11.3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics

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重温先父遗传：后代继承他们母亲前配偶的获得性特征

用了几天时间，终于将一篇2014年发表于高阶学术期刊《生态学通讯》上的一篇关于先父遗传的论文翻译出来了。

这篇论文用实验证实了先父遗传的存在。

因为我认识的人中有学水产养殖的，所以很久之前我就听说过先父遗传现象，据说这种现象在养殖中是非常普遍的。

但后来我看到的所有资料都痛批它是伪科学，而以前我是深信“主流科学”意见的，所以一直没关注它。

后来我发现并解释了淫乱降低后代智力的规律，并一直坚持反淫乱宣传，但那时我觉得，以性解放分子宣传的歪理，中毒的人连自己的孩子是隔壁老王还是经纪人老宋的都不在乎，哪还在乎自己的孩子带有老婆的前炮友的相貌特征？所以先父遗传即使被证实是真的，对反淫乱宣传都没什么卵用。

前几天有个网友在天涯这发出消息，说有科学团队用实验证实先父遗传，出于好奇，我立即去下载了这篇论文来看。

一看之下很受启发。

至少这篇论文证明了，亲代的生活习惯对后代性状有极大影响。

而事实上，2006年美国科学家皮特尼克就通过解剖发现了，淫乱物种大脑小睾丸大，而贞洁物种大脑大睾丸小，推断淫乱物种智力低。

而这个发现不被社会重视（或者相关研究被黑暗民族封杀），原因就在于人们普遍有侥幸心理，认为淫乱降低后代智力的过程起码得有几万年，自己爽了再说，哪管它几万年后的事。

而这篇论文用无可辩驳的实验事实证明，你的生活习惯都可影响后代呢，淫乱降低后代智力哪用得了多久，你自己淫乱你的孩子就遭殃了。

而现在欧美日的民众普遍连个位数乘法都学不会的事实，更增加“淫乱降低后代智力”这一论断的说服力下面是该论文的译文。

因为我此前一直做的是中译英的工作，很少做英译中方向的翻译，并且国内甚少有相关研究，我没读过相应的中文资料，译文不可避免地有不完善的地方，请读者多多包涵！Ecology Letters, (2014) 17: 1545–1552Revisiting telegony: offspring inherit an acquired characteristic of their mother’s previous mate生态学通讯(2014) 17: 1545–1552 （此期刊最新的影响因子为10.772，算是仅次于世界顶级学术期刊的刊物了）重温先父遗传：后代继承他们母亲前配偶的获得性特征AbstractNewly discovered non-genetic mechanisms break the link between genes and inheritance, thereby also raising the possibility that previous mating partners could influence traits in offspring sired by subsequent males that mate with the same female (‘telegony’). In the fly Telostylinus angusticollis, males transmit their environmentally acquired condition via paternal effects on offspring body size. We manipulated male condition, and mated females to two males in high or low condition in a fully crossed design. Although the second male sired a large majority of offspring, offspring body size was influenced by the condition of the first male. This effect was not observed when females were exposed to the first male without mating, implicating semen-mediated effects rather than female differential allocation based on pre-mating assessment of male quality. Our results reveal a novel type of transgenerational effect with potential implications for the evolution of reproductive strategies.【摘要】新发现的非遗传机制打破了基因与遗传特征之间的联系，从而也提高了前配偶能影响由后继雄性与同一雌性交配授精所产后代的性状的可能性（先父遗传）。

关于基因英语作文

关于基因英语作文Title: Understanding Genetics: Exploring the Blueprintof Life。

Genetics is the study of genes, the fundamental unitsof heredity that determine the characteristics of living organisms. It plays a crucial role in various aspects of life, from the traits we inherit from our parents to the development of diseases and the potential for personalized medicine. In this essay, we delve into the fascinatingworld of genetics to understand its significance and implications.First and foremost, genes are segments of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) that contain the instructions for building and maintaining an organism. Each gene carries information for a specific trait, such as eye color, height, or susceptibility to certain diseases. The human genome, which is the complete set of genetic information in humans, comprises approximately 20,000 to 25,000 genes.Genetics encompasses several key concepts and processes, including inheritance, mutation, gene expression, and genetic variation. Inheritance refers to the passing oftraits from parents to offspring through the transmissionof genes. This process follows Mendelian principles of inheritance, which describe how traits are inherited according to dominant and recessive alleles.Mutation, on the other hand, is a spontaneous orinduced change in the DNA sequence of a gene. Mutations can occur due to various factors, such as environmental influences, radiation, or errors during DNA replication. While some mutations may have no noticeable effect, others can lead to genetic disorders or contribute to the development of diseases like cancer.Gene expression is the process by which informationfrom a gene is used to synthesize a functional product, typically a protein. This process involves several steps, including transcription, where the DNA sequence is copied into a molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA), and translation,where the mRNA is decoded to assemble the corresponding protein.Genetic variation refers to differences in the DNA sequences among individuals within a population or species. This variation is essential for evolution, as it provides the raw material for natural selection to act upon. Genetic variation can arise through mechanisms such as genetic recombination, gene flow, and random mutations.The study of genetics has far-reaching implications for various fields, including medicine, agriculture, and forensic science. In medicine, genetics plays a crucialrole in understanding the genetic basis of diseases and developing targeted therapies. For example, advancements in genetic testing have enabled the diagnosis and treatment of genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and Huntington's disease.Moreover, genetics holds promise for the field of personalized medicine, where treatments are tailored to an individual's genetic makeup. By analyzing a person'sgenetic profile, healthcare providers can predict theirrisk of developing certain diseases and prescribe medications that are most likely to be effective based on their genetic predispositions.In agriculture, genetics plays a vital role in crop improvement and animal breeding. Through selective breeding and genetic engineering techniques, scientists can develop crops and livestock with desirable traits such as increased yield, disease resistance, and nutritional content. This has significant implications for global food security and sustainability.In forensic science, genetics is used for various purposes, including identifying individuals based on DNA evidence, determining familial relationships, and solving crimes. DNA profiling, also known as DNA fingerprinting, has revolutionized criminal investigations by providing highly accurate and reliable evidence.Despite its immense potential, the field of genetics also raises ethical, legal, and social implications (ELSI).These include concerns about genetic privacy,discrimination based on genetic information, and the equitable distribution of genetic technologies and treatments. Addressing these challenges requires careful consideration of ethical principles, informed public dialogue, and robust regulatory frameworks.In conclusion, genetics is a fascinating and rapidly advancing field that holds the key to understanding the blueprint of life. From unraveling the mysteries of inheritance to unlocking the secrets of disease, genetics has revolutionized our understanding of biology and has the potential to transform various aspects of society. As we continue to explore the complexities of the genome, it is essential to approach the ethical, legal, and social implications of genetics with wisdom and foresight.。

