TPO31听
TPO-31 Reading 2 解析
Q1正确答案：D解析：根据关键词parents in Japan定位到段落倒数第2句的后半句Japanese parents view them primarily as a way of giving children the opportunity to be members of group。
Q2正确答案：A解析：定位到第一段倒数第2句，Whereas parents in China tend to see和Japanese parents view them primarily as a way of …前后分别叙述了中国家长和日本家长送孩子上幼儿园教育目的，是对两个事实进行比较，有转折关系。
Whereas, “(用以比较或对比两个事实) 然而，但是，尽管”。
Q3正确答案：C解析：根据词汇所在上下文推断词意，focus所在句“While many programs focus primarily on…，some are geared mainly toward…”，大意是幼儿园的教育目的大致分两类，一类集中在social and emotional factors，另一类是集中在promoting cognitive gains。
focus on和concentrate on都有“专注于”的意思；另外这里和focus配合的介词是on, concentrate 也用on，通过动词搭配也可以帮助推断。
Q4正确答案：A解析：题干的意思是Head Start这个项目是为什么样的孩子而设计的。
段落的第2句到段尾句的内容都是对Head Start 这个program的介绍。
第3句后半部分说Head Start的开始是在美国宣布War on Poverty (向贫穷开战)的时候，所以可以推断这个项目是为低收入家庭服务的，A正确。
第3句前半部分的意思是Head Start 项目创立于60年代，服务了1300多万儿童，这些儿童不可能全都出生在50年代，排除C；根据段尾句的描述，可知Head Start目标是“whole child”，即为培养孩子全方面的素质，physical and emotional development只是培养目标的一部分，不是D选项中说的focus primarily on，排除D。
TPO31 口语听力文本
TPO31 口语听力文本Task 3-Students Need Access to Movie CollectionNarrator Now listen to two students discussing the letter.Female StudentWhat do you think?Male Student I don't think we need tochange anything.Female Student You don't think she is right that it would be easier?Male StudentWell, I just don't think it's that difficult now. I mean, the library has a really good computer system where you can easily see what they have in their collection, see whaf s available and what's not.Female StudentYeah. You can always look through the titles on the library computers.Male StudentRight. And you don't even have to have an exact title in mind. I mean, you can just look for certain types of movies or movies with certain actors or whatever.Female StudentGood point.Male StudentAnd as far as what she said about the staff, the people who do that work are students who really need the money to pay for books and stuff.Female Student True.Male StudentPlus, I am sure those students don't get paid that much to do the work. So I don't think it's going to put any strain on the university's budget.Task4-MentalAccountingNarrator Now listen to part of a lecture in a psychologyclass.ProfessorSo a good example of this is something that happened to me. When I was younger, I had an office job and I worked there every day during the week. And I made a regular salary from that. But also I worked as a waiter at a restaurant each weekend, so I made some money from doing that.Now, around this time, I decided I wanted to buy a house. So every time I got my regular paycheck from my job at the office, I'd save as much of the money from it as I could after I bought the basic stuff I needed. But with the money I made as a waiter that was another story.Somehow I guess that money seemed separate from the money I earned at my regular job. So I used the money I made at the restaurant to go out to dinner, to buy videos or CDs, things I didn't really need.But the thing is, it ended up taking me a really long time to save up all the money I needed to buy the house. And looking back now, I realize I could have bought the house a lot sooner if only I had saved more of the money I made working at the restaurant.Task 5-Picking up Grandma & Review SessionNarrator Listen to a conversation between twostudents.Male Student Hey.Lin. Whaf s up?Female StudentOh. Just getting ready for my grandmother to come to town. She is flying in tomorrow to visit me for a few days at school.Male Student Oh. Yeah. Is she going to stay at yourapartment?Female StudentYeah. It would be good. We can spend some time together and I can show her around campus and stuff.Male StudentSounds nice.Female StudentYeah. I am looking forward to it. But I am not sure what to do about picking her up from the airport.Male StudentWhat do youmean?Female StudentWell, her flight gets in tomorrow. But the problem is, my biology professor scheduled a special review session...uh...for an upcoming biology exam at the same time I am supposed to pick her up. I didn't know there'd be this conflict.Male StudentOh. Well, how important is the review session? Do you think you can miss it to pick your grandmother up?Female StudentIt's optional. But this professor's review sessions are usually really helpful, he does a good job going over what's going to be on the exam. So it would be good to go, but... maybe I'll have to miss it.Male Student Is there something elseyou could do?Female StudentYeah. Actually I spoke with my friend Mary and she offered to pick my grandma up from the airport.Male Student Great. Why don't youdo that then?Female StudentMaybe. But Mary doesn't even know my grandmother. And I don't know how grandma would feel about being picked up by a stranger. She'd probably be more comfortable being picked up by me.Male Student Oh.Well...Task 6-Arctic AnimalsNarrator Listen to part of a lecture in a Biologyclass.ProfessorEven though it's cold and snow-covered, the Arctic houses many species of animals that manage to survive the harsh conditions there. These Arctic animals have adapted to the extremely cold temperatures primarily because of certain body features that help them to survive in the cold Arctic climate. Let's look at a few of them.For one thing, many Arctic animals have developed a protective covering on their feet. The covering usually consists of fur or feathers which act as a protective layer between the cold and the animals' skin. Since they spend so much of their time on snowy, icy surfaces, whether they are standing on the ground or swimming in the water, they can easily lose heat through their feet. This is especially true of Arctic birds. A bird like the Arctic Snowy Owl, for example, has feathers on its body the wayother birds do. But unlike most birds, it also has feathers all over its feet. This shields and protects the feet from the icy ground so that very little of the owl's foot actually touches snowy or icy surfaces, which helps its feet to stay warm.Another physical characteristic that some Arctic animals share is having smaller bodies and smaller, shorter body parts. In other words, their bodies are often more compact than other animals'. And the parts of their bodies that stick out or protrude like the legs, ears or tails are smaller and shorter. And the result is that there is less body surface exposed to the cold air. A great example is the Arctic wolf. Unlike the larger grey wolves that live in warmer climates, Arctic wolves have relatively small, compact bodies that efficiently retain heat. They also have smaller ears and shorter legs so that they lose less body heat than animals with larger bodies or longer body parts. And in the climate where the temperature is below zero most of the year, that's very important.。
托福TPO31听力Conversation2文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO31听力Conversation2文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO31听力Conversation2文本 Narrator: Listen to a conversation between a student and an employee at the university center for off-campus study. Student: Hi. I am Tom Arnold. I am supposed to pick up a packet from the regional center for marine research. I am doing an internship there this summer. Employee: Yes. I have it right here. The mail carrier dropped it off a few minutes ago. Student: Thanks. Um…I wanted to ask about getting credits for the internship.I don’t know if… Employee: I might be able to help you with that. Is there a problem? Student: I just wanted to make sure the details have been corrected. The system should show that I am registered to earn four credits. But as of Friday, nothing was showing up yet. I was told it would be fixed this morning. Employee: Well, I can check on the computer for you. Tom Arnold, right? Student: Yes. Employee: Well, it is showing credits…but only three. Student: Really?! So now what? These all have to be finalized last week. Employee: Well, yes. The course enrollment period ended last week. But since our office was supposed to get this straightened out for you before then… Let me see what I can do. Uh…did the university give approval for you to earn four credits for this internship? Because the other students at the center for marine research are only getting three. Student: Um…I am pretty sure those other students are doing the internship at the center’s aquarium, taking classes in marine biology and then teaching visitors about the various displays. I am doing a special research internship with the center. We’ll be collecting data on changes to the seafloor out in the open ocean. Employee: Oh. That sounds quite advanced. Student: Well, the internship requires me to have scuba diving certification and to be a senior oceanography student.I want to do advanced study in oceanography when I graduate. So I really want to get a sense of what real research is like. Employee: I see. Now let’s try and see if we can… Oh. OK. I see the problem. There are two kinds of internships listed here—regular and research. Yours is listed as regular so it is only showing three credits. Student: Can you switch it? Employee: Not yet. But it lists Professor Leonard as… Student: She is in charge of all the internships. Employee: She just needs to send an email so I have an official record. Then I can switch it. And that should tell everything. Student: Great! And I know Professor Leonard is in her office this afternoon, so I can go there later. It will be such a relief to get all these paperwork completed. 托福TPO31听力Conversation2题目 1.What is the conversation mainly about? A. Proposed changes to an internship program B. A document that was not delivered on time C. A canceled course D. An error in a registration record 2.According to the student, how is his internship different from the internships the other students have? A. He will be doing research in the open ocean B. He will be teaching visitors about the displays at the aquarium C. He will be writing a report about the regional center for marine research D. He will be spending more time in the classroom 3.What two requirements did the student have to meet in order to get the。
TPO 31 Listening-word版
TPO 31 Listeningconversation 11. What are the speakers mainly discussing?A point about southern settlements that the student did not understand.A problem with an assignment on colonial shipping routes.Reasons why the student prefers to write a paper relates to architecture I.An aspect of colonial settlements the student wants to research.2. What is the professor's opinion about the student's interest in architecture?He thinks the student’s focus on architecture prevents her from broadening her per spective.He thinks it may contribute to her producing an interesting research paper.He hopes she will choose to major in both history and architecture.He suspects that it may not provide her with the necessary background for the paper she is writing.3. What does the professor want the student to do when they write their papers?Show a connection between history and another field in which they are interested.Develop a research topic that has not been investigated before.Explain how an aspect of United States culture has changed over time.Describe early difference between regions of the United States.4. Why does the professor mention medieval Europe?To point out an important difference Europe and the United StatesTo introduce a reason that the first European settlers moved to North American.To indicate the style of community planning followed by in the northern coloniesTo point out that urban planning has changed considerably since the medieval period5. What does the professor imply about storage and port facilities?They were one indicator of the emphasis put on trade in the southern colonies.They were a sign of something the northern and southern colonies had in common.They were multipurpose facilities also used for community meetings.They were designed to be similar to those found in Europe.lecture 16. What is the main topic of the lecture?The history of Greek