《语言学》考试说明(10英教本)

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《语言学概论》期末试卷-语言学概论期末考试

《语言学概论》期末试卷1。

（单选题) 下列关于“语言"的说法，不正确的一项是(D )(本题2.0分）A、语言系统是由多个子系统组合而成的B、语言是一个符号系统C、语言符号具有任意性和线条性特征D、语言符号的音义关系可以任意改变2。

( 单选题）下列元音音素都是后元音的一组是（B)（本题2.0分）A、［u, ε]B、［α, Λ］C、［α,y]D、［o，a]3。

（单选题) 下列辅音音素都是塞音的一组是( B)（本题2。

0分)A、[k, 1］B、[p，k］C、［p, n］D、[t，v］4。

( 单选题）从语音的社会功能角度划分出来的最小语音单位是( A)（本题2.0分)A、音位C、音节D、音渡5。

( 单选题) 汉语普通话中的“我"和助词“的”单念时发音分别为［uo］和［te]，而在实际语流中,“我的”发音是［uo de］，这是语流音变中的( A)(本题2.0分)A、顺同化现象B、逆同化现象C、弱化现象D、异化现象6。

（单选题) 语音的本质属性是(C ）(本题2。

0分)A、物理属性B、生理属性C、社会属性D、心理属性7. （单选题) 英语“students”中的“—s”是（C）（本题2.0分）A、虚词语素B、词根语素C、构形语素D、构词语素8。

（单选题）从词的构造方式看，下列各项中属于复合词的是( D)（本题2。

0分）B、念头C、苦头D、山头9. （单选题）划分词类的最本质的标准是(A )（本题2。

0分）A、分布标准B、意义标准C、形态标准D、逻辑标准10。

（单选题) 下面词组中,结构类型与其他各组不同的一组是( D)（本题2。

0分)A、年轻漂亮/朴素大方B、我们大家/首都北京C、铁路民航/工人农民D、贯彻执行/讨论研究11. （单选题) 目前已知的最古老的拼音文字是（C)(本题2.0分)A、古埃及文字B、古希腊文字C、腓尼基文字D、中国的甲骨文12. （单选题) 判断两种话是不同语言还是同一种语言的不同方言应该主要参考（C）(本题2.0分）A、相互理解程度B、语言结构的差异程度C、共同的历史文化传统和民族认同感D、地域临近程度13。

语言学概论考试重点难点

语言学概论考试重点难点1. 综合各种语言的基本研究的成果，归纳成语言的一般规律，这是具体语言学的任务。

[判断题] *对错(正确答案)2. 世界上有几千种语言，有些语言的研究已经比较深入，大部分语言的研究还很不够，甚至还没有人去研究。

[判断题] *对(正确答案)错3. 语言学既是一门古老的科学，又是一门年轻的科学；既与社会科学有密切的关系，又与自然科学有密切的关系。

[判断题] *对(正确答案)错4. 我国的语言研究基本上是在洋务运动后走上独立发展的道路的。

[判断题] *对错(正确答案)5. 布龙非尔德是美国结构主义语言学代表人物之一，其代表著作为《普通语言学教程》。

[判断题] *对错(正确答案)6. 从理论上来说，句子的长度是可以无限的。

[判断题] *对(正确答案)错7. 语言是在文字基础之上产生的人类最重要的交际工具。

[判断题] *对错(正确答案)8. 文字始终是从属于语言的。

[判断题] *对(正确答案)错9. 在一定的条件下，身势等伴随动作也可以脱离语言而独立完成一些交际任 [判断题] *对(正确答案)错10. 现代社会通的方式很多,语言的重要性正日渐削弱。

[判断题] *对错(正确答案)11. 我们常听人们说“工人有工人的语言，农民有农民的语言”，这说明语言是有阶级性的。

[判断题] *对错(正确答案)12. 语言是组成社会的一个不可缺少的因素。

[判断题] *对(正确答案)错13. 现代汉语无论是在词汇的数量上还是表达方式上，都要比古代汉语丰富的多，这说明语言是和生产力发展水平有关的。

[判断题] *对错(正确答案)14. 会不会说话是人类和动物的根本区别之一。

[判断题] *对(正确答案)错15. 语言和思维是两种独立的现象，但它们又形影相随，不可分离。

[判断题] *对(正确答案)错16. 语言是人类最重要的交际工具。

[判断题] *对(正确答案)错17. 文字也是人类最重要的交际工具。

福建师范大学2023年8月课程考试《语言学概论》作业考核试题

《语言学概论》期末考试A卷姓名：专业：学号：学习中心：成绩：一简答（60分）1自言自语是个人可以控制的行为，这说明语言是一种个人现象。

这种观点是否正确？为什么？答：不正确，我们不否认个人在语言发展中的作用，但归根到底语言是社会现象，不是个人现象。

原因如下：（1）表面上看，语言表现为具体的人说的话和写的文章，但语言不是个人现象。

（2）语言是社会全部成员共同创造的，语言的发展也是社会全部成员共同努力的结果。

而且，在一个人还没有出现的时候，语言就存在了，代代相传，不多是个人现象。

语言的产生与存在都是依赖于社会的，离不开社会的。

个人虽然有创造性地使用语言的权利，但仍然使用的是社会全部成员共同创造的语言材料。

所以语言不是个人现象而是社会现象。

（3）语言的社会性其实不否认个人的语言特点和个人在语言发展中的作用。

2“高”与“矮”有无明确的界限？应如何辩证地看待词义中的这类现象？答: “高”与“矮”没有明确的界限。

应这样辩证地看待词义中的这类现象：首先，词义具有概括性，它把一类现象与一个名称联系起来，从而使这类现象与其他事物区别开来。

然后，词义的概括性有3个特征：一般性、模糊性、全民性。

而词义的模糊性，是指词义所指的现象有一个大致的范围，但是没有明确的界限。

最后，辩证地看待这类现象，就是要既看到词义对一类有相同特征的现象的界定，又要看到词义没有明确的界限这样的事实。

二论述（40分）如何辩证地看待语言符号在使用中的规范与不规范，试举例具体阐述。

答：语言是人类社会的交际工具，从语用的角度说，语言既需要规范又需要创新。

所谓规范，就是人们在使用语言的过程中要遵循语言自身的规律和社会约定的标准，不能随心所欲；所谓创新，就是人们在运用语言时要根据具体交际的需要而灵活应对，不要过分地死板和拘泥，有时甚至要突破常规，创设出新的言语成分或表达形式。

规范和创新既是语言运用中相辅相承、不可分离的两个方面，也是不断推动语言向前发展的两股重要力量，这无论在理论上还是在实践上都是很明确的，毋庸置疑的。

成教考试-《语言学概论》(含答案)