七年级下册生物教材涵盖的主题和内容是什么？

七年级下册生物教材涵盖的主题和内容是什么？The theme and content covered in the seventh-grade biology textbook of the second semester are diverse and comprehensive. The topics covered in this textbook aim to provide students with a solid foundation in understanding the fundamental concepts and principles of biology.One of the main themes explored in the textbook is cell biology. Students will learn about the structure and function of cells, including the different organelles and their roles in cellular processes. They will also study cell division, exploring the processes of mitosis and meiosis, and understand how these processes contribute to growth, development, and reproduction.Another important topic covered in the textbook is genetics. Students will delve into the study of heredity, learning about genes, alleles, and how traits are passed down from parents to offspring. They will also explore the principles of Mendelian genetics and understand how Punnett squares can be used topredict the probability of certain traits in offspring.The textbook also covers the topic of ecology. Students will learn about ecosystems, food webs, and the interactions between organisms and their environment. They will explore concepts such as energy flow, nutrient cycling, and the impact of human activities on the environment. The importance of biodiversity and conservation will also be emphasized.Furthermore, the textbook includes sections on human biology, where students will learn about the different body systems and their functions. Topics such as the circulatory system, respiratory system, digestive system, and nervous system will be covered in detail. Students will also gain an understanding of common health issues and the importance of maintaining a healthy lifestyle.In addition to these core topics, the textbook also touches upon other areas of biology, such as evolution, classification of organisms, and the scientific method. Students will explore the evidence for evolution, learn about the different kingdoms and phyla, and understand the steps involved in conductingscientific experiments.Overall, the seventh-grade biology textbook provides students with a comprehensive overview of fundamental biology concepts. It aims to foster an appreciation for the natural world and develop critical thinking skills through hands-on activities, case studies, and real-life examples. By the end of the semester, students should have a solid foundation in biology and be well-prepared for further studies in the subject.中文回答：七年级下册生物教材涵盖的主题和内容非常多样且全面。