music from ancient times to the pastThe influence of ancient Greek music on the music of neighboring countriesThe characteristics of ancient Greek songsThe attitude of the ancient Greek toward music7. What two reasons does the professor give for approaching the lecture material as he does? Click on 2 answersWe have a limited idea of what ancient Greek music sounded like.The Greek philosophy of music influenced Western thoughtGreek music shared many characteristics with other types of ancient music.Greek melodies were admired by musicians from other cultures8. According to the professor, what did the ancient Greeks believe about music?That music connected them to their ancestors.That music allowed people express their individuality.That the same laws ruled music and the universe.That music could not be explained by mathematics.9. According to the professor, what was Plato's attitude toward music?Music had the power to help create the future leaders of a society.Music needed to be constantly evolving to keep up with social change .Music distracted attention from social problems.Music's primary purpose was entertainment.10. Why does the professor mention rock-and-roll music?To make a connection between ancient and modern attitudes toward music.To contrast its characteristics with the characteristics of ancient Greek music.To introduce a topic he will discuss later in the lectureTo find out what kind of music students in the class like best.11. Why does the professor say this?He does not think his opinions are relevant to class discussion.He believes his students can infer what he thinks.He wants the students to take Plato's ideas seriously.He does not want to influence his students' opinions.lecture 212. What is the lecture mainly about?How to predict the rate of tectonic plate movementA geologist’s attempt to determine the position of conti nents in the past.Some ideas about future movements of Earth's tectonic plates.The history of a debate between two plate tectonic theories.13. The professor states that some continues are currently moving northward and some are moving westward. Indicate the direction in which the continents are currently movingClick in the correct boxes.Northward WestwardAfricaAmericasAustralia14. What process is currently taking place in the Atlantic Ocean?One half of the ocean plate is sinking beneath the other half.New rock is forming between two sections of the ocean floorA subduction zone is forming at the eastern edge of the ocean floor.The ocean plate is moving away from the continental plates that are under the Americas.15. What long-term geoprediction do many geologists make?Continents will become smaller than they are now.Subduction will cause one continent to sink under an ocean.North and South America will move away from each other.The current continents will eventually join together.16. Based on the discussion, what happens when a continental plate and an oceanic plate collide?The edge of the oceanic plate moves down into the mantle.Slab pull causes the ocean floor to expand.New rock material rises to the surface at the subduction zone.Parts of each plate break off into the ocean.17. What is important difference between the two hypotheses discussed by the professor? They make different predictions about the direction in which the American continents will move. They make different predictions about how long it will tale for Pangaea Ultima to form.Only one predicts that Asia will eventually begin to move eastward.Only one predicts that some tectonic plates will eventually stop moving.conversation 21. What is the conversation mainly about?Proposed changes to an internship programA document that was not delivered on timeA canceled courseAn error in a registration record2. According to the student, how is his internship different from the internships the other students haveHe will be doing research in the open oceanHe will be teaching visitors about the displays at the aquariumHe will be writing a report about the regional center for marine researchHe will be spending more time in the classroom3. What two requirements did the student have to meet in order to get the internship?Click on 2 answersHe had to have volunteered previously at the aquariumHe had to be certified in scuba divingHe had to be a senior oceanography studentHe had to have experience collecting oceanographic data4. What does the student imply about Professor Leonard?She is not in charge of oceanography internshipsShe works at the regional center for marine researchShe will be able to help correct the mistake todayShe recommended the student for the internship5. What can be inferred about the woman when she says this?She feels her office has handled the situation correctlyShe is upset that she has to fix the problem herselfShe believes the student should have finalized his paperwork earlierShe wants to reassure the student that the problem will be addressed promptlylecture 36. What is the lecture mainly about?Reasons CoT starfish are attracted to coral reefsPossible causes of change in the CoT starfish populationEvidence that coral decline may not be related to CoT starfishProven ways to effective control the CoT starfish population7. According to the professor, what is the role of the grant triton snail in the coral reef ecosystem?It competes with CoT sta rfish for foodIts shells provides habitat for CoT starfishIt is a predator of CoT starfishIt can repair coral that has been damaged by CoT starfish8. How might fertilizer runoff effect CoT starfish population?It might increases the food supply fot young CoT starfishIt might wash away nutrients that are beneficial for CoT starfishIt might destory CoT starfish habitatsIt might make phytoplankton dangerous for CoT starfish to eat9. According to the professor, how might storms affect CoT starfish?Storms might interfere with CoT starfish's spawning cycleStorms might reduce the amount of plankton eaten by CoT starfishStorms might carry starfish predators close to reef systemStorms might reduce the number of feeding areas available to Cot starfish10. What does the professor say about controlling the CoT starfish population?It will be possible only after the causes of starfish population changes are better understood Recent discoveries about CoT starfish have made controlling its population easierEnforcing measures to limit runoff should be sufficient to control the starfish population Monitoring populations of young starfish will probably not be useful11. Why does the professor mention that CoT starfish eat fast-growing coral?To show the CoT starfish might benefit slow-growing coralTo explain fluctuation in the CoT starifsh populationTo indicate that the behavior of CoT starfish has changed over timeTo emphasize the danger posed vy CoT starfish to coral reefslecture 412. What is the lecture mainly about?Reasons why an ancient archaeological site was well preservedA controversy over where horses were first domesticatedFactors that led an ancient society to become nomadicEvidence that an ancient civilization used domesticated animals13. Why does the professor mention milking a wild horse?To point that the Botai people sometimes did not have enough foodTo compare the physical features of domesticated and Wild horseTo prove that the horses of the Botai people were domesticatedTo emphasize that horse milk was popular in some ancient societies14. What point does the professor make the horse bones found in the Botai settlements? They do not reveal information about horse domesticationThey are very different from the bones of modern horsesThey date to the period when the Botai people had become nomadsThey suggested that horses were first domesticated by another ancient people15. What does the professor imply about the people in ancient Kazakhstan when they started raising sheep and cattle?They found a way to protect livestock from harsh weather without traveling to the southern region They realized that a nomadic lifestyle offered benefits that outweighed the hard workThey had to learn the area due to a rapid increase in populationThey learned that growing crops is possible in the southern regions16. What does the professor imply about the people in ancient Kazakhstan when they started raising sheep and cattle?They found a way to protect livestock from harsh weather without traveling to the southern region They realized that a nomadic lifestyle offered benefits that outweighed the hard workThey had to learn the area due to a rapid increase in populationThey learned that growing crops is possible in the southern regions17. Why does the student say this?To point a contradiction in the professor's remarkTo propose a solution to the issue that the professor has just discussedTo find out if he understands correctly what the professor has just explainedTo show that he disagrees with the professor。
托福TPO31口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO31口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO31口语Task4阅读文本： Mental Accounting Although they may not realize it, people do not always manage their money in responsible way. In their minds, people tend to divide their money into different categories as if they were putting it into separate mental bank accounts. This tendency is known as mental accounting. People mentally store some money in one account to be saved, while they imagine other money being stored in another account from which money can be taken and freely spent. Mental accounting can lead people to spend more money than they should, which can make it difficult for them to save enough money to achieve their long-term financial goals." 托福TPO31口语Task4听力文本： NarratorNow listen to part of a lecture in a psychology class. ProfessorSo a good example of this is something that happened to me. When I was younger, I had an office job and I worked there every day during the week. And I made a regular salary from that. But also I worked as a waiter at a restaurant each weekend, so I made some money from doing that.Now, around this time, I decided I wanted to buy a house. So every time I got my regular paycheck from my job at the office, I'd save as much of the money from it as I could after I bought the basic stuff I needed. But with the money I made as a waiter that was another story. Somehow I guess that money seemed separate from the money I earned at my regular job. So I used the money I made at the restaurant to go out to dinner, to buy videos or CDs, things I didn't really need.But the thing is, it ended up taking me a really long time to save up all the money I needed to buy the house. And looking back now, I realize I could have bought the house a lot sooner if only I had saved more of the money I made working at the restaurant." " 托福TPO31口语Task4题目： Using the examples from the professor’s lecture, explain the concept of mental accounting. 托福TPO31口语Task4满分范文： Mental accounting is a tendency that people divide their money into different categories in their mind and therefore spend more money than they should have. The professor takes his personal experience. He used to have two jobs. He had an officejob on the weekdays and got regular paycheck from it; also he worked part-time in a restaurant at weekends, which earned him some extra money. He decided to buy a house, so with the regular salary he earned from his office job, he only bought daily necessities and then put aside as much as possible. But with the money earned from the restaurant he wasn't so careful, spending it on dinner and buying unnecessary stuffs like CDs, because through mental accounting, the part-time money was separate from his regular paycheck. As a result, it took him longer time to get enough money for a house than he should have if he didn't spend the restaurant money. (158 words) 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO31口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
托福TPO31听力文本+答案解析
得听力者得天下，托福听力对于考生来说至关重要!如何攻克托福听力，除了要多听，托福TPO听力也是托儿必刷的真题.小编托福考生们带来了TPO听力31文本，希望可以帮助广大托福考生轻松备考托福。
