chap06-1formal1

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thousand 6.Two _________ (thousand) workers will attend the meeting. 7.The ____________ (present) will be held in presentation Beijing this coming Saturday. died 8. The film star _____(die) in his house and no one could tell the reason of his _____ death mysteries (die). There are many ______ (mystery) in it. 9.If you are an animal lover, you will find the programme a bit __________ (disturb). disturbing 10.The story actually (actural) took place in ______ Nanjing.
3.合成词合成词 • friendship spaceman • round-up relationship • background up-to-date 4. 容易错的过去式及过去分词 • broadcast---broadcast---broadcast • throw---threw---thrown • put--put--put take--took--taken
have voted online for …已经在网上投票选出已经在网上投票选出… 已经在网上投票选出 music videos 音乐唱片 The result will be announced. 结果将被宣布。结果将被宣布。 announce the result宣布结果宣布结果 during the programme 在节目现场 send text messages to .发短信到发短信到…… 发短信到 win two free concert tickets赢得两张免费的音乐会票 a horror film directed by sb由某人导演的恐怖电影由某人导演的恐怖电影 be found dead 被发现死亡 not …until 直到才… 直到…才 find out the answer to the question 找到问题的答案 be full of horror and mysteries充满恐怖和神秘充满恐怖和神秘 love solving mysteries 喜欢解谜 a one-hour documentary 一小时的记录片

FoodandDrugAdministration,HHS167;178

Food and Drug Administration, HHS§178.3450List of substancesLimitationsPolysorbate 85 (polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan trioleate) meet-ing the following specifications: Saponification number 80– 95, oxyethylene content 46–50 percent.Sodium 1,4-dicylcohexyl sulfosuccinate.Sodium 1,4-dihexyl sulfosuccinate.Sodium 1,4 diisobutyl sulfosuccinate.Sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate.Sodium 1,4-dipentyl sulfosuccinate.Sodium 1,4-ditridecyl sulfosuccinate.Sodium lauryl sulfate.Sodium monoalkylphenoxybenzenedisulfonate and sodium dialkylphenoxybenzenedisulfonate mixtures containing not less than 70 pct of the monoalkylated product where the alkyl group is C 8C 16.Sorbitan monolaurate meeting the following specifications. Sa-ponification number 153–170; and hydroxyl number 330–360.Sorbitan monooleate meeting the following specifications: Sa-ponification number 145–160, hydroxyl number 193–210.Sorbitan monopalmitate meeting the following specifications: Saponification No. 140–150; and hydroxyl No. 275–305.Sorbitan monostearate conforming to the identity prescribed in §172.842 of this chapter.Sorbitan trioleate meeting the following specifications: Saponi-fication No. 170–190; and hydroxyl No. 55–70.Sorbitan tristearate meeting the following specifications: Sa-ponification No. 176–188; and hydroxyl No. 66–80.Sulfosuccinic acid 4-ester with polyethylene glycol dodecyl ether, disodium salt (CAS Reg. No. 39354–45–5).For use only at levels not to exceed 5 percent by weight of total monomers used in the emulsion polymerization of poly-vinyl acetate, acrylic, and vinyl/acrylic polymers intended foruse as coatings for paper and paperboard.Sulfosuccinic acid 4-ester with polyethylene glycol nonylphenyl ether, disodium salt (alcohol moiety produced by condensa-tion of 1 mole nonylphenol and an average of 9–10 moles of ethylene oxide) (CAS Reg. No. 9040–38–4).For use only at levels not to exceed 5 percent by weight of the total coating monomers used in the emulsion polymerizationof polyvinyl acetate and vinyl-acrylate copolymers intended for use as coatings for paper and paperboard. a -[p -(1,1,3,3-Tetramethylbutyl)phenyl] omega - hydroxypoly(oxyethylene) produced by the condensation of 1 mole of p -(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl) phenol with an average of 4–14 or 30–40 moles of ethylene oxide; if a blend of prod-ucts is used, the average number of moles of ethylene oxide reacted to produce any product that is a component of the blend shall be in the range 4–14 or 30–50.Tetrasodium N -(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)-N -octadecyl-sulfosuccinate For use only as a polymerization emulsifier for resins appliedto tea-bag material.a -Tridecyl-omega -hydroxypoly (oxyethylene) mixture of di-hydrogen phosphate and monohydrogen phosphate esters that have an acid number (to pH 5.2) of 75–85 and that are produced by the esterification of the condensation product of one mole of ‘‘oxo’’ process tridecyl alcohol with 5.5–6.5 moles of ethylene oxide.a -Tridecyl-omega -hydroxypoly (oxyethyl-ene) mixture of di-hydrogen phosphate and monohydrogen phosphate esters that have an acid number (to pH 5.2) of 58–70 and that are produced by the esterification of the condensation product of one mole of ‘‘oxo’’ process tridecyl alcohol with 9–10 moles of ethylene oxide.(d) The provisions of this section are not applicable to emulsifiers and/or surface-active agents listed in§175.105(c)(5) of this chapter and used in food-packaging adhesives complyingwith §175.105 of this chapter.[42 FR 14609, Mar. 15, 1977] E DITORIAL N OTE : For F EDERAL R EGISTER ci-tations affecting §178.3400, see the List of CFR Sections Affected, which appears in the Finding Aids section of the printed volume and on GPO Access. §178.3450Esters of stearic and pal-mitic acids.The ester stearyl palmitate or palmityl stearate or mixtures thereofmay be safely used as adjuvants infood-packaging materials when used in accordance with the following pre-scribed conditions:21 CFR Ch. I (4–1–07 Edition) §178.3480(a) They are used or intended for use as plasticizers or lubricants in poly-styrene intended for use in contact with food.(b) They are added to the formulated polymer prior to extrusion.(c) The quantity used shall not ex-ceed that required to accomplish the intended technical effect.§178.3480Fatty alcohols, synthetic. Synthetic fatty alcohols may be safe-ly used as components of articles in-tended for use in contact with food, and in synthesizing food additives and other substances permitted for use as components of articles intended for use in contact with food in accordance with the following prescribed condi-tions:(a) The food additive consists of fatty alcohols meeting the specifications and definition prescribed in §172.864 of this chapter, except as provided in para-graph (c) of this section.(b) It is used or intended for use as follows:(1) As substitutes for the cor-responding naturally derived fatty al-cohols permitted for use as components of articles intended for use in contact with food by existing regulations in parts 174, 175, 176, 177, 178 and §179.45 of this chapter: Provided, That the use is in compliance with any prescribed lim-itations.(2) As substitutes for the cor-responding naturally derived fatty al-cohols used as intermediates in the synthesis of food additives and other substances permitted for use as compo-nents of food-contact articles.(c) Synthetic fatty alcohols identi-fied in paragraph (c)(1) of this section may contain not more than 0.8 weight percent of total diols as determined by a method titled ‘‘Diols in Monohydroxy Alcohol by Miniature Thin Layer Chro-matography (MTLC),’’ which is incor-porated by reference. Copies are avail-able from the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (HFS–200), Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy., College Park, MD 20740, or available for inspection at the Na-tional Archives and Records Adminis-tration (NARA). For information on the availability of this material at NARA, call 202–741–6030, or go to: http:// /federal l register/code l of l federal l regulations/ibr l locations.html.(1) Synthetic fatty alcohols. (i) Hexyl, octyl, decyl, lauryl, myristyl, cetyl,and stearyl alcohols meeting the speci-fications and definition prescribed in§172.864 of this chapter, except that they may contain not more than 0.8 weight percent total diols.(ii) Lauryl, myristyl, cetyl, and ste-aryl alcohols manufactured by the process described in §172.864(a)(2) ofthis chapter such that lauryl and myristyl alcohols meet the specifica-tions in §172.864(a)(1)(i) of this chapter,and cetyl and stearyl alcohols meet the specifications in §172.864(a)(1)(ii) of this chapter.(2) Conditions of use. (i) Synthetic fatty alcohols as substitutes for the corresponding naturally derived fatty alcohols permitted for use in compli-ance with §178.3910.(ii) Synthetic lauryl alcohol as a sub-stitute for the naturally derived lauryl alcohol permitted as an intermediatein the synthesis of sodium lauryl sul-fate used in compliance with §178.3400.[42 FR 14609, Mar. 15, 1977, as amended at 47FR 11847, Mar. 19, 1982; 54 FR 24898, June 12, 1989]§178.3500Glycerin, synthetic.Synthetic glycerin may be safely used as a component of articles in-tended for use in packaging materialsfor food, subject to the provisions ofthis section:(a) It is produced by the hydro-genolysis of carbohydrates, and shall contain not in excess of 0.2 percent by weight of a mixture of butanetriols.(b) It is used in a quantity not to ex-ceed that amount reasonably requiredto produce its intended physical or technical effect, and in accordance with any limitations prescribed by ap-plicable regulations in parts 174, 175, 176, 177, 178 and 179 of this chapter. Itshall not be intended to, nor in fact ac-complish, any direct physical or tech-nical effect in the food itself.§178.3505Glyceryl tri-(12-acetoxy-stearate).Glyceryl tri-(12-acetoxystearate) (CAS Reg. No. 139–43–5) may be safely。

MODES v1.1 用户手册说明书

----------------------- MODES v1.1 User Manual -----------------------ReferencesMining Coherent Dense Subgraphs Across Massive Biological Networks for Functional DiscoveryHaiyan Hu1, Xifeng Yan2, Yu Huang1, Jiawei Han2, and Xianghong Jasmine Zhou11 Program in Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA2 Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801IntroductionMODES stands for Mining Overlapping DENSE Subgraphs. The input graph for MODES is an unweighted graph Ĝ=(V, Ê) where an edge e(u,v) connects vertices u and v (u, v∈V). MODES is developed based on HCS (Mining Highly Connected Subgraphs) (Hartuv & Shamir, 2000), with two new features: (1) MODES is efficient in identifying dense subgraphs; and more importantly, (2) MODES can discover overlapping subgraphs. The algorithm behind it is described in the related paper (see REFERENCES).PlatformsMODES was developed and tested on Linux (Debian and Redhat) using gcc2.95, and should be able to run on most UNIX systems.Usagemodes [command-line options] <input-files>Command-Line Options-m k(run_mode)There are 2 running modes available for MODES. Valid k values are:(1) k=0, is to find all clusters(2) k=1 is to find all clusters containing gene x-i str(inputfile)The path and name of the input overlapped frequency graph file, which is in thematrix format currently.-n k(gene_num)This parameter specifies the gene number from the inputfile, i.e. the dimension of the input matrix file.-o str(outputfile_name_prefix)This is the prefix of the output clusters file. Thus the output file containing thefirst order clusters would be outputfile_name_prefixFO, while the final output file containing the second order clusters would be outputfile_name_prefixSO.-g k(min_graph_size)This parameter specifies the minimum node number requirement of the outputsubgraph. Default value is 5.-e k(bottom_edge_freq)This argument specifies the minimum edge weight required to be kept as an edge in the input graph. Default value is 6.-d f(density_cutoff_order1)This argument specifies the minimum density requirement for the dense subgraph generated. Default value is 0.5.-s k(the maximum node number to apply min-cut)This paprameter specifies the maximum number of nodes in a graph whenperforming min-cut algorithm instead of normal-cut algorithm. Default value is80.-c f(connect perc restoring the condensed cluster)This argument controls the connectivity percentage requirement for keeping anode when restore a subgraph from a condensed cluster node. Default value is 0.6. -x k(genex)This argument specifies the gene (index), the clusters containing which is to bediscovered when running modes with run_mode as 0.Note: The maximum gene num MODESv1.1 can handle is 65535.Input-FilesThe input graph could be in three formats: matrix format, edge format, and another is edge list format.Note: In the examples below, the symbol “|” represent a Tab separator, and “|_|” represents a space separator.(a) Matrix formatThe input graph prototype is an integer symmetric matrix with dimension asgenenumber × gene number. The intersection of ith gene row and jth genecolumn is the number of datasets in which this gene pair significant correlated in terms of Jackknife correlation. Or other interested relation frequency defined byuser. If your input summary graph prototype is in the matrix format, you need to specify –n gene number in the command line. The example of this file is in~/MODES/data/input/summaryG500.txt.(b) Edge formatThe input graph is a set of weighted edges. The format is:Node I1 | Node J1 | WeightNode I2 | Node J2 | WeightNode I3 | Node J3 | Weight….Since MODESv1.0 is applied on unweighted graph, the weight value is not really used in MODES. Or other interested relation frequency defined by user. If your input graph is in the edge format, you need to specify –y edge number in thecommand line.(c) Edge List formatThe input graph is a set of edges. The format is:Node I1 |_| Node J1Node I2 |_| Node J2Node I3 |_| Node J3….If your input graph is in the edge list format, you need to specify –y edge number in the command line.Output-FilesThe clustering results are in the output file user specified.The format is:Cluster index | node number n in this cluster | edge number m in this cluster | gene 1’s index | gene 2’s index | ...| gene n’s index.EXAMPLESmodes -m run_mode -i myinputfile -n genenum -o outputfile -g min_graph_size -e bottom_edge_freq -d density_cutoff_order1 -s the maximum node number of a first order subgraph -c connect perc restoring the condensedcluster -x genexThe initial try could be the following command:./modes -m 0 i ../data/input/g1.matrix -n 10 -o ../data/output/g1.matrix.out4 -g 4 -e 1 -d 0.9Example for running mode at 0:modes –m 0 –i myinputfile –n genenum –o myoutputfile –g 5 –e 6 –d 4 –s 80 –c 0.6This will set the minimum output graph size as 5, the edge support threshold as >=6, the dense subgraph cut off as 0.4, and the maximum number of nodes in a graph when performing min-cut algorithm instead of normal-cut algorithm is 80. This will generate the dense subgraph file as myoutputfile.Example for running mode at 1:modes –m 1 –i myinputfile -n genenum –o myoutputfileprefix –g 5 –e 6 –d 4 –s 80 –c 0.6 –x 21This will set the minimum output graph size as 5, the edge support threshold as >=6, the first order dense subgraph cut off as 0.4, and the maximum number of nodes in a graph when performing min-cut algorithm instead of normal-cut algorithm is 80. This will generate the subgraph file containing gene 21 as myoutputfile.NoteThis is MODES version 1.1. Testing hasn’t been exhaustive. Feedback and application description are always welcome. Contact ************** for bugs and questions about MODES.ContactsXianghong Jasmine ZhouAssistant ProfessorProgram in Molecular and Computational BiologyUniversity of Southern CaliforniaOffice: DRB291 Phone: 213-740-7055 Fax: 213-740-2437Email: **************。

