4-h_clubs_and_charteringppt

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精选高中高二下册7Unit4Grammar and usage公开PPT课件

10.do _u_p____包，扎，整理 do _a_w__ay__w_i_th_ 废除
11.end u__p_w_i_th____/ end _in____ 以…结束
12. get t_h_r_o_u_g_h__ 接通电话，通过，穿过，完成 get a_lo_n__g_ 进行，进展 get _d_o_w_n_ _to___ 开始认真地做…
4.look _fo__r__寻找 look o_v_e_r__ 检查 look af_t_e_r__ 照顾 look __t_o____ 注意，负责 5.call _f_o_r___ 要求，来找… call _u_p___使人想起
call __o_ff__ 取消_ call ___o_n__ 号召
15. _o_n___ hand 在手边，在跟前，即将到来 __i_n_ hand 在手中 _b_y___hand 手工的 hand _d_o_w_n__ 传下来 hand _o_u_t____ 分发 hand _o_v_er__ 移交
16.hold _b__a_ck__犹豫不决，阻止 hold _o_n_t_o_ ___ 牢牢抓住，不买不送 hold __o_n___ 稍等 hold _o_f_f___耽搁，拖延 hold _t_o____ 坚持，hold ____u_p_ 舉起，支持，阻擋
phrasal verbs
ask for leave alone shout at get on with...
take care of babies Verbal phrases have a try be late for class
【 1. TSroamnselaptihorna】sal verbs are splittable

【课件】Unit4+Using+Language+课件人教版(2019)选择性必修第二册

Paragraphs 1~4: Their experience in Toronto
Paragraphs 5~9: Their experience in Montreal
Paragraph10: Their time spent on the train towards Halifax
Para 1
路程（或赛程）
Passage B is the next leg of Li and Liu’s trip
B
A
SEEING THE TRUE NORTH VIA RAIL: TORONTO AND MONTREAL
2. Can you predict the content of this passage?
chat with 与...交谈
cousins chatted with Lin Fei, who had moved to
Canada many years earlier多年前.
大约黄昏时分，他们在市中心唐人街的一家餐馆吃饭时遇到了林菲。表兄弟俩和林菲聊天，林菲多年前就搬到了加拿大。
Para 4
Montreal)], he said, “That’s too bad. You owe it to yourselves to stay longer你们应该多待一会儿. Overall总的来说, Montreal is a city with wonderful sights and sounds声色俱佳. Most of us speak both English and French, and the city has unique独特的 Quebec culture
女孩们看到了数以百计的玻璃和钢筋建造的摩天大楼，老式汽车驶过。从港口区往北走，李黛玉说:“林菲，我母亲的老同学，住在这里。我应该给她打个电话，看看她是否有空共进晚餐。”

chopra4_ppt_ch04

Inventory Costs
Number of facilities
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.
4-7
Transportation Costs and Number of Facilities (Fig. 4.3)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.
4-3
Factors Influencing Distribution Network Design
Distribution network performance evaluated along two dimensions at the highest level:
Factories
Retailer
Cross Dock DC
Pickup Sites
Customers Customer Flow Product Flow Information Flow
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.
4-13
Distributor Storage with Package Carrier Delivery (Fig. 4.8)
Factories
Warehouse Storage by Distributor/Retailer
Customers Product Flow Information Flow

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

精选高中八Unit4 Grammarand usage公开PPT课件

yesterday.
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
2. 强调句型的注意点
It is your father who is wrong this time. It is his parents who have come to China.
主语一致谓语
① 主谓一致：被强调部分作主语时，其形式与谓语动词在人称和数上保持一致。
宾语宾格
② 人称照应：强调主语用主格，强调宾语用宾格。
在2012 年伦敦奥运会羽毛球男子单打决赛中夺得金牌的是他。
It was __h_e_ that won the gold medal in
2012 London Olympic Games Badminton Men’s singles final.
• 【即学活用】用强调句式按要求改写句子。 • My father did the experiment in the lab yesterday. ①(强调主语)
②(强调宾语)
③(强调时间状语)
④(强调地点状语)
• 【即学活用】用强调句式按要求改写句子。 • My father did the experiment in the lab yesterday. ①(强调主语) It was my father who did the experiment in the lab
直到2018.6.12 日特郎普与金正恩在新加坡才进行第一次会晤。 Trump and Kim Jong-un didn’t meet in Singapore for the first summit until 2018.6.12.
I t was __n_o_t_u_n_ti_l 2_0_1_8_.6_.1_2____ that Trump and Kim Jong-un met in Singapore for the first summit.

Hammett RelationshipPartA 高等有机化学课件(共39张PPT)

X
第十三页，共39页。
+HO COMe
CO2Me
X O
CO+Me
H
H2O
X
C2H5- X
CO2H
13
Lgkx/kH
A
OR' R
ZnBr2
k1 k-1 R
OR'
B
ZnBr2
k-2 k2
H
k3
H
H
C
R
-H+ R
-
σ
+
D
Go downward: reaction mechanism has more steps as keys, and one of it changed
A is the reaction transition: ρ=-3.5
7
第七页，共39页。
Application of Substituted group constants σ+ , σ-
in mechanism Research
Some time, the Hammett is not be a linear relationship: Error in measurement(测定(cèdìng)误差)
C
A
R2 OR
H δ+ R1 δO+ R B
C
R2 OR
Cordes
A
H
δ+
δ+
δ+ H
H2O
O
OR
C
δ+
R1 O R OH2
C
D
R2 OR
R
In A: C δ+ some positive charge accumulate, larger ρ

第4章(30)教材配套课件

UNIT 4
● Adaptability Different system constraints, the software allows the user needs to the degree of difficulty to be met. The adaptability of the software should be used widely popular programming language code to run in the widely popular operating system environment, the use of standard terminology and format for writing documentation.
UNIT 4
TOPICS
➢ What’s Software Engineering? ➢ What’s the principles in Software Engineering? ➢ What’s modifiability in Software Engineering? ➢ What’s understandability in Software Engineering? ➢ What’s adaptability in Software Engineering? ➢ What’s the target for Software Engineering? ➢ What’s reliability in software engineering? ➢ Telephone booking skills. ➢ How to write IOU and receipt？
UNIT 4
In modern society, the software used in many ways. The typical software such as E-mail, embedded systems, humanmachine interface, office suites, operating systems, compilers, databases, games, etc. Meanwhile, various industries almost all computer software applications, such as industry, agriculture, banking, aviation, government departments. Promote economic and social development of these applications, making people work more efficiently, while improving the quality of life.