生物专业英语翻译--蒋悟生

核糖体的数量变化从几百到几千，核糖体是氨基酸组装成蛋白质的重要场所。

完整的核糖体由大亚基和小亚基组成。

核糖体沿着mRNA移动并阅读遗传密码，翻译成蛋白质。

一条mRNA上可能有多个核糖体，称多聚核糖体。

大多数细胞蛋白是由细胞质中核糖体生产。

输出蛋白和膜蛋白通常与内质网有关。

内质网，带有花边的生物囊，有管状，泡状之分，以及光滑和粗糙面区别。

两种都与蛋白质的合成和运输有关。

粗糙内质网上分布许多核糖体，也可能提供细胞分裂后所需的细胞膜。

光滑内质网上无核糖体，主要作用是脂肪和类固醇的合成以及细胞内有毒物质的氧化。

两种内质网合成的产物在其中进行分流或运输到细胞外。

运输小泡能够将可运输分子从内质网运输到高尔基复合体上。

在高尔基复合体中修饰，包装后输出细胞或传递到细胞质中的其他场所。

细胞中的液泡好象是中空的，但实际上充满了液体和可溶分子。

最典型的液泡存在于植物细胞中，储备水，糖以及其它分子。

动物中的液泡起吞噬和胞饮作用。

溶酶体是液泡亚单位，含有消化酶，降解大部分生物大分子。

消化食物微粒和降解损伤的细胞残片。

线粒体是细胞中化学产能的场所。

另外，植物细胞中的质体在光合作用中利用光能产生碳水化合物，线粒体内嵴上提供了很大的表面积并分布着产ATP酶。

线粒体自我复制，并且可能是自由生活的原核生物在进化中形成的后代。

质体有两种类型：白色体，缺乏色素，是淀粉，蛋白质和油的储备场所；色质体，含有色素。

叶绿体是最重要的色质体，含有与光合作用有关的叶绿素。

叶绿体的内部结构是由多层膜形成的叶绿体基粒，其中包埋在基质中的基粒称子座。

The Cytoskeleton（细胞骨架）所有的细胞都有细胞骨架，网络结构的纤丝充满了它所能触及的全部空间并且对细胞器提供支持作用。

细胞骨架大部分由微丝组成，微丝主要由可收缩的肌动蛋白组成。

动植物细胞的许多种类型细胞内运动与肌动蛋白有关。

第二类蛋白是肌球蛋白，它与肌肉细胞的收缩有关。

细胞骨架的另一个主要结构成分是微管，由球状的微管蛋白组成，象脚手架一般维持细胞的稳定形态。

《孟德尔随机化研究指南》中英文版

《孟德尔随机化研究指南》中英文版全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Randomized research is a vital component of scientific studies, allowing researchers to investigate causal relationships between variables and make accurate inferences about the effects of interventions. One of the most renowned guides for conducting randomized research is the "Mendel Randomization Research Guide," which provides detailed instructions and best practices for designing and implementing randomized controlled trials.The Mendel Randomization Research Guide offers comprehensive guidance on all aspects of randomized research, from study design and sample selection to data analysis and interpretation of results. It emphasizes the importance of randomization in reducing bias and confounding effects, thus ensuring the validity and reliability of study findings. With clear and practical recommendations, researchers can feel confident in the quality and rigor of their randomized research studies.The guide highlights the key principles of randomization, such as the use of random assignment to treatment groups, blinding of participants and researchers, and intent-to-treat analysis. It also discusses strategies for achieving balance in sample characteristics and minimizing the risk of selection bias. By following these principles and guidelines, researchers can maximize the internal validity of their studies and draw accurate conclusions about the causal effects of interventions.In addition to the technical aspects of randomized research, the Mendel Randomization Research Guide also addresses ethical considerations and practical challenges that researchers may face. It emphasizes the importance of obtaining informed consent from participants, protecting their privacy and confidentiality, and ensuring the safety and well-being of study subjects. The guide also discusses strategies for overcoming common obstacles in randomized research, such as recruitment and retention issues, data collection problems, and statistical challenges.Overall, the Mendel Randomization Research Guide is a valuable resource for researchers looking to improve the quality and validity of their randomized research studies. By following its recommendations and best practices, researchers can conductstudies that produce reliable and actionable findings, advancing scientific knowledge and contributing to evidence-based decision making in various fields.篇2Mendel Randomization Study GuideIntroductionMendel Randomization Study Guide is a comprehensive and informative resource for researchers and students interested in the field of Mendel randomization. This guide provides anin-depth overview of the principles and methods of Mendel randomization, as well as practical advice on how to design and conduct Mendel randomization studies.The guide is divided into several sections, each covering a different aspect of Mendel randomization. The first section provides a brief introduction to the history and background of Mendel randomization, tracing its origins to the work of Gregor Mendel, the father of modern genetics. It also discusses the theoretical foundations of Mendel randomization and its potential applications in causal inference.The second section of the guide focuses on the methods and techniques used in Mendel randomization studies. This includesa detailed explanation of how Mendel randomization works, as well as guidelines on how to select instrumental variables and control for potential confounders. It also discusses the strengths and limitations of Mendel randomization, and provides practical tips on how to deal with common challenges in Mendel randomization studies.The third section of the guide is dedicated to practical considerations in Mendel randomization studies. This includes advice on how to design a Mendel randomization study, collect and analyze data, and interpret the results. It also provides recommendations on how to report Mendel randomization studies and publish research findings in scientific journals.In addition, the guide includes a glossary of key terms and concepts related to Mendel randomization, as well as a list of recommended readings for further study. It also includes case studies and examples of Mendel randomization studies in practice, to illustrate the principles and techniques discussed in the guide.ConclusionIn conclusion, the Mendel Randomization Study Guide is a valuable resource for researchers and students interested in Mendel randomization. It provides a comprehensive overview ofthe principles and methods of Mendel randomization, as well as practical advice on how to design and conduct Mendel randomization studies. Whether you are new to Mendel randomization or looking to deepen your understanding of the field, this guide is an essential reference for anyone interested in causal inference and genetic epidemiology.篇3"Guide to Mendelian Randomization Studies" English VersionIntroductionMendelian randomization (MR) is a method that uses genetic variants to investigate the causal relationship between an exposure and an outcome. It is a powerful tool that can help researchers to better understand the underlying mechanisms of complex traits and diseases. The "Guide to Mendelian Randomization Studies" provides a comprehensive overview of MR studies and offers practical guidance on how to design and carry out these studies effectively.Chapter 1: Introduction to Mendelian RandomizationThis chapter provides an overview of the principles of Mendelian randomization, including the assumptions andlimitations of the method. It explains how genetic variants can be used as instrumental variables to estimate the causal effect of an exposure on an outcome, and outlines the key steps involved in conducting an MR study.Chapter 2: Choosing Genetic InstrumentsIn this chapter, the guide discusses the criteria for selecting appropriate genetic instruments for Mendelian randomization. It covers issues such as the relevance of the genetic variant to the exposure of interest, the strength of the instrument, and the potential for pleiotropy. The chapter also provides practical tips on how to search for suitable genetic variants in public databases.Chapter 3: Data Sources and ValidationThis chapter highlights the importance of using high-quality data sources for Mendelian randomization studies. It discusses the different types of data that can be used, such asgenome-wide association studies and biobanks, and offers advice on how to validate genetic instruments and ensure the reliability of the data.Chapter 4: Statistical MethodsIn this chapter, the guide explains the various statistical methods that can be used to analyze Mendelian randomization data. It covers techniques such as inverse variance weighting, MR-Egger regression, and bi-directional Mendelian randomization, and provides guidance on how to choose the most appropriate method for a given study.Chapter 5: Interpretation and ReportingThe final chapter of the guide focuses on the interpretation and reporting of Mendelian randomization results. It discusses how to assess the strength of causal inference, consider potential biases, and communicate findings effectively in research papers and presentations.ConclusionThe "Guide to Mendelian Randomization Studies" is a valuable resource for researchers who are interested in using genetic data to investigate causal relationships in epidemiological studies. By following the guidance provided in the guide, researchers can enhance the rigor and validity of their Mendelian randomization studies and contribute to a better understanding of the determinants of complex traits and diseases.。

Mendelian Genetics

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Mendelian Genetics
Genes and The Environment
• The product of a genotype is generally not a rigidly defined phenotype, but a range of phenotypic possibilities, the norm of reaction, that are determined by the environment. – In some cases the norm of reaction has no breadth (for example, blood type). • Norms of reactions are broadest for polygenic characters. • For these multifactorial characters, the environment contributes to their quantitative nature.
Normal Aa
a Aa Normal (carrier) aa Albino
a
Cystic Fibrosis
Cystic fibrosis
• One in 25 whites of European ancestry is a carrier, 1 in 2500 is affected. • The normal allele codes for a membrane protein that transports Cl- between cells and the environment. • If these channels are defective or absent, there are abnormally high extracellular levels of chloride that causes the mucus coats of certain cells to become thicker and stickier than normal. • This mucus build-up in the pancreas, lungs, digestive tract, and elsewhere favors bacterial infections. • Without treatment, affected children die before five, but with treatment can live past their late 20’s or even longer.