Section1 Conversation1 (Community Planning in the Colonies)NarratorListen to part of a conversation between a student and her United StatesHistory professor.ProfessorSo, Amanda, you’ve asked a lot of questions about trade during the colonialperiod of the United States. Has our discussion clarified things for you?StudentWell, yeah, but now, I think writing about trade for my paper isn’t goingto work.ProfessorOh, so your questions about shipping routes were for your researchpaper?StudentYeah. But now, I see that I probably need to come up with a new papertopic. Actually, there was one other idea I had. I have been thinking aboutdoing something about community planning in the early British settlements inEastern North America.ProfessorOh. OK. I am curious. Why are you interested in doing something oncommunity planning in colonial times?StudentWell, I am much more into architecture. It’s my major and I mean, planningout a town or city goes along with that. I mean, not that I don’t like history (I)am interested in history…really interested…But I think, you know, for a career, architecture is more for me.ProfessorThat’s great. I’ve gotten some very thought-provoking papers from students whose interests go beyond history.StudentOK. But for the paper you wanted us to try to include a comparison,right?ProfessorYes. Actually, that was really the purpose of the assignment. The way theUnited States developed or perhaps I should say the colonies, since the land that would become the Eastern United States…uh…there were British colonies there four hundred years ago. But anyway…uh… development in the colonies differed greatly depending on geography. I am looking for papers that have ideas about something that happened one way in the Northern colonies happened a different way in the Southern colonies.StudentIs that true in terms of urban planning?ProfessorVery true. Towns in the Northern colonies were centralized and compact.They provided a meeting point for exchanging goods, for participatory。
托福TPO31听力文本_New
托福TPO31听力文本Section 1Conversation l —Community Planning in the ColoniesNarratorListen to part of a conversation between a Student and her United States History Professor.ProfessorSo, Amanda, you've asked a lot of questions about trade during the colonial period of the United States. Has our discussion clarified things for you?StudentWell, yeah, but now, I think writing about trade for my paper isn't going to work.ProfessorOh, so your questions about shipping routes were for your research paper?StudentYeah. But now, I see that I probably need to come up with a new paper topic. Actually, there was one other idea I had. I have been thinking about doing something aboutcommunity planning in the early British settlements in Eastern North America.ProfessorOh. OK. I am curious. Why are you interested in doing something on community planning in colonial times?StudentWell, I am much more into architecture.I t’s my major and I mean, planning out a town or city goes along with that. I mean, not that I don't like history...l am interested in history…really interested. But I think, you know, for a career, architecture is more for me.ProfessorThat's great. I've gotten some very thought-provoking papers from Students whose interests go beyond history.StudentOK. But for the paper you wanted us to try to include a comparison, right?ProfessorYes. Actually, that was really the purposeof the assignment. The way the United States developed or perhaps I should say the colonies, since the land that would become the Eastern United States…uh...there were British colonies there four hundred years ago. But anyway…uh... development in the colonies differed greatly depending on geography. I am looking for papers that have ideas about something that happened one way in the Northern colonies happened a different way in the Southern colonies.StudentIs that true in terms of urban planning?ProfessorVery true. Towns in the Northern colonies were centralized and compact. They provided a meeting point for exchanging goods, for participatory government, and for practicing religion. Houses would be built along the roads that led into town. And just outside the developed area, there would usually be an open area of some sort for grazing animals and also group activities. Actually, the model for planning a town in the Northern colonies was not unlike themodel for the development of towns in medieval Europe. After all, the colonists had just come from Europe and the medieval period was just ended.StudentMedieval Europe. But what about the South? If I remember correctly... In the South, at least initially, they didn't build towns so much as they built trading posts.ProfessorThat's right. Most of the settlers in the North wanted to start a whole new life. But most of the people who came from Europe to the South just wanted to make some money and then go back. It is not surprising that some of most common buildings were storage facilities and port facilities.Lecture l-Music — Ancient Greek Music & PlatoNarratorListen to part of a lecture in a music class.ProfessorToday we are going to do something a little different. In the past few classes, we've listened to traditional music from around the world and we've talked about the characteristics of these music, what makes these styles distinctive, what kinds of instruments are used. And you've talked about what sounds familiar to you and what sounds strange. And many of you found some of what we've listened to very strange indeed.Well, today I want to start talking about western music and I am going to start in ancient Greece. But, now here's the part that's different. We're not going to talk very much about the actual music. Instead, we are going to talk about what the Greeks believed about music.Now, there are some very good reasons to approach the material in this way. First, well, we don't have very much ancient Greek music studied. Only about 45 pieces survived…uh...these are mo stly records of poems and songs. And we are not sure how well we can reproduce the melodies or rhythms,because they were apparently improvised in many cases. So we really don't know all that much about what the music sounded like.What we do know about - and this really is the most important reason I am approaching today's lecture the way I am - is the Greek philosophy about music and its continuing influence on western attitudes toward music.Now, if we're going to understand the philosophy, we have to first understand that music for the Greeks was about much more than entertainment. Yes, there was music at festivals and we have sculptures and paintings showing people listening to music for many of the same reasons that we do. But this isn't the whole story.The important thing about music was that it was governed by rules, mathematical rules. And for those of you who are also studying music theory, you’ll see that it is in fact highly mathematical.Um...and for the Greeks, the same mathematical principles that govern music also govern the universe as well as the humancharacter, the essence of personality. People's characters were believed to be very sensitive to music.1f you started playing around with the rules, you know, messing up the mathematical order, you could do serious harm. That's why music was considered so powerful, if you knew the rules, it could do great good. But if you broke them, you could do great harm to the character of the listener.So, we have this Greek idea that music is directly related to human character and behavior.The philosopher, Plato, talks about this in the context of education. For Plato, music is an important element in education, but only the right kind of music. That means the kind of music that builds the kind of character a good citizen or a future leader would need. Yes. For Plato, there is a kind of music that instills the qualities of leadership, just as there is a kind of music that makes a person soft and weak.Now, Plato has very specific, very conventional kinds of music in mind. He is not fond of innovation. There were musiciansin Plato's day who were experimenting with different melodies and rhythms. A definite no-no for Plato. He thinks that breaking with tradition leads to all sorts of social problems, serious problems, even the breakdown of the fabric of society. I am thinking back now to when I first started listening to rock 'n' roll and I remember my father saying it was a bad influence on us.I think he would have gotten along well with Plato.Anyway, I don't need to tell you what I think about Plato's ideas about innovation, do l? Though I have to say it's interesting that the same arguments against new music and art are still being made. Perhaps like the Greeks, we recognize, and maybe even fear the power of music.Lecture 2-Geology — Movement of Tectonic PlatesNarratorListen to part of a lecture in a geology class.ProfessorAs we've discussed, Earth's crust is made up of large plates that rest on a mantle of mol ten rock. These plates…uh...now these tectonic plates support the continents and oceans. Over time, the tectonic plates move and shift, which moves the continents and the ocean floors too. Once it was understood how these plates move, it was possible to determine past movements of Earth's continents and how these slow movements have reshaped Earth's features at different times.OK. Well, (as) studying the movements of the plates can tell us about the location of the continents in the past, it can conceivably tell us about their location in the future too, right? So, in recent years, some geologists have used plate tectonic theory to make what they call geopredictions. Geopredictions are guesses about what Earth's surface might look like millions of years from now.So, we know how certain continents are currently moving. For example, the continents of Africa has been creeping northtoward Europe. And Australia has been making its way north too, toward Asia.Does anyone know what's happening to the Americas? l...l think we've talked about that before. Lisa?StudentThey are moving westward, away from Europe and Africa. Right?ProfessorRight. And what makes us think that?StudentThe Atlantic Ocean floor is spreading and getting wider, so there is more ocean between the Americas and Europe and Africa.ProfessorOK. And why is it spreading?StudentWell, the seafloor is spilt. There is a ridge, a mountain range that runs north and south there. And the rock material flows up from Earth's interior here, at the split, which forces the two sides of the ocean floor to spread apart, to make room for the new rockmaterial.ProfessorGood. And that means, over the short term…uh…and by short term I mean 50 million years, that's a blink of the eye in geological time. Um…over the short term, we can predict that the Americas will continue to move westward, farther away from Europe, while Africa and Australia will continue to move northward.But what about over the long term? Say 250 million years or more. Well, over that length of time, forecasts become more uncertain. But lots of geologists predict that eventually all the continents, including Antarctica, will merge and become one giant land mass, a super continent, one researchers calling Pangaea Ultima, which more or less means the last super continent.Now, how that might happen is open to some debate. Some geologists believe that the Americas will continue to move westward and eventually merge with East Asia. This hypothesis is based on the direction the Americas are moving in now. But othershypothesize that a new super continent will form in a different way. They think that a new subduction zone will might occur at the western edge of the Atlantic Ocean.Paul, can you remind us what a subduction zone is?StudentYeah. Um...basically, a subduction zone is where two tectonic plates collide. So if an ocean floor tectonic plate meets the edge of a continent and they push against each other, the heavier one sinks down and goes under the other one. So