4 Unit Four - Chartering

Tramping
• The most famous voyage charter party in China = GENCON 金康合同 • GENCON (= General Contract) general cargo = 杂货统一杂货租船合同，“UNIFORM GENERAL CHARTER”,简称“金康合同”，由波罗的海国际航运公会于1922年公布，1976年及1994年两次修订
• GENCON, a voyage charter party in favor of Owners.
GENCON – 金康合同 • GENCON (= General Contract)
• CongenBill 1994 is used as part of the GENCON, stating: GENCON incorporated in the CongenBill 1994(金康提单1994版).
• Owners' Responsibility Clause （船东责任） • 船东的责任• 在船舶开航前和开航时，船舶已适当地配备了人员和设备，并适当地安排了供给，船舶在开航前和开航时已适航。如发生货物的损坏和失灭，船东能够举证证明其在开航前和开航时已尽到了义务，船东就免责 • 即此后的不适航导致货损，船东免责 • 理由，就算全新的船也做不到100%没有问题 • Same as the Hague-Visby Rules (The Hamburg Rules & the Rotterdam Rules different stipulation)
• Charterers have no responsibility for an Unsafe passage to the outer limit of the port 船舶前往港口前的不安全因素与租船方无关，如中途发生战争、或遇到水雷、或触礁等

组织--Chapter 4 Organizing PP课件

1、机械性结构；规范，集权化 2、部门很少 3、无整合作用 4、很少模仿 5、当前经营导向
环境变化
复杂+稳定=中低不确定性
1、机械性结构；规范，集权化 2、部门很多，某些跨越边界 3、很少整合作用 4、某些模仿 5、某些计划
不稳定
简单+不稳定=中高度不确定性
1、有机结构，团队；参与性，分权化 2、部门很少，边界跨度大 3、很少整合作用 4、模仿迅速 5、计划性导向
h
6
4-7
一、组织的含义
1. 组织是一个实体。 2. 组织是一个过程。
h
7
4-8
一、组织的含义
为了使人们能够最有效地工作去实现目标而进行明确责任、授予权力和建立关系的过程。
（巴纳德）有意识地协调两个或多个人活动或力量的系统。组织的三个要素是：共同的目的、服务的意愿和沟通。
h
8
4-9
一、组织的含义
3、明确所需要的活动并加以分门别类
4、根据资源和情势把活动分成组
5、授权
6、权力和信息关系的横向和纵向的协调
组织工作过程
7、人事 8、领导 9、控制
4-12
组织工作的内容
• 职务设计——组织设计最基础的工作 • 管理幅度，管理层次——管理劳动的纵向划分 • 部门化——管理劳动的横向划分 • 职权配置 • 协调关系 • 组织结构再设计
继续成熟
规
模
提供明确的方向
衰退
危机：需要恢复活力
创造性
危机：需要领导
危机：需要委派代表控制
危机：
需要处理太重的官僚习气代表控制
小创业阶段
集体化阶段
规范化阶段精细阶段

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..........................................................................