全基因组拷贝数变异测序检测胎儿生长受限染色体异常的诊断价值

ＤＯＩ：１０．１３６０２／ｊ．ｃｎｋｉ．ｊｃｌｓ．２０２０．１２．０２·临床检验技术研究·全基因组拷贝数变异测序检测胎儿生长受限染色体异常的诊断价值罗小金１，郭岩芸２，黄和明１，韦升市１，刘金星１，陈婧１，曹宪振１，欧德标１，白江涛１（１．深圳市龙岗区妇幼保健院中心实验室，广东深圳５１８１７２；２．深圳市龙岗区人民医院妇产科，广东深圳５１８１７２）摘要：目的　探讨低深度全基因组拷贝数变异测序（ｃｏｐｙｎｕｍｂｅｒｖａｒｉａｔｉｏｎｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｉｎｇ，ＣＮＶＳｅｑ）与核型分析技术在检测产前孕中晚期胎儿生长受限（ｆｅｔａｌｇｒｏｗｔｈｒｅｓｔｒｉｃｔｉｏｎ，ＦＧＲ）染色体异常中的临床诊断价值。

方法　对２０１８年４月至２０２０年１０月因ＦＧＲ行侵入性产前诊断分析的１３８例胎儿同时进行Ｇ显带核型分析和全基因组ＣＮＶＳｅｑ检测，结合短串联重复序列（ＳＴＲ）检测鉴别母体污染。

结果　１３８例ＦＧＲ病例中，采用Ｇ显带核型分析检出＞１０Ｍｂ染色体异常１２例（８．７％，１２／１３８），采用ＣＮＶＳｅｑ检出９例（６．５％，１２／１３８）＞１０Ｍｂ染色体异常，２例平衡易位和１例低比例嵌合体。

Ｇ显带核型分析检出＜１０Ｍｂ染色体异常１例，ＣＮＶＳｅｑ额外检出＜１０Ｍｂ染色体ＣＮＶｓ１１例（８．０％，１１／１３８），其中８例为致病性ＣＮＶｓ（包括２例ＷｉｌｌｉａｍｓＢｅｕｒｅｎ综合征、２例１６ｐ微缺失／微重复综合征、１例为ＭｉｌｌｅｒＤｉｅｋｅｒ综合征、１例ＷｏｌｆＨｉｒｓｃｈｈｏｒｎ综合征、１例３ｑ２９缺失综合征和１例父源单亲二倍体），３例为临床意义不明拷贝数变异（ｖａｒｉａｎｔｓｏｆｕｎｃｅｒｔａｉｎｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｃｅ，ＶＯＵＳ）。

结论　与传统Ｇ显带核型分析相比较，ＣＮＶＳｅｑ除可有效检出产前ＦＧＲ中＞１０Ｍｂ且涉及ＣＮＶｓ的染色体数目和结构异常外，还可额外检出核型正常ＦＧＲ中＜１０Ｍｂ的染色体ＣＮＶ，可更系统全面地揭示产前ＦＧＲ的遗传学病因，科学指导ＦＧＲ胎儿妊娠选择。

遗传英语作文

遗传英语作文In the realm of biology genetics is a fascinating field that explores the inheritance of traits from one generation to the next. Heres an essay on genetics that delves into its definition significance and some of the key concepts.Title The Wonders of Genetics Understanding Our Inherited TraitsIntroductionGenetics is the branch of biology that studies the patterns of inheritance of traits from parents to offspring. It is a cornerstone of modern biology providing insights into the mechanisms that govern the transmission of hereditary information. This essay aims to explore the fundamental principles of genetics its importance in various fields and the ethical considerations that arise from genetic research.Definition of GeneticsAt its core genetics is the study of genes which are segments of DNA that carry the instructions for making proteins. These proteins are the building blocks of the body and are responsible for the characteristics we inherit from our parents. Genetics helps us understand how these traits are passed down through generations and how variations in genes can lead to differences in physical appearance susceptibility to diseases and more. Key Concepts in Genetics1. Mendelian Inheritance Named after Gregor Mendel the father of modern genetics Mendelian inheritance is the basic pattern by which traits are passed from parents to offspring. Mendels laws of segregation and independent assortment describe how alleles different forms of a gene are separated and distributed during the formation of gametes.2. DNA Structure and Function Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA is the molecule that carries genetic information. It is composed of two strands that coil around each other to form a double helix. The sequence of nucleotide bases adenine thymine cytosine and guanine in DNA determines the genetic code.3. Gene Expression This is the process by which the information in a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product such as a protein. Gene expression is regulated by various mechanisms and can be influenced by environmental factors.4. Mutations A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence. While many mutations areharmless some can lead to genetic disorders or alter an organisms traits.5. Chromosomes Genes are organized on structures called chromosomes which are found in the nucleus of cells. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs. Significance of GeneticsGenetics plays a crucial role in various aspects of life and society. It is essential inMedicine Understanding the genetic basis of diseases can lead to better treatments and preventive measures.Agriculture Genetic knowledge helps in developing crops that are more resistant to diseases and environmental stresses.Forensic Science DNA fingerprinting is used to solve crimes and establish paternity.Conservation Biology Genetic studies can inform conservation efforts by revealing the genetic diversity and relatedness of species.Ethical ConsiderationsThe power of genetic knowledge also brings ethical challenges. Issues such as genetic privacy the potential for genetic discrimination and the implications of genetic engineering are subjects of ongoing debate.ConclusionGenetics is a field of immense importance and potential. As we continue to unravel the complexities of our genetic code we gain the power to address some of humanitys most pressing challenges. However with this power comes the responsibility to navigate the ethical landscape carefully ensuring that the benefits of genetic research are shared equitably and do not infringe upon fundamental rights.Further ReadingFor those interested in delving deeper into the subject The Double Helix by James D. Watson provides a historical account of the discovery of the DNA structure while The Gene An Intimate History by Siddhartha Mukherjee offers a comprehensive look at the history and future of genetics.。