the…um...the oceanic plate is made of denser and heavier rock, so it begins to sink down under the continental plate and into the mantle.ProfessorRight. So the ocean floor would kind of slide under the edge of the continent. And once the ocean plate begins to sin k, it would be affected by another force –slab pull. Slab pull happens at the subduction zone.So to continue our example…As the ocean floor plate begins to sink down into the mantle, it would drag or pull the entireplate along with it. So more and more of this plate, the ocean floor, would go down under the continent into the mantle. OK?So, as I said, currently the Atlantic Ocean floor is spreading, getting wider, but some researchers speculate that eventually a subduction zone will occur where the oceanic plate meets the continental plate of the Americas.1f that happens, slab pull could draw the oceanic crust under the continent, actually causing the Americas to move eastward toward Europe and the ocean floor to get smaller. That is, the Atlantic Ocean would start to close up, narrowing the distance between the eastern edge of the Americas and Europe and Africa. So they form a single super continent.Section2Conversation 2— Credits for Internship NarratorListen to a conversation between a Student and an Employee at the university center foroff-campus study.StudentHi. I am Tom Arnold. I am supposed to pick up a packet from the regional center for marine research. I am doing an internship there this summer.EmployeeYes. I have it right here. The mail carrier dropped it off a few minutes ago.StudentThanks. Um...l wanted to ask about getting credits for the internship. I don't know if…EmployeeI might be able to help you with that. Is there a problem?StudentI just wanted to make sure the details have been corrected. The system should show that I am registered to earn four credits. But as of Friday, nothing was showing up yet. I was told it would be fixed this morning.EmployeeWell, I can check on the computer for you. Tom Arnold, right?StudentYes.EmployeeWell, it is showing credits…but only three.StudentReally?! So now what? These all have to be finalized last week.EmployeeWell, yes. The course enrollment period ended last week. But since our office was supposed to get this straightened out for you before then... Let me see what I can do.Uh...did the university give approval for you to earn four credits for this internship? Because the other Students at the center for marine research are only getting three.StudentUm...l am pretty sure those other Students are doing the internship at the center's aquarium, taking classes in marine biology and then teaching visitors about the variousdisplays. I am doing a special research internship with the center. We’ll be collecting data on changes to the seafloor out in the open ocean.EmployeeOh. That sounds quite advanced.StudentWell, the internship requires me to have scuba diving certification and to be a senior oceanography Student. I want to do advanced study in oceanography when I graduate. So I really want to get a sense of what real research is like.EmployeeI see. Now let's try and see if we can... Oh. OK. I see the problem. There are two kinds of internships listed here-regular and research. Yours is listed as regular so it is only showing three credits.StudentCan you switch it?EmployeeNot yet. But it lists Professor Leon ard as…StudentShe is in charge of all the internships.EmployeeShe just needs to send an email so I have an official record. Then I can switch it. And that should solve everything.StudentGreat! And I know Professor Leonard is in her office this afternoon, so I can go there later. It will be such a relief to get all these paperwork completed.Lecture3-Marine Biology —Coral Reefs & CoT starfishNarratorListen to part of a lecture in a Marine Biology class.ProfessorWe've been talking about the decline of coral reefs in tropical areas all over the world…um... how natural and man-made stresses are causing them to degrade, and insome cases, to die.So now let's focus on a specific example of a natural predator that can cause a lot of damage to coral reefs-the Crown of Thorns, or CoT starfish. The Cot starfish is found on coral reefs in the tropical Pacific Ocean and it eats coral. Now, in small numbers, the starfish don't affect coral reefs dramatically. But periodically, starfish population explodes. And when that happens, the reefs can become badly damaged or even destroyed, something we are trying very hard to prevent. For example, during the 1960s, there was an outbreak of CoT starfish in the Great Barrier Reef, off the east coast of Australia. Luckily, the CoT starfish population gradually declined on its own and the reefs recovered.But we were left wondering - what cause the population to increase so suddenly? Well, over the years, we've come up with a few hypotheses. All still hotly debated.One hypothesis is that it's a natural phenomenon, that the starfish naturally undergo population fluctuations following particularly good spawning years.There are also several hypotheses that suggest some sort of human activities are partly responsible, like fishing. There are fish and snails that eat starfish, particularly the giant triton snail, which is the main predator of the starfish. These fish and snails have themselves experienced a decline in population because of overfishing by humans. So with a decline in starfish predators, the starfish population can increase.Another hypothesized human-related cause is fertilizer runoff. People use fertilizer for their crops and plants and a lot of it eventually makes its way from land into the seas. It's fertilizer, so it has a lot of nutrients. These nutrients have an effect on the starfish, because they cause an increase in the growth of phytoplankton. Phytoplankton are microscopic plants that grow in the ocean. Larval CoT starfish eat phytoplankton in their first month of life, so more fertilizer in the ocean means more phytoplankton, which means more starfish, bad for the reefs.Now, the final hypothesis has to do withstorm events.1f some reefs are destroyed by storms, starfish populations that inhabited those reefs would have to condense and concentrate on the reefs that are left. So this can cause a kind of mass feeding frenzy.So we have ideas, but no real answer. And because we aren't sure of the causes for starfish population increases, it's difficult to prevent them. I mean, some progress has been made. For example, new survey techniques have enabled us to detect population increases when the starfish are quite young, so we can be ready for them. But meaningful progress requires much better evidence about the cause.On the bright side, in all the research being done on causes, we have discovered something related to how starfish populations might affect coral reef diversity. We think that when reefs are damaged, after a few years, the fastest-growing corals repopulate the areas. And these fast-growing species can grow over the slower-growing species of coral, denying them light and preventing them from recovery. However, the faster-growing species are the preferredfood of the CoT starfish. So when an outbreak of CoT starfish occurs, they thin out the fast- growing coral and may give the slower ones a chance to reestablish. So without the outbreak, the diversity of coral would be reduced.Lecture4-Anthropology (the Botai People & Horses)NarratorListen to a part of a lecture in an anthropology class.ProfessorSo now that we've discussed how people in ancient societies tamed animals like cows and chickens for food and other uses. I'd like to talk about an ancient culture that domesticated horses. It's the Botai people.The Botai culture thrived over 5,000 years ago in central Asia, in what is now northern Kazakhstan. Pretty much all of what we know about the Botai comes from three archaeological sites. And we learned thatthe Botai were able to build large perennial villages, sometimes with hundreds of homes. We also found horse bones at these sites and these can be traced back to the time of the Botai settlements. The climate that the Botai culture lived in...it was harsh. And the Botai people…they didn't really seem to have much in the way of agriculture going on. So their whole economy was really based on horses. And because horses can withstand the tough climate, they can survive ice storms and they don't need heated barns, the Botai people could settle in one place and rely on the horses for food, clothing and transportation.StudentSo the Botai were the first to domesticate horses?ProfessorWell, we are pretty sure that horses were first domesticated a bit earlier, to the northwest, in the area that is now Ukraine and western Russia. It's quite possible that some of those people later migrated east to Kazakhstan.StudentBut what exactly tells us that these Botai people, that the horses in their area were really domesticated?ProfessorAs with most ancient history, there is not much that we can be certain about. But we know there was a significant population of wild horses in that area. So there were plenty of opportunities for the Botai people to find horses to domesticate.We also know that horse milk was an important source of food for the Botai people. What? Milking a wild horse? Well, now, that would be impossible…to milk a wild horse. And then... there's the…Oh. Yes? Eric.StudentSo you said last week that for some animals, like for dogs, there were physical changes taking place over the course of generations of dogs because of domestication. So can we tell from those horse bones if it was sort of the same for horses?ProfessorActually, it wasn't. We know that horses have not changed a lot physically as a result of domestication. So those ancient horse bones don't tell us much about domestication. But…we've found that…um…we've found what maybe pens or corrals in the Botai settlements. And not too long ago, a new approach was used to find out if the Botai people were keeping horses. Soil samples from these pens or corrals show ten times the concentration of phosphorus.StudentUm...phosphorus?ProfessorYes. Phosphorus is a very significant indicator that horses, large numbers of horses were being kept in the settlements. You see, horse manure, horse waste is rich in phosphorus and also nitrogen compared to normal soil. But nitrogen is an unstable element. It can be washed out when it rains or it can be released to the atmosphere, whereas phosphorus combines with calcium and iron, and can be preserved in the soilfor thousands of years.The soil from the Botai settlement sites was found to have high concentrations of phosphorus and low nitrogen concentrations, which is important since it suggests that what we've got is really old, not something added to the soil more recently.StudentWait. So if horses have been there recently, there'd still be lots of nitrogen in the soil.ProfessorThat's right. Yes. Karen.StudentI just read an article. It said that one way to determine if there was an ancient fireplace at an archaeological site was to check the soil for phosphorus. So couldn't the phosphorus at the Botai sites just be from the frequent use of fireplaces?ProfessorYou are absolutely right. However, when a fireplace leaves behind a lot of phosphorus in the soil, we'd also find an unusually highconcentration of potassium. But the soil at the Botai settlements, it was found with relatively little potassium, which makes it far more likely that the phosphorus came from horses. OK?Now, later on, people of the same region, northern Kazakhstan, started raising sheep and cattle. And that led to a more nomadic culture. Since sheep and cattle can't survive harsh climates, they needed to be taken south every winter. Moving around meant working harder but the trade-off was far richer, fattier milk year round and warm clothing from the sheep.。
托福TPO31听力Conversation2文本+题目+答案解析
Employee: Not yet. But it lists Professor Leonard as…
Student: She is in charge of all the internships.