The ITS-IDEA program is jointly funded by the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Federal Highway Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, and Federal Railroad Administration. For information on the IDEA Program contact Dr. K. Thirumalai, IDEA Program Manager, Transportation Research Board, 2101 Constitution Avenue N.W., Washington, DC 20418 (phone 202-334-3568 fax 202-334-3471).IDEA PROJECT FINAL REPORTContract ITS-6IDEA ProgramTransportation Research BoardNational Research CouncilNovember 28, 1995LASER VEHICLEPrepared by:Richard Wangler Schwartz Electra-Optics, Inc.Orlando, FloridaINNOVATIONS DESERVING EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS (IDEA) PROGRAMS MANAGED BY THETRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD (TRB)This investigation was completed as part of the ITS-IDEA Program, which is one of three IDEA programs managed by the Transportation Research Board (TRB) to foster innovations in surface transportation. It focuses on products and results for the development and deployment of intelligent transportation systems (ITS), in support of the U.S. Department of Transportation’s national ITS program plan. The other two IDEA programs areas are TRANSIT-IDEA, which focuses on products and results for transit practice in support of the Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP), and NCHRP-IDEA, which focuses on products and results for highway construction, operation, and maintenance in support of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP). The three IDEA program areas are integrated to achieve the development and testing of nontraditional and innovative concepts, methods, and technologies, including conversion technologies from the defense, aerospace, computer, and communication sectors that are new to highway, transit, intelligent, and intermodal surface transportation systems.The publication of this report does not necessarily indicate approval or endorsement of the findings, technical opinions, conclusions, or recommendations, either inferred or specifically expressed therein, by the National Academy of Sciences or the sponsors of the IDEA program from the United States Government or from the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials or its member states.TABLE OF CONTENTSEXECUTIVE SUMMARY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1PROBLEM STATEMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 VEHICLE-SENSOR SURVEY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 PRODUCT DESIGN SPECIFICATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4RESEARCH APPROACH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 RESULTS (8)CONCLUSION (9)GLOSSARY (10)REFERENCES (10)APPENDIX A: VEHICLE-SENSOR SURVEY (11)APPENDIX B:VEHICLE SPEED AND LENGTH MEASUREMENT ACCURACY (14)EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis report describes a diode-laser-based vehicle detector and classifier (VDAC) developed by Schwartz Electro-Optics (SEO) under the Transportation Research Board (TRB) Intelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems (IVHS), now Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), Innovations Deserving Exploratory Analysis (IDEA) Program. The VDAC uses a scanning laser rangefinder to measure three-dimensional vehicle profiles that can be used for accurate vehicle classification. The narrow laser beam width permits the detection of closely spaced vehicles moving at high speed; even a 2-in.-wide tow bar can be detected. The VDAC shows great promise for applications involving electronic toll collection from vehicles at freeway speeds, where very high detection and classification accuracy is mandatory.The extensive network of modem highways in the United States today offers a fast, safe, convenient means of transporting goods and people within and between the major cities of the country. However, the U.S. highway system is under considerable stress. The traffic congestion that currently pervades metropolitan areas threatens future gridlock if mitigating steps are not soon taken. According to ITS America (I), “The percent of peak hour travel on urban interstates that occurred under congested conditions reached 70 percent in 1989, up from 41 percent in 1975 .”If this trend continues, all peak-hour traffic will be congested by 2000; there is good reason to believe that the trend will continue. FHWA data show that since about 1965 the number of vehicle miles traveled has been increasing at a faster rate than expenditures on highway maintenance and that total capital spending for highways, streets, roads, and bridges has declined by more than 50 percent. It is assumed that the growth in traffic and decline in new roadway construction will continue and that a worsening traffic congestion problem can be expected.One of the goals for ITS in the United States is to reduce congestion. Through areawide traffic management, ITS can use existing facilities to improve traffic-flow efficiency. Advanced sensor technology is needed to provide accurate, real-time traffic-parameter data, such as volume, occupancy, speed, and classification, which are required to optimize the performance of areawide traffic management systems. Information on real-time traffic conditions can be used for rapid incident detection and en-route driver navigation.The sensors of choice for many future ITS applications will undoubtedly be mounted overhead. Although inductive loops are simple, low-cost devices, they are not as easily installed or maintained because of their in-pavement location. Several types of overhead vehicle detectors are being developed (2), including video detection systems, microwave radar detectors, ultrasonic detectors, passive infrared sensors, and active infrared sensors. Of these, only the active infrared sensor, using a laser rangefmder, has the capability for accurate vehicle profiling as a result of the narrow angular beam width of the laser.This profiling capability, a dual-beam configuration that permits speed measurement, and efficient vehicle-recognition software combine to produce a sensor that can classify vehicles as well as measure their presence and speed. The outstanding utility of such a sensor became good motivation for its development as a practical device.VDAC relies on an inherent laser characteristic-narrow angular beam width--to provide the high resolution required for accurate vehicle, profiling. The VDAC beam-scan geometry is shown in Figure 1. The SCANNING BEAMSFIGURE 1 VDAC beam-scan geometry.1system scans two narrow laser beams, at a fixed angularseparation, across the width of a lane at a rate of up to 720scans/sec. Pulsed time-of-flight range measurementsprovide accurate _ (+ 3 in.) transverse height profiles of avehicle on each scan. The vehicle speed, determined fromthe time interval between the interceptions of the two laserbeams by the vehicle, is used to space the transverseprofiles appropriately to obtain the full three-dimensionalvehicle profile. An algorithm similar to those developedfor military target recognition is applied to the three-dimensional profile for vehicle-classification purposes.An example of the VDAC three-dimensional profilingcapability is provided by the range image shown in Figure2. This range image of a van pulling a boat traveling at aspeed of 45 mph was obtained by the VDAC operatingwith a scan rate of 360 scans/sec. The pixel spacingresulting from the l-degree scan resolution is more thanadequate for vehicle identification.VDAC uses a rotating polygon as shown in Figure 3 toline scan a diode-laser rangefmder across a 12-ft-widelane of highway. The polygon scanner rotatescontinuously in one direction at a constant speed. Theangle between each facet and the base of the polygonalternates between 87.5 and 92.5 degrees for adjacentfacets; as a result, successive scans are made with anangular separation of 10 degrees, which provides the twoseparate beams needed for speed measurements. Asshown in Figure 4, the 0.5- by 12-mrad laser beamilluminates a 5- by 120-mm spot on the pavement thatprovides good m-lane resolution and optimum cross-lanecoverage when the laser is pulsed once per degree of scanangle.Applications for VDAC are many and include thefollowing:l Vehicle classification for toll charging.l Use with wireless smart cards to prevent cheating byverifying vehicle classification.l Vehicle road location and timing determination forlicense plate photography.l Wide-area real-time surveillance for signalizedintersections and freeway monitoring.l Traffic parameter measurement such as average speed, road occupancy, traffic count by type of vehicle, and queue length at lights.l Very accurate vehicle presence detection.l Vehicle height measurement for bridge, tunnel, or overpass warning.l Road and freeway accident detection by traffic speed measurement.l Temporary emergency replacement for disabled in-pavement inductive loops.l Operation where inductive loops are impractical:bridges, parking garages, or cobblestone or brick streets.PROBLEM STATEMENT Because ITS is such a new program, a set of precise requirements for VDAC does not exist. The first several months of the project were used to establish these requirements through the aid of a vehicle sensor survey and phone conversations with potential users. After the survey results were analyzed, a detailed product design specification was generated.FIGURE 3 VDAC hardware showing rotating polygon.FIGURE 2 Three-dimensional range image of a van pulling a boat.23 6 9 12 15 18NUMBER OF VEHICLE CLASSESFIGURE 5 Example histogram showing number of vehicle classes required.The survey revealed that the most common VDAC requirements not satisfied by current sensors are vehicle separation and classification, particularly under high-volume, high-speed traffic conditions. Survey responses indicated interest in the following areas of application (in order of interest): (a) traffic data collection, (b) traffic signal control, (c) temporary installations, and (d) electronic toll collection. For the most part, it was not possible to categorize questionnaire response according to application area because respondents indicated an interest in more than one area. This was not true for the electronic toll collection area, however, which was of singular interest in three of four cases (e.g., Hughes Transportation Management Systems, Amtech Systems Corporation, and MFS Network Technologies). These potential VDAC users want sensors that are very accurate (99.9 to 99.9999 percent detection accuracy, 95 to 99.95 percent classification accuracy), highly reliable, and have a long lifetime (2.3 to 5 years). They are concerned about the effect of environmental conditions on sensor performance, particularly weather (rain, fog, snow) and temperature (minus 40o to 85o C). On the basis of their