《语言学概论》试卷（含答案）一、填空（共20空，每空2分，共40分）1.人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的（左）半球控制语言活动，（右）半球掌管不需要语言的感性直观思维。

2.文字是建立在语言基础上的最重要的（辅助）交际工具。

3.语言符号的形式是（音），语言符号的内容是（义）。

4.用什么样的语音形式代表什么样的意义，完全是由使用这种语言的社会成员（约定俗成）的。

5.音素是从（音色）角度划分出来的最小语音单位；而音位是具体语言中有区别词的（意义）的作用的最小语音单位。

6.词是最小的能够（自由运用）的语言单位。

7.人类的发音器官可分为（呼吸系统）、（喉咙和声带）、（共鸣腔/鼻腔、咽腔和口腔）三大部分。

8.一般物体的振动都是复杂的，有的复杂而有规则，这样的音叫（乐音），语言中的（元音）都是乐音。

9.从声音产生的角度看，音质的不同是由（发音体不同）、（发音方法不同）、（共鸣腔形状不同）决定的。

10.世界古老的表意文字主要有古代埃及的圣书字，古代苏美尔的（楔形字），中美洲的（玛雅文字）以及中国古代的（汉字甲骨文）。

二、选择（共5题，每题2分，共10分）1. 汉语中的声调是利用（A）构成的A、音高B、音长C、音强D、音质2. 语言中稳固性最强的是（C）A、语音B、词汇C、语法D、语义3. 在词汇发展过程中，有些词不为人们使用而逐渐消失，•其原因是（B）A、音质音位的合并B、社会生活的改变C、词义的演变D、汉字的简化4. 语言作为符号的本质是：（A ）A．形式和意义间的结合为“约定俗成”。

B．形式和意义间存在着固定的联系。

C．形式和意义间存在着天然的联系。

D．形式和意义间存在着某种联系。

5. 使某一个方言取得一种特殊的地位而成为民族共同语的基础方言，其原因是（D ）：A．政治的原因B．经济的原因C．文化的原因D．政治、经济、文化的原因都可以二、简答：（共5题，每题6分，共30分）1.语音在物理属性上的四要素是什么?分别举例说明其在语言中各有什么作用?答：①音高，区分音调②音长，区分长元音和短元音③音强，区分轻重音和语调④音色，区别语言的意义的最重要的因素2. 举例说明词汇意义有哪些类型？答：①概念义，也称理性意义，是人脑对客观世界的概括反映，是词义的核心。

全国自考《语言学概论：》试题和答案

全国2013年10月高等教育自学考试语言学概论试题和答案课程代码：00541请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。

选择题部分注意事项：1．答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。

2．每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。

如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。

不能答在试题卷上。

一、单项选择题（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分）在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其选出并将“答题纸”的相应代码涂黑。

错涂、多涂或未涂均无分。

1．首先提出“能指”和“所指”这对概念的语言学家是A．洪堡特 B.索绪尔C．乔姆斯基 D.萨丕尔2．语言符号具有可变性的根本原因在于语言符号的A．任意性 B.强制性C．离散性 D.系统性3．下列各组辅音中，发音部位相同的一组是A.[m，n]B.[k，]C.[p，d]D.[s,]4．听觉上最自然、最容易分辨的最小语音单位是A．音素 B.重音C．音位 D.音节5．下列关于“通用语汇”和“专用语汇”的表述，不正确．．．的一项是A．通用语汇是全社会普遍使用的词语 B.通用语汇包括基本语汇和常用语汇C．专用语汇主要指科技术语和行业语 D.专用语汇的词语不会进入通用语汇6．构形语素属于A．虚词语素 B.词根语素C．自由语素 D.黏着语素7．从词的构造类型上看，汉语“动人”一词属于A．单纯词 B.复合词C．派生词 D.简缩词8．“老师鼓励我考大学”是A．主谓词组 B.兼语词组C．连动词组 D.复句词组9．下列各项中，谓词和变元之间属于动作与结果关系的是A．写黑板 B.打篮球C．织毛衣 D.寄包裹10．最早的表音文字是A．拉丁文字 B.腓尼基文字C．古希腊文字 D.古埃及文字11．传统上把汉字的单纯字符称为A．偏旁 B.笔画C．记号 D.独体字12．语法的演变之所以比语汇缓慢，是因为A．语法规则比较简单 B.语法规则数量较少C．语法规则具有强制性 D.语法规则具有抽象性13．下列关于亲属语言的表述中，不正确．．．的一项是A．亲属语言是社会完全分化的产物 B.亲属语言之间具有历史同源关系C．语言亲属关系有亲疏远近的分别 D.亲属语言间不存在语音对应关系14．下列几种社会方言中，具有排他性的一项是A．阶级习惯语 B.行话C．隐语 D.学生腔15．下列关于“语言规划”的表述中，不正确．．．的一项是A．语言规划是社会对语言的人为干预 B.语言规划只涉及单纯的语言问题C．推广普通话属于语言规划的项目 D.语言规划可由政府授权的机构实施16．认为“思维和语言各自发展，二者没有关系”的学者不包括．．．A．古希腊哲学家柏拉图 B.法国哲学家迪卡尔C．英国哲学家霍布斯 D.苏联语言学家马尔17．目前对于语言和思维的关系，比较一致的观点是A．有什么样的思维，就有什么样的语言B.有什么样的语言，就有什么样的思维C．思维对语言有一定影响，但更重要的是语言决定思维D.语言对思维有一定影响，但更重要的是思维决定语言18．关于语言获得的原因，下列学说中偏重于内部条件解释的一项是A．天赋说 B.摹仿说C．强化说 D.刺激反应说19．外语学习中的后期阶段被称为A．中介语阶段 B.目标语阶段C．低平期 D.高原期20．机器翻译可以分为四个层级，从低到高的排序是A．单词、句子、话语、篇章 B.单词、句子、句群、篇章C．单词、句法、语义、语境 D.语音、语法、语义、语用单项选择题答案：1--5：BABDD6-10：DBBCB11-15：DCDCB16-20：DDADC二、多项选择题（本大题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分）在每小题列出的五个备选项中至少有两个是符合题目要求的，请将其选出并将“答题纸”的相应代码涂黑。