人类中的遗传规律

第二讲
人类中的遗传现象和规律
整理ppt
1
人类对遗传现象认识过程
人类对遗传现象认识过程
长相
行为
身高、肤色等
驴
驴骡
马骡
马
基因作用的认识
整理ppt
5
基因作用的认识
美国“生活科学网”评出了人类10个最糟糕的遗传特征，依次是酗酒、乳腺癌、色盲、侍强凌弱、肥胖、心脏病、生育双胞胎、青春痘、乳糖不耐受和秃顶。
交
F2代在F1代的基础上发生了性状分离，表现出了双亲
实的性状，这一现象叫分离现象。
验
整理ppt
29
分离规律的验证
整理ppt
30
Mendel’s 2nd Law
Different gene pairs assort independently in gamete formation.
This “law” is true only in some cases.
35
单基因病遗传病
是受一对等位基因控制, 其突变引起的疾病。
它是以简单形式遗传，与孟德尔以豌豆为实验材料所描述的特征相似或相同，所以称为孟德尔遗传病。
整理ppt
36
单基因病遗传病
常染色体疾病：如编码疾病的基因位于22对常染色体上或者位于与性别无关的染色体上，称为常染色体疾病。
整理ppt
8
3.色盲
美国有1000万人辨别不清红色和绿色，但却只有60万妇女出现类似症状。这是因为男人只能继承母亲身上一个X染色体的基因。而女人有2个X染色体，即使一个辨色基因出现缺陷，还有另一个基因可以顶替它的位置。
整理ppt
9
4.侍强凌弱
当孩子在操场上打架而被“请进”校长办公室时，千万别忘了向父母抱怨一番。这是因为，科学家在人体内发现了一种可以增进好斗性的基因。其中，男孩子的攻击性行为更有可能是从家庭中遗传而来的。

nature genetics格式

nature genetics格式尊敬的读者：为了准确满足您对于“nature genetics格式”文章的要求，并确保语句通顺、整洁美观，我将按照Nature Genetics杂志的格式和要求来为您撰写这篇文章。

Title: Unlocking the Genetic Mysteries of NatureAbstract:In this article, we explore the fascinating world of genetics and its role in shaping the wonders of nature. By delving into the intricate mechanisms behind inheritance, genetic variation, and the impact of environmental factors, we gain a deeper understanding of the complex tapestry of life. Join us on this enlightening journey as we unravel the genetic mysteries that underpin the biodiversity and evolution of the natural world.Introduction:The study of genetics has long captivated scientists and researchers alike. With advancements in technology and our ever-growing knowledge base, we are now able to delve deeper into the genetic code that governs all living organisms. Nature Genetics, as a premier publication in the field, has played a pivotal role in disseminating groundbreaking research and discoveries.Unraveling Inheritance Patterns:Genetic inheritance forms the foundation of all life on Earth. Through the analysis of pedigrees and family trees, scientists have unraveled theinheritance patterns of traits, both Mendelian and non-Mendelian. Nature Genetics has been instrumental in publishing numerous studies that shed light on the mechanisms governing the passing on of genetic information from one generation to the next.Exploring Genetic Variation:Genetic variation is essential for the survival and adaptation of species. Nature Genetics has featured a myriad of studies focusing on the identification and characterization of genetic variants. From single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to copy number variations (CNVs), the journal has showcased cutting-edge research on the role of genetic variation in disease susceptibility and population diversity.Genomics and Beyond:Advancements in genomic technologies have revolutionized the field of genetics. Whole genome sequencing, coupled with sophisticated computational analyses, has enabled researchers to unravel the complex interactions between genes and their expression. Nature Genetics has been at the forefront of genomics research, providing a platform for the publication of groundbreaking studies that have expanded our understanding of gene regulation and the functional consequences of genetic variants.Epigenetics: The Hidden Code:In recent years, epigenetics has emerged as a captivating field within genetics. Nature Genetics has published a multitude of studies exploring the influence of epigenetic modifications on gene expression and phenotype. From DNA methylation to histone modifications, these epigenetic marksplay a critical role in developmental processes, disease etiology, and even response to environmental factors.Environmental Interplay:Nature Genetics recognizes the importance of the environment in shaping genetic outcomes. Researchers have long sought to understand the interplay between genetic predisposition and environmental factors. Through rigorous studies, Nature Genetics has laid the foundation for unravelling the complex interactions between genes and the environment, revealing how these interactions can influence traits and disease outcomes.Conclusion:Nature Genetics stands as a beacon of knowledge, fostering scientific advancements in the field of genetics. Through the publication of groundbreaking research, it has played an instrumental role in the unraveling of genetic mysteries. As we continue to explore the wonders of nature, we rely on Nature Genetics and other reputable sources, where scientists come together to push the boundaries of knowledge, bringing us closer to unlocking the secrets held within the genetic code of all living organisms.请注意，以上文章是按照Nature Genetics杂志的格式和要求书写的样例，但由于无法提供具体的文本编辑功能，无法完全符合Nature Genetics的版式和排版要求。