need for high detection and classification accuracy, the electronic toll collection companies appear to be prime customers for VDAC systems.4PRODUCT DESIGN SPECIFICATIONThe product design specification presented in Table 1 was established on the basis of (a) the results of a vehicle-sensor survey implemented via questionnaires mailed to potential VDAC users, (b) discussions with major ITS companies (e.g., MFS Network Technologies and Hughes Transportation Management Systems), and (c) previous SEO experience in developing diode-laser-based vehicle sensors.RESEARCH APPROACHA schematic diagram of the VDAC system is shown in Figure 6. The VDAC’s laser rangefmder uses an InGaAs diode-laser transmitter and a silicon avalanche photodiode (APD) receiver in a side-by-side configuration. The transmitter consists of the diode laser and its driver circuit and a collimating lens. The optical receiver is composed of an objective lens, narrow-band optical filter, detector-amplifier, and threshold detector.The laser diode used in the VDAC is an InGaAs injection laser diode having 12-W output at 10 A pulsed current drive. The laser driver produces a 10-A peak current pulse with a 3-nsec rise time and an 8-nsec pulseTABLE 1 VDAC SpecificationsSCAN RATEFIELD-OF-REGARDSCAN RESOLUTIONBEAM SEPARATIONRANGE MEASUREMENTS PER SCAN MAXIMUM RANGEMINIMUM RANGERANGE ACCURACYRANGE RESOLUTIONINTERFACELASER BEAM GEOMETRYLASER WAVELENGTHLASER EYE SAFETYPOWER SUPPLY VOLTAGE TEMPERATURE RANGEVEHICLE CLASSIFICATIONSPEED ACCURACY 360 SCANS / SEC / BEAM30”1”IO”3050 FT5 FT3 IN3 INRS422, RS232SOLID STATE RELAY- PRESENCE LOGIC-LEVEL (l-l-L) PRESENCEIN-LANE AXIS - 0.5 mradCROSS-LANE AXIS - 16 mrad904 nm“EYE SAFE”IN COMPLIANCE WlTH 21 CFR 1040 CDRH115VAC, 24VDAC-40o C TO 60o C11 CLASSESSPEED DEPENDENT (see Appendix B)width. A trigger pulse from the scanner control circuit triggers the laser at the proper scan angles. The 904-nm laser emission is at an ideal wavelength for the silicon APD receiver used.The optical detection circuitry converts optical radiation reflected from the vehicle and road to, first, an equivalent electrical analog of the input radiation and, finally, a logic-level signal. The logic-level signals are processed within the range counter logic to yield analog range data, which are read by the microprocessor.An analog range-measurement technique was chosen for VDAC because of its better resolution, smaller size, simpler circuitry, lower power consumption, and lower cost when compared with digital techniques. The analog range measurement circuit, know as a time-to-amplitude converter (TAC), has an accuracy of 1 percent of measured range and a resolution of plus or minus 3 in. TAC uses a constant-current source to charge a capacitor to obtain a linear voltage ramp whose instantaneous value is a measure of elapsed time. The circuit is designed so5that the voltage across the range measurement capacitor begins ramping down from the positive power supply when the laser fires. The ramp is stopped when either a reflected pulse is received or the end of the measurement period is reached. The TAC output is then converted to digital by a fast 1 O-bit analog-to-digital converter.The VDAC sofiware processes the range data and outputs vehicle classification, vehicle speed, and so forth, via a serial interface to a remote computer. The major software functions are identified in the block diagram shown in Figure 7. The algorithms that must be implemented for each function were developed and tested, to some extent, in previous projects. The vehicle detector and speed calculator are used in SEO’s Autosense I unit. The real-time range loop, calibration, and gain adjustment routines have been used in several other projects. The vehicle profiler and vehicle classifier are related to algorithms that have been designed and tested under military research programs. The VDAC rule-based classification algorithm will classify the 11 different types of vehicles shown in Figure 8.Speed, Etc. to PCSelf Tests,Calibration,Gain Adjustment,Threshold Adjust,Dew SenseFIGURE 7 Block diagram for major VDAC software functions.P CARMOTORCYCLE PICKUP TRUCK DELIVERY TRUCK BUSTRACTOR WITHOUT TRAILERTRACTOR WITH 1 TRAILERTRACTOR WITH 2 TRAILERSTRACTOR WITH 3 TRAILERSFIGURE 8 Eleven vehicle types classified by VDAC.Range data are used by the vehicle detection algorithmto determine when a vehicle is present. The vehicledetection algorithm first calculates the range to the roadand then sets a threshold above the road that is used todetermine the presence of a vehicle. A certain number ofconsecutive range samples above the detection thresholdare required to accurately detect the presence of a vehicleand reduce false alarms.RESULTSSE0 tested VDAC at a site in front of the SE0 facilitieson Florida SR 441. VDAC was mounted to a mast armextending over the curb lane of this major arterial asshown in Figure 9. Testing was carried out 24 hr/day foran extended period of time. This permitted testing undervaried traffic conditions, including peak-hour, off-peak,and stop and go, and under varied environmentalconditions such as rain, fog, and high temperature.During testing, the VDAC algorithm was modified asrequired to optimize vehicle detection and classificationcapabilities. The program code was uploadable to VDACvia the serial interface, making possible the real-timeoptimization of VDAC performance.FIGURE 9 VDAC mounted on mast arm.FIGURE 10 Computer display of real-time VDAC classification data.The vehicle profiles were collected and organized in adata base. By using the data base, specific vehicle typeswere extracted and used for vehicle-classificationalgorithm development. After the classification algorithmwas developed, a search of the data base provided datafrom similar vehicles for classification algorithm testing.The data base contains fields that include vehicle class,height, length, speed, and so forth, corresponding to eachvehicle detected. A video image was captured and storedfor each vehicle for easy verification of the vehicle-classification algorithm. A computer display of VDACclassification data, including vehicle profile and videoimage, is shown in Figure 10. Approximately 1,200vehicles per hour can be verified using the data basedisplay software. Currently 50,000 vehicles are logged inthe data base.vehicles. The top matrix shows the vehicle count and the bottom matrix the percentage of classification. The numbers along the diagonal of the bottom matrix show the percentage of classification for each vehicle class. Off-diagonal numbers show the possibility of confusion between specific vehicle classes. For example, 5.04percent of pickups were confused with passenger cars.The overall percentage of classification for all vehicle classes is shown in the lower right comer of Figure 11.CONCLUSION Tests performed have included detection accuracy,classification accuracy, and speed accuracy. Detection of100 percent was visually confirmed in a test of 10,000vehicles. The detection accuracy tests were performed infair weather with some light rain and therefore theaccuracy might degrade some during extended tests orduring severe weather conditions. Classification accuracyof 95.5 percent for 10 vehicle classes was achieved usingthe 50,000~vehicle data base. The confusion matrix(Figure 11) shows the classification results for the 50,000Schwartz Electra-Optics has developed a diode-laser-based vehicle detector-classifier that can accurately detect and classify vehicles moving at freeway speeds. Several major ITS companies have expressed a desire to purchase VDACs when they become available for electronic toll and traffic management (ETTM) applications. Such applications require sensors that are very accurate and highly reliable and have a long lifetime. SEO is confident that VDAC will prove useful for traffic surveillance and signal control as well as ETTM applications.VDAC may find its first implementation as part of the Toronto Highway 407 project for Hughes Traffic Management Systems, where 300 to 400 VDACs will be used as part of a completely automated overhead tollcollection system. In this ETTM application VDAC isrequired to provide accurate vehicle detection,classification, separation, lane position, and cameratrigger information to the roadside toll collection system.Production of VDACs for this project was to begin in thelast quarter of 1995.GLOSSARYSeparation-the ability to detect closely spaced vehicles Camera trigger-a signal generated by the VDAC when it detects the end of a vehicle. This signal can beused to trigger a video camera to capture an image ofthe vehicle’s license plate.as individual vehicles.Transverse height profile-the height profile measured across the vehicle from side to side.Classification-the capability of differentiating among types of vehicles.REFERENCESDetection-the ability to sense that a vehicle, whether moving or stopped, has appeared in the detector’s field of view.Detection response time-the time it takes to sense that a vehicle is in the detector’s field of view.1. Strategic Plan for intelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems,Report ITS-AMER-92-3. ITS America, Washington,D.C., 1992.2. Kell, J.H., I.J. Fullerton, and M.K. Mills. TrafficDetector Handbook, 2nd ed. Report FHWA-IP-90-002,U.S. Department of Transportation, July 1990.Electronic toll collection-the completely automated process of billing on toll roads using electronic communication with the ser-a device that amplifies light and produces an intense monochromatic beam.Scan resolution-the angle between successive range measurements.iscTrck/Bus/RV 0 0. .Tractor TrailerPickup 0.001 0.000.001 2.841FIGURE 11Vehicle classification confusion matrix.APPENDIX A:VEHICLE-SENSOR SURVEY Currently used sensor(s)TYPEREQUIREMENTS METREQUIREMENTS NOT METFUTURE REQUIREMENTSApplicationq Traffic signal controlq Traffic data collection[] Electronic toll collectionq Temporary Installations[]O t h e rCHARACTERISTICS DESIRED INVEHICLE DETECTOR/CLASSIFIER 1. Please rate the importance of these functional characteristics:LOW DETECT VEHICLE PRESENCE 1 2 3 MEASURE VEHICLE SPEED 1 2 3 MEASURE VEHICLE HEIGHT 1 2 3 MEASURE VEHICLE LENGTH 1 2 3 MEASURE VEHICLE WIDTH 1 2 3 VEHICLE CLASSIFICATION 1 2 3 SEPARATE CLOSE-SPACED VEH 1 2 3 DETECT TOW BARS 1 2 3 MULTIPLE LANE COVERAGE 1 2 3HIGH 4 5 6 7 4 5 6 7 4 5 6 7 4 5 6 7 4 5 6 7 4 5 6 7 4 5 6 7 4 5 6 7 4 5 6 76. Please specify required environmental conditions:AMBIENT TEMPERATURE RANGESHOCKVIBRATION7. Please circle the appropriate value for these general characteristics:PRICE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 K$ SIZE 200 400 600 800 1000. 3m WEIGHT 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 lb POWER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 W120 VAC 24VDAC 12VDAC OTHERAdditional Comments:。