Employee: She just needs to send an email so I have an official record. Then I can switch it. And that should tell everything.
D. He will be spending more time in the classroom
3.What two requirements did the student have to meet in order to get the
EmployeeΒιβλιοθήκη I see. Now let’s try and see if we can… Oh. OK. I see the problem. There are two kinds of internships listed here—regular and research. Yours is listed as regular so it is only showing three credits.
C. A canceled course
D. An error in a registration record
2.According to the student, how is his internship different from the internships the other students have?
TPO31听力题目
TPO311 what are the speakers mainly discussing?A a point about southern settlement that the student did not understandB a problem with an assignment on colonial shipping routeC reasons why the student refers to write a paper relates to architectureD an aspect of colonial settlements the student wants to research2 what is the professor’s opinion about the student’s interest in architecture?A he thinks the student focus on architecture prevents her from broadening her perspectiveB he thinks it may contribute to her producing an interesting research paperC he hopes she will choose to major in both history and architectureD he suspects that it may not provide her with the necessary background for the paper she is writing3 what does the professor want students to do when they write their papers?A show a connection between history and another field in which they are interestedB develop a research topic that has not been investigated beforeC explain how an aspect of United States culture has changed over timeD describe early difference between regions of United States4 why does the professor mention medieval Europe?A to point out an important difference between Europe and United StatesB to introduce a reason that the first European settlers moved to North AmericaC to indicate the style of community planning followed by in the northern coloniesD to point out that urban planning has changed considerably since the medieval period5 what does the professor imply about storage port facilities?A they were on indicator of the emphasis put on trade in the southern coloniesB they were a sign of something the northern and southern colonies have in commonC they were multipurpose facilities also used for community meetingsD they were designed to be similar to those found in Europe6 what is the main topic of the lecture?A the history of Greek music from ancient times to the pastB the influence of Greek music on the music of neighboring countriesC the characteristics of ancient Greek songsD the attitude of ancient Greek toward music7 what two reasons does the professor give for approaching the lecture material as he does? Click on 2 answersA we have a limited idea of what ancient Greek music sounded likeB the Greek philosophy of music influenced western thoughtC Greek music shared many characteristics with other types of ancient musicD Greek melodies were admired by musicians from other countries8 according to the professor, what did the ancient Greek believe about music?A that music connected them to their ancestorsB that music allowed them to express their individualityC that the same laws rule music and the universeD that music could not be explained by mathematics9 according to the professor, what was Plato’s attitude toward music?A music had the power to help create the future leader of a societyB music needed to be constantly evolving to keep up with social changesC music distracted attention from social problemsD music’s primary purpose was entertainment10 why does the pr ofessor mention rock’n’roll music?A to make a connection between ancient and modern attitude towards musicB to contrast its characteristics with the characteristics of ancient Greek musicC to introduce a topic he will discuss later in the lectureD to find out what kind of music students in the class like best11 why does the professor say this?A he does no think his opinions are relevant to class discussionB he believes his students can infer what he thinksC he wants the students to take Plato’s id ea seriouslyD he does not want to influence his students’ opinions12 what is the lecture mainly about?A how to predict the rate of tectonic plate movementB a geologist’s attempt to determine the position of continents in the pastC some ideas about fu ture movements of Earth’s tectonic platesD the history of a debate between two plate tectonic theories13 the professor’s state that some continents are currently moving northward and some are moving westward. Indicate the direction in which the continents are currently movingNorthward Westward AfricaAmericasAustralia14 what process is currently taking place in the Atlantic ocean?A on half of the ocean plate is sinking beneath the other halfB new rock is forming between two sections of the ocean floorC a subduction zone is forming at the eastern edge of the ocean floorD the ocean plate is moving away from the continental plates that are under the Americas15 what long term geo-prediction do many geologists make?A continents will become smaller than they are nowB subduction will cause one continent to sink under an oceanC north and south America will move away from each otherD the current continents will eventually join together16 based on the discussion, what happens when a continental plate and an oceanic plate collide?A the edge of the oceanic plate moves down int the mantleB slab pull causes the ocean floor to expandC new rock material rises to the surface at the subduction zoneD parts of each plate break off into the ocean17 what is an important difference between the two hypotheses discussed by the professor?A they make different predictions about the direction in which the American continents will moveB they make different predictions about how long it will take for Pangaea Ultima to formC only one predicts that Asia will eventually begin to move eastwardD only one predicts that some tectonic plates will eventually stop moving1 what is the conversation mainly about?A proposed changes to an internship programB a document that was not delivered on timeC a canceled courseD an error in a registration record2 according to the student, how is his internship different from the internship the other students have?A he will be doing research on the open oceanB he will be teaching visitors about the displays at the aquariumC he will be writing a report about the regional center for marine researchD he will be spending more time in the classroom3 what two requirements do the student have to meet in order to get the internship? Click on 2 answersA he had to have volunteered previously at the aquariumB he had to be certified in scuba divingC he had to be a senior oceanography studentD he had to have experience collecting oceanographic data4 what does the student imply about professor Leonard?A she is not in charge of oceanography internshipsB she works at the regional center for marine researchC she will be able to help correct the mistake todayD she recommended the student for the internship5 what can be inferred about the woman when she says this?A she feels her office has handled the situation correctlyB she is upset that she has to fix the problem herselfC she believes the student should have finished his paper work earlierD she wants to reassure the student that the problem will be addresed promptly6.what is the lecture mainly about?A reasons CoT starfish are attracted to coral reefsB possible causes of change in the CoT starfish populationC evidence that coral decline may not be related to CoT starfishD proven ways to effectively control the CoT starfish population7 according to the professor, what is the role of the giant triton snail in the coral reef ecosystem?A it competes with CoT starfish for foodB its shells provide habitat for CoT starfishC it is a predator of CoT starfishD it can repair coral that has been damaged by CoT starfish8 how might fertilizer runoff affect CoT starfish population?A it might increases the food supply for young CoT starfishB it might wash away nutrients that are beneficial for CoT starfishC it might destroy CoT starfish habitatsD it might make phytoplankton dangerous for CoT starfish to eat9 according to the professor, how might storms affect CoT starfish?A storms might interfere with CoT starfish’s spawning cycleB storms might reduce the amount of plankton eaten by CoT starfishC storms might carry starfish predators close to reef systemD storms might reduce the number of feeding areas available to Cot starfish10 what does the professor say about controlling the CoT starfish population?A it will be possible only after the causes of starfish population changes are better understoodB recent discoveries about CoT starfish have made controlling its population easierC enforcing measures to limit runoff should be sufficient to control the starfish populationD monitoring populations of young starfish will probably not be useful11 why does the professor mention that CoT starfish eat fast-growing coral?A to show the CoT starfish might benefit slow-growing coralB to explain fluctuation in the CoT starfish populationC to indicate that the behavior of CoT starfish has changed over timeD to emphasize the danger posed by CoT starfish to coral reefs12 what is the lecture mainly about?A reasons why an ancient archaeological site was well preservedB a controversy over where horses were first domesticatedC factors that led an ancient society to become nomadicD evidence that an ancient civilization used domesticated animals13 why does the professor mention milking a wild horse?A to point that the Botai people sometimes did not have enough foodB to compare the physical features of domesticated and wild horseC to prove that the horses of the Botai people were domesticatedD to emphasize that horse milk was popular in some ancient societies14 what point does the professor make the horse bones found in the Botai settlements?A they do not reveal information about horse domesticationB they are very different from the bones of modern horsesC they date to the period when the Botai people had become nomadsD they suggested that horses were first domesticated by another ancient people15 according to the professor, what can a large concentration of phosphorus in the soil indicate?Click on 2 answersA that a large number of horses were kept in the areaB that the diet of people who lived in the area included horse milkC that there were well-used fireplaces in the areaD that farming in that soil would have been extremely difficult16 what does the professor imply about the people in ancient Kazakhstan when they started raising sheep and cattle?A they found a way to protect livestock from harsh weather without traveling to the southern regionB they realized that a nomadic lifestyle offered benefits that outweighed the hard workC they had to learn the area due to a rapid increase in populationD they learned that growing crops is possible in the southern regions17 why does the student say this?A to point a contradiction in the professor’s remarkB to propose a solution to the issue that the professor has just discussedC to find out if he understands correctly what the professor has just explainedD to show that he disagrees with the professor。
托福阅读TPO31原文答案解析译文
