英语翻译

P86It is estimated that more than 50 per cent is liquid line in the petroleum and gas pipeline system ,the remainder gas .Pipeline size is governed by the amount of material to be transported through the line .lines may vary anywhere from a diameter of 3 or 4 inches for the liquid collection lines to 48 inches for the gas trunk lines .the oil lines tend toward the smaller sizes ,the gas toward the larger.据估计，在石油和天然气管道系统中，超过50％是液体，其余的气体。

管道的尺寸是通过线路输送的材料的输送量来控制的。

线路在任何地方都可能会发生用于液体收集线直径为3或4英寸变成48英寸的气体干线。

油线趋向于更小的尺寸，气体朝向较大尺寸。

P91Filtration is one of the most common applications of the flow of fluids through packed beds.as carried out industrially,it is exactly analogous to the filtrations carried out in a chemical laboratory using a filter paper in a funnel. The object is still the separation of a solid from the fluid in which it is carried. In every case , the separation is accomplished by forcing the fluid through a porous membrane. The solid particles are trapped within the pores of the membrane and build up a layer on the surface of this membrane. The fluid, which may be either gas or liquid, passes through the bed of solids and through the retaining membrane.过滤是流体通过填充层流动的最普遍的应用之一。

在工业上，它是与在化学实验室中通过漏斗上的滤纸中进行的过滤效果完全类似的。

目的仍然是分离携带有固体的流体。

在任何情况下，该分离是通过迫使流体通过多孔膜来完成的。

固体颗粒在膜的孔中捕获同时在该膜的表面上积聚的层。

流体中气体或液体，会通过固体床和通过固定膜。

P92The objective of evaporation is to concentrate a solution consisting of a nonvolatile solute and a volatile solvent. In great majority of a evaporations the solvent is water. Evaporation is conducted by vaporizing a portion of the solvent to produce a concentrated solution of thick liquor. Evaporation differs from drying in that the residue is a liquid (sometimes a highly viscous one ) rather than a solid; it differs from distillation in that the vapor is a mixture, no attempt is made in the evaporation step to separate the vapor into fractions; it differs from crystallization in that emphasis is placed on concentrating a solution rather than forming and building crystals. In certain situations, e.g. , in the evaporation of brine to produce common salt, the line between evaporation and crystallization is far from sharp. Evaporation sometimes produces slurry of crystals in saturated mother liquor.蒸发的目的是浓缩含有的难挥发性溶质和挥发性溶剂的溶液。

绝大多数的蒸发的溶剂是水。

蒸发是通过蒸发一部分溶剂，产生厚的浓溶液来进行的。

蒸发不同于干燥在于它的的残余物是液体（有时高粘性1），而不是固体，蒸发不同于蒸馏，蒸汽的是混合物，没有尝试在蒸发步骤的蒸气中分离成各种馏分;蒸发不同于结晶在于它强调的是浓缩的溶液，而不是生成的晶体。

在某些情况下，例如蒸发盐水生产食盐，蒸发和结晶之间的界限还远未清晰。

蒸发有时会产生结晶的料浆饱和母液。

P93In general,drying a solid means the removal of relatively small amounts of water or other liquid from the solid material to reduce the content of residual liquid to an acceptably low value. Drying is usually the final step in a series of operations, and the product from a dryer is often ready for final packing.在一般情况下，干燥固体意味着从固体物料中除去相对少量的水或其他液体，以减少残留液体的含量到可接受的低的值。

干燥通常是在一系列操作的最后步骤，从干燥机的出来的产品往往是准备进行最后的包装。

P94Distillation is a common chemistry process used to separate materials by changing their states of matter. Distillation is a widely used for separating a mixture of liquids based on differences in the conditions required to change the phase of components of the mixture. To separate a mixture of liquids, the liquid can be heated to force components,which have different boiling points into the gas phase. The gas is then condensed back into liquid form and collected. Repeating the process on the collected liquid to improve the purity of the process on the collected liquid to improve the purity of the produce is called double distillation. Although the term is most commonly applied to liquids, the reverse process can be use to separate gases by liquefying components using changes in temperature and/or pressure.蒸馏是通过改变物质状态来分离物料的常见化学过程。

蒸馏广泛用于分离基于混合物组分的相所需要的条件差异的混合液体。

分离的液体混合物，该液体可以被加热来生成组分，它具有不同的沸点以进入气相。

然后该气体被冷凝回液体形式回收。

重复收集的液体的过程，以改善过程的所收集的液体，提高产品的纯度，纯度为所谓的二次蒸馏。

尽管这个术语是最常应用到液体中，相反的过程可以通过温度的变化和/或压力液化成分用于分离气体。

P97The centrifugal force on particle in a spinning gas stream is much greater than gravity, therefore cyclones are more effective in the removal of much smaller particles than gravitational setting chambers ,and require much less space to handle the same gas volumes. On the other hand ,the pressure drop in a cyclone is greater ,and power consumption is much higher .粒子在旋转气流的离心力比重力大得多，因此气旋在去除更小颗粒比重力室环境更有效，并且需要少得多的空间来处理相同的气体体积。

另一方面，在旋风分离器的压降更大，能耗要高得多。

P101Solvent extraction is the transfer of a solute species from its initial location to a solvent known as the extracting solvent . The pure solute may be a liquid or a solid at the operating temperature but this is unimportant because initially the solute will be located either in a solution or in association with a solid . When the solute is in solution the extraction progress is called liquid-liquid extraction ,and the extracting solvent must be substantially immiscible with the original solvent . If , on the other hand ,the solute is termed solid-liquid extraction and will be discussed later on.溶剂萃取是溶质种类从其初始位置转移到被称为萃取剂上。