chatgpt检索文献

chatgpt检索文献ChatGPT是一种基于人工智能技术的对话生成模型，它可以通过与用户的对话来生成自然语言的回复。

近年来，ChatGPT在各个领域都取得了显著的进展，其中之一就是在文献检索方面的应用。

文献检索是科研工作者经常面临的一个重要任务。

在进行研究时，我们需要查找相关的文献来了解前人的研究成果和相关领域的最新进展。

传统的文献检索方法通常是通过关键词搜索或者使用专门的文献数据库来查找相关的论文。

然而，这种方法存在一些局限性，比如搜索结果可能不够准确，或者需要花费大量的时间和精力来筛选和阅读大量的文献。

ChatGPT的出现为文献检索带来了新的可能性。

通过与ChatGPT进行对话，我们可以直接向它提问关于特定领域的问题，比如“有关人工智能在医疗领域的应用有哪些？”或者“最近有哪些关于气候变化的研究成果？”ChatGPT会根据已有的文献知识和语言模型生成相应的回答，帮助我们快速获取相关的文献信息。

与传统的文献检索方法相比，ChatGPT具有以下几个优势。

首先，ChatGPT可以根据用户的具体问题生成个性化的回答，而不是简单地返回一些关键词匹配的结果。

这样可以提高检索结果的准确性和相关性。

其次，ChatGPT可以根据用户的反馈进行迭代，逐步优化回答的质量。

如果用户对某个回答不满意，可以进一步追问或者提供更多的上下文信息，帮助ChatGPT更好地理解用户的需求。

最后，ChatGPT可以通过学习用户的偏好和历史对话记录，提供更加个性化和精准的文献推荐。

然而，ChatGPT在文献检索中也存在一些挑战和限制。

首先，由于ChatGPT是基于大规模预训练语言模型的，它的回答是基于已有的文献知识和语言模式生成的，并不能保证回答的准确性和权威性。

因此，在使用ChatGPT进行文献检索时，我们仍然需要对回答进行验证和核实。

其次，ChatGPT的回答可能受到训练数据的偏见和限制，导致一些不准确或者片面的回答。

因此，我们需要对ChatGPT的回答保持一定的谨慎和批判性思维。

ChatGPT的使用前提和要求

ChatGPT的使用前提和要求随着人工智能技术的不断发展，自然语言处理领域的研究也取得了长足的进步。

ChatGPT作为一种基于大规模预训练模型的对话生成系统，具有广泛的应用前景。

然而，要充分发挥ChatGPT的潜力，我们需要明确其使用前提和要求。

首先，ChatGPT的使用前提是了解其基本原理和工作方式。

ChatGPT是通过对大量文本数据进行预训练来学习语言模式和知识表示的。

在实际使用中，用户输入的对话会被送入ChatGPT模型，模型会根据输入内容生成相应的回复。

因此，用户需要对ChatGPT的工作方式有一定的了解，以便更好地与其进行交互。

其次，ChatGPT的使用要求是提供清晰明了的输入。

由于ChatGPT是基于文本的对话生成系统，它对输入的敏感度较高。

为了获得更准确和有意义的回复，用户应尽量提供清晰、简洁和准确的问题或指令。

避免使用模糊、含糊或多义的语句，以免引起误解或产生不符合预期的回复。

此外，ChatGPT的使用要求是合理的上下文交互。

ChatGPT并不具备持久的记忆能力，它只能根据当前的输入内容生成回复。

因此，用户需要在对话中提供必要的上下文信息，以便ChatGPT能够更好地理解问题并生成合适的回复。

同时，用户还应尽量避免在对话中频繁改变话题或提问无关的问题，以保持对话的连贯性和一致性。

另外，ChatGPT的使用要求是注意回复的可信度和准确性。

尽管ChatGPT在大规模数据上进行了预训练，但它仍然可能生成一些不准确、不完整或甚至错误的回复。

因此，用户在使用ChatGPT时应保持一定的谨慎，对生成的回复进行合理的判断和筛选。

在处理重要或敏感问题时，最好结合其他可靠的信息来源进行验证，以确保获得可信度较高的回复。

此外，ChatGPT的使用要求是遵守道德和法律规范。

虽然ChatGPT是基于大规模数据进行训练的，但它并不具备道德判断和法律意识。

用户在与ChatGPT进行对话时，应避免提供、传播或讨论违法、不道德或有害的内容。

chatgpt有机化学

chatgpt有机化学chatgpt模型在机械工程领域的应用越来越广泛，但在有机化学领域中，它也有着非常重要的作用。

有机化学是研究有机物质的组成、结构、性质、合成和反应等方面的科学。

通过chatgpt可以对有机化学进行智能化的问答和讨论，提供有机化学方面的知识和解决问题的方法。

有机化学是化学的一个重要分支，研究的对象是含有碳元素的化合物。

我们生活中的许多物质都是有机化合物，比如糖、脂肪、蛋白质等。

有机化学的研究内容非常广泛，包括有机化合物的命名、结构、性质、合成和反应等方面。

有机化合物的命名是有机化学的基础。

通常情况下，有机化合物的命名遵循一定的规则，比如根据它的结构和官能团进行命名。

例如，对于含有一个碳碳双键的化合物，它的命名通常以烯烃为结尾。

而对于含有一个羰基的化合物，它的命名通常以酮或醛为结尾。

有机化合物的结构对其性质和反应具有重要影响。

有机化合物的结构可以通过分析其光谱数据来确定，比如红外光谱和质谱等。

有机化合物的结构可以通过分子模型进行表示，比如平面式、简化式和线式等。

有机化合物的结构可以通过化学反应进行改变，比如加成反应、消除反应和取代反应等。

有机化合物的性质包括物理性质和化学性质。

物理性质包括熔点、沸点、溶解度和密度等。

化学性质包括酸碱性、氧化性和还原性等。

有机化合物的性质可以通过实验进行测定，比如通过测定其熔点和沸点来确定其纯度，通过测定其酸碱性来确定其化学性质。

有机化合物的合成是有机化学的核心内容之一。

有机化合物的合成可以通过不同的方法进行，比如酯化反应、醚化反应和酰化反应等。

有机化合物的合成方法主要包括两大类，一类是直接合成法，即通过少数几步反应就可以合成目标化合物；另一类是间接合成法，即通过多步反应来合成目标化合物。

有机化合物的反应是有机化学的另一个重要内容。

有机化合物的反应可以分为加成反应、消除反应和取代反应等。

加成反应是指两个分子之间发生化学结合，生成一个新的分子。

消除反应是指一个分子中的两个官能团之间发生化学反应，生成两个新的分子。

ChatGPT技术的模型参数初始化方法与实用技巧

ChatGPT技术的模型参数初始化方法与实用技巧ChatGPT是OpenAI推出的一项自然语言处理技术，通过使用预训练的大型神经网络模型，能够生成人类般流畅的对话。

