过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译(部分)

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过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译 19

Reading Material 19Shell-and-Tube Heat ExchangersShell-and-tube exchangers are made up of a number of tubes in parallel and series through which one fluid travels and enclosed in a shell through which the other fluid is conducted. The shell side is provided with a number of baffles to promote high velocities and largely more efficient cross flow on the outsides of the tubes. The versatility and widespread use of this equipment has given rise to the development of industrywide standards of shich the most widely observed are the TEMA standards. A typical shell-and-tube exchanger is presented on Fig. 4. 3.Baffle pitch , or distance between baffles, normally is 0. 2~1. 0 times the inside diameter of the shell. Both the heat transfer coefficient and the pressure drop depend on the baffle pitch, so that is selection is part of the optimization of the heat exchanger. The window of segmental baffles commonly is abort 25%, but it also is a parameter in the thermal-hydraulic design of the equipment.In order to simplify external piping, exchangers mostly are built with even number of tube passes. Partitioning reduces the number of the tubes that can be accommodated in a shell of a given size. Square tube pitch in comparison with triangular pitch accommodates fewer tubes but is preferable when the shell side must be cleaned by brushing.Two shell passes are obtained with a longitudinal baffle. More than two shell passes normally are not provided in a single shell, brt a 4~8 arrangement is thermally equivalent to two 2~4 shells in series, and higher combinations is obtainable with shell-and –tube exchangers, in particular:●Single phase, condensation or boiling can be accommodated in either the tubes or the shell, in vertical or horizontal positions.● Pressure range and pressure drop are virtually unlimited, and can be adjusted independently for the two fluids.●Thermal stresses can be accommodated inexpensively.● A great variety of materials of construction can be used and may be different for the shelland tubes.●Extended surfaces for improved heat transfer can be used on either side.● A great range of thermal capacities is obtainable.●The equipment is readily dismantled for cleaning or repair.Several considerations may influence which fluid goes on the tube side or the shell side.The tube side is preferable for the fluid that has the higher pressure, or the higher temperature or is more corrosive. The tube side is less likely to leak expensive or hazardous fluids and is more easily cleaned. Both pressure drop and laminar heat transfer can be predicted more accurately for the tube side. Accordingly, when these factors are critical, the tube side should be selected for that fluid.Turbulent flow is obtained at lower Reynolds numbers on the shell side, so that the fluid with the lower mass flow preferably goes on that side. High Reynolds numbers are obtained by multipassing the tube side, but at a price.A substantial number of parameters is involved in the design of a shell-and –tube heatexchanger for specified thermal and hydraulic conditions and desired economics, including: tube diameter, thickness, length, number of passes, pitch, square or triangular; size of shell,number of shell baffles, baffle type, baffle windows, baffle spacing, and so on. For even a modest sized design program, it is estimated that 40 separate logical designs may need to be made which lead to ????????? different paths through the logic. Since such a number is entirely too large for normal computer process, the problem must be simplified with some arbitrary decisions based on as much current practice as possible.阅读材料19管壳式换热器管壳式换热器是由一定数量的内有液体流动的平行管子和将其包围住的内有另一种液体的壳体组成的。