《语言学》前三章部分答案

Chapter I IntroductionIII. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.3l.C 32.D 33.C 34.D 35.B 36.A 37.C 38.B 39.A 40.DIV. Define the following terms:41. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.42. Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.43. Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. .44. Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.45. Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to the workings of mind is called psycholinguistics.46. Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.47. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics.48. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.49. Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics.50. Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.51. Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability.52. Arbitrariness: It is one of the design features of language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds53. Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con-struction and interpretation of new signals by its users.54. Displacement: Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker55. Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings.56. Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication57. Competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language,58. Performance: performance is the actual realization of the knowl-edge of the rules in linguistic communication.59. langue : Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow; Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently 60. Parole: Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use; parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Explain it in detail.First of all, language is a system, because elements of language are combined according to rules. Secondly, language is arbitrary because there is no intrinsic connection between form and meaning, or between the sign and what it stands for. Different languages have different words for the same object in the world. This fact is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. This also explains the symbolic nature of language: words are just symbols; they are associated with objects, actions, ideas, etc. by convention . Thirdly, language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well - developed their writing systems are.The term "human" in the definition indicates that language is possessed by human beings only and is very different from the communication systems of other living creatures. The term "communication" means that language makes it possible for its users to talk to each other and fulfill their communicative needs.62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples.1) ArbitrarinessAs mentioned earlier, the arbitrary property of language means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. For instance, there is no necessary relationship between the word elephant and the animal it symbolizes. In addition, different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages, and even within the same language, the same sound does not refer to the same thing. However, language is not entirely arbitrary. There are words which are created in the imitation of sounds by sounds, such as crash, bang in English. Besides, some compound words are also not entirely arbitrary. But the non-arbitrary words are quite limited in number. The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions.2) ProductivityLanguage is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences that they have never said or heard before. They can send messages which no one else has ever sent before.Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive.3) DualityThe duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. At the lower or the basic level, there is the structure of sounds, which are meaningless, discrete, individual sounds. But the sounds of language can be combined according to rules into units of meaning such as morphemes and words, which, at the higher level, can be arranged into sentences. This duality of structure or double articulation of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system has duality or even comes near to possessing it.4) DisplacementDisplacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. Animal calls are mainly uttered in response to immediate changes of situation.5) Cultural transmissionHuman beings were born with the ability to acquire language, but the details of any language are not genetically transmitted or passed down by instinct. They have to be taught and learned, but animal call systems are genetically transmitted.63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?Traditional gram-mar is prescriptive; it is based on "high "(religious, literary) written language. It sets grammatical rules and imposes the rules on language users. But Modern linguistics is descriptive; It collects authentic, and mainly spoken language data and then it studies and describes the data in an objective and scientific way.64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?The description of a language at some point in time is a Synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. A synchronic study of language describes a language as it is at some particular point in time, while a diachronic study of language is the study of the historical development of language over a period of time.65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?First, the spoken form is prior to the writ-ten form and most writing systems are derived from the spoken form of language.Second, the spoken form plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed and it serves a wider range of purposesFinally, the spoken form is the medium through which we acquire our mother tongue.66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?The distinction between langue, and parole was made by the famous linguist Ferdinand de Saussure early this century. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conventionsand the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable; it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.67. How do you understand competence and performance?American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s proposed the distinction between competence and performance. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. This internalized set of rules enables the language user to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Although the speaker’s knowledge of his mother tongue is perfect, his performances may have mistakes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc.. Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the competence, which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphazard. 68. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?Although Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s are very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a mater of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of vies and to him, competence is a property of the mind of each individual. 69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?Language is arbitrary in nature, it is not entirely arbitrary, because there are a limited number of words whose connections between forms and meanings can be logically explained to a certain extent, for example, the onomatopoeia, words which are coined on the basis of imitation of sounds by sounds such as bang, crash,etc.. Take compounds for another example. The two elements “photo” and “copy” in “photocopy” are non-motivated, but the compound is not arbitrary.Chapter 2：PhonologyIV. Define the terms below:45. phonology: Phonology studies the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.46. phoneme: The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit of distinctive value. But it is an abstract unit. To be exact, a phoneme is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.47. allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.48. international phonetic alphabet: It is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription.49. intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.50. phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; itis concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world' s languages51. auditory phonetics: It studies the speech sounds from the hearer's point of view. It studies how the sounds are perceived by the hear-er.52. acoustic phonetics: It studies the speech sounds by looking at the sound waves. It studies the physical means by which speech sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.53. phone : Phones can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speakinga language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning.54. phonemic contrast: Phonemic contrast refers to the relation between two phonemes. If two phonemes can occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast.55. tone: Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.56. minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give ex-amples for illustration if necessary:57. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing?1) In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.2) In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.3) Speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later at school.58. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?1) Vowels may be distinguished as front, central and back in terms of the position of the tongue in the mouth.2) According to how wide our mouth is opened, we classify the vowels into four groups: close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels, and open vowels.3) According to the shape of the lips, vowels are divided into rounded vowels and unrounded vowels.4) The English vowels can also be classified into long vowels and short vowels according to the length of the sound.59. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?They differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified. Phonology, on the other hand, is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.60. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.1) The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning, such as `import and import. The similar alternation of stress also occurs between a compound noun and a phrase consisting of the same elements. A phonological feature of the English compounds is that the stress of the word always falls on the first element and the second element receives secondary stress, for example: `blackbird is a particular kind of bird, which is not necessarily black, but a black `bird is a bird that is black.2) The more important words such as nouns, verbs adjectives , adverbs,etc are pronounced with greater force and made more prominent. But to give special emphasis to a certain notion, a word in sentence that is usually unstressed can be stressed to achieve different effect. Take the sentence “He is driving my car.” for example. To emphasize the fact that the car he is driving is not his, or yours, but mine, the speaker can stress the possessive pronoun my, which under normal circumstances is not stressed.3) English has four basic types of intonation, known as the four tones: When spoken in different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings. Generally speaking, the falling tone indicates that what is said is a straight-forward, matter-of-fact statement, the rising tone often makes a question of what is said, and the fall-rise tone often indicates that there is an implied message in what is said.61. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for other results in a change of meaning. If it does, the two sounds then represent different phonemes.Chapter 3：MorphologyIV. Define the following terms:31. Morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.32. inflectional morphology: The inflectional morphology studies the inflections33. derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word- formation.34. Morpheme: It is the smallest meaningful unit of language.35. free morpheme: Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with oth-er morphemes.36. bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used indepen-dently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.37. Root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself al-though it bears clear, definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.38. Affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional affixes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories, while derivationalaffixes are added to an existing form to create a word.39. Prefix: Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word . Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but they usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.40. Suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.41. Derivation: Derivation is a process of word formation by which derivative affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.42. Compounding: Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.V. Anwser the following questions:43. What are the main features of the English compounds?Orthographically a compound can be written as one word, two separate words with or without a hyphen in between. Syntactically, the part of speech of a compound is determined by the last element. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is idiomatic, not calcu-lable from the meanings of all its components. Phonetically, the word stress of a compound usually falls on the first element.44. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.Free morphemes: They are the independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by the mselves, for example, “book-” in the word “bookish”.Bound morphemes: They are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word such as “-ish” in “bookish”. Bound morphemes can be subdivided into roots and affixes. A root is seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it has a clear and definite meaning, such as “gene-” in the word “generate”. Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as “-s” in the word “books” to indicate plurality of nouns. Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word such as “mis-” in the word “misinform”. Derivational affixes can also be divided into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word such as “dis- ” in the word “dislike”, while suffixes occur at the end of a word such as “-less” in the word “friendless”.。