在ChatGPT的实现过程中，模型参数的初始化方法和实用技巧起着重要的作用，对模型的性能和效果都有着直接的影响。

本文将探讨ChatGPT技术中的模型参数初始化方法与一些实用技巧，以提高ChatGPT模型的效果和鲁棒性。

一、模型参数初始化方法1. 预训练初始化：ChatGPT模型的初始化通常从预训练阶段开始。

预训练使用的是大规模的语料库，模型通过学习这些数据中的语义和语法知识来获取初步的参数初始化。

这个过程能够使得模型具备一定的语言理解和生成能力。

2. 高斯初始化：ChatGPT模型中的参数通常使用高斯分布来初始化。

这种方法可以为模型提供一个良好的初始状态，并且有助于模型的收敛和稳定性。

高斯初始化可以根据不同的层和参数进行调整，以满足不同层次的需求。

3. 标准化初始化：标准化初始化是一种通过对参数进行标准化处理的初始化方法。

通过将参数限制在特定的范围内，可以防止参数过大或过小，从而改善模型的表现。

这种方法适用于具有不同尺度的输入数据的模型。

4. Xavier/Glorot初始化：Xavier/Glorot初始化是一种广泛使用的参数初始化方法，特别适用于激活函数为线性或Sigmoid函数的网络。

该方法能够控制梯度的流动，使得每一层的输出具有合适的方差，并且能够提高模型的训练速度和效果。

二、实用技巧1. 数据增强：数据增强是一种通过对输入数据进行随机变换来扩充数据集的技术。

在ChatGPT中，可以使用数据增强技巧，如删除、交换或替换输入文本的词语，以生成更多的训练样本。

这样可以提高模型的泛化能力和鲁棒性。

2. 对抗训练：对抗训练是一种通过同时训练生成器和判别器来提高模型性能的技术。

对于ChatGPT模型而言，可以通过引入一个对话判别器，与生成器进行对抗来优化模型的生成效果。

ChatGPT技术的数据清洗与脏数据处理方法

ChatGPT技术的数据清洗与脏数据处理方法ChatGPT是一种基于深度学习的语言生成模型，可以产生与人类对话相似的文本。

该技术的潜在应用领域广泛，涵盖了客服对话系统、智能助手、自然语言处理等。

然而，ChatGPT在生成文本时存在一个重要问题，即脏数据的生成。

脏数据是指不准确、不一致、冲突或具有误导性的数据，这种数据会导致ChatGPT生成的回答不符合预期、包含错误信息或无效的建议。

因此，数据清洗和处理是确保ChatGPT技术生成高质量文本的关键步骤。

首先，数据清洗是指对原始数据进行处理，以去除潜在的错误和不必要的文本。

这一步骤可以通过下面几种方法实现。

一种方法是使用规则和模式匹配来检测和排除脏数据。

这可以通过编写正则表达式或使用预定义的规则来实现。

例如，在对话数据中，可以定义一些规则来排除包含URL链接、特殊字符或明显错误格式的文本。

另一种常见的方法是使用人工标注数据进行验证和过滤。

人工标注数据是指由人类专家标记的数据，可以用作验证模型输出的参考。

通过与人工标注数据进行比较，可以筛选掉ChatGPT生成的明显错误或不合适的回答。

除了数据清洗，还可以通过数据预处理来改善ChatGPT的生成结果。

数据预处理可以包括以下几个方面的操作。

首先，可以对不一致和重复的数据进行处理。

例如，语料中有重复的对话或类似的问题，可以通过去重或合并重复的对话来降低数据的冗余度。

这有助于提高ChatGPT生成文本的多样性和准确性。

其次，可以进行数据的归一化和标准化。

这意味着将数据转换为统一的格式，以避免不一致性和混淆。

例如，将日期和时间表达式转换为标准格式，统一大小写，统一术语等。

另外，数据预处理还可以包括词干化、词形还原和停用词过滤等操作。

这些操作有助于提取关键信息、简化输入数据并减少噪声。

除了数据清洗和预处理，还可以利用生成模型的评估和反馈机制来提高ChatGPT的表现。

通过建立一个评估模型，可以对生成的回答进行自动评估。

如何使用ChatGPT技术生成上下文一致的回答

如何使用ChatGPT技术生成上下文一致的回答ChatGPT是OpenAI公司开发的一种人工智能技术，可以生成上下文一致的回答。

这项技术有着广泛的应用领域，比如自动客服、在线聊天机器人等。

在这篇文章中，我们将探讨如何使用ChatGPT技术来生成上下文一致的回答，并且不断提升其质量和效果。

首先，为了生成上下文一致的回答，我们需要给ChatGPT提供足够的上下文信息。

这样，ChatGPT才能理解问题的背景和语境，提供恰当的回答。

因此，我们需要将问题和之前的对话历史作为输入，以便ChatGPT能够在此基础上生成回答。

这种方式确保了回答的连贯性，并且符合对话的逻辑。

其次，为了提高ChatGPT生成回答的质量，我们可以采用一些技巧。

例如，我们可以引入多个样本来扩大ChatGPT的训练数据集，这有助于增加其对各种问题和语境的理解能力。

另外，我们还可以通过调整模型的参数和超参数来优化其性能，例如增加模型的大小、增大批次大小等。

此外，为了使ChatGPT生成的回答更加人性化和流畅，我们可以采用引导式生成的方法。

这意味着我们可以通过给ChatGPT提供一些提示或问题的重述来影响其回答的方式。

例如，我们可以在提问时使用特定的词语或短语，以便ChatGPT在回答时更加准确和相关。

这样的引导可以提高ChatGPT生成回答的质量，并且避免了不必要的歧义或误解。

除了以上的方法，我们还可以通过对ChatGPT进行多轮对话的训练来改进其效果。

这种训练方式使ChatGPT能够在更复杂的对话情境中生成一致的回答，并且能够理解和应对多个问题的组合。

通过不断提供更多的对话数据，ChatGPT可以学习到更多的上下文信息，从而生成更具连贯性和一致性的回答。

然而，尽管ChatGPT在生成上下文一致的回答方面取得了一定的成功，它仍然存在一些挑战和限制。

例如，在处理上下文中的悬而未决问题时，ChatGPT可能会给出不确定的回答。

此外，当提供的上下文信息过于复杂或凌乱时，ChatGPT可能会产生混乱或不相关的回答。

ChatGPT技术的语料库选择与预处理方法指南

ChatGPT技术的语料库选择与预处理方法指南概述ChatGPT是一种基于深度学习的对话生成模型。

它可以生成连贯、有逻辑性的对话，具有广泛的应用前景。

然而，要训练出高质量的ChatGPT模型，选择正确的语料库和进行合适的预处理是至关重要的。

本文将提供一些指南，帮助您在选择语料库和进行预处理时做出明智的决策。

1. 语料库选择1.1 真实对话数据ChatGPT的语料库应尽可能接近真实对话。

这确保了模型能够学习到最贴近现实的对话模式和语言使用习惯。

真实对话数据可以从多个渠道获取，包括社交媒体、聊天记录、论坛帖子等。

在选择真实对话数据时，需要注意：- 数据源的可靠性：确保选择来自可靠来源的数据，避免不准确或有误导性的对话内容。

- 数据的多样性：选择不同主题、不同语言风格和不同社交背景的对话数据。

这样可以让ChatGPT模型学习到更广泛的对话模式。

- 数据的质量：筛选数据时要注意排除重复、无关或低质量的对话内容。

1.2 模拟对话数据除了真实对话数据外，模拟对话数据也可以作为模型训练的补充。

模拟对话数据是人工生成的对话，可以用于引入特定情境或控制对话的内容和结构。

在选择模拟对话数据时，需要考虑以下因素：- 多样性和合理性：模拟对话应涵盖不同场景、不同语言风格和不同对话目的。

模拟对话内容应具有合理性，能够代表真实对话中可能出现的情况。

- 数据量的控制：模拟对话数据可以用于控制模型在某些特定主题上的表现。

然而，不应过分依赖模拟对话数据，以免模型在真实对话环境中的表现受限。

2. 预处理方法2.1 清洗和去噪在使用语料库训练ChatGPT模型之前，需要进行一些预处理步骤，以清洗和去除无用的信息。

这可以通过以下方法实现：- 删除无用字符：去除特殊字符、标点符号等，只保留对话的实际文本内容。

- 去除HTML标签和链接：如果语料库中包含来自网页或聊天历史的文本，需要去除其中的HTML标签和链接。

- 处理重复对话：对于重复的对话，可以只保留一份，以避免模型过度关注某些特定对话内容。

ChatGPT技术的使用指南与操作手册

ChatGPT技术的使用指南与操作手册引言随着人工智能技术的飞速发展，ChatGPT成为了近年来备受瞩目的语言处理模型之一。

ChatGPT的优势在于其能够生成具有语法正确性和逻辑连贯性的文本。

本文将为您介绍ChatGPT技术的使用指南和操作手册，帮助您更好地了解和应用这一技术。

一、ChatGPT技术概述ChatGPT是由OpenAI发布的一种基于深度学习的自然语言处理模型。

它基于强化学习和自监督学习方法，并通过大规模的预训练数据进行训练。

该技术的目标是生成自然流畅的对话，以满足用户在日常生活中的各种需求。

二、ChatGPT技术的应用领域1. 客服与虚拟助手ChatGPT可以应用于客服平台和虚拟助手中，为用户提供有关产品和服务的信息、答疑解惑和问题解决。

通过与ChatGPT进行对话，用户能够得到更详细、个性化的帮助，提升用户体验。

2. 写作与创意支持对于作家、创作者来说，ChatGPT是一个很好的工具。

它可以为创作者提供灵感和构思，帮助他们克服创作障碍。

创作者可以与ChatGPT进行对话，得到激发创作灵感的建议和主意。

3. 教育与学习对于学生和教育工作者来说，ChatGPT提供了一个有趣的学习工具。

学生可以与ChatGPT进行对话，获取更多的学习资源和学科知识，同时也可以通过对话的形式进行自我测试和巩固。

4. 研究与探索ChatGPT可以作为研究工具应用在各个领域。

研究人员可以与ChatGPT进行对话，了解相关领域的最新研究进展，借助ChatGPT的帮助加速学习和研究过程。

三、ChatGPT技术的使用指南1. 起步要使用ChatGPT技术，首先需要访问OpenAI的官方网站，申请API访问权限。

一旦获得访问权限，就可以通过API接口与ChatGPT进行对话。

2. 对话策略在与ChatGPT进行对话时，需要合理制定对话策略。

根据对话目的和用户需求，可以选择以下策略：问答模式、主题导向、引导式对话等。

formalitu脚本及说明

Fm.tclset VNET_LIST(r) /disk2/user/epon/epon/STA/back-anno/0530/top_0530.v set VNET_LIST(i) /disk2/user/epon/epon/STA/back-anno/0601/ECO_0530_3_Route.vgset TOP topset DATE [ sh date +%m%d%y ]set SESSION FM_${TOP}_${DATE}sh rm -rf ${SESSION}.runsh mkdir -p ${SESSION}.runsource ./FM_setup.tclsource ./slow_lib.tclread_verilog -container r -libname WORK $VNET_LIST(r)set_top r:/WORK/${TOP}read_verilog -container i -libname WORK $VNET_LIST(i)set_top i:/WORK/${TOP}matchreport_unmatched_points > ${SESSION}.run/report_unmatched_points.rptreport_matched_points > ${SESSION}.run/report_matched_points.rptset result [verify r:/WORK/${TOP} i:/WORK/${TOP}]report_failing > ${SESSION}.run/report_failing.rptreport_passing > ${SESSION}.run/report_passing.rptreport_aborted > ${SESSION}.run/report_aborted.rptif { $result == 1 } {exit} else {start_gui}Fm_setup.tclset sh_new_variable_message "false" ; # default = "true"set hdlin_auto_top "false" ; # default = "false"set hdlin_unresolved_modules "black_box" ; # default = "error"set verification_failing_point_limit 999 ; # default = 20slow_lib.tclset search_path {/disk2/user/epon/epon/LIB/synopsys/SC/disk2/user/epon/epon/LIB/synopsys/IO/disk2/user/epon/epon/LIB/synopsys/MEM}foreach path $search_path {foreach file [ glob -nocomplain $path/*.db ] {if { ( [ regexp {_ss\.db$} $file ] == 1 ) || ( [ regexp {_worst\.db$} $file ] == 1 )} { read_db $file}}}运行的时候，首先在fm.tcl中把文件名改好，然后直接输入 fm_shell –f fm.tcl 就可以了。

chatgpt用法用

chatgpt用法用**《ChatGPT用法指南》**ChatGPT是一款功能强大的对话模型，由OpenAI公司开发，被广泛应用于自然语言处理任务。

它具有理解能力、对话能力、学习能力，能够根据上下文进行交流，为用户提供更加自然、流畅的对话体验。

在使用ChatGPT之前，我们需要了解其基本用法，以下是一份简单的指南。

**一、安装与启动**首先，您需要下载并安装ChatGPT的客户端。

您可以从官方网站上下载适合您操作系统的版本，按照提示进行安装即可。

安装完成后，您就可以启动ChatGPT客户端了。

**二、创建对话**启动ChatGPT后，您需要创建一个对话会话。

您只需在客户端中输入您的请求或问题，ChatGPT将自动识别您的意图并生成回复。

您还可以使用自然语言进行交流，无需担心语法或拼写错误。

**三、参数配置**ChatGPT支持多种参数配置，您可以根据自己的需求进行调整。

例如，您可以设置回复的优先级、关键词过滤等。

通过这些配置，您可以更好地控制ChatGPT的回复方式，以满足您的特定需求。

**四、模型优化**随着使用时间的增加，ChatGPT会不断优化其模型，以提高回复的准确性和效率。

您可以定期检查模型优化情况，并根据需要调整参数或提出改进建议。

**五、注意事项**在使用ChatGPT时，请确保您遵守法律法规和道德规范。

不要使用ChatGPT进行非法活动，如欺诈、侵犯他人隐私等。

同时，请尊重他人的隐私和观点，不要进行恶意攻击或诽谤。

总的来说，ChatGPT是一款非常实用的工具，可以帮助您更高效地进行对话交流。

通过了解其基本用法和参数配置，您可以更好地利用ChatGPT为您服务。

最全Chatgpt指令大全

chatgpt指令大全在使用ChatGPT时，当你给的指令越精确，它的回答会越到位，举例来说，假如你要请它帮忙写文案，如果没给予指定情境与对象，它会不知道该如何回答的更加准确。

一、写报告1、我现在正在[报告的情境与目的]。

我的简报主题是[主题]，请提供[数字]种开头方式，要简单到[目标族群]能听懂，同时要足够能吸引人，让他们愿意专心听下去我现在正在修台大的简报课，其中一项作业是要做一份让小学生能听懂的简报。

我的简报主题是机会成本，请提供三种开头方式，要简单到小学生能听懂，同时要足够能吸引人，让他们愿意专心听下去2、写出一篇有关[知识]的[数字]字研究报告，报告中需引述最新的研究，并引用专家观点写出一篇有关自动驾驶的300字研究报告，报告中需引述最新的研究，并引用专家观点3.你是[某个主题]的专家，请针对以下论述[附上论述]，提出[数字]个反驳的论点，每个论点都要有佐证你是大数据分析的专家，请针对以下论述「在数据分析中，越多数据越好」，提出3个反驳的论点，每个论点都要有佐证4、你是[某个主题]的专家，请总结以下内容，并针对以下内容提出未来能进一步研究的方向[附上内容]你是金融科技专家，请总结以下内容，并针对以下内容提出未来能进一步研究的方向[附上内容]二、资料整理1、给我[数字]篇，有关[领域]的文章。