托福阅读TPO31原文答案解析译文智课网TOEFL备考资料托福阅读TPO31原文+答案解析+译文摘要：网上有关托福阅读TPO的资料有不少，但是不一定会适合你，原因是那些个内容可能里面只有有关和题目，甚至有的题目都没有，更别说答案解析的，为了弥补这一不足，小编特备来为大家分享一下自己整理的这一套资料，需要的不要吝啬，猛戳下载哦！托福阅读TPO31原文+答案解析+译文：TPO31 Speciation in Geographically Isolated PopulationsEvolutionary biologists believe that speciation, the formation of a new species, often begins when some kind of physical barrier arises and divides a population of a single species into separate subpopulations. Physical separation between subpopulations promotes the formation of new species because once the members of one subpopulation can no longer mate with members of another subpopulation, they cannot exchange variant genes that arise in one of the subpopulations. In the absences of gene flow between the subpopulations, genetic differences between the groups begin to accumulate Eventually the subpopulations become so genetically distinct that they cannot interbreed even if the physical barriers between them were removed. At this point the subpopulations have evolved into distinct species. This route to speciation is known as allopatry (“allo-” means “different”, and “patria” means “homeland”)Allopatric speciation may be the main speciation route. This should not be surprising,since allopatry is pretty common. In general, the subpopulations of most species are separated from each otherby some measurable distance. So even under normal situations the gene flow among the subpopulations is more of an intermittent trickle than a steady stream. In addition, barriers can rapidly arise and shut off the trickle. For example, in the 1800s a monstrous earthquake changed the course of the Mississippi River, a large river flowing in the central part of the United States of America. The change separated populations of insects now living along opposite shore, completely cutting off gene flow between them.Geographic isolation also can proceed slowly, over great spans of time. We find evidence of such extended events in the fossil record, which affords glimpses into the breakup of formerly continuous environments. For example, during past ice ages, glaciers advanced down through North America and Europe and gradually cut off parts of populations from one another. When the glacier retreated, the separated populations of plants and animals came into contact again. Some groups that had descended from the same parent population were no longer reproductively compatible —they had evolved into separate species. In other groups, however, genetic divergences had not proceeded so far, and the descendants could still interbreed —for them, reproductive isolation was not completed, and so speciation had not occurred.Allopatric speciation can also be brought by the imperceptibly slow but colossal movements of the tectonic plates that make up Earth’s surface. About 5 million years ago such geologic movements created the land bridge between North America and South America that we call the Isthmus of Panama. The formation of the isthmus had important consequences for global patterns of ocean water flow. While previously the gapbetween the continents had allowed a free flow of water, now the isthmus presented a barrier that divided the Atlantic Ocean from the Pacific Ocean. This division set the stage for allopatric speciation among populations of fishes and other marine species.In the 1980s, John Graves studied two populations of closely related fishes, one population from the Atlantic side of isthmus, the other from the Pacific side. He compared four enzymes found in the muscles of each population. Graves found that all four Pacific enzymes function better at lower temperatures than the four Atlantic versions of the sameenzymes. This is significant because Pacific seawater is typically 2 to 3 degrees cooler than seawater on the Atlantic side of isthmus. Analysis by gel electrophoresis revealed slight differences in amino acid sequence of the enzymes of two of the four pairs. This is significant because the amino acid sequence of an enzyme is determined by genes.Graves drew two conclusions from these observations. First, at least some of the observed differences between the enzymes of the Atlantic and Pacific fish populations were not random but were the result of evolutionary adaption. Second, it appears that closely related populations of fishes on both sides of the isthmus are starting to genetically diverge from each other. Because Graves’s study of geographically isolated populations of isthmus fishes offers a glimpse of the beginning of a process of gradual accumulation of mutations that are neutral or adaptive, divergences here might be evidence of allopatric speciation in process.1. T he word “promotes” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. describesB. encouragesC. delaysD. requires2. According to paragraph 1, allopatric speciation involves which of the following?A. The division of a population into subspecies.B. The reuniting of separated populations after they have become distinct species.C. The movement of a population to a new homeland.D. The absence of gene flow between subpopulations.3. Why does the author provide the information that “the subpopulations of most species are separated from each other by some measurable distance”?A. To indicate how scientists are able to determine whether subpopulations of a species are allopatric.B. To define what it means for a group of animals or plants to be a subpopulation.C. To suggest that allopatric speciation is not the only route to subpopulation.D. To help explain why allopatric speciation is a common way for new species to come about.4. The word “accumulate” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. Become more significantB. Occur randomly。
TPO31听力题
TPO31听⼒题TPO31Conversation11. What are the speakers mainly discussing?o A point about southern settlements that the student did not understand.o A problem with an assignment on colonial shipping routes.o Reasons why the student prefers to write a paper relates to architectureo An aspect of colonial settlements the student wants to research.2. What is the professor’s opinion about the student’s interest in architecture?o He thinks the student’s focus on architecture prevents her from broadening her perspective.o He thinks it may contribute to her producing an interesting research paper.o He hopes she will choose to major in both history and architecture.o He suspects that it may not provide her with the necessary background for the paper she is writing.3. What does the professor want the student to do when they write their papers?o Show a connection between history and another field in which they are interested.o Develop a research topic that has not been investigated before.o Explain how an aspect of United States culture has changed over time.o Describe early difference between regions of the United States.4. Why does the professor mention medieval Europe?o To point out an important difference between Europe and the United Stateso To introduce a reason that the first European settlers moved to North America.o To indicate the style of community planning followed by in the northern colonies.o To point out that urban planning has changed considerably since the medieval period.5. What does the professor imply about storage and port facilities?o They were one indicator of the emphasis put on trade in the southern colonies.o They were a sign of something the northern and southern colonies had in common.o They were multipurpose facilities also used for community meetings.o They were designed to be similar to those found in Europe.Lecture16. What is the main topic of the lecture?o The history of Greek music from ancient times to the pasto The influence of ancient Greek music on the music of neighboring countrieso The characteristics of ancient Greek songso The attitude of the ancient Greek toward music7. What two reasons does the professor give for approaching the lecture material as he does?Click on 2 answerso We have a limited idea of what ancient Greek music sounded like.o The Greek philosophy of music influenced western thought.o Greek music shared many characteristics with other types of ancient music.o Greek melodies were admired by musicians from other cultures.8. According to the professor, what did the ancient Greeks believe about music?o That music connected them to their ancestors.o That music allowed people to express their individuality.o That the same laws ruled music and the universe.o That music could not be explained by mathematics.9. According to the professor, what was Plato’s attitude toward music?o Music had the power to help create the future leaders of a society.o Music needed to be constantly evolving to keep up with social change.o Music distracted attention from social problems.o Music’s primary purpose was entertainment.10. Why does the professor mention rock-and-roll music?o To make a connection between ancient and modern attitudes toward music.o To contrast its characteristics with the characteristics of ancient Greek music.o To introduce a topic he will discuss later in the lectureo To find out what kind of music students in the class like best.11. Why does the professor say this?o He does not think his opinions are relevant to class discussion.o He believes his students can infer what he thinks.o He wants the students to take Plato’s ideas seriously.o He does not want to influence his students’ opinions.Lecture212. What is the lecture mainly about?o How to predict the rate of tectonic plate movemento A geologist’s attempt to determine the position of continents in the past.o Some ideas about future movements of Earth’s tectonic plates.o The history of a debate between two plate tectonic theories.13. The professor states that some continents are currently moving northward and some are moving westward. Indicate the direction in which the continents are currently moving.Click in the correct boxes.Northward WestwardAfricaAmericasAustralia14. What process is currently taking place in the Atlantic Ocean?o One half of the ocean plate is sinking beneath the other half.o New rock is forming between two sections of the ocean floor.o A subduction zone is forming at the eastern edge of the ocean floor.o The ocean plate is moving away from the continental plates that are under the Americas.15. What long-term geopredictions do many geologists make?o Continents will become smaller than they are now.o Subduction will cause one continent to sink under an ocean.o North and South America will move away from each other.o The current continents will eventually join together.16. Based on the discussion, what happens when a continental plate and an oceanic plate collide?o The edge of the oceanic plate moves down into the mantle.o Slab pull causes the ocean floor to expand.o New rock material rises to the surface at the subduction zone.o Parts of each plate break off into the ocean.17. What is the important difference between the two hypotheses discussed by the professor?o They make different predictions about the direction in which the American continents will move.o They make different predictions about how long it will take for Pangaea Ultima to form.o Only one predicts that Asia will eventually begin to move eastward.o Only one predicts that some tectonic plates will eventually stop moving.Conversation21. What is the conversation mainly about?o Proposed changes to an internship programo A document that was not delivered on timeo A canceled courseo An error in a registration record2. According to the student, how is his internship different from the internships the other students have o He will be doing research in the open oceano He will be teaching visitors about the displays at the aquariumo He will be writing a report about the regional center for marine researcho He will be spending more time in the classroom3. What two requirements did the student have to meet in order to get the internship?Click on 2 answerso He had to have volunteered previously at the aquariumo He had to be certified in scuba divingo He had to be a senior oceanography studento He had to have experience collecting oceanographic data4. What does the student imply about Professor Leonard?o She is not in charge of oceanography internshipso She works at the regional center for marine researcho She will be able to help correct the mistake todayo She recommended the student for the internship5. What can be inferred about the woman when she says this?o She feels her office has handled the situation correctlyo She is upset that she has to fix the problem herselfo She believes the student should have finalized his paperwork earliero She wants to reassure the student that the problem will be addressed promptly6. What is the lecture mainly about?o Reasons CoT starfish are attracted to coral reefso Possible causes of change in the CoT starfish populationo Evidence that coral decline may not be related to the CoT starfisho Proven ways to effective control the CoT starfish population7. According to the professor, what is the role of the grant triton snail in the coral reef ecosystem? o It completes with CoT starfish for foodo Its shells