语言学

《语言学》考试说明（英教）2012年5月班级：10英教1-2班考试时间：2012-6-21考核方法：闭卷时间：120分钟题型：I. 单项选择(1’*15=15’)II. 定义(2’*5=10’)III. 正误判断’*10=15’)IV. 术语比较(4’*4=16’)V. 填空’*10=15’)VI. 问答(5’+8’+8’+8’=29’)课程内容第一章1. 记忆phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics2. 概念辨析descriptive vs. descriptive, synchronic vs. diachronic, competence vs. performance, langue vs. parole 3. 应用1）能够判断理论语言学（即microlinguistics）与应用语言学(即macrolinguistics)各学科的研究范围；2）能够分析各种语言现象体现的语言功能。

4. 思考人类语言的design features包括哪些分别指什么可以结合实例对各点进行说明。

第二章1. 记忆phoneme, allophone, phonetics的分支2. 概念辨析vowels vs. consonants, phone vs. allophone vs. phoneme, phonetics vs. phonology, broad transcription vs. narrow transcription3. 理解1）schewa2）suprasemental features3）syllable structure (nucleus/peak, rhyme, coda)4. 应用能够根据发音部位/方式判断所描述的辅音/元音，或相反。

第三章1. 记忆morpheme, allomorph, morphology, root, affix2. 运用1）能够判断词所属的类别，如变形词/不可变形词，实词/虚词等2）能够判断出现的function words3）能够利用各种造词法造出新词，能够根据新词的组成方式判断属于哪种构词法。

“语言学概论”（国家级精品课程）考试题库

“语言学概论”（国家级精品课程）考试题库一、填空题填空题：绪论部分1.我国古代学者为读懂古书而建立的训诂学、文字学、音韵学组成了我国的（），通称为“小学”。

2.“语言学概论”课程内容在语言学学科分类中，属于（）语言学。

3.狭义的应用语言学一般是指（）。

4.17世纪，法国波瓦雅的修道院里有两位学者阿尔诺.兰斯洛合编了一本（）。

5.（）语言学的出现，•标志着语言学走出传统语文学，成为一门独立的科学。

6.传统语文学一般主要指古代（）、古代（）和古代中国三个地方的语文学。

中国传统的语文学通常叫（）。

7.语言系统的两种基本关系是（）和（）。

它们是打开语言的两把钥匙。

8.1786年，英国的（）在皇家亚洲学会宣读的论文《三周年演说》中指出有共同的结构特点。

为了纪念这一新发现，这一年被认为是（）诞生的一年。

9.历史比较语言学的奠基人是丹麦的（）、德国的（）和格里木。

10.语言的分类一般从两个方面进行：第一，按照语言的（）特点分类；第二，按照语言的（）关系分类。

11.著名语言学家瑞士的（）的著作（）标志着结构主义语言学的诞生。

12.美国结构主义语言学的代表人物是（），•他的代表著作是《语言论》。

13.转换生成语言学的代表人物是（），•他被称为“标准理论”的著作是《句法理论问题》。

14.根据语言的结构或者形态特点，一般把语言分为（）、（）、（）和（）四种。

参考答案：1.语文学2.理论3.语言教学4.普遍唯理语法5.历史比较6.印度.希腊.小学7.组合关系；聚合关系8.威廉琼斯；历史比较语言学9.拉斯克；葆朴10.结构（形态）；亲属（来源）11.索绪尔；《普通语言学教程》11.布龙菲尔德12.乔姆斯基13.孤立语（词根语）；粘着语；屈折语；多式综合语（编插语）填空题：语音学部分1.语音可以从（）角度分析它的产生方式，从（）角度分析它的表现形式（传递过程），从（）角度分析它的功能作用。

2.从产生声音角度来看引起音质的不同主要是（）、（）和（）三个方面。

《语言学概论》200807考试考前复习资料

《语言学概论》200807考试考前复习资料第一部分考核方式介绍 (1)第二部分复习指导 (1)✧单项选择题复习指导 (1)✧填空题复习指导 (2)✧名词解释复习指导 (4)✧简答题复习指导 (6)✧运用题复习指导 (9)第一部分考核方式介绍一、考核形式：闭卷。

二、考试时间：2小时。

三、试卷结构：《语言学概论》的试卷分主观试题和客观试题两大部分。

考试采用的题型有单项选择题、填空题、名词解释题、简答题、运用题。

各种题型的题量及所占分数的分配为：单项选择题为10小题，每小题1分，共10分；填空题18空，每空1分，共18分；名词解释题6小题，每小题4分，共24分；简答题为4小题，每小题6分，共24分；运用题为3小题，每小题8分，共24分。

第二部分复习指导单项选择题复习指导一、答题技巧单项选择题题干常以陈述句或问句提出解题依据、目标、要求和方法等。

备选答案是4个，但正确的答案只有一个。

其难点在于几个备选答案往往是相似的，极易混淆。

此类题的目的是测试考生分辨正确和错误的能力，检查考生对课程基本内容，特别是基本概念掌握的程度和准确性。

此类题型实际上也是判断题，只有经过判断才能将正确的、符合题意的答案选出。

而能否选择正确，关键在于对课程内容和基本概念的熟悉和掌握程度。

二、复习重点和难点这部分内容需要重点掌握的知识点有：第一章语言和言语、语言的体系性、抽象思维的形式、语言的性质第二章语流音变、音素第三章语义历史演变的结果、语义模糊性、义素分析的原则、语义场第四章词汇的分类、语素、古语词、反义词第五章语法的特点、词形范畴、词类范畴、句法结构的关系意义和外部意义第六章文字的性质、类型三、练习题1．下面关于语义模糊性的表述不正确的一项是（）。

A．词义反映的对象只有一个大致的范围B．词义的中心是明确的C．有不少词的词义是精确的D．模糊性影响了人们的交际，所以要多造一些专有名词2．语言中“性”的范畴是（）。

A．生物概念B．语法概念C．词汇概念D．语义概念3．表音文字是指（）。

4月自学考试《语言学概论》答案及解析(部分)