给我5篇，有关SEO的文章。

2、用列点的方式总结出这篇文章的[数字]个重点:[附上文章内容/附上文章网址]。

用列点的方式总结出这篇文章的5个重点:[附上文章内容/附上文章网址]。

3、用列点的方式总结出[数字]个[领域]知识重点用列点的方式总结出10个量子力学知识重点。

三、简历与自传1、这份[职位]的简历，有哪边可以写更好?请以专业面试官的角度，提出具体改进建议。

接着以你提出的建议来改写这段经历，改写时请维持列点的形式。

[附上简历]这份UIUX设计师的简历，有哪边可以写更好?请以专业面试官的角度，提出具体改进建议。

学术类的 chatgpt 介绍

学术类的 chatgpt 介绍学术类的ChatGPT是一种基于人工智能技术的自然语言处理工具，它能够模拟人类的对话方式，与用户进行交互并回答问题。

它的应用范围广泛，包括但不限于学术研究、教育培训、知识普及等领域。

一、学术研究在学术研究方面，ChatGPT可以作为一个有用的工具，帮助研究人员进行文献调研、数据分析和理论探讨。

研究人员可以向ChatGPT 提出问题，它会根据已有的知识和数据进行推理和分析，给出相应的答案或建议。

例如，研究人员可以询问某个领域的最新进展、某个概念的定义、某个实验方法的优缺点等，ChatGPT能够根据已有的研究成果和相关领域的知识，给出详细且准确的回答。

二、教育培训在教育培训领域，ChatGPT可以作为一个智能助教，为学生提供个性化的学习指导和答疑解惑。

学生可以随时向ChatGPT提问，它会根据学生的问题和知识背景，给出相应的解答和学习建议。

例如，学生可以向ChatGPT咨询数学题的解法、英语语法的用法、历史事件的背景等，它会通过解释、示例和练习等方式，帮助学生理解和掌握知识。

三、知识普及在知识普及方面，ChatGPT可以作为一个在线问答系统，为用户提供各种知识和信息。

用户可以向ChatGPT提问关于科学、技术、历史、文化等各个领域的问题，它会根据已有的知识库和数据，给出详细的回答和解释。

例如，用户可以向ChatGPT询问天文知识、化学元素的性质、文学作品的作者等，它会以通俗易懂的方式回答用户的问题，帮助用户扩展知识面。

总结起来，学术类的ChatGPT是一种强大的工具，它可以在学术研究、教育培训和知识普及等领域发挥重要作用。

通过模拟人类的对话方式，ChatGPT能够与用户进行交互，并根据已有的知识和数据，给出相应的回答和建议。

然而，需要注意的是，尽管ChatGPT具有一定的智能和推理能力，但它仍然存在一些局限性，比如对于复杂问题的处理能力有限、对于不确定性和歧义性的处理能力有限等。

The maize Lc regulatory gene up-regulates the flavonoid

The Plant Journal (1998)13(3),381–392SHORT COMMUNICATIONThe maize Lc regulatory gene up-regulates the ﬂavonoid biosynthetic pathway of PetuniaJ.Marie Bradley 1,*,Kevin M.Davies 1,Simon C.Deroles 1,Stephen J.Bloor 2and David H.Lewis 11New Zealand Institute for Crop &Food ResearchLimited,Levin Research Centre,Private Bag 4005,Levin,New Zealand,and2New Zealand Institute for Industrial Research Limited,PO Box 31310,Lower Hutt,New Zealand SummaryPetunia (cv.Mitchell)transformants were produced which expressed the maize Leaf colour (Lc )cDNA under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter and had enhanced pigmentation in both vegetative and ﬂoral tissues.In ﬂowering transgenic lines,intense pigmentation of leaves,stems and sepals occurred,along with lower levels of pigmentation in the ﬂower tube and limb.No anthocyanins were detected in leaves,sepals and ﬂower limb of wild-type Mitchell petunia.Of the 12phenylpropanoid genes examined,transcript levels for nine ﬂavonoid-speciﬁc biosynthetic genes were up-regulated in the transgenic Lc lines,including weak activation of CHS ,CHI and F3H along with stronger activation of DFR ,F3ЈH ,F3Ј5ЈH ,ANS ,UFGT and 3RT .PAL ,C4H and FLS were unaffected by Lc .Lc -induced pigmentation in Mitchell petunia appears to be speciﬁc to the sub-epidermal layer in all tissues examined,including the ﬂower limb.The results show that the monocot Lc regulatory gene from maize can up-regulate the expression of both early and late ﬂavonoid biosynthetic genes and enhance anthocyanin production in the dicot species Petunia .IntroductionFlavonoids are secondary metabolites derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway of higher plants and are involved in a number of plant functions including pigmenta-tion,plant defence,protection against UV light,pollen fertility,and induction of nodulation (Chappell and Hahlbrock,1984;Dixon and Pavia,1995;Koes et al .,1989;Martin and Gerats,1993;van der Meer et al .,1992).Flavonoid biosynthesis (Figure 1)has been extensively studied and a number of genes encoding biosyntheticReceived 24July 1997;accepted 9October 1997.*For correspondence (fax ϩ6463675656;email bradleym@).©1998Blackwell Science Ltd381enzymes in the pathway have been identiﬁed (Forkmann,1993).Analysis of the regulation of ﬂavonoid genes in ﬂowers,particularly in Petunia and Antirrhinum ,indicates these genes are spatially and temporally regulated,and can also be modulated by environmental conditions such as light,temperature and stresses due to wounding,patho-gens and nutrient supply (Chappell and Hahlbrock,1984;Dixon and Pavia,1995;Koes et al .,1989;Martin and Gerats,1993).In these dicot systems,the ﬂavonoid genes have been classiﬁed as either early ﬂavonoid biosynthetic genes (EBGs)or late biosynthetic genes (LBGs)(Beld et al .,1989;Jackson et al .,1992;Martin and Gerats,1993;Quattrocchio et al .,1993;Weiss et al .,1993).Regulatory genes that directly control the transcription of the ﬂavonoid biosynthetic genes have also been isolated from a number of different plants.In maize (Zea mays ),one class of regulatory genes is the R family,which includes R ,Sn ,B and Lc ,each controlling anthocyanin biosynthesis in different tissues (Ludwig and Wessler,1990).The predicted proteins of the R genes contain a basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH)motif found in a number of DNA binding proteins such as MYc transcription factors (Murre et al .,1989)along with an acidic domain characteristic of tran-scriptional activators (Ptashne,1988).Other plants also have bHLH genes that are thought to regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis,such as the Delila (Del )gene from Antirrhinum (Goodrich et al .,1992)and the Petunia genes Jaf13and An1(Mol et al .,1996;Quattrocchio,1994).In addition to the R gene family,regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in maize requires the co-expression of a second class of regulatory genes,encoding MYb-related proteins such as C1(Franken et al .,1994;Paz-Ares et al .,1987).Predicted MYb-related proteins have N-terminal domains with homology to the DNA binding domain of the product of mammalian c-myb proto-oncogenes and,like the bHLH proteins,contain acidic regions at their C-termini thought to be involved in transcriptional activation (Jackson et al .,1991;Paz-Ares et al .,1987;Ptashne,1988).Some of these regulatory genes have been shown to function ecotopically in other species.When the Lc gene of maize (a member of the R gene family)was expressed in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum ),Arabidopsis and tomato,there were increased levels of pigmentation in tissues already producing anthocyanins (Goldsbrough et al .,1996;Lloyd et al .,1992).Although the maize myb -type gene C1alone had no effect on pigmentation in Arabidopsis ,expression of both C1and Lc resulted in pigmentation in382J.Marie Bradley etal.Figure 1.Flavonoid pathway.Abbreviations are as follows:PAL,phenylalanine ammonia lyase;C4H,cinnamate 4-hydroxylase;CHS,chalcone synthase;CHI,chalcone isomerase;F3H,ﬂavanone 3-hydroxylase;DFR,dihydroﬂavonol 4-reductase;FLS,ﬂavonol synthase;F3ЈH,ﬂavonoid 3Ј-hydroxylase;F3Ј5ЈH,ﬂavonoid 3Ј,5Ј-hydroxylase;ANS,anthocyanidin synthase;UFGT,UDP-glucose:ﬂavonoid 3-O -glucosyltransferase;3RT,UDP-rhamnose:anthocyanidin-3-glucoside rhamnosyltransferase;3MT,anthocyanin methyltransferase.tissues that normally did not produce anthocyanins (Lloyd et al .,1992).Ectopic expression of the Del gene also led to increased anthocyanins in the solanaceous species tobacco and tomato (Mooney et al .,1995).However,Del appears to have a reduced range of action in terms of plant species because,in contrast to Lc ,Del had little or no effect on pigmentation in Arabidopsis (Mooney et al .,1995).Flavonoid biosynthetic gene expression in another solana-ceous species,Petunia,also appears to be affected by heterologous monocot regulatory genes.In transient expression assays in petunia,the maize Lc and C1genes together were shown to up-regulate the promoter of the dihydroﬂavonol 4-reductase (DFR )gene fused to the GUS reporter gene (Quattrocchio et al .,1993).However,bom-bardment with Lc alone had little or no effect on the DFR promoter–GUS construct or on pigmentation.A single petunia line expressing Lc was generated but as this did ©Blackwell Science Ltd,The Plant Journal ,(1998),13,381–392not survive into maturity no further analysis was presented (Quattrocchio et al .,1993).We have introduced the maize Lc cDNA,under the control of the cauliﬂower mosaic viral (CaMV)35S promoter,into the white-ﬂowered Mitchell (W115)mutant of petunia and have generated a number of stably transformed lines.Mitchell carries mutated alleles of two regulatory loci (an2and an4).An2controls anthocyanin biosynthesis in the ﬂower limb,and An4regulates pigmentation in the anther and,to a lesser degree,the tube (Quattrocchio et al .,1993;Wiering and de Vlaming,1984).These two loci have been shown to control expression of several genes in the ﬂa-vonoid pathway including DFR ,UDP-glucose:ﬂavonoid glycosyltransferases (UFGT )and methyltransferase (MT )(Beld et al .,1989;Huits et al .,1994;Quattrocchio et al .,1993).Mitchell was chosen because initial evidence sug-gested that both An2(Quattrocchio et al .,1993)and An4Lc up-regulatesﬂavonoid biosythesis in petunia383(Quattrocchio,1994)may have been bHLH factors.It is only recently that work has shown that An2(Quattrocchio, 1994)and possibly An4encode Myb-like transcription fac-tors(Mol et al.,1996).We show here that the expressionof the Lc cDNA,under the control of the CaMV35S promoter,results in anthocyanin production in the leaves along with increased pigmentation in stems,sepal,ﬂower tube and limb of Mitchell.The presence of Lc leads to an increasedﬂux through theﬂavonoid pathway via the up-regulation of a number of the petuniaﬂavonoid biosyn-thetic genes.ResultsGeneration of transgenic petunia lines with enhanced pigmentationA2.2kb Lc cDNA,lacking the5Јuntranslated region that can limit translation(Damiani and Wessler,1993),was placed under the control of the CaMV35S promoter(see Experimental procedures)and introduced into Mitchell petunia via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (Deroles and Gardner,1988).Twenty-two independent transformants were produced from160leaf pieces,repres-enting a transformation efﬁciency of13.7%.Although a number of the shoots able to proliferate on kanamycin showed a range of pigmentation in their leaves and stems, the new growth of all of the transgenic plantlets showed little or no coloration after transfer to the glasshouse. However,as the plants matured,nine of the22independent transgenic lines displayed a steady increase in the levelof pigmentation in the leaves.Leaves produced later in development,particularly after the transition toﬂowering, showed the greatest levels of pigment,resulting in foliage with purple/black coloration(an example is shown in Figure2b).Pigmentation not only increased during plant development but also under conditions of high light and stress(data not shown).Untransformed lines of Mitchell had no pigment in the leaves when grown in culture or under glasshouse conditions but did display a reddeningof the stem and the calyx of the inﬂorescences,particularlyin high light.The levels of pigmentation in these tissues were enhanced in the Lc transgenics expressing Lc (Figure2a,b).Under our glasshouse conditions,Mitchell generally pro-ducesﬂowers with entirely white limbs and low levels of pigmentation in the outer veins and the inner throat of theﬂower tube(Figure2c,d).The outsides of theﬂower tubesof the Lc transgenics were often more pigmented than the untransformedﬂowers(Figure2d),as was the outer marginof the limb of the Lc lines,where the pigment was often associated with the veins(Figure2c).Limb pigmentation was most intense in theﬂower buds prior to opening and declined signiﬁcantly in the fully openﬂower.The©Blackwell Science Ltd,The Plant Journal,(1998),13,381–392pigmentation of the Lcﬂowers,like that of the leaves, appeared to be somewhat variable and may also have been inﬂuenced by factors such as high light levels.Pigmentation in the progeny of the Lc transgenic linesT2seedlings of the primary Lc transgenic lines displayed a reddening of cotyledons and hypocotyl(Figure2e). Enhanced pigmentation also occurred in newly developing true leaves but was no longer detectable when those early leaves became fully expanded.The T2progeny of the most highly pigmented line(38–110)were again highly pigmented but grew very slowly,often not developing beyond the cotyledon stage(data not shown).The progeny that did reach maturity showed a marked reduction in pigmentation,which was present only in sectors of the leaves.Light-grown roots of T2progeny from selfed trans-formants or plants back-crossed to Mitchell were not pig-mented.However,when the Lc transformants were out-crossed to a coloured petunia line(V26),T2progeny with the Lc-like phenotype in the cotyledons were also pig-mented in the main root when grown in the light (Figure2e).A consistent effect on pigmentation,particularly of the vegetative tissues,was seen in a number of different petunia backgrounds that contained Lc(data not shown). The kanamycin-resistant T3progeny of crosses between the Mitchell Lc transgenics and V26,or two commercially available petunia cultivars,all showed enhanced levels of pigmentation in the leaves,stems and sepals.Due to a high level of variability inﬂower colour in the T3progeny from both untransformed control and Lc crosses,it was difﬁcult to assess whether Lc had affected pigmentation in theﬂoral tissues of these other petunia lines.Spatial location of pigmentThe spatial location of the pigment within tissues of both untransformed Mitchell controls and the Lc transgenics was examined.In the Lc lines,the pigment was mainly in the palisade cell layer of the leaves rather than the epi-dermis(Figure3a,b)and the level of pigmentation varied considerably between individual palisade cells(Figure3b). Although the degree of pigmentation of the underside of the Lc leaves varied during development,the pigment was also located sub-epidermally,in the mesophyll cells (Figure3a).No pigmentation was observed in cells of Mitchell leaves.In the pigmented stems of both Mitchell and the Lc transgenic lines,the pigment was sub-epidermal (Figure3c,d).Pigmentation in untransformed Mitchell sepals was also sub-epidermal and was associated with the main sepal vein(Figure3e).In contrast,in Lc plants, the sepals(Figure3f)and the connective tissue between the sepals were pigmented throughout the sub-epidermal384J.Marie Bradley et al.©Blackwell Science Ltd,The Plant Journal,(1998),13,381–392Lc up-regulates ﬂavonoid biosythesis in petunia385layer.Pigmentation in the vegetative tissues such as the petiole of the leaf,the stem and sepals of V26was also sub-epidermal (data not shown).In Mitchell ﬂower tubes,pigmentation is sub-epidermal and located near to the vascular bundles running along the tube.Pigmentation in the Lc transgenics remained sub-epidermal and often associated with the vascular tissue;however,a further mosaic of sub-epidermal cells between the veins was pigmented (data not shown).The location of pigment in the limb of the ﬂowers of Lc plants was particularly interesting.Although anthocyanins in coloured petunia lines,such as V26,are located in the epidermis of the limb,particularly on the inner or front side of the petal (Figure 3g),the pigment in the limb of Lc ﬂowers occurred in the sub-epidermal layer of the outer (or rear)face of the limb (Figure 3h).Leaf pigmentation is related to the presence of the Lc transcriptAlthough the Lc transgene was detected in 12of the 13transgenic lines tested,Lc expression was only detected in those lines displaying an altered phenotype (data not shown).Transformant 38–110had the highest levels of the Lc transcript and the most highly pigmented phenotype,whereas 38–118had a lower expression of the Lc transgene and a more intermediate level of pigmentation.Southern analysis and kanamycin inheritance suggested that 38–110carried multiple T-DNA inserts and 38–118contained a single,heritable T-DNA locus (data not shown).The pig-mented phenotype of 38–118co-segregated with kanamy-cin resistance and the presence of the Lc cDNA and transcript (Figure 4).Southern analysis suggested that the T 2progeny 475and 465were heterozygous and 472and 467were homozygous for the Lc transgene (Figure 4b),which was conﬁrmed by the kanamycin resistance ratios in the T 3progeny (data not shown).The levels of Lc transcript were higher in the homozygous T 2plants com-pared with the heterozygous lines (Figure 4c).The degree of pigmentation correlated with the level of Lc expression in both the primary transformants (data not shown)and the T 2progeny (Figure 4e).Figure 2.Transgenic Lc petunia phenotypes.Phenotype of homozygous T 2progeny of Lc transgenic line 38–118,carrying two (line 472)or no copies (line 480)of the Lc transgene T-DNA construct.Refer to text and Figure 4for additional details on individual progeny.