Hopf Differentials and the Images of Harmonic Maps

HOPF DIFFERENTIALS AND THE IMAGES OF HARMONIC MAPS
Thomas K. K. Au, Luen-Fth/0005276v3 [math.DG] 13 Feb 2001
Department of Mathematics The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin, Hong Kong thomasau@.hk lftam@.hk tomwan@.hk Revised Oct, 2000
1 Research
2
where w = log ||∂h||. In [Wn], the third author proved that orientation preserving harmonic diﬀeomorphisms on the hyperbolic plane H2 can be parametrized by their Hopf diﬀerentials, provided that they can be realized as the Gauss maps of constant mean curvature cuts in the Minkowski space M 2,1 . The last condition is equivalent to the fact that |∂h|2 |dz |2 is a complete metric on D, where |∂h| is the norm of ∂h with respect to the Euclidean metric on the domain and the Poincar´ e metric on the target. The result was generalized to harmonic maps from C into H2 in [W-A] and to more general surfaces in [T-W 1]. Hence in order to study the behaviors of harmonic maps from C or D into H2 it is useful to study their Hopf diﬀerentials. In [Hn], Han proved that if h is a harmonic diﬀeomorphism from C into H2 whose Hopf diﬀerential is a polynomial, then the closure of h(C) in H2 = H2 ∪ ∂ H2 is the convex hull of a totally disconnected closed set in ∂ H2 , provided that |∂h|2 |dz |2 is complete on C. In particular, h is not surjective. Here ∂ H2 is the geometric boundary of H2 . Later in [HTTW], it was proved that the closure of the image of an orientation preserving harmonic diﬀeomorphism h from C into H2 is an ideal polygon with exactly m + 2 vertices on ∂ H2 if and only if the Hopf diﬀerential φ dz 2 is a polynomial of degree m, i.e. φ is a polynomial of degree m. Note that by [Wn, T-W 1], we know that φ is of degree no greater than m if and only if h is of polynomial growth of degree at most m/2 + 1. In higher dimension, one cannot expect that such a clean statement continues to hold. However, in [L-W 1], Li and Wang were able to generalized part of the above result for a much more general class of manifolds. They proved that if M n is a complete manifold with nonnegative Ricci curvature and N is a Cartan-Hadamard manifold with sectional curvature pinched between two negative constants, then the closure in N ∪ ∂N of the image of harmonic map from M n into N with polynomial growth of degree at most ℓ is in the convex hull of ﬁnitely many points on the geometric boundary ∂N of N . Moreover, the number of points is bounded by a constant depending only on n an ℓ. Actually, they only assumed that M satisﬁes the so-called weak volume growth condition and weak Poincar´ e inequality. In [LW 3], they also obtained a sharp estimate for the number of points on the ideal boundary in case M is a complete surface with ﬁnite total curvature. All these results in [Hn, HTTW, L-W 1, 3] are under the assumption that the harmonic map is of polynomial growth. In this paper, we want to study harmonic maps from C into H2 which grow faster than polynomial. We will study the images of the harmonic maps by a careful study of their Hopf diﬀerentials. First we prove that if h is an orientation preserving harmonic diﬀeomorphism with Hopf diﬀerential φ dz 2 such that φ is of one of the following forms then h is not surjective: (1) φ = P1 exp [P2 exp [· · · exp [Pk exp(Q)] · · · ]], where Pj and Q are polynomials (Theorem 1.2); n (2) φ = P exp(Q) where Q(z ) = z n + j =1 aj z n−j is a polynomial of degree n ≥ 1, P is entire with order ρ < n and Σ ∩ {z | |z | > R0 and − δ < arg z < δ } = ∅, for some π n > δ > 0 and R0 > 0, where Σ is the set of all zeros of P (Theorem 1.1);

ch04-学员

Explain project execution, its relationship to project planning, the factors related to successful results, and tools and techniques to assist in project execution.
Many new project managers have trouble looking at the “big picture” and want to focus on too many details. (See opening case for a real example.)
Project integration management is not the same thing as software integration.

Explain the importance of developing and following good procedures for closing projects. Describe how software can assist in project integration management.
*Cosgrove Ware, Lorraine, “By the Numbers,” CIO Magazine () (September 1, 2002).
Information Technology Project Management, Fourth Edition 9
Supporting explicit business objectives is the number one reason cited for investing in IT projects. Companies with consolidated IT operations have a 24 percent lower operational cost per end user. The consistent use of IT standards lowers application development costs by 41 percent per user.*

第4章TROUBLE AND TROUBLE SHOOTING

CHARPTER 4 TROUBLE AND TROUBLE SHOOTINGAfter the diesel engine has run for long time, some parts of diesel engine will wear or be damaged, which will cause its technical condition get worse. When the technical specifications are not in the limited range, it indicates the diesel engine is in trouble. The failures should be resolved in time when it appeared. If diesel engine works with malfunction, not only the power and economic capability will decrease, but also operation performance will change, even the accessories will wear quickly and diesel engine will be damaged.For some failures, such as air existing in oil system, clog of filter, loose of belt and so on that can be resolved after maintenance or adjustment. But for other failures, such as piston ring is further worn, cylinder gasket is damaged and so on, which cannot be resolved by maintenance or adjust because of the limitation of diesel engine. The operator has to disassemble diesel engine or change accessories to resolve these failures.Note:(1) Usually failure is caused by inappropriate operation or missingmaintenance. The operator should check if the engine is operated according to regulated operation and maintenance when failure happening.(2) Resolve failure in time. Firstly, check out the reason of the failure. Then goto service station if need disassemble.(3) For complicated failures, the technician should perform the process withprofessional instrument and equipment. If the clients are not qualified to adjust or maintain the engine, they should go to service station.(4) It is not allowed for diesel engine to work with "sickness". Engine workingwith "sickness" will not only damage the parts and decrease the life span of engine, but also cause accident.The following failures and methods of eliminating are just for reference.4.1 Diesel Engine Is Difficult to Start4.2 Diesel Engine Does Not W ork in Full Power4.3Diesel Engine Running with Abnormal NoiseNote: If there are unusual sounds when diesel engine running, do not let diesel engine run with unusual sounds.4.4 Diesel Engine Exhaust Unusual Gas4.5 Diesel Engine Oil Over-consumption or Lower Oil Pressure●Note: If there is not oil pressure in the lubrication system or oil pressure is verylow, diesel engine could not work continuously. In these cases, you should first stop the diesel engine to check what happened.●Note :(1) When the diesel engine is overheat, do not stop it suddenly or supplycooling fluid immediately. The operator should keep engine run with no load for a while; after coolant temperature decrease, stop engine and check.(2) When the diesel engine is still hot, do not touch the water inlet cover.Adding cooling fluid, the operator should be careful.(3) If the clients cannot find the reason of overheat, they should go theprofessional service station immediately, otherwise, other accessories will be damaged.4.9 Battery Capacity Is Not Enough, Starts Difficultly, Self-discharges。

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..........................................................................