4月自学考试《语言学概论》答案及解析（部分）【题干】人的大脑语言功能的临界期现在一般认为大约是()。

【选项】A.5-6岁B.7-8岁C.9-10岁D.12-13岁【答案】D【解析】人的大脑语言功能的临界期现在一般认为最迟大约是12-13岁。

【考点】语言与科学技术——生命科学和人的语言能力——大脑的语言功能受临界期限制【题干】下列关于“威尔尼克失语症”的表述，不正确的一项是()。

【选项】A.发音仍然比较准确B.构成不完整的句子C.仍然能听懂别人的话D.词语之间没有联系【答案】C【解析】威尔尼克取受损的患者能够说出一些词语，发音也很准确，但是词语之间在意义上没有联系，构成不了完整的句子，而且患者也听不懂别人说的话。

【考点】语言与科学技术——生命科学和人的语言能力——人脑语言能力的研究成果21.【题干】下面各项中属于词的有()。

【选项】A.吃败仗B.转基因C.幼儿园D.小女儿E.玩游戏【答案】BCD【解析】词是最小的、有意义的、能够独立使用的语言单位。

A 属于“语”，长度相当于语法上的词组或句子，但意义和用法相对凝固的语言片段。

E属于“短语”。

【考点】语汇——语汇概说——什么是语汇22.【题干】下面各对词语中，能表现在同一语法位置上的有()。

【选项】A.小孩-苹果B.大-小C.红-红色D.写-在E.好-衣服【答案】ABD【解析】能表现在同一个语法位置上词，他们是属于聚合关系，聚合关系得到的是词类。

A是名词，B是形容词，D是动词。

【考点】语法——组合规则和聚合规则——词的聚合：词类23.【题干】“老刘有三个孩子”的蕴含义可能有()。

【选项】A.老刘没有孩子B.老刘只有三个孩子C.老刘有不止三个孩子D.老刘有孩子E.老刘没有三个孩子【答案】BCD【解析】蕴含义指说出的话中包含着其中某个词语的上位义或整体义，分为两种“衍推义”和“隐含义”。

D为衍推义，BC为隐含义。

【考点】语用——会话准则和会话含义——蕴含义和预设义24.【题干】医生安慰重病人说：“没什么大问题，好好回家休养”明显违反了()。

自学考试《语言学概论》章节试题及答案汇总

自学考试《语言学概论》章节试题及答案汇总导言&第一章一、选择：1. 在印度，传统语文学研究的文化经典主要是( B )。

A. 训诂学B. 宗教典籍C. 《圣经》D. 音韵学2.下列关于语言的功能表述中，不正确的是( C )。

A. 语言的功能是客观存在的B. 语言的社会功能中最基本的是信息传递功能C. 语言的人际互动功能是语言的本质D. 语言思维功能的生理基础是大脑3.( C )是人类社会信息传递第一性的、最基本的手段。

A. 身势B. 旗语C. 语言D. 文字4.思维方式的差异更多的体现在不同语言在表达思想时( A )方面的特点。

A. 语法B. 词汇C. 语音D. 句法5.儿童语言的习得的临界期是在( A )。

A. 十一二岁B. 三四岁C. 八九岁D. 十三四岁二、填空：1.语言的社会功能中最基本的是信息传递功能。

2.语言是人类社会信息传递第一性的最基本的手段。

3. 语言是说话者和听话者交际互动的工具。

4. 独词句的出现和从独词句到双词句，这是孩子学话中的关键的两步。

5.孩子最早的智力活动就是学话。

三、判断：1.语言的社会功能中最基本的是信息传递功能。

( √ )2.旗语是建立在语言基础上的再编码形式。

( × )3.语言是人类社会信息传递第一性的、最基本的手段。

( √ )4.独词句的出现和从独词句到双词句，这是孩子学话中的关键的两步。

( √ )5.思维的普遍性决定语言的普遍性。

( × )导言&第一章答案：选择： 1.B 2.C 3.C 4.A 5.A填空： 1.信息传递2.最基本3.语言4.独词句5.学话判断： 1. √2. ×语言改为文字3. √4. √5. ×思维改为语言;语言改为思维第二章选择题1、语言系统的组成规则主要表现为( B)A、系统的二层性B、结构的层次性C、结构的二层性D、系统的层次性2、人类语言和其他动物的交际方式的本质区别(A )A、单位的明晰性B、开拓性C、结构的层次性D、发展性3、语言符号和语言符号进入组合之后最大的特点是( A)A、可论证性B、任意性和可论证性C、随意性D、随意性和可论证性4、早在先秦时期，我国的(C )就提出了著名的“约定俗成”的观点。

201810真题00541《语言学概论》(含解析)

2018年10月全国高等教育自学考试试题语言学概论试卷(课程代码00541)本试卷共8页,满分100分;考试时间150分钟。

第I部分选择题(20分)一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题,每小题1分,共20分。

在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的,请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。

错选、多选或未选均无分。

)1,语言相关论的基本观点是【】A.语言决定思维 B.思维决定语言C.语言思维是两个系统D.语言思维与大脑相关2.下面各项中属于标准元音的是【】A.[e]B.[y]C.[w]D.[e]3.年画中常常画鱼和莲花,寄寓的意思是【】A.喜庆有余B.年年有余C.连年有余D.岁岁有余4.正常情况下人出生时具有一定的语言能力,是因为大脑中存在【】A.语言记忆机制B.语言获得机制C.语言学习机制D.语言创造机制5.直接成分分析法的提出者是【】A.哈里斯B.王尔德C.霍凯特D.布龙菲尔德6.左半球前部受伤,患者出现的语言障碍是听不懂人说话【】A.听不懂人说话B.只能说长句C.基本上不能说话D.不能理解人的表情7.《论语·颜渊篇》:“政者,正也。

子帅以正,孰敢不正?”说明在古人心目中,政治家的特点是【】A.品行端正 B.相貌端正C.出身高贵D.居所方正8.儿童最初的语言阶段叫自控阶段【】A.非自控阶段B.咿呀学语阶段C.单词句阶段D.双词句阶段9.下面各项中,与汉语有亲属关系的是【】A.维吾尔B.藏语C.满语D.蒙语10.“我妹妹爱打乒乓球”的正确组合方式是【】A.((我+妹妹)+爱)+(打+乒乓球)B.(我十妹妹)+(爱十打)士乒乓球C.((我+(妹妹十爱)+(打+乒乓球))D.(我+妹妹)+(爱+(打+乒乓球))1l.现代汉民族共同语的基础方言是【】A.北京方言 B.北方方言C.雅言D.通语12.下面各项属于符号的是【】A.代表有人家的炊烟B.象征风雨将至的乌云C.月晕而风D.表示禁止通行的红灯13.一种言语社团使用两种或两种以上语言的社会现象叫【】A.语言融合B.语言对转C.双语现象D.转用现象14.中国传统的文字学、音韵学统称【】A.大学B.名学C.玄学D.小学15.机器翻译要确定“I am going to the bank”的意思是“我要去银行”而不是“我要去河边”,必须达到【】A.语汇平面翻译 B.句法平面翻译C.语义平面翻译D.语境平面翻译16.下面各项中表达间接言语行为的是【】A.能把书借给我吗?B.我宣布红方获胜!C.我向你道歉D.谢谢您的款待!17.财会人员所说的“呆账、坏账”属于【】A.黑话B.隐语C.行话D.习语18.下面各项中属于日耳曼语族的是【】A.俄语B.德语C.拉丁语D.斯拉夫语19.俗谚有“一女不吃两家茶”之说,这是因为【】A.女子不能吃别人家茶B.女子不能吃茶C.女子吃茶有定亲之义D.女子不能多吃茶20.下面词语属于汉语外来词的是【】A.电话B.袈裟C.科学D.电脑第Ⅱ部分非选择题(80分)二、名词解释题(本大题共4小题,每小题4分,共16分。