(a)Shoot,just prior to plant bolting to ﬂowering,line 480(control).(b)Shoot of line 472(Lc ).Early-stage ﬂower bud development can be seen.(c)Flower limb of lines 480(upper)and 472(lower).(d)Flower tube of lines 480(upper)and 472(lower).Upper regions of sepals can also be seen.(e)T 2seedlings of 38–118ϫV26grown under high light.Non-pigmented,untransformed seedling (left)and Lc seedling with pigmented cotyledons,upper hypocotyl and root (right).©Blackwell Science Ltd,The Plant Journal ,(1998),13,381–392Flavonoid proﬁle is altered in the Lc transgenicsA detailed quantitative analysis of untransformed Mitchell control and the two primary Lc transformants,38–110and 38–118,showed that the levels of ﬂavonoids were altered in several tissues of the transgenics (Figure 5a,b).No anthocyanins were detected in the leaves,sepals or limb of the Mitchell control.The transgenics contained anthocy-anins in all these tissues,with the highest concentrations detected in the leaves (Figure 5a).Although the tube in Mitchell ﬂowers does contain some anthocyanins,the levels were also increased in the Lc transgenics.Unlike the anthocyanins,ﬂavonols were detected in all the Mitchell tissues examined (Figure 5b).The ﬂavonol levels in the sepal and tube of both transgenic lines were higher than the levels in Mitchell.However,little,if any,increase in the ﬂavonol levels was observed in the limb of the Lc transformants.The leaves of 38–118appeared to have reduced ﬂavonol levels compared with the Mitchell control.Lc affects ﬂavonoid biosynthetic gene expression Figure 6shows a detailed analysis of ﬂavonoid biosynthetic gene expression in various tissues of two Lc transgenic lines,38–110and 38–118,and an untransformed Mitchell control.Lc expression was found in leaf,sepals,tube and limb of both transgenics (Figure 6).Similar to previous reports (Benfey and Chua,1989,1990),expression from the CaMV 35S promoter in petunia appeared to be highest in the limb,lower in the tube and lower still in sepal and leaves,with the exception of a high level of expression in the leaves of 38–110.Lc expression in the 38–118leaf sample shown appeared to be abnormally low due to reduced RNA loading in this lane (Figure 6).The expression of Lc in petunia led to an increase in transcript levels of many of the ﬂavonoid biosynthetic genes.The highest degree of up-regulation was seen with the ﬂavonoid biosynthetic genes DFR ,ﬂavonoid 3Ј5Јhydroxylase (F3Ј5ЈH ),anthocyanidin synthase (ANS ),UFGT and rhamnosyltransferase (3RT )(Figure 6).In Mitchell,tran-script levels for these genes were close to,or below,detectable levels in the leaves and sepals,and at slightly higher levels in the ﬂower tube and limb (with the exception386J.Marie Bradley et al.©Blackwell Science Ltd,The Plant Journal,(1998),13,381–392Lc up-regulates ﬂavonoid biosythesis in petunia387of DFR and F3Ј5ЈH which were not detectable in limbs).However,in the Lc transgenic lines,there was a clear increase in transcript levels for DFR ,F3Ј5ЈH ,ANS ,UFGT and 3RT in all four tissues (Figure 6).In untransformed Mitchell,the EBGs chalcone synthase (CHS ),chalcone isomerase (CHI )and ﬂavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H )are expressed in all four tissues,at relatively low levels in leaves,sepal and tube and at high levels in the limb of the ﬂower (Figure 6).Expression of these genes was also increased by Lc as seen by the small but clear increase in transcript levels,particularly in the leaf,sepal and tube of the transgenics (Figure 6).The increased expression was less dramatic in the limbs because of the already high level of expression in Mitchell control tissue but a slight increase was visible using with shorter exposures of the autoradiographs (data not shown).The ﬂavonoid 3Ј-hydroxylase gene (F3ЈH )appeared to be affected differently by Lc compared with the other up-regulated ﬂavonoid biosynthetic genes.Control Mitchell leaves and sepals had low levels of F3ЈH transcript,with higher expression in the tube and limb of the ﬂower (Figure 6).In both Lc transgenic lines,there appeared to be a slight increase in F3ЈH expression in tube and limb,but,in contrast to the other genes,little or no induction in F3ЈH expression in leaves and sepals.A similar induction of ﬂavonoid gene expression was seen in subsequent experiments with T 2progeny of 38–118.For instance,in leaf samples of the segregating T 2progeny (shown in Figure 4),enhanced gene expression was only seen in those plants expressing Lc (data not shown).In addition,analysis of heterozygous T 2progeny (from a backcross of 38–118to Mitchell),those lines expressing Lc showed the same weak activation of EBGs and stronger activation of LBGs in the leaves from young,vegetative and more mature,ﬂowering plants along with enhanced expression in sepals,tubes and limbs of the ﬂowers compared with non-expressing lines (data not shown).There were some genes in the pathway that were unaf-fected by Lc .No effect was seen on phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL )and cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H )expression in either leaf,sepal or ﬂower tissue (Figure 6).Differences in the age of tissue,particularly the leaf samples,mayFigure 3.Spatial location of pigmentation.Cross-sections through homozygous T 2progeny of Lc transgenic line 38–118,carrying two (line 472)or no copies (line 480)of the Lc transgene T-DNA construct.Refer to text and Figure 4.for additional details on individual progeny.The scale bars for (a)–(d)represents 0.1mm actual size and those for (e)–(h)represent 0.05mm.(a),(b)Leaf tissue of line 472(Lc ).(c)Stem tissue of line 480(control).(d)Stem tissue of line 472(Lc ).(e)Sepal tissue of line 480(control).(f)Sepal tissue of line 472(Lc ).(g)Flower limb of purple-ﬂowered Mitchell ϫV26F 2plant.(h)Flower limb of line 472(Lc ).©Blackwell Science Ltd,The Plant Journal ,(1998),13,381–392explain the slight variation in PAL and C4H expression between the lines in Figure 6,as both PAL and C4H are developmentally regulated during petunia leaf develop-ment (unpublished data).Flavonols are produced by ﬂa-vonol synthase (FLS)as a side branch en route to anthocyanin production (see Figure 1).FLS was most highly expressed in the limbs,followed by the tube,leaf and sepal of untransformed Mitchell.Lc had no discernible effects on FLS transcript levels,as can be seen in the Lc transgenics (Figure 6).DiscussionWe present here a detailed analysis of the effect of the monocot Lc regulatory gene from maize on ﬂavonoid biosynthesis in a dicotyledonous system,ing plants that stably expressed Lc and that had enhanced levels of pigmentation,we examined changes in general ﬂavonoid biosynthesis and in the expression of 12genes of the phenylpropanoid pathway.We also determined the amount and localization of the anthocyanins induced.We were able to produce viable,fertile,transgenic Mitchell petunia lines containing the Lc cDNA under the control of the highly expressed 35S CaMV promoter.Expression of Lc greatly enhanced pigmentation in leaves,stems,sepals and ﬂower tube and limb of the transformants (Figure 2).However,in some situations,the expression of Lc may have a detrimental effect on plant growth.The transformation efﬁciency when using the Lc cDNA con-struct was only 13.7%,compared with an average rate of 23.5%obtained in similar experiments with four other vectors that contained different cDNAs but used the same base binary (unpublished data).Also,the pigmented T 2seedlings of the highest Lc expressing line (38–110)were severely stunted and did not develop beyond the cotyledon stage (data not shown).Similar growth inhibition was observed in both tomato and Arabidopsis lines transformed with Lc (Goldsbrough et al .,1996;Lloyd et al .,1994).Further,in previous attempts to stably express Lc in petu-nia,only a single,aberrant transformant was produced,as either the pigmented calli failed to give rise to shoots,or the shoots failed to root (Quattrocchio et al .,1993).This suggests that there is some threshold level at which either388J.Marie Bradley etal.Figure 4.Analysis of the T 2progeny of Lc transgenic 38–118.The T 2progeny of a selfed cross of 38–118were examined in detail.(a)Presence of the Lc transgene in T 2progeny.Southern blot of approximately 5µg of genomic DNA digested with Eco RV which,by cutting within the 35S promoter and pTi5Ј7Јterminator,produces an internal T-DNA fragment of approximately 2.3kb that contains the Lc cDNA.The membrane was probed with radioactively labelled Lc349Xba I insert,and DNA loadings were shown to be approximately equal through hybridization to the endogenous petunia ANS gene probe pCGP1407(data not shown).(b)Lc expression in T 2progeny.Each lane contains 10µg of total RNA from expanding leaf tissue and was probed with radioactively labelled Lc349Xba I insert.(d)Kanamycin resistance of leaf discs.Leaf discs were sterilized and placed on medium containing 200p.p.m.kanamycin.Leaf discs able to regenerate callus followed by shoot development were judged to be kanamycin-resistant (KR).Kanamycin-sensitive discs (KS)did not produce callus and eventually yellowed in response to the kanamycin.(e)Anthocyanin levels (mg g –1dry weight)in the leaves of plants during vegetative phase of growth.the Lc protein itself becomes toxic or at which it may be regulating another pathway inhibitory to growth.Alternat-ively,very high levels of anthocyanins may be detrimental to the plant.Mitchell petunia carries mutant alleles of the regulatory loci an2and an4,both of which control ﬂavonoid biosyn-thesis in the ﬂower.Neither loci were functionally comple-mented by the Lc product.Given that recent studies show that An2and perhaps An4encode Myb-type factors (Quattrocchio,1994;Mol et al .,1996),complementation by the bHLH Lc factor would no longer be expected.The original transient expression studies that suggested that Lc could complement the mutations in Mitchell ﬂowers (Quattrocchio et al .,1993)probably reﬂect enhancement of pigmentation in sub-epidermal layers of the petal.The total level of anthocyanins in the sepal,tube,limb,and,in particular,the leaves of the transgenic Lc lines was signiﬁcantly higher than in control plants (Figure 5).The degree of increased pigmentation and up-regulation of gene expression correlated to the level of Lc transcript (Figures 4and 6),suggesting a direct action of the Lc transgene.The major anthocyanins present in the tissues of the Lc transgenics were made up of acylated derivatives of the 3Ј5Јhydroxylated anthocyanin,petunidin-3-rutino-side-5-glucoside (S.Bloor,personal communication).These©Blackwell Science Ltd,The Plant Journal ,(1998),13,381–392Figure 5.Flavonoid concentration in Mitchell and Lc transgenics.(a)Anthocyanin concentration in mg g –1dry weight.(b)Flavonol concentration in mg g –1dry weight (rutin equivalents).Three measurements of each extract were made.Stage 4,almost fully opened ﬂowers,were used for the sepal,tube and limb samples.Leaf tissue of 38–110was not measured for ﬂavonoid concentration.results suggest that Lc is activating a similar set of ﬂavonoid genes in the different petunia tissues.In a comprehensive analysis of the effect of Lc on the expression of the petunia ﬂavonoid biosynthetic genes,we found that Lc strongly up-regulates the LBGs such as DFR ,F3ЈH ,F3Ј5ЈH ,ANS ,UFGT and 3RT,and,more weakly,the EBGs including CHS ,CHI and F3H (Figure 6).In maize,R genes such as Lc ,together with C1,can regulate both EBGs and LBGs including CHS ,F3H ,DFR,UFGT and Bz2(Deboo et al .,1995;Dooner,1983;Dooner and Nelson,1979;Ludwig et al .,1989;Reddy et al .,1987).The results presented here extend previous ﬁndings in which Lc and Del were shown to up-regulate DFR and,to a lesser extent,CHS in tobacco and also,in the case of Del ,in tomato (Mooney et al .,1995).We were also able to show,for the ﬁrst time,an effect of a ﬂavonoid regulatory gene on the expression of F3ЈH and F3Ј5ЈH genes.Like the LBGs examined (DFR ,ANS ,UFGT and 3RT ),F3Ј5ЈH expression was up-regulated by Lc in most petunia tissues (Figure 6).However,in a surprising contrast to the other affected ﬂavonoid genes,Lc appar-ently had a differential effect on F3ЈH expression,with littleLc up-regulatesﬂavonoid biosythesis in petunia389©Blackwell Science Ltd,The Plant Journal,(1998),13,381–392or no induction in leaves and sepals but some up-regulation of F3ЈH transcript levels inﬂower tube and limb(Figure6). In petunia,many of theﬂavonoid genes such as CHS,CHI, DFR,F3ЈH,F3Ј5ЈH,UFGT and methylases are known to belong to multi-gene families(Beld et al.,1989;Jonsson et al.,1983;Koes et al.,1989;van Tunen et al.,1988;Wiering and de Vlaming,1984).In some cases,individual family members have been shown to have distinct expression patterns and/or are controlled by different environmental or developmental signals(Koes et al.,1989;van Tunen et al.,1988).The Lc up-regulation of most of the petunia genes occurred in all the tissues examined,including leaves,sepals,ﬂower tube and limb,which suggests that Lc is capable of up-regulating at least one or more of these members in different tissues.There are at least two loci, Ht1and Ht2,that encode F3ЈH(Wiering and de Vlaming, 1984),so the differential regulation of F3ЈH by Lc could be due to the up-regulation of a particular F3ЈH gene member that is expressed inﬂoral tissues but not in vegetative ones.We have measured total transcript levels encoding the biosynthetic enzymes and further research would be required to determine which individual family members are activated by Lc.Although Lc is able to activate both EBGs and LBGs in petunia,its effect appears to be speciﬁc to genes required for anthocyanin biosynthesis as there was no change in the expression of genes such as PAL,C4H and FLS (Figure6).PAL and C4H which act early in the phenylpro-panoid pathway,are required for the synthesis ofﬂavo-noids,lignins and stilbenes and are not solely committed to anthocyanin biosynthesis(see Figure1).FLS synthesizes ﬂavonols as a side branch en route to anthocyanin produc-tion,competing with DFR for the dihydroﬂavonol sub-strates(Figure1).Little is known about the regulation of the biosynthesis ofﬂavonols but our results suggest that it is under separate control to that of the anthocyanins,as Lc had no discernible effect on the regulation of FLS expression in any of the tissues examined(Figure6).The small enhancement ofﬂavonol levels observed in the Lc transgenics,particularly in sepal and tube,may be due to increasedﬂux through the mainﬂavonoid pathway, providing more substrate for conversion intoﬂavonols. Lc and Del,when expressed in dicots,appear to be up-regulating existingﬂavonoid pathways that are already expressed at low levels.In Mitchell petunia,the stem, sepals,ﬂower tube and occasionally leaves andﬂower limb show some pigmentation in conditions such as highFigure6.Gene expression in Mitchell and Lc transgenics.Replicate membranes with10µg of total RNA from leaf(a mixture of developmental stages),sepal,tube and limb tissue of a mix of stage2–4ﬂowers from Mitchell(MP)and primary Lc transgenic lines38–110and38–118were hybridized to radioactively labelled probes as described in Experimental procedures.。