DG XIII – E/4 Second Metadata Workshop, 26 June 1998Table of contentsEXECUTIVE SUMMARY (2)1. INTRODUCTION (4)2. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES OF THE SECOND WORKSHOP (5)3. PARTICIPATION (6)4. STRUCTURE OF THE WORKSHOP (6)5. MORNING SESSION: TECHNICAL ISSUES (6)6. AFTERNOON SESSION: STRATEGIC ISSUES (8)7. CONCLUSIONS (8)8. LIST OF ACRONYMS AND REFERENCES (9)APPENDIX 1. PROGRAMME (13)APPENDIX 2. PRESENTATIONS (14)APPENDIX 3. LIST OF PARTICIPANTS (44)DG XIII – E/4 Second Metadata Workshop, 26 June 1998E XECUTIVE SUMMARYOn 26 June 1998, the second workshop of a series on the subject of metadata organised by the European Commission DGXIII/E4 took place in Luxembourg.32 participants attended the workshop. Many organisations in Europe involved in the implementation of metadata for electronic resources were represented, as were several European Commission services.The workshop contained one session on technical and implementation issues and one session on strategic and standardisation issues reflecting the specific objectives of the workshop.The first specific objective was to give a number of projects the opportunity to present results in the area of metadata from various perspectives. In the morning session, the issues that were covered in the presentations were:metadata creation toolsdefinition of local extensions to Dublin Core for specific application areasthe use of controlled vocabularymultilingual metadataThe presenters of these subjects conducted a panel discussion on these issues and others raised by the audience.The second specific objective was to discuss metadata in a broader context with project participants and experts involved in definition and standardisation of metadata elements. In the afternoon session, presentations covered:metadata activities in contextfuture developments in Dublin CoreIn a plenary discussion, the participants discussed strategic issues concerning the definition and standardisation of metadata element sets.The major conclusions of the workshop can be summarised as follows:the strategic discussions highlighted that establishing widely accepted agreements is essential for the success of metadata;it is necessary that consensus on agreements for metadata is achieved across domains (e.g. libraries, museums, education, business, etc.);agreements and standards need to be maintained over time in a clear and open way with participation of all interested parties (especially user communities) to guarantee stability over time;formal and informal bodies involved in the standardisation of metadata sets (Dublin Core community, CEN, ISO) need to find effective ways of co-operation to ensure maximum acceptance of agreements and to avoid overlapping activities; further metadata workshops organised by the European Commission are considered to be valuable platforms for co-ordination and exchange of experience.DG XIII – E/4 Second Metadata Workshop, 26 June 1998 For further information, including PowerPoint presentations, see the Workshop’s Web site at: http://www2.echo.lu/libraries/en/metadata2.htmlFor more information on the Libraries sector of the Telematics Application Programme, see: http://www2.echo.lu/libraries/en/libraries.htmlDG XIII – E/4 Second Metadata Workshop, 26 June 19981.I NTRODUCTIONThis document is the report of the second Workshop on Metadata, held in Luxembourg on 26 June 1998.DGXIII/E4, the Electronic publishing and libraries unit, is organising a series of workshops on the issue of metadata. Intended participation is from libraries sector projects within the Telematics Applications Programme and from projects in other TAP sectors and other programmes, both EU and national. The primary objectives of the workshops are:To establish a platform for co-ordination between projects concerned with metadata in a broad sense.Under the current Framework Programme for RTD there are a number of projects concerned with metadata as such or with descriptions and descriptors of electronic documents. These projects will come across the same issues and problems and will benefit from concertation, as this will allow them to compare their concepts and approaches with others.To make a wider European community aware of developments in the standards arena and stimulate feedback from the projects to the standards.Developments in metadata in the Internet, specifically in Dublin Core, are moving fast. Some European organisations invest in participating in the Dublin Core workshops but not all have easy access to this activity. By inviting Dublin Core workshop participants to present the developments in the proposed workshops, a wider European audience can be informed on this subject. At the same time, models and experiences from the projects can be fed back into the standards arena.The first workshop which took place on 1 and 2 December 1997, contained a tutorial, project presentations, breakout sessions discussing various aspects of metadata creation and usage.The workshop, although recognising the usefulness of Dublin Core as a starting point in metadata descriptive standards, brought forward a number of concerns regarding the current state and the further development of Dublin Core:•There is currently no formal responsibility for the maintenance of Dublin Core: development takes place in an informal group of invited experts which meets once or twice per year in what is known as the Dublin Core Workshop Series.•The current technical state of Dublin Core is unstable: during the meetings of the Dublin Core group, changes are being made to the format and there is no convergence to a stable version.•The use of the current Dublin Core metadata format is not supported by the existence of guidelines: some of the philosophy and terminology of Dublin Core isDG XIII – E/4 Second Metadata Workshop, 26 June 1998 not obvious to the uninitiated user which could lead to different interpretations adversely affecting interoperability.It was also identified that the current take-up of Dublin Core is slow and that there is a lack of critical mass. This seems to be a classical chicken-and-egg situation: authors and publishers do not invest in providing Dublin Core metadata if the Internet indexing services (the ‘harvesters’) do not utilise it, and harvesters do not collect Dublin Core and use it for selective indexing if there is not enough data available. If this situation cannot be changed, Dublin Core might not turn into reality.The workshop identified a number of actions that could be taken to promote and encourage the use of Dublin Core, including the following:1.There needs to be clarity about version control and maintenance of Dublin Core.The Dublin Core group, addressed through the mailing list META2, will be asked to give a clear statement about this.2.Further pilot projects should be started to further develop experience, test out theissues and help realise a critical mass of Dublin Core metadata. The European Commission and national bodies like National Libraries might have a role to play by encouraging the provision of Dublin Core metadata in documents, e.g. in project deliverables and electronic documents in the national deposit.3.The interest and requirements existing in Europe warrant the establishment of aEuropean group of implementers discussing the practical issues of implementing metadata in general and Dublin Core in particular. The Luxembourg workshops, such as this December 1997 one and a second one scheduled for mid-1998, could develop into a regular series.4.The liaison with other groups concerned with metadata, such as the CEN/ISSSworking group on Metadata for Multimedia Information (MMI), should be established to ensure applicability and interoperability of metadata as widely as possible and cover the needs of a wide range of communities.The report of the first workshop is available on the Web at http://www2.echo.lu/libraries/en/metadata.html.2.S PECIFIC OBJECTIVES OF THE SECOND WORKSHOPThe specific objectives of this second workshop, held in Luxembourg on 26 June 1998, were as follows.The first specific objective of the second workshop was to give a number of projects the opportunity to present results in the area of metadata from various perspectives. In the morning session, the issues that were covered in the presentations were:•metadata creation tools•definition of local extensions to Dublin Core for specific application areasDG XIII – E/4 Second Metadata Workshop, 26 June 1998•the use of controlled vocabulary•multilingual metadataThe presenters of these subjects conducted a panel discussion on these issues and others raised by the audience.The second specific objective was to discuss metadata in a broader context with project participants and experts involved in definition and standardisation of metadata elements. In the afternoon session, presentations covered:•metadata activities in context•future developments in Dublin CoreIn a plenary discussion, the participants discussed strategic issues concerning the definition and standardisation of metadata element sets.The programme of the workshop is attached in Appendix 1. Printouts of the presentation, with short biographical notes of the presenters are attached in appendix 2.3.P ARTICIPATION32 persons representing projects from the Telematics programme, national projects and various Commission services attended the workshop.The list of participants is attached as appendix 3.4.S TRUCTURE OF THE WORKSHOPThis second workshop was organised on a single day and contained two sessions: one session on technical and implementation issues and one session on strategic and standardisation issues reflecting the specific objectives of the workshop.5.M ORNING SESSION: TECHNICAL ISSUESIn the first presentation, Anna B RÜMMER of Lund University