《英语语言学》教学大纲

《英语语言学》教学大纲《英语语言学》是按照国家教委制定的英语教学大纲为英语专业本科四年制学生开设的一门课程。

本课程的教学对象是本科（四年制）英语专业三年级学生，他们在学习本课程以前，己基本掌握了英语基础语言知识，如基本语法、英语基本意念功能、英汉翻译、英语作文等，了解了讲英语国家的社会文化概况和英美文学简史。

他们己具有一定的语言综合能力和运用语言进行一般写作和阐述的能力。

本课程的教学目的旨在向学生讲授英语语言的属性、功能、起源和内部层次，掌握英语语言学基本特征和主要分支的基本概念，了解语言在时空中的变异及其与社会、文化、语境、思维等外部因素的关系，同时了解部分主要语言学流派，使学生通过对该课程的学习，既能借助语言学理论整理和吸收语言知识，又能运用正确的观点评价语言，并为进一步的深造打下基础。

本课程由于对学生的基本语言技能要求较高，涉及的知识面较宽泛，因此在授课中，除了课堂讲授外，还借助多媒体手段辅助教学，上课重点在于举一些通俗的例子让学生对较抽象的语言学理论达到掌握和理解的目的。

在课件内容制作上，基本上是把每章节的重点与难点以提纲的形式制作成课件，边图示边讲授。

在每章节讲授之后，还给学生列出各章必读参考书目，每堂课后都布置课外作业与思考题，以达到学生对所学的新知识与新内容能够进一步消化与巩固的效果。

利用多媒体课件教学，教师在课堂上不仅可以节省出板书的时间使教师在单位时间里可以浓缩更多的知识；而且以幻灯片形式列的提纲更有利于学生的接受与思路的清晰与教学效果的保证。

教学目的要求和内容教学内容英语语言学的教学内容主要包括英语语言和英语语言学领域中各分支的基础理论，如语音学、音系学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学等基本内容，也包括了语言的变异及其与外部因素的关系。

因讲授对象是英语四年制本科学生，在内容上侧重语言内部各层次的讲授，以英语语言为主要例证，介绍语言与外部因素的关系，结合语言学理论和观点简要介绍主要语言学流派及其代表人物。

2023年10月自考00541《语言学概论》真题及答案

2023年10月高等教育自学考试语言学概论试题课程代码：005411.请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。

2. 答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。

选择题部分注意事项:每小题选出答案后，用2B 笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。

如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。

不能答在试题卷上一、单项选择题：本大题共20 小题，每小题1分，共20 分。

在每小题列出的备选项中只有一项是最符合题目要求的，请将其选出。

1、下面各项中属于黏着语的是A. 英语B. 维吾尔语C. 藏语D. 德语2、周代称“翁婿”为“舅甥”，反映出远古存在的A. 族外婚制度B. 族内婚制度C. 群婚制度D. 一夫多妻制度3、“名无固宜，约之以命，约定俗成谓之宜”这句话意在说明语言符号的A. 有限性B. 无序性C. 任意性D. 能产性4、“她站在暗处不动，满身是耳朵，满身是嘴巴”采用的修辞手法是A. 仿拟B. 比喻C. 借代D. 夸张5、亲属语言之间存在A. 词汇对应关系B. 语法对应关系C. 语音对应关系D. 语义对应关系6、下面各项中采用了双关修辞手法的是A. 春风十里扬州路B. 春蚕到死丝方尽C. 春江水暖鸭先知D. 春色满园关不住7、“模仿说”用于解释儿童获得语言的途径时，所依赖的理论基础是A. 认知心理学B. 条件反射C. 刺激反应D. 行为主义8、下面各项中属于通用词的是A. 音位B. 粒子C. 幂D. 书9、“红案、码洋、教案”都属于社会方言中的A. 行话B. 黑话C. 隐语D. 子语10、《说文解字》将所收汉字归入A. 9353部首B. 540部首C. 214 部首D. 106 部首11、“横眉冷对千夫指，俯首甘为孺子牛”属于对偶中的A. 正对B. 串对C. 反对D. 流水对12、汉语的官话是指A. 做官的人说的话B. 官方语言C. 北方方言D. 北京话13、中国古代第一部语言学专著是A. 《尔雅》B. 《玉篇》C. 《助字辨略》D. 《释名》14、下面各词中，借自蒙古语的是A. 香槟B. 罗汉C. 琵琶D. 胡同15、意大利文豪但丁进行作使用的是意大利A. 多斯岗方言B. 米兰方言C. 那不勒斯方言D. 罗马方言16、下面各项属于施为句的是A. 北京是双奥之城。

全国10月高等教育自学考试语言学概论试题及答案解析

全国10⽉⾼等教育⾃学考试语⾔学概论试题及答案解析全国2018年10⽉⾼等教育⾃学考试语⾔学概论试题课程代码：00541第⼀部分选择题⼀、单项选择题(本⼤题共26⼩题，每⼩题1分，共26分)在每⼩题列出的四个选项中只有⼀个选项是符合题⽬要求，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。