Mendelian Genetics孟德尔遗传定律英语讲稿

• /webcontent/anisamples/nonmajorsbiology/independentassortment.html
• Law of Independent Assortment suggested that each allele pair segregates independently of other gene pairs during gamete formation (Demonstrated with a dihybrid cross).
• /webcontent/anisamples/majorsbiology/independentassortment.html
Dihybrid Cross
Smooth Tall
Smooth Tall
Smooth wrinkled short Tall
• /webcontent/anisamples/majorsbiology/independentassortment.html
Mother contributes:
True Breeding
A AA AA
or
A AA AA
A A
Mother contributes:
One diploid sex cell divides……
Meiosis II
Result: One diploid cell = four haploid cells
Crossing Over in Meiosis I
DO ALL GENES ASSORT INDEPENDENTLY?
• Genes on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together = linked • Sex-linked genes: color blindness, MD, hemophilia. X Y • X

专业英语遗传学的基础

Genes are the basic units of inheritance and are made up of DNA, a nuclear acid that encodes instructions for the production of products and other essential molecules
Dominant and recessive genes: In Mendelian inheritance, there is a distinction between dominant and recessive genes. Dominant genes can express their characteristics, while recessive genes are only expressed when there are no dominant genes present.
02
Genetic material foundation
Discovery
DNA was first isolated from white blood cells in 1869 by Friedrich Miesecher However, its significance was not realized until the 1950s when Watson and Crick proposed its double helix structure
Heterozygous and homozygous: Heterozygous individuals refer to individuals with one dominant gene and one recessive gene in an allele, while homozygous individuals refer to individuals with the same genotype in all alleles.

遗传学常见词汇中英对照

遗传学常见词汇中英对照遗传学是一门学科，研究生物起源、进化与发育的基因和基因组结构、功能与演变及其规律等，是生物学的一个重要分支，经历了孟德尔经典遗传学、分子遗传学和如今系统遗传学的研究时期。

接下来小编为大家整理了遗传学常见词汇中英对照，希望对你有帮助哦!遗传学常见词汇中英对照：遗传学 genetics畸变 aberration缺失 deletion缺失体 deletant末端缺失 terminal deletion中间缺失 intercalary deletion, interstitial deletion重复 duplication细胞遗传学 cytogenetics自发畸变 spontaneous aberration染色单体畸变 chromatid aberration染色体畸变 chromosomal aberration染色单体断裂 chromatid break等位染色单体断裂 isochromatid break等位染色单体缺失 isochromatid deletion细胞的遗传学 cell genetics体细胞遗传学 somatic cell genetics发育遗传学 developmental genetics又称“发生遗传学”。

微生物遗传学 microbial genetics细菌遗传学 bacterial genetics生化遗传学 biochemical genetics分子遗传学 molecular genetics生物工程[学] biotechnology分子细胞遗传学 molecular cytogenetics反求遗传学reverse genetics在体外使基因某一片段产生突变，再将突变基因重新导入体内，观察这种突变的遗传学效应的科学。

植物遗传学 plant genetics动物遗传学 animal genetics生统遗传学 biometrical genetics统计遗传学 statistical genetics数量遗传学 quantitative genetics群体遗传学 population genetics进化遗传学 evolutionary genetics人类遗传学 human genetics医学遗传学 medical genetics临床遗传学 clinical genetics法医遗传学 medico-legal genetics, forensic genetics病理遗传学 pathogenetics药物遗传学 pharmacogenetics生理遗传学 physiological genetics免疫遗传学 immunogenetics, immunological genetics行为遗传学 behavioral genetics核遗传学 karyogenetics辐射遗传学 radiation genetics毒理遗传学 toxicological genetics生态遗传学 ecological genetics, ecogenetics群落遗传学 syngenetics优生学 eugenics消极优生学 negative eugenics又称“预防性优生学(preventive eugenics)”。

高一生物必修一英语知识点

高一生物必修一英语知识点生物（Biology）是研究生命的一门科学。

通过学习生物，我们可以了解自身的构成、生命的起源和进化、生物的多样性以及生态系统的运行等。

在高一生物必修一中，我们将学习一些英语知识点，帮助我们更好地理解和学习这门学科。

1. Cell（细胞）The cell is the basic unit of life. It is the smallest unit that can carry out all the functions necessary for life. Cells can be categorized into two types: prokaryotic cells, which have no organized nucleus, and eukaryotic cells, which have a true nucleus.2. Cell Membrane（细胞膜）The cell membrane is a thin, flexible barrier that surrounds the cell. It controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell and maintains the cell's internal environment. The cell membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.3. DNA（脱氧核糖核酸）DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the genetic material that carries the instructions for the development, functioning, and reproduction ofall living organisms. DNA is a double helix structure made up of nucleotides, and it is located in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.4. Reproduction（生殖）Reproduction is the process by which new individuals of the same species are produced. There are two main types of reproduction: asexual reproduction, which involves a single parent and produces genetically identical offspring, and sexual reproduction, which involves two parents and produces genetically diverse offspring.5. Photosynthesis（光合作用）Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose. It takes place in the chloroplasts of plant cells and requires sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose and oxygen.6. Respiration（呼吸）Respiration is the process by which living organisms exchange gases with their environment. In aerobic respiration, which occurs in the presence of oxygen, glucose is broken down to release energy, carbon dioxide, and water. In anaerobic respiration, which occurs in theabsence of oxygen, glucose is partially broken down, producing lactic acid or alcohol.7. Genetics（遗传学）Genetics is the branch of biology that studies heredity and the variation of inherited traits. It involves the study of genes, which are segments of DNA that contain the instructions for the development and functioning of organisms. Genetic inheritance can be described by Mendelian genetics, which explains the transmission of dominant and recessive traits.8. Evolution（进化）Evolution is the process of change in all forms of life over generations. It is driven by the mechanisms of natural selection, mutation, genetic drift, and migration. The theory of evolution, proposed by Charles Darwin, explains how organisms adapt and evolve through the process of natural selection.9. Ecology（生态学）Ecology is the study of the relationships between organisms and their environment. It includes the study of ecosystems, communities, populations, and individuals. Ecological concepts such as food chains,energy flow, and the cycling of nutrients are important for understanding the interactions between organisms and their habitats.10. Biotechnology（生物技术）Biotechnology is the application of biological knowledge and techniques in various fields, such as medicine, agriculture, and industry. It involves the use of living organisms or their products to develop new technologies and solve practical problems. Biotechnology has contributed to advancements in areas such as genetic engineering, pharmaceuticals, and food production.以上是高一生物必修一中的一些重要的英语知识点。

