集体名词，如audience, committee, class, crew, family, public, government等，既可作单数，也可作复数用。

The city council is meeting to set its agenda.4)a committee,etc. of +复数名词如果主语是由“a committee of /a panel of /a board of +复数名词”构成，随后的动词通常用单数。

例如：A committee of five men and three women is to consider the matter.近义词辨析tired, exhausted, fatigued, weary, worn out这组词均含有“疲惫的”的意思。

tired可指因体力或脑力消耗太多而需要休息，还可指因长期做某事而失去兴趣。

Henry was so tired that he went to bed immediately after he got home.亨利很疲惫，一到家就上床睡觉去了。

英语专业四级语法汇总

语法回顾篇专四语法考点虚拟语气、情态动词、非谓语动词、复合句、倒装、小语法（省略，时态，反义疑问句，代词，强调句，主谓一致，冠词，形容词及副词）、as 的特殊用法。

专四英语语法考点串讲之一虚拟语气一般说来，有下列几种考点需要考生注意(十考点及两备考点）考点1. 与现在事实相反从句谓语动词用did(be用were)，主句谓语动词would(should,could,might)+do；考点2. 与过去事实相反从句谓语动词用had done，主句谓语动词用would(should,could,might)+ have done；例如：43.I _________the party much more if there hadn‟t been quite such a crowd of people there.A. would enjoyB. will have enjoyedC. would have enjoyedD. will be enjoying49.All of us would have enjoyed the party much more if there _________ quite such a crowd of people there.A. weren‟tB. hasn‟t beenC. hadn‟t beenD. wouldn‟t考点3.与将来事实相反，从句谓语动词用：did(should+do或were + to do)，主句谓语动词用：would(should,could,might)+do。

例如：43. If your car ___ any attention during the first 12 months, take it to an authorized dealer.(08年）• A. shall need C. would need• B. should need D. will need考点4. 时态的交叉现象，也就是主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间段例如：If you had gone to see the doctor，you would be all right now.你要是早去看病,你现在就没事了。