1.关于⼝语和书⾯语的关系，下列说明不正确的⼀项是( )A.任何⼀种语⾔总是先有⼝语，后有书⾯语B.书⾯语是第⼀性的，⼝语是第⼆性的C.在⼀个只有⼝语⽽没有书⾯语的社会中，社会交际存在着较⼤的局限D.书⾯语是经过加⼯、提炼和发展了的⼝语的书⾯形式2.区分“语⾔”和“⾔语”的主要⽬的是( )A.明确语⾔学的研究对象B.更好地研究书⾯语C.强调在社会环境中研究语⾔D.强调研究⾔语的个⼈特⾊3.⼆⼗世纪语⾔学在索绪尔语⾔理论的影响下，集中主要精⼒研究的是( )A.语⾔的历史演变B.语⾔和民族的关系C.语⾔和社会的关系D.语⾔系统本⾝的内在规律4.对⼈类语⾔⽽⾔，声⾳四要素中作⽤最重要的⼀个是( )A.⾳⾼B.⾳强C.⾳长D.⾳质5.下列各组中，都是前元⾳的⼀组是( )6.下列各组辅⾳中，发⾳部位相同的⼀组是( )A.[p,k]B.[n,b]C.[ts,s]D.[d,f]7.语⾳不同于⼀般声⾳的本质属性是( )A.物理属性B.社会属性C.⽣理属性D.⼼理属性8.常⽤语汇和⾮常⽤语汇主要是从下列哪个⾓度区分出来的( )A.词的使⽤场合B.词的专业特⾊C.词的使⽤频率D.词的历史来源9.汉语经常⽤四字格表⽰⽽且使⽤最多的熟语形式是( )A.成语B.谚语C.惯⽤语D.歇后语10.“最⼩的有意义的能独⽴使⽤的语⾔单位”是( )A.语素B.词C.词组D.字11.英语动词“唱”的原形是sing，过去时形式是sang，这在语法⼿段的词形变化中叫作( )A.附加B.屈折C.异根D.零形式12.英语句⼦“我看电视”有时写作I watch TV，有时写作I watched TV。

2023年自考专业(汉语言文学)《语言学概论》考试历年真题摘选附带答案

2023年自考专业(汉语言文学)《语言学概论》考试历年真题摘选附带答案第1卷一.全考点综合测验(共20题)1.【填空题】符号包括______和_______两个方面，二者不可分离。

2.【问答题】“船来了”这一表述中的“船”，在具体运用中能够指渡轮、帆船、游艇等各种类型的船，但“船”的词义却是“水上运输和交通的工具”。

说明其中的道理。

3.【单选题】下列词语，属于绝对反义词的一组是（）A.快—慢B.正—反C.好—坏D.黑—白4.【问答题】结合实例说明语言符号的任意性，及其对语言符号的强制性、可变性的影响。

5.【单选题】下列对“不可言传，只能意会”这句话的意思理解不正确的一项是（）A.人的思维活动是不可能经过语言来进行的B.思维活动和语言表示有时可能会相互脱节C.不能绝对地说语言是抽象思维的唯一工具D.高度集中复杂的思维不可能完全凭借语言6.【问答题】不同语言思维方式的特殊性体现在哪些方面?7.【单选题】下列关于“语法规则”的概念，不正确的一项是（）A.人们说话时共同遵循的对语言结构的语感B.语言学家对语言结构所做出的归纳和说明C.政府有关部门对语言结构做出的强制规定D.典范的文学作品中语言结构的表示形式8.【填空题】_______和________是语言系统中的两种根本关系。

9.【单选题】下列关于元音与辅音的表述，正确的一项是( )A.发辅音声带不振动，发元音声带振动B.发辅音开口度较小，发元音开口度大C.发辅音口腔气流有阻碍，元音则没有D.发辅音口腔肌肉不紧张，元音则紧张10.【填空题】动物无法掌握人类的语言，从生理基础看是不具有_______和________。

11.【填空题】现代语言学的标志性著作是瑞士语言学家______ 的________ 。

12.【单选题】“你今天怎么来呢?”这句话，如问“来”的方式，重读形式是（）A.“你”重读B.“今天”重读C.“怎么”重读D.“来”重读13.【填空题】语言符号的_______和_______，是语言符号的基本性质。

(完整版)语言学考试试题及其答案

一、填空１５%1、语言中最单纯、最常用、最原始和最能产的词是根词。

2、语言是人类最重要的交际工具，文字是最重要的辅助•••交际工具。

3、我国古代学者为读懂古书而建立的训诂学、文字学、音韵学组成了我国的语文学，通称为“小学”。

4、英语属于印欧语系的日耳曼语族的西部语支。

5、语音可以从生理角度分析它的产生方式，从物理•角度分析它的表现形式（传递过程），从社会功能角度分析它的功能作用。

6、是否能够独立（自由）运用，是区分词和语素的根本特点。

7、现代大多数国家的拼音文字的字母，大多直接来源于拉丁字母。

8、具有不同功能的三种最基本的语法单位是语素、词、句子。

9、语言发展的主要特点是渐变性和不平衡性。

10、我国宪法（１９８２年）第１９条明确规定“国家推广全国通用的普通话”。

二、单项选择题（本大题共26小题，每题1分）1、下列关于“语言”和“言语”的表述中，不正确的一项是【】A.语言是社会的，言语是个人的B.语言是主要的，言语是从属的C.语言是抽象的，言语是具体的D.语言是书面的，言语是口头的答案：D2、下列关于一般语汇总体特点的表述中，正确的一项是【】A.构词能力强B.使用范围窄C.产生历史长D. 大多很稳定答案：B 解析：根据词在语汇系统中的重要程度，可以分为基本语汇和非基本语汇（一般语汇）两大类。

ACD三项都属于基本语汇的特点。

3、区分“单纯词”和“合成词”所依据的是【】A.词的音节数量B.词的语素数量C.词的音形关系D.词的地位用途4、语法规则的“系统性”是指【】A.对语言的结构和成分进行类的概括B.相同规则可在一个结构里重复使用C.语法规则之间可以相互推导和解释D.语法规则的发展变化过程十分缓慢答案：C 解析：ABD三项分别对应的是语法规则的“抽象性”、“递归性”、“稳定性”。

5、语音的四个物理要素中，区别不同的意义起着最为重要的作用的是【】A、音高B、音强C、音长D、音色6、元音和辅音本质区别是【】A、元音的发音可以延长，辅音不可以B、元音发音响亮，辅音不响亮C、元音发音时气流不受阻，辅音一定受阻D、发元音时，发音器官的各个部分均衡紧张；辅音则不然7、[ε]的发音特征是【】A、舌面前高不圆唇B、舌面后高不圆唇C、舌面前半高不圆唇D、舌面前半低不圆唇8、下列关于语义民族性的表述中，正确的一项是【】A.词义上的民族特点并不明显B.词的多义化不受民族特点的制约C.不同的民族语言在词的理性意义上并无差异D.不同的民族语言在词的非理性意义上会有所不同答案：D解析：不同民族对客观事物的认识不同，因而语义的民族特点也不同，词的多义化也会受制约，非理性意义也会有所不同，比如汉语中“狗”字常含贬义，像“走狗”；可在英语里，“dog”常含褒义，像“a lucky dog”（幸运儿）。