Formality_Basic_Lab_Instruction

Overview of Formality Basic LabsPurpose: These labs are designed for you to become familiar with using Formality.Content: There are four labs using Synopsys training and public-domain RTL source. The netlists were generated using DesignCompiler 2006.06-SP5 software. Be aware that there are additional SVF enhancements created by later versions of DC. (Using newer SVF files with the Auto Setup Mode in Formality will reduce or eliminate the issues in these labs.)Procedure:∙Follow the instructions for each lab.∙There is a “.solution” sub-directory with the correct result.Please compare your result with the correct result as you finish each lab.Invoke Formality in this manner to bring up the GUI:"fm_shell -gui -f runme.fms |tee runme.log" or"formality -f runme.fms |tee runme.log"FM Lab1: Basic Formality FlowObjective: This lab will introduce you to the Formality GUI bymanually reading-in two designs for verification. Then, you will create a Tcl script to perform the same verification.Lab flow:All of the necessary reference and implemention files, and librariesare included in sub-directories.Use the Formality GUI to verify the golden Verilog RTL against thegate-level Verilog netlist produced by DC. Be sure to include the SVF file. Aft erward, modify the resulting “fm_shell_command.log” fileto become a Formality TCL script.a.)Bring up the Formality GUI by us ing the command “formality” or“fm_shell –gui”. Follow the flow buttons on the GUI to read-inSVF, reference designs, implementation design with library, andthen verify.b.)The DC produced SVF file "default.svf" is located under the sub-directory "netlist_w_svf". This file is necessary for correctsetup.c.)The Verilog RTL files are located under the directory "rtl". Thetop-level design name is "mR4000".d.)The Verilog gate-level netlist "mR4000.gates.v" is located underthe directory "netlist_w_svf". The top-level design name is"mR4000".e.)The library file "tc6a_cbacore.db" is located under "lib". Thisis needed for the netlist. There are no Verilog simulationlibraries, just the .db file for this lab.f.)Use the GUI flow buttons: Guidance, Reference, Implementation,Setup (not needed), Match, Verify, Debug (not needed).g.)After completing a successful verification using the GUI, editand transform the "fm_shell_command.log" file into a Formality"runme.fms" Tcl script.h.)Use the script to run verification: "fm_shell -f runme.fms |teerunme.log".i.)Experiment with Formality commands and variables. Try some ofthe following commands:help report*report_passing_pointsman set_topman verifyreport_statusj.)Exit Formality.FM Lab2: Recognizing Simulation/SynthesisMismatch ErrorsObjective: This lab will give you practice in writing a Formality Tcl script. This design is VHDL and contains several potential differences between simulation and synthesis in their code interpretation which Formality will flag. You will need to direct Formality to ignore the differences and continue verification.By default, Formality is conservative in its interpretation of RTL. It will stop processing if it finds a difference between simulation and synthesis. You can direct it to continue by turning these error messages into warning messages. Use the following variable toaccomplish this:set hdlin_warn_on_mismatch_message “FMR_VHDL-1002 …”Use this variable before reading in the RTL into a container.(Note: If you have these types of mismatch issues using your designat work, you need to make sure that these conditions are investigated before taping-out your design.)This lab requires the use of “hdlin_dwroot”. Please edit the runme.fms u nder the …fm_basic/labs/lab2/scripts directory to correctly set the variable “hdlin_dwroot” to the top-level location of the DC software.Lab flow:1.)Use the script ./scripts/runme.fms as a starting point to createyour Formality Tcl script. Copy it to the lab2 workingdirectory.2.)You will need to complete the following:a.Read and link the reference VHDL files from the directorysrc.b.Read and link the Verilog gate-netlist.3.)Run an initial verification. Look at the error message ID.4.)Include the error message ID in the Formality script using thevariable hdlin_warn_on_mismatch_message to turn it into a warning message instead.5.)Continue this until you get a successful verification.6.)There are two other ways to accomplish this conversion ofsim/synth messages to warnings. See the ./.solution/runme.fmsscript.FM Lab3: Missing Part of the Design Objective: This lab shows an example of what happens in verificationif a piece of the reference design is missing while the implementation design remains complete. The point to this lab is to review transcript messages. These messages can provide hints to correct problems. You must change the "runme.fms" FM TCL script to get a successful verification.Lab flow:1.) Run the verification using the existing "runme.fms" script.2.)Find clues to indicate the potential problem.2a) Transcript messages:Formality debugging involves collecting information that may point to the reason why the design fails verification. Always look at the transcript messages first.Note the following warning message in the transcript:Warning: Cannot link cell '/WORK/fifo/memory' to its reference design'DW_ram_r_w_s_lat'. (FE-LINK-2)Status: Implementing inferred operators...Status: Creating black-box designs...Created technology library 'FM_BBOX' in container 'r' for black-box designsCreated black-box design 'DW_ram_r_w_s_lat' in library 'FM_BBOX'Warning: 1 blackbox designs were created for missing references. (FM-064) Formality is creating a black-box to represent a missing piece of the design. The missing piece is the DW part "DW_ram_r_w_s_lat".This is only a warning instead of an error because the customerincluded this variable setting in the FM TCL script:set hdlin_unresolved_modules black_boxOtherwise, Formality would have stopped processing the design.The problem is resolved by setting a variable to point to the top-level of the DesignCompiler tree. Formality can then find the correct DW information to generate the missing part.The Formality variable is hdlin_____________________.The DC location (for Synopsys internal training) is/global/apps/syn_2007.12-SP2.*** It is important to note that if you are paying attention to the transcript, you would stop here and correct the problem with themissing piece of the design. However, since the script continued tofinish the verification, there are some additional clues to see if you skipped the warning message.2b) Messages from matching:If you proceeded through matching, you will see several unmatched,black-box input pins. Since there are no unmatched implementationblack-boxes, this means that the reference design has a black-box that the implementation does not have.Additionally, the implementation seems to have latches that the reference design does not have. You can draw the conclusion that a big design piece is missing in the reference design.Here is a picture of the GUI unmatched points tab:2c) Graphical debugging:After running the verification and getting failing compare points, we normally would run "Diagnose". However, we already know that a large piece of the design is missing.It would be interesting to quickly view the pattern window to see how the missing design piece affected the logic cone of a failing compare point.Notice that several logic cone inputs seem to be missing in the pattern window:3.) Include the missing variable for specifying the DC tree in the FM TCL script and re-run verification. If you do not get a successfulverification, view the .solution directory.FM Lab4: Beginning DebugObjective: This lab will give you practice in using the Diagnose command and in viewing failing logic cones. This is a gate-netlist vs gate-netlist ECO verification. The ECO was done manually, and you are checking the resulting netlist against the original netlist.Lab flow:a.Run Formality script fm.tcl.formality –f fm.tcl |tee fm.logb.Start the GUI.c.Right mouse click on the first failing compare point and selectShow Patterns.d.This brings up the Pattern Viewer. The Pattern Viewer is verifyuseful in quickly identifying obvious differences in inputs to logic cones. We recommend using the Pattern Viewer first whendoing graphical debugging.e.In this case there is nothing obvious that is different betweenthe ref/impl logic cone inputs other than the same patternproduces different results at the compare point. Therefore, there is some difference in the combinational logic in the two cones.f.Close the Pattern Viewer.g.Click Diagnose button. This runs the diagnosis algorithm on allfailing compare points. You should get 1 error detected and 2 error candidates.h.The GUI automatically changes to Error Candidate window. Rightclick on failing cell U4072.i.Select Show Logic Cones.j.Select first failing compare point and click OK. The schematic will highlight the error candidate (implementation) and thematching region (reference).k.Notice that U4072 is a 3-input AND in the reference and a 3-input OR in the implementation. This is the ECO problem. Also noticehighlighted in orange.l.Click on the Error Candidate Pruning button (or F8). The implemenation will be pruned.m.Click on the reference window and click again on the Error Candidate Pruning button (or F8). Now the reference is pruned.The resultant logic cones are easier to deal with. (No action needed in this lab to correct the design.)n.Close the schematic window. Click on the failing points tab. o.Select the first two failing points (bd_au_count_reg_0_ and bd_au_count_reg_1_) and click Diagnose Selected Points button. p.Note that there is still 1 error detected but now there are 6 error candidates.q.Right click on failing cell U4072.r.Select Show Logic Cones. Note that the Select Failing Compare Point window shows the 7 failing points but only 2 have been diagnosed.s.Select first failing compare point and click OK.t.Prune (F8) the reference and implementation schematic windows.Note that there are more possible failures candidates. This is due to selecting a subset of the failing points.。