provides habitat for CoT starfisho It is a predator of CoT starfisho It can repair coral that has been damaged by CoT starfish8. How might fertilizer runoff affect CoT starfish population?o It might increases the food supply for young CoT starfisho It might wash away nutrients that are beneficial for CoT starfisho It might destroy CoT starfish habitatso It might make phytoplankton dangerous for CoT starfish to eat9. According to the professor, how might storms affect CoT starfish?o Storms might interfere with CoT starfish’s spawning cycleo Storms might reduce the amount of plankton eaten by CoT starfisho Storms might carry starfish predators close to reef systemo Storms might reduce the number of feeding areas available to CoT starfish.10. What does the professor say about controlling the CoT starfish population?o It will be possible only after the causes of starfish population changes are better understoodo Recent discoveries about CoT starfish have made controlling its population easiero Enforcing measures to limit runoff should be sufficient to control the starfish populationo Monitoring populations of young starfish will probably not be useful11. Why does the professor mention that CoT starfish eat fast-growing coral?o To show that CoT starfish might benefit slow-growing coralo To explain fluctuation in the CoT starfish populationo To indicate that the behavior of CoT starfish has changed over timeo To emphasize the danger posed by CoT starfish to coral reefs12. What is the lecture mainly about?o Reasons why an ancient archaeological site was well preservedo A controversy over where horses were first domesticatedo Factors that led an ancient society to become nomadico Evidence that an ancient civilization used domesticated animals13. Why does the professor mention milking a wild horse?o To point out that the Botai people sometimes did not have enough foodo To compare the physical features of domesticated and wild horseo To prove that the horses of the Botai people were domesticatedo To emphasize that horse milk was popular in some ancient societies14. What point does the professor make from the horse bones found in the Botai settlements?o They do not reveal information about horse domesticationo They are very different from the bones of modern horseso They date to the period when the Botai people had become nomadso They suggested that horses were first domesticated by another ancient people15. According to the professor, what can a large concentration of phosphorus in the soil indicate?Click on 2 answerso That a large number of horses were kept in the areao That the diet of people who lived in the area included horse milko That there were well-used fireplaces in the areao That farming in that soil would have been extremely difficult16. What does the professor imply about the people in ancient Kazakhstan when they started raising sheep and cattle? o They found a way to protect livestock from harsh weather without travelling to the southern regiono They realized that a nomadic lifestyle offered benefits that outweighed the hard worko They had to leave the area due to a rapid increase in populationo They learned that growing crops is possible in the southern region.17. Why does the student say this?o To point out a contradiction in the professor’s remarko To propose a solution to the issue that the professor has just discussedo The find out if he understands correctly what the professor has just explained o To show that he disagrees with the professor。
托福TPO31听力Conversation1文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO31听力Conversation1文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO31听力Conversation1文本 Narrator: Listen to part of a conversation between a student and her United States History professor. Professor: So, Amanda, you’ve asked a lot of questions about trade during the colonial period of the United States. Has our discussion clarified things for you? Student: Well, yeah, but now, I think writing about trade for my paper isn’t going to work. Professor: Oh, so your questions about shipping routes were for your research paper? Student: Yeah. But now, I see that I probably need to come up with a new paper topic. Actually, there was one other idea I had. I'v been thinking about doing something about community planning in the early British settlements in Eastern North America. Professor: Oh. OK. I am curious. Why are you interested in doing something on community planning in colonial times? Student: Well, I am much more into architecture. It’s my major and I mean, planning out a town or city goes along with that. I mean, not that I don’t like history…I am interested in history…really interested…But I think, you know, for a career, architecture is more for me. Professor: That’s great. I’ve gotten some very thought-provoking papers from students whose interests go beyond history. Student: OK. But for the paper you wanted us to try to include a comparison, right? Professor: Yes. Actually, that was really the purpose of the assignment. The way the United States developed or perhaps I should say the colonies, since the land that would become the Eastern United States…uh…there were British colonies there four hundred years ago. But anyway…uh… development in the colonies differed greatly depending on geography. I am looking for papers that have ideas about how something that happened one way in the Northern colonies happened a different way in the Southern colonies. Student: Is that true in terms of urban planning? Professor: Very true. Towns in the Northern colonies were centralized and compact. They provided a meeting point for exchanging goods, for participatory government, and for practicing religion.Houses would be built along the roads that led into town.And just outside the developed area, there would usually be an open field of some sort for grazing animals and also group activities. Actually, the model for planning a town in the Northern colonies was not unlike the model for the development of towns in medieval Europe.After all, the colonists had just come from Europe and the medieval period was just ending. Student: Medieval Europe. But what about the South? If I remember correctly… In the South, at least initially, they didn’t build towns so much as they built trading posts. Professor: That’s right. Most of the settlers in the North wanted to start a whole new life.But most of the people who came from Europe to the South just wanted to make some money and then go back. It's not surprising that some of most common buildings were storage facilities and port facilities. 托福TPO31听力Conversation1题目 1.What are the speakers mainly discussing? A. A point about southern settlements that the student did not understand. B. A problem with an assignment on colonial shipping routes. C. Reasons why the student prefers to write a paper relates to architecture. D. An aspect of colonial settlements the student wants to research. 2.What is the professor's opinion about the student's interest in architecture? A. He thinks the student's focus on architecture prevents her from broadening her perspective. B. He thinks it may contribute to her producing an interesting research paper. C. He hopes she will choose to major in both history and architecture. D. He suspects that it may not provide her with the necessary background for the paper she is writing. 3.What does the professor want the student to do when they write their papers?。
托福TPO31口语Task6听力文本+题目+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO31口语Task6听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO31口语Task6听力文本： Listen to part of a lecture in a Biology class. (Professor) Even though it's cold and snow-covered, the Arctic houses many species of animals that manage to survive the harsh conditions there. These Arctic animals have adapted to the extremely cold temperatures primarily because of certain body features that help them to survive in the cold Arctic climate. Let's look at a few of them. For one thing, many Arctic animals have developed a protective covering on their feet. The covering usually consists of fur or feathers which act as a protective layer between the cold and the animals' skin. Since they spend so much of their time on snowy, icy surfaces, whether they are standing on the ground or swimming in the water, they can easily lose heat through their feet. This is especially true of Arctic birds. A bird like the Arctic Snowy Owl, for example, has feathers on its body the way other birds do. But unlike most birds, it also has feathers all over its feet. This shields and protects the feet from the icy ground so that very little of the owl's foot actually touches snowy or icy surfaces, which helps its feet to stay warm.Another physical characteristic that some Arctic animals share is having smaller bodies and smaller, shorter body parts. In other words, their bodies are often more compact than other animals'. And the parts of their bodies that stick out or protrude like the legs, ears or tails are smaller and shorter. And the result is that there is less body surface exposed to the cold air. A great example is the Arctic wolf. Unlike the larger grey wolves that live in warmer climates, Arctic wolves have relatively small, compact bodies that efficiently retain heat. They also have smaller ears and shorter legs so that they lose less body heat than animals with larger bodies or longer body parts. And in the climate where the temperature is below zero most of the year, that's very important." 托福TPO31口语Task6题目： Using the example of the owl and the wolf, explain how two special body features have helped Arctic animals adapt to the cold. 托福TPO31口语Task6满分范文： The arctic animals usually develop some body features to help survive in the harshly cold Arctic region. The first development mentioned is a protective covering on their feet, which is a layer covered with feathers or furs. Animals usually have to stand in the freezing ground for a long time, which makes it easy for them to lose heat through their feet. So they need the protective layer to protect them from the cold. For example, a bird called Arctic snowy owl has feathers all over its feet sovery little part of its foot actually touches snow surfaces and it stays warm this way. Another body feature is having a more compact body so that there's less body surface exposed to the cold air. For example, the Arctic wolves have small bodies and body parts that can effectively reserve heat. Their ears are smaller, and legs shorter, so that they lose less heat than animals with larger bodies. (157 words) 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO31口语Task6听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
托福TPO31口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO31口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO31口语Task3阅读文本： Students Need Access to Movie Collection The university library has a large collection of films on video and DVD that students can borrow. However, students aren't allowed to go into the area where these items are kept. Instead, students need to request a movie title, and then library staff get it for them. I think students should be allowed to go into the area where the videos and DVDs are kept. First, it will be easier for students to choose a good movie because then they can easily see what is available. Also, if students can get movies themselves, the university won't have to pay extra library staff to help students Sincerely, Rebecca Smith" 托福TPO31口语Task3听力文本： (Female) What do you think? (Male)I don't think we need to change anything. (Female) You don't think she is right that it would be easier? (Male) Well. I just don't think it's that difficult now. I mean, the library has a really good computer system where you can easily see what they have in their collection, see what's available and what's not. (Female)Yeah. You can always look through the titles on the library computers. (Male)Right. And you don't even have to have an exact title in mind. I mean, you can just look for certain types of movies or movies with certain actors or whatever. (Female) Good point. (Male)And as far as what she said about the staff, the people who do that work are students who really need the money to pay for books and stuff-Female Student Tme. (Male)Plus, I am sure those students don't get paid that much to do the work. So I don't think it's going to put any strain on the university's budget. 托福TPO31口语Task3题目： The man expresses his opinion about the proposal described in the letter. Briefly summarize the proposal. Then state his opinion about the proposal and explain the reasons he gives for holding that opinion. 托福TPO31口语Task3满分范文： The proposal says that students should be allowed to go into the area to get the DVDs and videos by themselves for two reasons. However the man disagrees with the proposal and the reasons given. First of all, he thinks that the library has a really good computer system so students can easily see what's available and what's not in the collection by looking through the titles on the library computers, which means students can look for certain types of movies or movies with certain actors or anything on their minds. Secondly, the man believes that the staff in the library are students who do the work to earn money to cover their books and stuff like that, and they don't get paid that much, so it won't be such strain on the university's budget. So, the man disagrees with the proposal for the reasons stated above. (145 words) 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO31口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