过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译

Heat exchangers are equipment primarily for transferring heat between hot and cold have separate passages for the two streams and operate most versatile and widely used exchangers are the shell-and-tube types but various plate and other types are valuable and economically competitive or superior in some other types will be discussed briefly but most of the space following will be devoted to the shell-and-tube types primarily because of their importance but also because they are most completely documented in the they can be designed with a degree of confidence to fit into a other types are largely proprietary and for the most part must be process designed by their manufacturers.Plate-and-Frame Exchangers Plate-and-frame exchangers are assemblies of pressed corrugated plates on a frame. Gaskets in grooves around the periphery contain the fluids and direct the flows into and out of the spaces between the spacing and the presence of the corrugations result in high coefficients on both sides several times those of shell-and tube equipment and fouling factors are accessibility of the heat exchange surface for cleaning makes them particularly suitable for fouling services and where a high degree of sanitation is required as in food and pharmaceutical pressures and temperatures are limited by the natures of the available gasketing materials with usual maxima of 300 psig and 400 F.Since plate-and-frame exchangers are made by comparatively few concerns most process design information about them is proprietary but may be made available to serious factors and heat transfer coefficients vary with the plate spacing and the kinds of costs per unit of heat transfer are said to be lower than for shell-and-tube stainless steel construction the plate-and-frame construction cot is 50%-70% that of the shell-and-tube.Spiral Heat Exchangers In spiral heat exchangers the hot fluid enters at the center of the spiral element and flows to the periphery; flow of the cold liquid is countercurrent entering at the periphery and leaving at the transfer coefficients are high on both sides and there is no correction to the log mean temperature difference because of the true countercurrent'action. These factors may lead to surface requirements 20% or so less than those of shell-and-tube exchangers. Spiral types generally may be superior with highly viscous fluids at moderate pressures.Compact (Plate-Fin) Exchangers Compact exchangers are used primarily for gas they have surfaces of the order of 1200 m2 /m3 corrugation height mm corrugation thickness mm and fin density 230-700 fins/ large extended surface permits about four times the heat transfer rate per unit volume that can be achieved with shell-and-tube have been designed for pressiIres up to 80 atm or close spacings militate against fouling compact exchangers are used in cryogenic services and also forheat recovery at high temperatures in connection with gas mobile units as in motor vehicles compact exchangers have the great merits of compactness and light kind of arrangement of cross and countercurrent flows is feasible and three or more different streams can be accommodated in the same drop heat transfer relations and other aspects of design are well documented.Air Coolers In such equipment the process fluid flows through finned tubes and cooling air is blown across them with fans. The economics of application of air coolers favors services that allow 25-40 1" temperature difference between ambient air and process the range above 10 Mbtu/l air coolers can be e conomically competítíve with watercoolers when water of adequate quality is available in su Hicient amountDouble-Pipe Exchangers This kind of exchanger consísts of a central pipe supported withín a larger one by packíng glands. The straight length is limited to a maximum of about 20 ft;otherwise the center pipe wi1l sag and cause poor distribution in the is customary to operate with the high pressure high temperature high density and corrosive fluid in the inner pipe and the less demanding one in the annulus. The inner surface can be provide with scrapers as in dewaxing of oils or crystallization from longitudinal fins in the annular space can be used to improve heat transfer with gases or viscous greater heat transfer surfaces are needed several double-pipes can be stacked in any combination of series or parallel.Double-pipe exchangers have largely lost out to shell-and-tube units in recent may be worth considering in these situations:1. When the shell-side coefficient is less than half that of the tubeside;the annular side coeHicient can be made comparable to the tube side.2. Temperature crosses that require multishell shell-and-tube units can be avoided by the inherent true countercurrent flow in double pipes.3. High pressures can be accommodated more economically in the annulus than they can in a larger diameter shell.4. At duties requiring only 100~200 sqft of surface the double-pipe may be more economical even in comparison with off-the-shell unts.Shell-and-Tube Exchangers This type of exchangers will be discussed in the following section.(Selected from: Stanley Chemical Process Equiment Butterworth Publishers 1988.)Words and Expressionsn.通道，通过a.多用途的，通用的a.专利的，私有的v.成波纹状，起波纹;corrugation nn.沟，槽n.系数n.密封垫片v.弄脏，堵塞;fouling factor 污垢系数n.卫生a.制药的；药物的n. ; a.逆流n.翅片;v.装翅片v.妨碍，起作用a.冷冻的，低温的n.恢复，回收，再生n.填料盖，密封套v.下垂，下沉n.环状空间; annular a环形的.v.脱蜡n.结晶，结晶体n.堆积，烟囱α.内在的，固有的v.调节，适度，容纳Unit 19 换热器的种类换热器起初是为了在热流和冷流中传热。

过程装备与控制工程专业英语词汇.