2012语言学考试试卷

2012语⾔学考试试卷2011-2012年第⼆学期《英语语⾔学》期末考试试卷适⽤班级：外B1031-32班级_____________姓名_______________学号___________考试说明：1.本考试⽅式为⽹络考试；2.本考试做题⽅式为笔试；3.本考试总分100分，共计六⼤题型；4.本考试有各种具体的做题要求，考⽣必须严格按照要求做题；5.做完试题后，先把你本⼈选作的题⽬发送⼀份电⼦试卷给⽼师，再打印⼀份做好试题答案的试卷交给科任⽼师。

6.没有按照具体要求做题的考⽣将不会得到分数。

第⼀部份、选择题（10 points）【做题要求】从下列试题中选出20个题⽬，打印时不要改变原有序号。

Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (0.5%X20=10%)1.Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s a re very similar, but they differ in that ____________.A. Saussure took a sociological view of language while Chomsky took a psychological point of viewB. Saussure took a psychological view of language while Chomsky took a sociological point of viewC. Saussure took a pragmatic view of language while Chomsky took a semantic point of viewD. Saussure took a structural view of language while Chomsky took a pragmatic point of view2. Language is a system of ____________ vocal symbols used for human communication.A. unnaturalB. artificialC. superficialD. arbitrary3. We are born with the ability to acquire language, _______________.A. and the details of any language system are genetically transmitteB. therefore, we needn’t learn the detai ls of our mother tongueC. but the details of language have to be learnt.D. and the details are acquired by instinct4. A(n)________ is a phonological unit of distinctive value. It is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. allophoneC. phonemeD. sound5. The morpheme –ed in the word “worked” is a(n) __________ morpheme.A. derivationalB. inflectionalC. freeD. word-forming6. WH-movement is __________ in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative.A. obligatoryB. optionalC. selectionalD. arbitrary7. Naming theory, one of the oldest notions concerning meaning, was proposed by _____________.A. GriceB. PlatoC. SaussureD. Ogden and Richards8. “John married a blond heiress.”__________ “John married a blond.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes9. In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called ____________, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.A. utteranceB. referenceC. predicationD. morpheme10. In Austin’s speech act theory, ___________ is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act perfo rmed in saying something.A. a perlocutionary actB. a locutionary actC. a constative actD. an illocutionary act11.The word “language” is sometimes used to refer to the whole of a person’s language called _________.A. colloquial languageB. scientific languageC. standard languageD. idiolect12.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. bangB. photoC. typewriterD. rumble13.Which of the following sounds is a diphthong?A. [ai]B. [t] C[d] D. [a:]14.“hot dog” with the first element stressed means________.A. a dog which is hotB. a barking dogC. a kind of foodD. a dead dog15.There are _________morphemes in the word” frightening”.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four16. In English, “-ate” and “dis-“ are called _________.A. PrefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. affixes17.The phrase “boys and girls” belongs to the ______ construction.A. complexB. coordinateC. embeddedD. subordinate18. The illocutionary act of the utterance “ I promise to come.” is a _______.C. declarationD. commissive19.Which of the following two-term sets shows the feature of complementarity ?A. hot/coldB. doctor/patientC. single/marriedD. husband /wife20. Which part of the brain is generally considered to control language and speech.A. left hemisphereB. right hemisphereC. front hemisphereD. back hemisphere21.Modern linguistics give priority to speech because _____________.A. speech sounds are derived from writing systemsB. The spoken form is more basic than the written formC. Writing precedes speech in English languageD. All the languages today have both spoken and written forms.22.In the following sounds, _________ is a glottal sound.A: [h] B. [k] C. [g] D.[n]23.Of the words listed below, ________ is not an English word.A. [blik] B [bilk] C. [kilb] D. [skw]24.In English, the root “tele” means _________.A. seeing, sightB. a branch of learningC. distant, farD. small in size25.The situation in which two or more languages are used side by side is referred to as __________.A. blendingB. BilingualismC. clippingD. pidginization26.The function of the sentence “ A sunny day, isn’t it” is __________.A. informativeD. phatic27. ___________ are language varieties related to the use in particular speech situation.A. Education varietiesB. Age varietiesC. Gendervarieties D. Register varieties28.There ar e _________ morphemes in the word “ disabled”.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four29.Which of the following two-term sets is relational opposite?A. old/youngB. alive/deadC. teacher/pupilD. hot/cold30.The words such as “smog”, and “motel” are __________.A. compound wordsB. abbreviated wordsC. formed by blendingD. coined by backformation.31.Which of the following statements is not the concern of sociolinguists?A.The language a person uses reveals his social background.B.There exist social norms that determine the type of language to be used ona certain occasion.C.How does the human mind work when they use languageD.To investigate the social aspects of language.32. Language is ___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.A. systematicB. culturally transmittedC. intuitiveD. productive33. ____________ transcription is really the transcription required and used by thephoneticians in their study of speech sounds.A. WideB. NarrowC. BroadD. Detailed34.The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in ______________ .A. the pharyngeal cavityB. the oral cavityC. the nasalcavity D. all of the above35. ___________ studies the internal structure of words and the rules that govern theirformation.A. PhonologyB. SemanticsC. SyntaxD. Morphology36.The word “refreshment” contains ___________ morpheme(s).A. zeroB. oneC. twoD. three37.The central element in a simple sentence, or in each clause, is the_____________.A. subjectB. finite verbC. objectD. adverbial38.The syntactic rules of any language are ___________ in number.A. infiniteB. finiteC. largeD. definite39. Which pair of antonyms differs from other pairsA. above, belowB. sell, buyC. teacher, pupilD. hot, cold40. What is the sentential relation between “He likes swimming.” and “He likes sports.”?A. PresuppositionB. EntailmentC. ContradictionD. Anomaly第⼆部分填空题（20 points）【做题要求】从下列试题中选出20个题⽬，打印时不要改变原有序号。

语言学概论（英）试卷三

语⾔学概论（英）试卷三1. Which of the following statements is FALSE? ________. A. Language is just for communication.B. Language is one of many ways in which we experience the world.C. Language is a sign system.D. Language is arbitrary and conventional.2. ______ refers to the fact that there is no necessary or logical relationship between a linguistic form and its meaning. A. Displacement B. creativity C. arbitrariness D. duality3. The study of a language at some point of time is called________. A. computational linguistics B. sociolinguisticsC. diachronic linguisticsD. synchronic linguistics4. ________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community A. Langue B. performance C. competence D. parole201 年⽉江苏省⾼等教育⾃学考试8801语⾔学概论（英）⼀、选择题（每⼩题1分，共20分）在下列每⼩题的四个备选答案中选出⼀个正确的答案，并将其字母标号填⼊题⼲的括号内。