高中生物选修三全套教案

高中生物选修三全套教案Unit 1: EvolutionLesson 1: Introduction to EvolutionObjective: Students will understand the basic concepts of evolution and natural selection. - Start the lesson with a discussion on what evolution is and why it is important in biology. - Introduce the concept of natural selection and provide examples of how it works in nature. - Watch a video on the theory of evolution by Charles Darwin.- Have students participate in a group activity where they simulate natural selection in a population of birds with different beak sizes.- Assign homework where students research a specific example of evolution in action and present their findings to the class.Lesson 2: Evidence for EvolutionObjective: Students will learn about the different types of evidence that support the theory of evolution.- Discuss the various types of evidence for evolution, including fossil records, comparative anatomy, and molecular biology.- Have students analyze and interpret a series of fossil records to learn about the evolutionary history of a specific organism.- Conduct a lab activity where students compare the anatomy of different vertebrate species to identify similarities and differences.- Assign homework where students research a specific piece of evidence for evolution and write a brief summary of its importance.Unit 2: Genetics and HeredityLesson 1: Mendelian GeneticsObjective: Students will understand the basic principles of Mendelian genetics and how traits are inherited.- Introduce the work of Gregor Mendel and his experiments with pea plants.- Discuss the concepts of dominant and recessive traits, Punnett squares, and genetic inheritance patterns.- Conduct a lab activity where students cross different pea plants to predict the outcome of their offspring.- Assign homework where students research a genetic disorder and present their findings to the class.Lesson 2: Non-Mendelian GeneticsObjective: Students will learn about non-Mendelian patterns of inheritance and how they differ from traditional Mendelian genetics.- Discuss non-Mendelian patterns of inheritance, such as incomplete dominance, codominance, and sex-linked traits.- Have students analyze pedigrees to track the inheritance of a specific trait through multiple generations.- Conduct a lab activity where students determine the genotypes of individuals with incomplete dominance by observing their phenotypes.- Assign homework where students research a genetic disorder with a non-Mendelian pattern of inheritance and write a brief summary of its characteristics.Unit 3: Molecular BiologyLesson 1: DNA Structure and ReplicationObjective: Students will learn about the structure of DNA and how it replicates.- Introduce the structure of DNA, including the double helix and nucleotide composition.- Discuss the process of DNA replication, including the role of enzymes and base pairing rules.- Conduct a lab activity where students build a DNA model and simulate the process of DNA replication.- Assign homework where students research a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in DNA replication and present their findings to the class.Lesson 2: Protein SynthesisObjective: Students will learn about the process of protein synthesis and how genes code for specific proteins.- Discuss the central dogma of molecular biology, including transcription and translation.- Introduce the roles of mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes in protein synthesis.- Conduct a lab activity where students transcribe and translate a DNA sequence to determine the resulting protein.- Assign homework where students research a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in protein synthesis and write a brief summary of its effects on the body.These are just a few examples of lesson plans for a high school biology elective course on evolution, genetics, and molecular biology. Teachers may modify or expand upon these lessons to suit the needs and interests of their students.。

杂交水稻的诞生英语作文

The birth of hybrid rice is a monumental achievement in the history of agricultural science. It represents not only a significant breakthrough in the field of plant breeding but also a beacon of hope for global food security. The story of hybrid rice is one of innovation, dedication, and the relentless pursuit of excellence.Yuan Longping, often referred to as the Father of Hybrid Rice, is the central figure in this narrative. Born in 1930 in Hunan Province, China, Yuan was a man of vision and determination. His journey began with a simple observation: the vast potential of rice, a staple food for billions, to be improved through scientific means. The idea was not new, but the execution and the scale of impact were unprecedented.In the 1960s, when China was grappling with food shortages and famine, Yuan embarked on a quest to develop a rice variety that could yield more grain per acre. His approach was rooted in the principles of Mendelian genetics, specifically the concept of hybrid vigor, or heterosis. He hypothesized that by crossing two genetically distinct rice varieties, he could create a hybrid with superior traits, such as higher yield, disease resistance, and adaptability to various environmental conditions.The path to success was fraught with challenges. The initial attempts to create hybrid rice were met with skepticism and setbacks. The process of manually pollinating rice plants was laborintensive and timeconsuming. Moreover, the first few generations of hybrids did not yield the expected results, leading to disappointment and doubt.Undeterred, Yuan and his team persisted. They conducted extensive field trials and crossbreeding experiments, meticulously recording data and refining their methods. In 1973, after years of tireless work, they finally succeeded in developing the first highyielding hybrid rice variety, known as Nan You No. 2. This breakthrough was a turning point, not just for China, but for the entire world.The success of hybrid rice was not confined to China. It quickly gained international recognition and was adopted in various countries across Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The impact of this technology was profound. It increased rice yields by 2030%, contributing to food security and alleviating poverty in many regions. The World Food Prize, awarded to Yuan Longping in 2004, was a testament to the global significance of his work.The story of hybrid rice is also a story of adaptation and innovation. Over the years, researchers have continued to refine and improve the technology. The development of super hybrid rice, which can yield even more grain per acre, is a testament to the ongoing commitment to enhancing agricultural productivity.Moreover, the principles of hybrid rice have been applied to other crops, such as wheat and corn, further expanding the reach of this groundbreaking technology. The potential applications of hybrid breeding are vast, offering solutions to some of the most pressing challenges in agriculture, such as climate change and resource scarcity.In conclusion, the birth of hybrid rice is a remarkable chapter in the annals of agricultural science. It is a story of human ingenuity, perseverance, and the power of science to transform lives. The legacy of Yuan Longping and his teams work continues to inspire new generations of scientists and farmers, reminding us of the boundless potential of innovation in the pursuit of a more sustainable and foodsecure future.。