EN301893 V1.8.1

Final draft ETSI EN 301 893 V1.8.0 (2015-01)5 GHz high performance RLAN;Harmonized EN covering the essential requirementsof article 3.2 of the R&TTE DirectiveReferenceREN/BRAN-0060011Keywordsaccess, broadband, LAN, layer 1, radio,regulation, testingETSI650 Route des LuciolesF-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCETel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16Siret N° 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 CAssociation à but non lucratif enregistrée à laSous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° 7803/88Important noticeThe present document can be downloaded from:The present document may be made available in electronic versions and/or in print. The content of any electronic and/or print versions of the present document shall not be modified without the prior written authorization of ETSI. In case of any existing or perceived difference in contents between such versions and/or in print, the only prevailing document is the print of the Portable Document Format (PDF) version kept on a specific network drive within ETSI Secretariat.Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status.Information on the current status of this and other ETSI documents is available at/tb/status/status.aspIf you find errors in the present document, please send your comment to one of the following services:/chaircor/ETSI_support.aspCopyright NotificationNo part may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm except as authorized by written permission of ETSI.The content of the PDF version shall not be modified without the written authorization of ETSI.The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media.© European Telecommunications Standards Institute 2015.All rights reserved.DECT TM, PLUGTESTS TM, UMTS TM and the ETSI logo are Trade Marks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members.3GPP TM and LTE™ are Trade Marks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members andof the 3GPP Organizational Partners.GSM® and the GSM logo are Trade Marks registered and owned by the GSM Association.ContentsIntellectual Property Rights (7)Foreword (7)Modal verbs terminology (7)Introduction (7)1 Scope (8) (8)2 References (8)references2.1 Normative (9)references2.2 Informativesymbols and abbreviations (9)3 Definitions,3.1 Definitions (9) (12)3.2 Symbols (12)3.3 Abbreviationsrequirements specifications (13)4 Technicalprofile (13)4.1 Environmentalfrequencies (13)4.2 Centre (13)4.2.1 General (13)4.2.2 Definition4.2.3 Limits (14)4.2.4 Conformance (14)4.3 Nominal Channel Bandwidth and Occupied Channel Bandwidth (14) (14)4.3.1 Definition (14)4.3.2 Limits4.3.3 Conformance (14)4.4 RF output power, Transmit Power Control (TPC) and power density (14) (14)4.4.1 Definitions4.4.1.1 RF Output Power (14)4.4.1.2 Transmit Power Control (TPC) (14) (14)4.4.1.3 PowerDensity (15)4.4.2 Limits4.4.2.1 General (15)4.4.2.2 Limits for RF output power and power density at the highest power level (15)4.4.2.3 Limit for RF output power at the lowest power level of the TPC range (15)4.4.3 Conformance (15)4.5 Transmitter unwanted emissions (16)4.5.1 Transmitter unwanted emissions outside the 5 GHz RLAN bands (16) (16)4.5.1.1 Definition (16)4.5.1.2 Limits4.5.1.3 Conformance (16)4.5.2 Transmitter unwanted emissions within the 5 GHz RLAN bands (16)4.5.2.1 Definition (16) (17)4.5.2.2 Limits4.5.2.3 Conformance (17)4.6 Receiver spurious emissions (17) (17)4.6.1 Definition (17)4.6.2 Limits4.6.3 Conformance (18)4.7 Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS) (18)4.7.1 Introduction (18) (18)4.7.1.1 General4.7.1.2 Applicable frequency range (18)modes (18)operational4.7.1.3 DFS (18)operation4.7.1.4 DFS4.7.2 DFS technical requirements specifications (19)4.7.2.1 Applicability (19) (20)4.7.2.2.2 Limit4.7.2.2.3 Conformance (20)4.7.2.3 Off-Channel CAC (Off-Channel Channel Availability Check) (20)4.7.2.3.1 Definition (20) (21)4.7.2.3.2 Limit4.7.2.3.3 Conformance (21) (21)4.7.2.4 In-ServiceMonitoring4.7.2.4.1 Definition (21)4.7.2.4.2 Limit (21)4.7.2.4.3 Conformance (21)Shutdown (21)4.7.2.5 Channel4.7.2.5.1 Definition (21) (21)4.7.2.5.2 Limit4.7.2.5.3 Conformance (21) (22)Period4.7.2.6 Non-Occupancy4.7.2.6.1 Definition (22) (22)4.7.2.6.2 Limit4.7.2.6.3 Conformance (22) (22)4.7.2.7 UniformSpreading4.7.2.7.1 Definition (22) (22)4.7.2.7.2 Limit4.8 Adaptivity (Channel Access Mechanism) (22)4.8.1 Applicability (22) (23)4.8.2 Definition4.8.3 Requirements and limits (23)4.8.3.1 Frame Based Equipment (23)Based Equipment (24)4.8.3.2 Load4.8.3.3 Short Control Signalling Transmissions (26)4.8.3.3.1 Definition (26) (26)4.8.3.3.2 Limits4.8.4 Conformance (26) (26)RestrictionsAccess4.9 User (26)4.9.1 Definition (26)4.9.2 Requirement (27)4.10 Geo-locationcapability (27)4.10.1 Applicability4.10.2 Definition (27) (27)4.10.3 Requirements5 Testing for compliance with technical requirements (27)5.1 Conditions for testing (27)5.1.1 Normal and extreme test conditions (27)5.1.2 Test sequences and traffic load (27)5.1.2.1 General test transmission sequences (27)5.1.2.2 Test transmission sequences for DFS tests (28) (28)5.1.3 Testchannels (29)5.1.4 Antennas5.1.4.1 Integrated and dedicated antennas (29)modes (29)operating5.1.4.2 Transmit5.1.4.2.1 Operating mode 1 (single antenna) (29)5.1.4.2.2 Operating mode 2 (multiple antennas, no beamforming) (29)5.1.4.2.3 Operating mode 3 (multiple antennas, with beamforming) (29)5.1.5 Presentation of equipment (29)5.1.5.1 Testing of host connected equipment and plug-in radio devices (29)5.1.5.1.1 The use of a host or test jig for testing plug-in radio devices (30)5.1.5.1.2 Testing of combinations (30)5.2 Interpretation of the measurement results (31)5.3 Essential radio test suites (31) (31)5.3.1 Productinformation (33)5.3.2 Carrierfrequencies5.3.2.2.1 Conducted measurement (33)5.3.2.2.2 Radiated measurement (33)5.3.3 Occupied Channel Bandwidth (34)5.3.3.1 Test conditions (34)5.3.3.2 Test method (34)5.3.3.2.1 Conducted measurement (34)5.3.3.2.2 Radiated measurement (35)5.3.4 RF output power, Transmit Power Control (TPC) and power density (35)5.3.4.1 Test conditions (35)5.3.4.2 Test method (35)5.3.4.2.1 Conducted measurement (35)5.3.4.2.2 Radiated measurement (45)5.3.5 Transmitter unwanted emissions outside the 5 GHz RLAN bands (45)5.3.5.1 Test conditions (45)5.3.5.2 Test method (46)5.3.5.2.1 Conducted measurement (46)5.3.5.2.2 Radiated measurement (48)5.3.6 Transmitter unwanted emissions within the 5 GHz RLAN bands (48)5.3.6.1 Test conditions (48)5.3.6.2 Test method (48)5.3.6.2.1 Conducted measurement (48)5.3.6.2.2 Radiated measurement (50)5.3.7 Receiver spurious emissions (50)5.3.7.1 Test conditions (50)5.3.7.2 Test method (50)5.3.7.2.1 Conducted measurement (50)5.3.7.2.2 Radiated measurement (52)5.3.8 Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS) (52)5.3.8.1 Test conditions (52)5.3.8.1.1 General (52)5.3.8.1.2 Selection of radar test signals (52)5.3.8.1.3 Test set-ups (53)5.3.8.2 Test method (54)5.3.8.2.1 Conducted measurement (54)5.3.8.2.2 Radiated measurement (61)5.3.9 Adaptivity (channel access mechanism) (61)5.3.9.1 Test conditions (61)5.3.9.2 Test method (61)5.3.9.2.1 Conducted measurements (61)5.3.9.2.2 Generic test procedure for measuring channel/frequency usage (63)5.3.9.2.3 Radiated measurements (64)Annex A (normative): HS Requirements and conformance Test specifications Table (HS-RTT) (65)Annex B (normative): Test sites and arrangements for radiated measurements (67)B.1 Introduction (67)B.2 Radiation test sites (67)B.2.1 Open Area Test Site (OATS) (67)B.2.2 Semi Anechoic Room (68)B.2.3 Fully Anechoic Room (FAR) (69)B.2.4 Measurement Distance (70)B.3 Antennas (71)B.3.1 Introduction (71)B.3.2 Measurement antenna (71)B.3.3 Substitution antenna (71)B.4 Test fixture (71)B.4.1 Introduction (71)B.5 Guidance on the use of radiation test sites (72) (72)B.5.1 IntroductionB.5.2 Power supplies for the battery powered UUT (72)preparation (73)B.5.3 SiteB.6 Coupling of signals (73) (73)B.6.1 GeneralSignals (73)B.6.2 DataB.7 Interference Signal used for Adaptivity Tests (73)Annex C (normative): Procedures for radiated measurements (75)C.1 Introduction (75)C.2 Radiated measurements in an OATS or SAR (75)C.3 Radiated measurements in a FAR (75)C.4 Substitution measurement (76)C.5 Guidance for testing technical requirements (76)C.5.1 Essential radio test suites and corresponding test sites (76)C.5.2 Guidance for testing Adaptivity (Channel Access Mechanism) (76)C.5.2.1 Introduction (76) (76)Set-upC.5.2.2 MeasurementC.5.2.3 Calibration of the measurement Set-up (77) (77)methodC.5.2.4 TestAnnex D (normative): DFS parameters (78)Annex E (informative): Guidance for testing IEEE 802.11™ Devices (81)E.1 Introduction (81)E.2 Possible Modulations (81)E.2.1 Most commonly used modulation types and channel widths (81)Testing (81)forE.2.2 Guidance (81)E.2.2.1 ObjectiveE.2.2.2 Modulation Used for Conformance Testing (81)E.3 Possible Operating Modes (82)E.3.1 Most commonly used operating modes of Smart Antenna Systems (82)Testing (82)forE.3.2 GuidanceAnnex F (informative): Application form for testing (83) (83)F.1 IntroductionF.2 Information as required by ETSI EN 301 893 (V1.8.1), clause 5.3.1 (83)F.3 Additional information provided by the manufacturer (90) (90)F.3.1 ModulationCycle (90)F.3.2 DutyF.3.3 About the UUT (91)F.3.4 List of ancillary and/or support equipment provided by the manufacturer (91)Annex G (informative): Bibliography (92)History (93)Intellectual Property RightsIPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web server ().Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.ForewordThis final draft Harmonized European Standard (EN) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Broadband Radio Access Networks (BRAN), and is now submitted for the Vote phase of the ETSI standards EN Approval Procedure.The present document has been produced by ETSI in response to mandate M/284 issued from the European Commission under Directive 98/34/EC [i.3] as amended by Directive 98/48/EC [i.1].The title and reference to the present document are intended to be included in the publication in the Official Journal of the European Union of titles and references of Harmonized Standard under the Directive 1999/5/EC [1].The requirements relevant to Directive 1999/5/EC [1] are summarized in annex A.Proposed national transposition datesDate of latest announcement of this EN (doa): 3 months after ETSI publication Date of latest publication of new National Standardor endorsement of this EN (dop/e): 6 months after doaDate of withdrawal of any conflicting National Standard (dow): 18 months after doaModal verbs terminologyIn the present document "shall", "shall not", "should", "should not", "may", "may not", "need", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and "cannot" are to be interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of provisions)."must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation. IntroductionThe present document is part of a set of standards developed by ETSI and is designed to fit in a modular structure to cover all radio and telecommunications terminal equipment within the scope of the R&TTE Directive [1]. The modular structure is shown in ETSI EG 201 399 [i.2].1 ScopeThe present document applies to 5 GHz high performance wireless access systems (WAS) including RLAN equipment which is used in wireless local area networks. Such networks provide high speed data communications in between devices connected to the wireless infrastructure. The present document also applies to ad-hoc networking where these devices communicate directly with each other, without the use of a wireless infrastructure.The present document also describes spectrum access requirements to facilitate spectrum sharing with other equipment.5 GHz high performance wireless access systems (WAS) including RLAN equipment are further referred to as RLAN devices in the present document.The spectrum usage conditions for this RLAN equipment are set in the ECC Decision (04)08 [5] and the Commission Decision 2005/513/EC [6] as amended by the Commission Decision 2007/90/EC [7].The equipment is intended to operate in the frequency ranges 5 150 MHz to 5 350 MHz and 5 470 MHz to 5 725 MHz which have been allocated by WRC-03 to the mobile service on a primary basis for the implementation ofWAS/RLANs covered by the present document.The present document is intended to cover the provisions of article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive [1], which states that: "…radio equipment shall be so constructed that it effectively uses the spectrum allocated to terrestrial/space radio communications and orbital resources so as to avoid harmful interference".2 Referencesreferences2.1 NormativeReferences are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) ornon-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at/Reference.NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee their long term validity.The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.[1] Directive 1999/5/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 1999 on radioequipment and telecommunications terminal equipment and the mutual recognition of theirconformity (R&TTE Directive).[2] ETSI TR 100 028-1 (V1.4.1) (12-2001): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrumMatters (ERM); Uncertainties in the measurement of mobile radio equipment characteristics;Part 1".[3] ETSI TR 100 028-2 (V1.4.1) (12-2001): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrumMatters (ERM); Uncertainties in the measurement of mobile radio equipment characteristics;Part 2".[4] Void.[5] ECC/DEC/(04)08: ECC Decision of 9 July 2004 on the harmonised use of the 5 GHz frequencybands for the implementation of Wireless Access Systems including Radio Local Area Networks(WAS/RLANs) (30/10/2009).[6] Commission Decision 2005/513/EC of 11 July 2005 on the harmonised use of radio spectrum inthe 5 GHz frequency band for the implementation of Wireless Access Systems including RadioLocal Area Networks (WAS/RLANs).[7] Commission Decision 2007/90/EC of 12 February 2007 amending Decision 2005/513/EC on theharmonised use of radio spectrum in the 5 GHz frequency band for the implementation of WirelessAccess Systems including Radio Local Area Networks (WAS/RLANs).[8] IEEE Std. 802.11™-2012: "IEEE Standard for Information Technology - Telecommunications andinformation exchange between systems - Local and metropolitan area networks - Specificrequirements - Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY)Specifications".[9] IEEE Std. 802.11ac™-2013: "IEEE Standard for Information Technology - Telecommunicationsand information exchange between systems - Local and metropolitan area networks - Specificrequirements - Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY)Specifications - Amendment 4: Enhancements for Very High Throughput for Operation in Bandsbelow 6 GHz".[10] ETSI TR 102 273-2 (V1.2.1) (12-2001): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrumMatters (ERM); Improvement on Radiated Methods of Measurement (using test site) andevaluation of the corresponding measurement uncertainties; Part 2: Anechoic chamber".[11] ETSI TR 102 273-3 (V1.2.1) (12-2001): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrumMatters (ERM); Improvement on Radiated Methods of Measurement (using test site) andevaluation of the corresponding measurement uncertainties; Part 3: Anechoic chamber with aground plane".[12] ETSI TR 102 273-4 (V1.2.1) (12-2001): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrumMatters (ERM); Improvement on Radiated Methods of Measurement (using test site) andevaluation of the corresponding measurement uncertainties; Part 4: Open area test site".references2.2 InformativeReferences are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) ornon-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee their long term validity.The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the user with regard to a particular subject area.[i.1] Directive 98/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 July 1998 amendingDirective 98/34/EC laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the field oftechnical standards and regulations.[i.2] ETSI EG 201 399 (V2.1.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);A guide to the production of candidate Harmonized Standards for application under the R&TTEDirective".[i.3] Directive 98/34/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 June 1998 laying down aprocedure for the provision of information in the field of technical standards and regulations.3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations3.1 DefinitionsFor the purposes of the present document, the terms and definitions given in the R&TTE Directive [1] and the following apply:5 GHz RLAN bands: total frequency range that consists of the 5 150 MHz to 5 350 MHz and the 5 470 MHz to5 725 MHz sub-bandsadaptive equipment: equipment operating in an adaptive modeadaptive mode: mechanism by which equipment can adapt to its environment by identifying other transmissions present in the bandad-hoc mode: operating mode in which an RLAN device establishes a temporary wireless connection with other RLAN devices without a controlling network infrastructureantenna array: two or more antennas connected to a single device and operating simultaneouslyantenna assembly: combination of the antenna (integral or dedicated), its coaxial cable and if applicable, its antenna connector and associated switching componentsNOTE 1: This term (antenna assembly) refers to an antenna connected to one transmit chain.NOTE 2: The gain of an antenna assembly G in dBi, does not include the additional gain that may result out of beamforming.available channel: channel identified as available for immediate use as an Operating Channel NOTE: Usable Channels whose nominal bandwidth falls completely within the band 5 150 MHz to 5 250 MHz can be considered as Available Channels without further testing.beamforming gain: additional (antenna) gain realized by using beamforming techniques in smart antenna systems NOTE: Beamforming gain as used in the present document does not include the gain of the antenna assembly. burst: period during which radio waves are intentionally transmitted, preceded and succeeded by periods during which no intentional transmission is madechannel: minimum amount of spectrum used by a single RLAN deviceNOTE: An RLAN device is permitted to operate (transmit/receive) in one or more adjacent or non-adjacent channels simultaneously.EXAMPLE: For the purpose of the present document, an IEEE 802.11™ [8] device operating in a 40 MHz mode may be considered as operating in 2 adjacent 20 MHz channels simultaneously.channel plan: combination of the centre frequencies and for each of the centre frequencies, the declared nominal bandwidth(s)clear channel assessment: mechanism used by an equipment to identify other transmissions in the channelcombined equipment: any combination of non-radio equipment that requires a plug-in radio device to offer full functionalitydedicated antenna: antenna external to the equipment, using an antenna connector with a cable or a wave-guide and which has been designed or developed for one or more specific types of equipmentNOTE: It is the combination of dedicated antenna and radio equipment that is expected to be compliant with the regulations.energy detect: mechanism used by an adaptive system to determine the presence of another device operating on the channel based on detecting the signal level of that other deviceenvironmental profile: range of environmental conditions under which equipment within the scope of the present document is required to comply with the provisions of the present documentFrame Based Equipment (FBE): equipment where the transmit/receive structure is not directly demand-driven but has fixed timingNOTE: I.e. it may be altered by configuration changes but there is always a minimum Idle Period following a transmit period.host equipment: any equipment which has complete user functionality when not connected to the radio equipment part and to which the radio equipment part provides additional functionality and to which connection is necessary for the radio equipment part to offer functionalityintegral antenna: antenna designed as a fixed part of the equipment (without the use of an external connector) which cannot be disconnected from the equipment by a user with the intent to connect another antennaNOTE: An integral antenna may be fitted internally or externally. In the case where the antenna is external, a non-detachable cable or wave-guide can be used.Listen Before Talk (LBT): mechanism by which an equipment applies clear channel assessment (CCA) before using the channelLoad Based Equipment (LBE): equipment where the transmit/receive structure is not fixed in time but demand-drivenmanufacturer: company that has manufactured the equipment and who submits it for testNOTE: Alternatively, the importer or any other person or entity that submits the equipment for test can be considered as the manufacturer for the purpose of the present document.master mode: mode which relates to the DFS functionality where the RLAN device uses a Radar Interference Detection function and controls the transmissions of RLAN devices operating in slave modeNOTE: In this mode it is able to select a channel and initiate a network by sending enabling signals to other RLAN devices. An RLAN network always has at least one RLAN device operating in master mode whenoperating in the bands 5 250 MHz to 5 350 MHz and 5 470 MHz to 5 725 MHz.multi-radio equipment: radio, host or combined equipment using more than one radio transceiveroperating channel: Available Channel on which the RLAN has started transmissionsNOTE: An Operating Channel becomes again an Available Channel if the RLAN stopped all transmissions on that channel and no radar signal was detected by the In-Service Monitoring.plug-in radio device: radio equipment module intended to be used with or within host, combined or multi-radio equipment, using their control functions and power supplyreceive chain: receiver circuit with an associated antennaNOTE: Two or more receive chains are combined in a smart antenna system.RLAN devices: 5 GHz high performance wireless access systems (WAS) including RLAN equipmentsimulated radar burst: series of periodic radio wave pulses for test purposesslave mode: mode which relates to the DFS functionality where the transmissions of the RLAN are under control of an RLAN device operating in master modeNOTE: An RLAN device in slave mode may use a Radar Interference Detection function.smart antenna systems: equipment that combines multiple transmit and/or receive chains with a signal processing function to increase the throughput and/or to optimize its radiation and/or reception capabilities NOTE: These are techniques such as spatial multiplexing, beamforming, cyclic delay diversity, MIMO, etc. stand-alone radio equipment: equipment that is intended primarily as communications equipment and that is normally used on a stand-alone basissub-band: portion of the 5 GHz RLAN bandsNOTE: See definition for "5 GHz RLAN bands".total occupied bandwidth: total of the Nominal Channel Bandwidths in case of simultaneous transmissions in adjacent or non-adjacent channelsNOTE: The Total Occupied Bandwidth may change with time/payload.transmit chain: transmitter circuit with an associated antennaNOTE: Two or more transmit chains are combined in a smart antenna system.Transmit Power Control (TPC): technique in which the transmitter output power is controlled resulting in reduced interference to other systemsunavailable channel: channel which cannot be considered by the RLAN device for a certain period of time(Non Occupancy Period) after a radar signal was detected on that channelunusable channel: channel from the declared channel plan which may be declared as permanently unavailable due to one or more radar detections on the channelusable channel: any channel from the declared channel plan, which may be considered by the RLAN for possible use 3.2 SymbolsFor the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:A Measured power outputCurrentAC AlternatingT ch Number of active transmit chainsB Radar burst periodCh r Channel in which radar test signals are inserted to simulate the presence of a radarD Measured power densitydBm dB relative to 1 milliwattCurrentDC DirectstrengthE FieldE o Reference field strengthfrequencyf c CarriergainG AntennaGHz GigaHertzHz HertzkHz kiloHertzL Radar burst lengthMHz MegaHertzms millisecondMS/s Mega Samples per secondmW milliWattn Number of channelsP H Calculated e.i.r.p. at highest power levelP L Calculated e.i.r.p. at lowest power levelPburst RMS (mean) power over the transmission burstPD Calculated power densityP d Detection ProbabilityR DistanceR ch Number of active receive chainsdistanceR o ReferencepowerS0 SignalinstantT0 TimeinstantT1 TimeinstantT2 TimeT3 TimeinstantwidthpulseW Radarx Observed duty cycleY Beamforming (antenna) gain3.3 AbbreviationsFor the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:ACK AcknowledgementBIT Burst Interval TimeBW BandWidth。