abrasiveness 研磨；腐蚀absolute 绝对的accumulate 堆积；积累acid 酸；酸性的，酸味的actuator 执行机构adjust 调整；调节agitation 搅拌air preheater 空气预热器air register 空气调节器airflow 气流alkali 碱allowance 公差，容差，容许量alloy 合金alternating current 交流电angle 角度，角apparatus 装置，仪器，仪表application 应用artificial 人造的；仿造的assembly 装配atmospheric 大气的，大气层的austenite 奥氏体automation 自动化，自动操作auxiliary 辅助设备，附属机构backflow 回流baffle 挡板；折流板；隔板batch 一批，批量bearing 轴承bellow 波纹管belt 带；腰带；地带blade 叶片blower 鼓风机boiler 锅炉bolt 螺栓bonnet 阀盖，阀帽，机罩box furnace 箱式炉brittle 易碎的，脆弱的burner 燃烧器bushing 轴衬；套管butterfly valve 蝶阀capacity 容积carbon steel 碳钢，碳素钢casing 机壳cast 浇铸catalyst 催化剂category 分类，种类cavity 腔；洞，凹处centrifugal force 离心力chamber 腔，室，船舱check valve 止回阀checklist 检查表，清单classify 分类；分等clockwise 顺时针方向的- 1 -coating 涂层，覆盖层coefficient 系数coil 盘管，线圈coking 结焦，焦化column 圆柱，柱形物combination 结合combustion 燃烧，氧化component 成分；组件；零件composition 组成，成分compressor 压缩机concentration 浓度concentric 同轴的，同心的condense 浓缩；凝结condenser 冷凝器；凝汽器conduction 传导cone roof 锥形顶constant 常量，常数contract 缩小，收缩contrast 对比，形成对照controller 控制器convection 对流convert 使转变；转换。

过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译1

过程装备与控制工程专业英语本文为过程装备与控制工程专业英语的个人翻译尝试。

By LiyerPART 1 engineering mechanicUnit 1 introduction to mechanicof materials材料力学是应用力学的分支，用于解决固体遭受外部多种载荷产生的力学行为。

对这个课题领域的另外的称呼有材料强度与固体变形的力学。

本章节提及固体包括经受轴向载荷的杆、扭转的轴、弯曲的梁和被压缩的圆柱。

材料力学研究的主要目标是在外部载荷加载的时候确定结构的应力、压力和应变以及固体微元的具体变化。

如果能够得到物体从受载到失效的所有与载荷对应的这些物理量，我们就对物体的力学性能有了一个全面的了解。

对力学行为的理解对于各种类型结构的安全设计是十分必要的，不管是飞机和天线、建筑和桥梁、机器和发动机、或者是船和飞行器。

这就是材料力学在这么多工程领域里都属于基础学科的原因。

静力学和动力学也是基本的，但是这些学科主要解决与粒子和刚体相关的力和运动问题。

在材料力学中，我们可以通过检测一个在有限维度内受力变形的实物的应力和应变来进一步学习。

而为了确定应力和应变，我们一般使用材料的物理性质以及一些理论公式和概念。

理论分析和实验结果在材料力学中也扮演着重要的角色。

我们从理论中为预测力学状态导出了准则和公式，但这些表达方式不能被用于实际的设计中，除非材料的物性已知。

只有通过在实验室细心的实验测试，我们方能得到材料的物性。

而且，并不是所有实际问题都能通过理论分析来解决，在这种情况下，物性试验就是必要的了。

材料力学的发展是理论和实验的有趣的结合-理论有时候指明了可以得到重大进展的路，有时候实验也做到这一点。

一些著名的科学家，如Leonardo da Vinci和Galileo Galilei通过实验确定绳索、杆和梁等的强度，尽管从今天的观点，他们没有得出详尽的理论体系来解释他们的实验结果。