in Sweden demonstrated metadata creation software constructed for the Nordic Metadata Project. This creation software on the Web offers an easy way to attach descriptive metadata to resources and has helped to build the SweMeta Dublin Core Database for Sweden, which contains 110.000 records. The system also allows users to assign a unique URN to their resource. Currently there is no statistical information on the use of the various elements, which could provide interesting information. There is no validation of the terms entered. This could be considered in the future.Erik D UVAL of Leuven University in Belgium presented the Ariadne project aiming at sharing and re-use of pedagogical resources to make the best use of scarce high-quality material for educational purposes. The project provides authoring tools that produce base metadata, which helps in creating a corpus of consistent descriptions. The project constitutes a closed environment for the participants, allowing a strongDG XIII – E/4 Second Metadata Workshop, 26 June 1998 exercise of editorial control and therefore of quality. Furthermore, users have the possibility to add annotations to the descriptions. A “Replicator Scheme” controls the distribution and access to the resources available in the Central Pool and the Local Pools in various places around Europe. The project has not reached the stage where a critical mass of material is available and is looking for further participants. The Ariadne project is co-operating with the IMS (Instructional Management Systems) project to co-ordinate the metadata definitions and agree a common metadata set. This set is not technically speaking Dublin Core as it has a richer structure and contains elements specific to educational use of the resources, but the mapping of Dublin Core into the Ariadne metadata set is considered to be possible. Also the project participates in the work in the IEEE Learning Technology Standards Committee which develops technical Standards, Recommended Practices, and Guides for software components, tools, technologies and design methods that facilitate the development, deployment, maintenance and interoperation of computer implementations of education and training components and systems.Paul M ILLER of the Archaeology Data Service in the UK introduced the advantages of using controlled vocabularies and thesauri. For users, these tools would help gaining more effective access to resources and reduce the number of false hits. Creators would be able to make more consistent descriptions and achieve a better integration of new and existing resources. It was noted that a major factor for the use of controlled vocabulary is the ease with which it can be used in both the process of creation of metadata and in the process of searching.Matthew S TIFF of the Museum Documentation Association in the UK spoke about multilingual aspects of information retrieval. He discussed the creation of parallel metadata in multiple languages versus the use of translation tools and multilingual thesauri. He identified the need for new tools but also noted these tools will be expensive and will take a lot of time to develop. Various options can be explored to create multilingual thesauri, including linking existing monolingual ones and translating one thesaurus in multiple languages. He touched upon the fundamental issue of incomplete equivalence of terms in different languages. Project Term-IT is investigating mechanisms to facilitate the production and dissemination of multilingual thesauri in the cultural sector through establishing dialogue with users and analysis of the economics of thesaurus production.As a conclusion of the technical session it was identified that:quality is a crucial issue both in the creation of metadata and in its maintenance there should be a clear focus on the user when designing tools to help create and use metadata; user communities should be actively involved to make sure their requirements are taken into accountspecial attention must be given to the change in concepts and terminologies over time.DG XIII – E/4 Second Metadata Workshop, 26 June 19986.A FTERNOON SESSION: STRATEGIC ISSUESThe first presentation in the afternoon session was delivered by Ian C AMPBELL-G RANT of ICL, chairman of the CEN/ISSS Workshop on Metadata for Multimedia Information. He introduced the work of this group as part of a new approach to standardisation especially intended to achieve rapid agreements on standards and a wide acceptance n the market. The specific objectives of the group include to gather information on metadata activities, to identify gaps and overlaps in current work and to disseminate this information to European industry, projects and programmes. The group is currently working to establish a framework that will help to find existing activities in the area of metadata definition.In the final presentation, Stuart W EIBEL of OCLC in the US presented the current state and the future prospects for the Dublin Core metadata initiative. He outlined the objectives of the initiative, noting that it is a simple set for descriptive elements that are relevant for resource discovery. It could be used as a cross-domain “switching”language, working together with other sets in the framework provided by RDF. He presented the current thinking on the issue of more formally standardising Dublin Core, working through any body that would be appropriate for that purpose (IETF, ISO, NISO, CEN/ISSS).In the discussion that took place after the presentations, several aspects were identified:the involvement of user communities and business areas is crucial to make sure their requirements are being taken into accountagain the issue of critical mass was raised: Dublin Core and other structured metadata forms an ‘island in the sea of marked data’. There needs to be more metadata before it can produce benefits to the users.the CEN/ISSS workshop could form an appropriate platform for rapid standardisation of Dublin Core in the form of a CEN Workshop Agreement; this needs to be further explored.the issue of maintenance of metadata standards is very important. The mechanism and structure should allow open and international participation to ensure the widest possible and agreement7.C ONCLUSIONSThe major conclusions of the workshop can be summarised as follows:the strategic discussions highlighted that establishing widely accepted agreements is essential for the success of metadata;it is necessary that consensus on agreements for metadata is achieved across domains (e.g. libraries, museums, education, business, etc.);agreements and standards need to be maintained over time in a clear and open way with participation of all interested parties (especially user communities) to guarantee stability over time;DG XIII – E/4 Second Metadata Workshop, 26 June 1998formal and informal bodies involved in the standardisation of metadata sets (Dublin Core community, CEN, ISO) need to find effective ways of co-operation to ensure maximum acceptance of agreements and to avoid overlapping activities; further metadata workshops organised by the European Commission are considered to be valuable platforms for co-ordination and exchange of experience.8.L IST OF ACRONYMS AND REFERENCESACM the Association for Computing Machinery, an internationalscientific and educational organization dedicated to advancingthe arts, sciences, and applications of information technology.ADS Archaeology Data Service./ahds/AHDS Arts and Humanities Data Service./ALA American Library Association./ALCTS /ccda/Ariadne RTD project under the "Telematics for Education andTraining" sector of the 4th Framework Programme of theEuropean Union. The project focuses on the development oftools and methodologies for producing, managing and reusingcomputer-based pedagogical elements and telematicssupported training curricula.http://ariadne.unil.ch/CEN European Committee for Standardisation.http://www.cenorm.be/CEN/ISSS European Committee for Standardisation - InformationSociety Standardisation System.http://www.cenorm.be/isss/default.htmCIDOC The International Committee for Documentation of theInternational Council of Museums (ICOM), the internationalfocus for the documentation interests of museums and similarorganisations./CIMI Consortium for the Computer Interchange of MuseumInformation./CPA Commission on Preservation and Access./programs/cpa/cpa.htmlDC Acronym for Dublin CoreDesire Telematics for Research project addressing the needs ofresearch users in the context of a European informationnetwork based on the World Wide Web (WWW).http://www.surfnet.nl/surfnet/projects/desire/DG XIII Directorate General XIII of the European Commission.http://europa.eu.int/en/comm/dg13/13home.htm. See also:http://www2.echo.lu/home.htmlDublin Core Dublin Core is a 15-element metadata element set intended tofacilitate discovery of electronic resources./metadata/dublin_core/EC European Commission.http://europa.eu.int/ERCIM The European Research Consortium for Informatics andMathematics - aims to foster collaborative work within theEuropean research community and to increase co-operationwith European industry.EULER Telematics for Libraries project aiming to provide user-oriented, integrated network based access to mathematicalpublications.http://www.emis.de/projects/EULER/ICL /ICOM The International Council of Museums, a Non-GovernmentalOrganisation (NGO) maintaining formal relations with UNESCO,devoted to the promotion and development of museums and themuseum profession at an international level./IEEE The Institute Of Electrical And Electronics Engineers, Inc., atechnical professional society with the objective to advance thetheory and practice of electrical, electronics and computerengineering and computer science.IETF