ChatGPT技术的数据清洗和预处理方法

ChatGPT技术的数据清洗和预处理方法数据清洗和预处理是在ChatGPT技术中非常重要的步骤，它们有助于提高模型的性能和准确性。

本文将介绍使用ChatGPT技术的数据清洗和预处理方法。

一、数据清洗方法2. 删除重复数据：在训练数据中，可能存在大量的重复问答对，这些重复数据会对模型训练产生不必要的影响。

因此，需要删除这些重复数据。

可以使用Python编程语言中的集合（set）来快速删除重复数据。

3. 异常数据处理：在ChatGPT训练数据中，可能会存在一些异常数据，例如多余的空格、文字重复、语法错误等。

这些异常数据会对模型的性能造成负面影响。

可以使用文本处理工具，例如NLTK（Natural Language Toolkit）和Spacy来识别和处理这些异常数据。

4. 标准化文本：在ChatGPT训练数据中，经常会出现不同的文本变体，例如大小写、简写、缩写等。

为了提高模型的泛化能力，可以将这些文本标准化为一致的格式。

可以使用词干提取（stemming）和词形还原（lemmatization）等技术来进行文本标准化。

1. 分词：为了使ChatGPT模型能够理解和处理文本数据，需要对文本进行分词。

分词是将一段文本划分为一个个独立的词（token）的过程。

常见的分词方法包括基于规则的分词和基于机器学习的分词。

可以使用NLTK和Spacy等工具库来实现分词。

2. 建立词表：在ChatGPT模型中，需要为每个词分配唯一的ID，并建立一个词表。

词表的建立可以通过遍历数据集，统计词频，并为每个词分配一个唯一的ID来实现。

可以使用Python中的Counter类来实现词频统计。

3. 词嵌入表示：在ChatGPT模型中，词嵌入（word embedding）是将词转换为向量表示的过程。

词嵌入可以捕捉到词之间的语义和语法关系，有助于提高模型的性能。

可以使用预训练好的词嵌入模型，例如Word2Vec和GloVe，来得到词的向量表示。