相反的，著名的数学家Leonhard Euler在1744年得出了圆柱体的数学理论并且计算了圆柱体的临界载荷，远早于任何能够证明他的结果重要性的实验证据出现。

过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译

装控131 杨哲1304310125CORROSION AND ANTICORROSION TECHNOLOGYIN OFFSHORE PLATFORMS(Shanghai Shipbuilding Technology Research Institute, CSSC 200032, China) Abstract: This paper summarizes the corrosion environment and rules of the different zones in offshore platforms, also briefly introduces the requirements and systems of the anticorrosion coating .According to the long-term anticorrosion requirements in offshore platforms, the paper introduces several long-term anticorrosion technology, including thermal spraying, adding zinc protection and anticorrosion technology with platform legs wrapped etc,which will provide some references to the research of the long-term anticorrosion technology in offshore platforms.Key words:offshore platform;anticorrosion; thermal spraying; adding zinc technology; anticorrosion wrapOffshore platform is a kind of large offshore engineering structure. The steel structure in the long-term salt fog, moisture and water environment, the erosion of seawater and sea creatures, and produce severe electrochemical corrosion. Corrosion seriously affects the mechanical properties of the structure of the offshore platform, which affects the safety of the marine platform. And because the offshore platform off the coast, not as a regular maintenance like a ship docking, so builders and users of offshore platforms very seriously corrosion of marine platform. How long-term preservation of offshore platform structure, as well as research and development of offshore platform structure of the new materials, new technologies and new processes are of long-term preservation is very important.1. Corrosion Rules 1 offshore platform1.1 Corrosion regional boundaries of the marine environmentOffshore platforms extremely harsh environment, sun exposure, salt spray, shock waves, complex water system, environmental temperature and humidity changes and marine life make offshore platforms erosion corrosion rate faster. Offshore platforms in different marine environments, corrosion behavior and corrosion characteristics will be relatively large differences. Therefore, to offshore platform structure in a marine environment corrosion corroded areas were analyzed and defined, in order to put forward effective protection measures. According to the marine environment, corrosion characteristics and different average corrosion rate, offshore platform in the marine environment in marine atmosphere can be divided into three major regions splash zone and immersion zone. In order to better analyze the corrosion of steel offshore platforms, many researchers turn splash zone into the splash zone and tidal zone, immersion zone into seawater immersion zone and seabed soil area that is divided into five areas of corrosion.1.2Marine steel corrosionOcean-atmosphere:Ocean sea-salt particles cause atmospheric zone accelerate corrosion, dry surface and wet film alternates salt form of physical, chemical and electrochemical action affecting metal corrosion.Splash Zone:The most serious corrosion in the marine environment, the site is above average tide splash zone. As often as the wet surface, surface oxygen supply issufficient, no sea biofouling. Long and short drying surface wetting the surface of the alternation and spray erosion, mainly caused by physical and electrochemical corrosion damage and maximum damage.Tidal zone: steel corrosion tidal area is the lowest, even less than the corrosion rate of seawater immersion and seabed soil. The average low tide level the following corrosion nearby area emergence of a peak, it is because steel piles in the marine environment, with tidal fluctuations, the total amount of oxygen in the steel surface above the waterline humid than dip below the waterline at sea the steel surface to be much more fully, and to each other to form a loop, thereby becoming an oxygen concentration difference between the macro corrosion cell. Corrosion cell-enriched zone is the cathode, namely tidal area; relatively anoxic zone anode, namely the regional average low tide level below the waterline. The overall effect is that at every point throughout the tidal zone are subject to varying degrees of cathodic protection. While the average low tide level less often as the anode and the emergence of corrosion peak.Seawater immersion zone:the corrosive seawater immersion zone, the shallow water may corrode more quickly than the ocean air, the oxygen content of the deep-sea areas is often much lower than the surface, the water temperature close to 0 oc, corrosion lighter.Seabed soil zone: the presence of sulphate reducing bacteria and bacterial sources and characteristics of seafloor sediments mixed. Less influence by the sea, and the temperature is low, a small degree of corrosion, but there is some corrosion at the junction of ocean currents action.2 offshore platform steel structure anti-corrosion coating technologyLong-term offshore platforms in harsh corrosive environments, maintenance difficulties during use, so only use anti-corrosion technology provision of high-performance heavy-duty coatings. Several offshore platform using heavy-duty coatings, each with the following characteristics:(1) zinc-rich primer: Requires a high proportion of zinc-containing paint, Kuang requirements and substrate adhesion. One role is to take zinc-rich primer cathodic protection, In addition, when the coating damage or when there is not continuous, zinc Yao can play the role of sacrificial anode to protect the substrate. A zinc-rich primer T ong inorganic zinc-rich primer, epoxy zinc-rich primer and the like.