The Internet Engineering Task Force, a large openinternational community of network designers, operators,vendors, and researchers concerned with the evolution of theInternet architecture and the smooth operation of theInternet.IMS Instructional Management Systems Project, an investmentmembership of academic, commercial and governmentorganisations developing a set of specifications and prototypesoftware for facilitating the growth and viability of distributedlearning on the Internet./ISO International Organisation for Standardisation.http://www.iso.ch/MDA Museum Documentation Association, body in the UK formuseum information management, supporting museums in allaspects of heritage information management including thecrucial area of Information and Communications Technology(ICT)./MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology./MMI CEN/ISSS Workshop on Metadata for MultimediaInformation.http://www.cenorm.be/isss/Workshop/MMI/Default.htm NGDF National Geospatial Data Framework (UK)./NISO U.S. National Information Standards Organization:Nordic Metadata Scandinavian co-operation project creating basic elements of a metadata production and utilisation system:http://renki.helsinki.fi/meta/NSF National Science Foundation (US), an independent U.S.government agency responsible for promoting science andengineering through programs that invest in research andeducation projects in science and engineering./OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc., a non-profit, membership, library computer service and researchorganisation in Dublin, Ohio, USARDF Resource Description Framework, a specification currentlyunder development, designed to provide an infrastructure tosupport metadata across many web-based activities:/RDF/RLG Research Libraries Group.RTD Research & Technological DevelopmentSweMeta Dublin Core Database for Sweden.TAP The Telematics Applications Programme, one of theEuropean Commission's research programmes, aimed atstimulating RTD on applications of information and/orcommunications technologies in areas of general interest:http://www2.echo.lu/telematics/telehome2.htmlTEISS Telematics - European Industry Standards SupportTelematics for Libraries The Libraries sector of the Telematics Applications Programme:http://www2.echo.lu/libraries/en/libraries.htmlTerm-IT a preparatory-phase project under the Language Engineeringsector of the Telematics Applications Programme, aimed atleading to the development of methods and systems toimprove the production, dissemination and exploitation ofmultilingual terminology resources/term-it/URN Universal Resource Name:/html.charters/urn-charter.htmlA PPENDIX 1.P ROGRAMMEMETADATA WORKSHOP 26 JUNE 1998EUROFORUM Building352*5$00(09:00-09:20Welcome, registrationPatricia Manson, European Commission DG XIII/E-409:20-09:30IntroductionMakx D EKKERS, The Libraries Support Team0RUQLQJ VHVVLRQ 7HFKQLFDO LVVXHV09:30-10:00Metadata creation toolsAnna B RÜMMER, Univ. of Lund10:00-10:30Extension of Dublin Core for Educational materialErik D UVAL, Univ. of Leuven10:30-11:00Coffee break11:00-11:30Controlled vocabularyPaul M ILLER, Archaeology Data Service11:30-12:00Multilingual issuesMatthew S TIFF, Museum Documentation Association12:00-12:30Panel discussion12:30-13:30Lunch break$IWHUQRRQ VHVVLRQ 6WUDWHJLF LVVXHV13:30-14:00Metadata activities in contextIan C AMPBELL-G RANT, ICL (chair CEN/ISSS open Workshop on Metadatafor Multimedia Information)14:00-14:30Future developments in Dublin CoreStuart W EIBEL, OCLC14:30-15:00Tea break15:00-15:45Discussion15:45-16:00Wrap-up and closingAriane I LJON, Head of Unit, European Commission DG XIII/E-4A PPENDIX 2.P RESENTATIONSMetadata creation toolsAnna B RÜMMER, Univ. of LundBiographical note:Anna Brümmer is an electronic information services librarian at Lund University Library development department NetLab since the first of February 1996. She began after having finished her studies in library and information science in January 1996. Between 1996-1998 she has, among other things, been involved in the EU-project DESIRE, the Development of a European Service for Information on Research and Education. She is also involved in project EULER, European Libraries and Electronic Resources in Mathematical Sciences, integrating bibliographic databases, library online public access catalogues, electronic journals from academic publishers, online archives of pre-prints and grey literature, and indexes of mathematical Internet resources. For the time being she is the pro tem. head of NetLab.Abstract:Metadata tags are, in an end user perspective, complicated to produce. The talk presented one solution aiming to facilitate the metadata creation process (for end users): a metadata creation tool. The presentation described the issues involved in, and related to, the Dublin Core metadata creation and provided explanations on construction of DC Metadata records. The starting point was the Nordic Metadata project, which has developed basic elements of a metadata production and utilisation system, based on the Dublin Core Metadata Element Set. The result is the Nordic Metadata DC production template/creator, which was demonstrated at the workshop.The presentation included a short introduction to the web resource identifier URN (Uniform Resource Names) and an URN generator.The presentation is available on the Web at:http://www.lub.lu.se/EULER/presentations/creator.html.(one page print-out of Web page)Extension of Dublin Core for EducationalmaterialErik D UVAL, Univ. of LeuvenBiographical note:Erik Duval is a post-doctoral fellow of the National Fund for Scientific Research - Flanders and a part-time professor at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium. His main research areas are distributed hypermedia systems, data modelling, the application of information and communication technology in education, metadata and computer science education. He co-ordinates the development of the Knowledge Pool System for the ARIADNE project and is a member of the IEEE Computer Society, the ACM and the program committee of the WebNet Conference Series.Abstract:This presentation covered the current status of the author’s work on educational metadata. Since about two years, the ARIADNE project has developed both a structure and an infrastructure for educational metadata <http://ariadne.unil.ch>. The structure extends Dublin Core to a considerable extent and includes circa 70 data elements, grouped in 9 categories and defined over abstract data types. The infrastructure includes a tool for describing pedagogical documents and a distributed database of these documents and their descriptions, called the Knowledge Pool System. The ARIADNE results have been input in standardisation work in the Learning Object Metadata Working Group of the IEEE Learning Technology Standards Committee </p1484>.(6 pages printout of PowerPoint presentation, 6 slides to a page)(6 pages printout of PowerPoint presentation, 6 slides to a page)(6 pages printout of PowerPoint presentation, 6 slides to a page)(6 pages printout of PowerPoint presentation, 6 slides to a page)(6 pages printout of PowerPoint presentation, 6 slides to a page)(6 pages printout of PowerPoint presentation, 6 slides to a page)Controlled vocabularyPaul M ILLER, ADSBiographical note:Dr. Paul Miller is Collections Manager for the Archaeology Data Service (ADS)</>, one of five service providers comprising the Arts & Humanities Data Service (AHDS) </> in the United Kingdom.The ADS seeks to both preserve and encourage the reuse of digital archaeological data, whether by physically taking and mounting data or by working with existing organisations and technologies to facilitate distributed access mechanisms.Paul is responsible for the development of this distributed catalogue, and is closely involved with a number of evolving metadata initiatives around the world. These include the Dublin Core </metadata/dublin_core>, the UK's National Geospatial Data Framework (NGDF) </>, and the work of the Consortium for the Computer Interchange of Museum Information (CIMI) </>.Abstract:This presentation went into the problems of terminology and vocabulary, which become increasingly apparent as opportunities for cross-searching between different data sources grow. Efforts to develop controlled lists of terms have been relatively isolated in individual disciplines or geographic areas.With the current explosion in projects to provide remote access to these resources, and initiatives to link diverse resources together for the first time, new problems have arisen, namely;•divorcing of resources from the local expertise developed to support and maintain them •integrating diverse terminologies•contextualising the terminologies•providing access to the terminologiesIn conclusion, controlled terminology remains an important weapon in the information scientist's arsenal, but the new distributed world in which these terminologies are increasingly being used perhaps requires a new approach to some old problems, an approach which was explored in this paper.。

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• HAZOP分析方法目前在我厂应用于： • 1、2014年对全厂各在役、新建装置进行了
HAZOP分析。 • 2、工艺变更前，对变更风险进行全面识别。
• 目前国内没有统一的HAZOP分析标准，各个企业开展方式不同，方法应用也不尽规范。
主要有以下两种：
序参数/ 偏号引导词差
原因
后果
已有保护
•人员防护设施（防火服、防火头盔、过滤式呼吸器等） •紧急响应（人员逃生设施）
•冲击阻力结构
•围堰、沙袋
• 建议措施是指改进设计、操作规程、增加或减少安全保护措施，或者进一步进行分析研究等。这些建议必须是有效的、可度量的、可以接受的、能够实现的。
• 提出的建议措施由相关领导成员组进一步评估后，确定需要实施的必须按期关闭。
E
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3、很少发生（1000年1次,1E-3）
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D
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4、不太可能（10000年1次， 1E-4）
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E
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5、极不可能（100000年1次， 1E-5）
E
E