TPO31下(听力+答案)
5 what does the professor say about controlling the CoT starfish population? A it will be possible only after the causes of starfish population changes are better understood B recent discoveries about CoT starfish have made controlling its population easier C enforcing measures to limit run off should be sufficient to control the starfish population D monitoring population of young starfish will not be useful
5 What can be inferred about the woman when she says this? A she feels her office has handled the situation correctly B she is upset that she has to fix the problem herself C she believes the student should have finalized his paper work earlier D she wants to reassure the student that the problem will be addressed promptly
1 what is the lecture mainly about? A reasons CoT starfish are attracted to coral reefs B possible causes of change in the CoT starfish population C evidence that coral decline may not be related to CoT starfish D proven ways to effectively control the CoT starfish population
托福TPO31口语Task5听力文本+题目+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO31口语Task5听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO31口语Task5听力文本： NarratorListen to a conversation between two students. (Male) Hey. Lin. What's up? (Female) Oh. Just getting ready for my grandmother to come to town. She is flying in tomorrow to visit me for a few days at school. (Male) Oh. Yeah. Is she going to stay a.t your apartment? (Female) Yeah. It would be good. We can spend some time together and I can show her around campus and stuff. (Male) Sounds nice. (Female) Yeah. I am looking forward to it. But I am not sure what to do about picking her up from the airport. (Male) What do you mean? (Female) Well, her flight gets in tomorrow. But the problem is, my biology professor scheduled a special review session.. .uh.. .for an upcoming biology exam at the same time I am supposed to pick her up. I didn't know there'd be this conflict. (Male) Oh. Well, how important is the review session? Do you think you can miss it to pick your grandmother up? (Female) It's optional. But this professor's review sessions are usually really helpful, he does a good job going over what's going to be on the exam. So it would be good to go, but... maybe I'll have to miss it. (man) Is there something else you could do? (women) Yeah. Actually I spoke with my friend Mary and she offered to pick my grandma up from the airport. (man) Great. Why don't you do that then? (women) Maybe. But Mary doesn't even know my grandmother. And I don't know how grandma would feel about being picked up by a stranger. She'd probably be morecomfortable being picked up by me. (man) Oh. Well..." 托福TPO31口语Task5题目： Briefly summarize the problem the speakers are discussing. Then state which of the two solutions from the conversation you would recommend. Explain the reasons for your recommendation. 托福TPO31口语Task5满分范文： Well, the woman's problem is that she's got a schedule conflicts: she is going to pick up her grandma but she has a special review session to go to at that time. Accordingly, there're two solutions for her. First, she could miss her review session and go to pick up her grandma, and second, she could ask her friend for a favor to pick up her grandma from the airport for her. In my opinion, the woman should turn to her friend for help for two main reasons. Firstly, the special review session is obviously more important than picking up her grandma for the woman because it is always a common sense to all students that a special review session given by the professor is always about final papers or exams especially when a semester is ending. Secondly, I am sure that the woman's friend would be glad to do her such a favor. The woman could print her grandma’s name on a paper, and give her friend a photo of her grandma with her grandma's cellphone number on it, so surely her grandma and her friend can find each other at the airport. So I think the woman should take the second solution. (201 words) 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO31口语Task5听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
托福TPO31综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文
¡¡¡¡ÎªÁË°ïÖú´ó¼Ò¸ßЧ±¸¿¼Íи££¬Îª´ó¼Ò´øÀ´Íи£TPO31×ÛºÏд×÷ÔĶÁÔ-ÎÄ+ÌýÁ¦Ô-ÎÄ+Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ£¬Ï£Íû¶Ô´ó¼Ò±¸¿¼ÓÐËù°ïÖú¡£¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO31×ÛºÏд×÷ÔĶÁÔ-ÎÄÎı¾£º¡¡¡¡A fossil skeleton of a dinosaur called Sinosauropteryx, preserved in volcanic ash, was discovered in Liaoning, China, in 1996. Interestingly, the fossil included a pattern of fine lines surrounding the skeletal bones. Some paleontologists interpret the lines as evidence that Sinosauropteryx had feathers. However, critics have opposed the idea that Sinosauropteryx was a feathered dinosaur, citing several reasons. First, the critics points out that the fine lines may not even represent functional structures of a living dinosaur, but rather structures that were formed after the animal¡¯s death. After the animal died and was buried in volcanic ash, its skin may have decomposed into fibers. The skin fibers then became preserved as lines in the fossil; the lines were misinterpreted as evidence of feathers. Second, even if the fine lines are remains of real structures of a Sinosauropteryx, scientists cannot tell with certainty what part of the dinosaur¡¯s anatomy the structures were. Many dinosaurs had frills, ornamental fan-shaped structures growing out of some parts of their bodies. Some of the critics argue that the lines surrounding the skeleton are much more likely to be fossilized remains of frills than remains of feathers. A third objection is based on the fact that the usual functions of feathers are to help animals fly or regulate their internal temperature. However, the structures represented by the lines in the Sinosauropteryx fossil were mostly located along the backbone and the tail of the animal. This would have made the structures quite useless for flight and of very limited use in thermoregulation. This suggests that the lines do not represent feathers.¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO31×ÛºÏд×÷ÌýÁ¦Ô-ÎÄÎı¾£º¡¡¡¡ProfessorThe evidence that the lines in the Sinosauropteryx fossil represent feathers is very strong. The arguments of the critics are unconvincing.First, it is unlikely that the lines are a result of the decomposition of the dinosaur's skin, because we don't see any such decomposition in the fossils of other animals buried at the same site. In fact, the fossils of many other animals buried at the site show evidence that their functional skin structures have been beautifully preserved in volcanic ash. The well-preserved condition of the other fossils makes it likely that the Sinosauropteryx's lines are also well-preserved functional structures, possibly feathers, and that they are not fibers caused by decomposition.Second, the idea that the lines represent frills¡-well, there is an important chemical difference between feathers and frills. Feathers contain a great deal of protein called Beta-keratin. Frills, on the other hand, do not contain beta-keratin. Our chemical analyses suggest that the Sinosauropteryx structures did contain beta-keratin. So that indicates that the structures were feathers, not frills.Third, feathers can be used for other functions than flight and thermoregulation. Think of a bird, like peacock, for example. The peacock has long, colorful feathers in its tail. And it displays its tail in orderto attract a mate. That's a distinct function of feathers called the display function. Recently, we have been able to do analyses on the Sinosauropteryx structures that show us that the structures were colorful. They were orange and white. The fact they were colorful strongly supports the idea that they were feathers that this dinosaur use for display.¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO31×ÛºÏд×÷Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ1£º¡¡¡¡The reading passage refutes the idea that the lines in the Sinosauropteryx fossil indicated a feathered dinosaur by demonstrating several counterarguments. The lecturer, however, is strongly convinced that lines could represent feathers through addressing the questions advanced by the reading. To start with, according to the reading, those lines may derive from decomposition of a died dinosaur¡¯ skin instead of being part of a living one. The lecturer does not believe this point for the reason that other animals¡¯ fossils that are buried at the same site have not shown such kind of decomposition; instead, their functional skin structures have been perfectly preserved in the volcanic ash. Therefore, these lines are likely to be well-preserved feathers instead of fibers. Moving on, the reading proposes that the lines may be the frills rather than remains of feathers. The listening argues this is not true. She further explains that there is an apparent chemical difference between feathers and frills. Feathers contain protein called beta-keratin while frills do not. And the chemical analysis suggested that Sinosauropteryx¡¯s structures contain protein beta-keratin. Last but not least importantly, the reading puts emphasis on such a fact that lines around the backbone and the tail of the Sinosauropteryx cannot play the role of helping it fly or regulating its body temperature but common feathers have these functions. The lecturer, by contrasts mentions other functions of the feathers by using peacock as an example. The peacock has colorful feathers in its tail to attract the mate. Recent analysis has found that Sinosauropteryx¡¯s structures are also colorful, which can also be used for display.¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO31×ÛºÏд×÷Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ2£º¡¡¡¡In the reading passage, critics have opposed the idea that Sinosauropteryx was a feathered dinosaur. However, the speaker refutes this criticism and states that the evidence that the lines in the Sinosauropteryx fossil represent feathers is very strong First, although the critics claim that the lines might be formed after animal¡¯s death, which were a result of deposition of dinosaur¡¯s skin, the speaker contends that there are no such decomposition in the fossils of other animals buried at the same site. The Sinosauropteryx¡¯s lines are very likely to be well-preserved since fossils of many other animals buried at the site show that the functional skin structures have been beautifully preserved. Second, some critics hold the idea that surrounding the skeleton are much more likely to be fossilized remains of frills. However, the speaker casts strong doubt over this idea. He states that chemical analyses suggest that the structures were feathers since the structure did contain。
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