(2) intermediate paint: intermediate paint requires comprehensive anti-corrosion ability, among cattle is characterized by anti-rust paint or impervious material containing material efficient, female l granular or scaly zinc powder, glass flake, stainless steel flake, satisfied Mu class Chin shielded and powder-based coatings and cathodic protection type were kind of new corrosion-type paints and so on.(3) Finish: finish the role is to provide a protective layer of primer and intermediate coat, slowed down and limited water vapor, oxygen, and chemical activity of ion penetration. Also requires impact resistance, anti-aging and anti-insoluble and so on. Finish commonly used chlorinated rubber, vinyl, polyurethane or acrylic resin coatings.In addition, heavy-duty anti-corrosion coating to get a good effect, but also need to pay attention to a number of factors, including the surface treatment of the substrate, high-quality paint, reasonable coating system, outside construction conditions,construction coating quality control. Currently heavy-duty coatings mainly used for offshore platforms atmospheric zone.3.Several long-term preservation technology offshore platform structureFor each area of corrosion offshore platforms, in addition to the current anti-corrosion coating and cathodic protection or impressed current cathodic protection system support, but also. on the offshore platform have long-term preservation of the use of other technologies, including long-term platform for thermal spraying anti-corrosion technology, Zinga protection technology, the platform leg tied corrosion package technology.3.1 offshore platforms thermal spraying anti-corrosion technologyThermal spraying technology in offshore platform steel member has a long history. Thermal spraying of zinc, aluminum and its alloys coating on foreign offshore platform steel member has successfully applied examples, examples show: thermal spray coating of zinc-aluminum and its alloys corrosion has become a mature technology, after appropriate heat sealed spray zinc-aluminum coating at room temperature and high temperature on steel in the splash zone exhibited excellent corrosion resistance.Aluminum thermal spray coatings in marine engineering is the biggest application platform in 1984 to build the H otton tension leg platform. The platform design life of 50 years. 8 years after its use in the splash zone corrosion is found, and brown leakage effects. Thickness measurement showed that the thickness of the coating does not reduce platform installation, it illustrates the effect of anti-corrosion marine platform lame spraying zinc aluminum metal coating layer is obvious, even if the surface of the organic coating off will ensure expansion of the substrate against corrosion. At the same time after tests showed that 2001} hot Tut m thick zinc-aluminum coating for steel in the splash zone protection can ensure life for more than 30 years.For high-strength steel parts used for offshore platforms, spraying aluminum and aluminum alloy coating not only provides an aluminum shield, and once the coating is damaged, it can appear as a sacrificial anode protection drain coating area. The coating may be applied in a closed paint, aluminum and aluminum alloy coating to seal the pores, thereby improving coating performance and extend the life of its total. Our thermal spraying anti-corrosion technology started late, currently used in offshore platform preservative it is still in the experimental stage, pending further development and application.3.2 Zinga offshore platform protection technologyZinga protection is a quality and convenient method for steel corrosion protection, zinc add protection to the substrate material has cathodic protection and shielding dual role. Zinga protection technology has excellent corrosion resistance that Zinga zinc galvanized coating dry film amounted to 9600, the product purity over 99.995% zinc. Zinga protection also has a unique blend of heavy, new and existing coating Zinga Zinga coating can be fully integrated, easy maintenance painted up.Zinga protection compared with conventional organic coatings, cathodic protection has a strong effect and may be used as a good bottom, its resistance to corrosion than conventional zinc-rich primer 5-6 times, corrosion protection up to 25 years to 30 years.The extent of corrosion of offshore platforms immersion zone serious than theatmospheric region, but lighter than the splash zone. Full immersion zone generally use cathodic protection or protective coatings and cathodic protection joint, but seldom alone paint protection, since there is currently antirust, anti-fouling paint life is difficult to achieve permanent protection of offshore platforms. Zinga protection technology in the dual role of long-lasting protective coating and cathodic protection, corrosion protection with a long service life which make up the general corrosion protection coatings in the life of deficiencies.Domestic and offshore platforms by the project proved plus zinc corrosion protection properties of the coating technology is excellent. 