遗传学课后习题及答案

Aa
A
a
AAa a
Aa
Chapter 3 Mendelian Genetics
1. 为什么分离现象比显、隐性现象有更重要的意义？
2. 在番茄中，红果色（R）对黄果色（r）是显性，问下列杂交可以产生哪些基因型、哪些表现型，它们的比例如何？
（1）RR×rr
(2)Rr×rr
(3)Rr×Rr
(4) Rr×RR
（2）马-驴杂种高度不育。因为减数分裂形成具有完整染色体组的配子的几率很小。具体说，杂种形成正常马配子的概率是：（1/2）32，形成正常驴配子的概率是（1/2）31，而这两种配子受精形成合子的概率是（1/2）32×（1/2）31=（1/2）63。注：马-驴杂合杂种形成正常精细胞的概率应是（1/2）31 和（1/2）30。
答：
5×4=20 个 5×1=5 个 5×1=5 个 5×1=5 个
7. 马的二倍体染色体数是 64，驴的二倍体染色体数是 62。（1）马和驴的杂种染色体数是多少？（2）如果马和驴之间在减数分裂时很少或没有配对，你是否能说明马-驴杂种是可育还是不育？答：（1）马和驴的杂种染色体数是 32+31=63。
性。现有两种杂交组合，问它们后代的表型如何?
（1）TTGgRr×ttGgrr
(2)TtGgrr×ttGgrr
配子
3/4 G
1/4 g
1/2 T 1/2 t
3/8 TGr 3/8 tGr
1/8 Tgr r
1/8 tgr
解：
配子
1/2 R
3/4 G 3/8 TGR
1/4 g 1/8 TgR T
1/2 r 3/8 TGr 1/8 Tgr
6．在番茄中，缺刻叶和马铃薯是一对相对性状，显性基因 C 控制缺刻叶，基因型 cc 是马铃薯叶。紫茎和绿茎是另一相对性状，显性基因 A 控制紫茎,基因型 aa 的植株是绿茎。把紫茎、马铃薯叶的纯合植株与绿茎、缺刻叶的纯合植株杂交，在 F2 中得到 9：3：3：1 的分离比。如果把 F1（1）与紫茎、马铃薯叶亲本回交；（2）与绿茎、缺刻叶亲本回交；以及（3）用双隐性植株测交时，下代表型比例如何?

中美高中生物教材中“孟德尔遗传定律”部分的比较

中美高中生物教材中“孟德尔遗传定律”部分的比较作者：马小明王燕霞来源：《中学生物学》2017年第08期摘要从教材的位置、内容呈现思路、栏目设计、图表等方面比较了中美高中生物教材中关于孟德尔遗传定律内容的异同，指出各自特色。

关键词中美教材孟德尔遗传定律比较中图分类号 G633.91 文献标志码 B孟德尔通过豌豆杂交实验发现并总结得出的分离定律和自由组合定律是遗传学中最基本、最重要的定律，奠定了遗传学发展的基础。

它们的发现标志着遗传学正式走上科学道路，成为一门自然科学。

高中生物学中遗传学占相当比重，在人教版2007年出版的高中生物教材《遗传与进化》（简称“中国教材”）和美国The McGraw-Hill Companies 2008年出版的生物教材《Biology》（简称“美国教材”）都有孟德尔遗传规律的内容。

但是，在教材中出现位置、内容呈现思路、相关栏目设计以及图表等多方面存在差异。

下面比较分析中美教材在处理相同教学内容时的差异和特色，以便了解中美教材关于孟德尔遗传定律内容设置的特点，从而借鉴美国教材的优点，完善我国教材的不足之处，推动我国高中生物教材的开发和改革，以更好的促进生物教学的发展。

1 教材中的位置比较美国教材中孟德尔遗传定律设置在第三单元第十章第二节标题为“Mendelian Genetics”。

前一节（第一节）内容为“减数分裂”，其中已涉及到“基因在染色体上”；后一节为“基因连锁和多倍体”。

中国教材中孟德尔遗传规律设置在必修二第一章，分为两节内容“孟德尔豌豆杂交实验（一）”和“孟德尔的豌豆杂交实验（二）”，其后的第二章第一节为“减数分裂和受精作用”。

可见，美国教材在编排中注重了知识的系统性和学生思维的连续性，即先学习减数分裂，明确形成配子过程中染色体的变化，交代清楚等位基因随同源染色体的分离而分离，然后进入孟德尔分离定律的学习。

学生容易理解等位基因的分离过程和分离时间。

中国教材在编排中注重了科学史的重现，先学习孟德尔豌豆杂交实验。