2000 Zinga protection technology is applied at the local service domestic and offshore drilling platforms, Shekou, Shenzhen Pinghu oilfield offshore drilling platforms, repair of Zinga coating used has not found a good rust and corrosion performance.3.3 Offshore Platform Legs tied corrosion Package TechnologyCurrently, marine splash zone corrosion of the worst parts of the corrosion problem has been unprecedented attention, and ongoing in-depth discussion among. Now recognized as the most mature technology is corrosion Kit tied method. In the United States, Britain, Japan and other developed countries, a growing number of offshore platforms to splash zone corrosion leg using a preservative Kit tied technology.Corrosion sets is a long-acting anti-corrosion technology, used in the splash zone of marine environmental conditions can make corrosion life of more than 30 years. Corrosion sets from high-strength multilayer fabric covered with special polyester outer layer, inner cladding corrosion Thixotrope 3 parts. This three-layer structure closely aggregated together to form a monolithic whole structure. This unique structure can be set by increasing or decreasing the thickness of the body and alter the fabric structure to adjust the physical properties of corrosion sets in order to adapt to different corrosion requirements. Its multi-layer fabric itself elastic sleeve to make corrosion-designed package tightly tied ocean tension leg platform, and watertight or airtight sealing requirements, in order to achieve long-term preservation.Offshore platform jacket leg corrosion can effectively solve the adverse effects of the sea organism attachment. Anticorrosive coating the outer sleeve and the inner product of antifouling component corrosion thixotropes and other unique design, can effectively prevent the adhesion and growth of marine organisms, so that the corrosion sets preservative life is greatly extended, and ultimately effective in achieving long-term corrosion protection The purpose of. Its elasticity effect itself high strength fabric sleeve in corrosion and piling surface tension of a tight collar, which will not only cover tightly pack anticorrosive pile legs tied, and will not be due to temperature changes caused by steel Pipe leg physical changes brought about by thermal expansion and contraction of any effect. Currently, anti-corrosion sets of leg technique has been applied in more than one marine projects around the world.4 ConclusionOffshore platform steel corrosion, according to the characteristics of the differentregions of maritime corrosion, corrosion rate choose the appropriate corrosion protection measures. Anti-corrosion coatings emerging new varieties, should be fully aware of their own performance matching paint and coating between strict coating process. Thermal spray coatings and zinc plus protection technology is supporting each other coating and cathodic protection, so as to achieve long-term preservation of the marine platform. Offshore platforms leg in the splash zone area and the water level changes frequently withstand collisions tapping and production operations and foreign matter waves is the corrosion of the worst parts leg, requiring special corrosion protection. Package tied corrosion technology has unique high strength jacket design, the marine platform leg may get good corrosion protection effect of changes in the splash zone and district level. To avoid the possible loss of corrosion, extend the life of offshore platforms, offshore platforms anti-corrosion technology development is of great significance参考文献l1l Britton J. Early Coating Failures on Offshore Platforms) AI，Corrosion/20041 CI .Houston: NACE, 2004.l2l侯保荣.海洋环境腐蚀规律及控制技术I JI.科学与管理，2004, (5 ): 7-8.l3l侯保荣.海洋腐蚀环境理论及其应用I MI.北京:北京科学出版社，1999.l4l K lfnvik, B H Leinum，E B Heirer, et al. Material Risk-ageing Offshore Installations} R} Petroleum Safety AuthorityNorway (PSA)Report No 2006一3496 Veritasveien Det Norske Veritas 2006.l5l Fracis L Laque. Materine Corrosion Causes and Prevention} M} .New York: John Wiley &Sons, 1975: 51 -52.l6l Pierre R Roberge. Handbook of CorrosionEngineering} M} .New York, Mc Graw-Hill, 1999: 129一142.l7l Denis Brondel, Randy Edwards, Andrew Hayman.Corrosion in the oil industryl11l .Oilfield Review, 1994, (4) 4一18.l8l Greenwood-sole G, Watkinson C J. New Glassflack Coating Technology for Offshore A pplications}AI .Corrosion/2004[C]，Houston: NACE, 2004.l9l SY/T 10008-2000.海上固定式钢质石油生产平台的腐蚀控制[S]l10l NS M-501:2004, Surface Preparation and Protective Coating[S]l11l NACE RP 0176-1994, Corrosion Control of Steel Fixed Offshore Structures Associated withPetroleum Production[S]l12l Karl P Fischer, William H Thomason, Trevor Rosbrook, et, al. Performance History of Thermal-Sprayed Aluminum Coatines in Offshore Servicel 71 .Material Performance. 1 995.34 (4).27一35.l13l 蔡涛，苗文成，王锋.线材电弧热喷涂技术在海洋工程防腐中的应用I JI.中国海洋平台，2003, (3):38-40.l14l 李言涛，黄彦良，侯保荣.海洋钢铁件锌铝喷涂技术典型工程实例回顾I JI.材料保护，2005, (4 ): 51 -53.。

过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译1

Loads on a beam may be concentrated forces, such as P1 and P2 in Fig.1.2(a) and (c), ordistributed loads , such as the the load q in Fig.1.2(b),。Distributed loads are characterized by their intensity,which is expressed in units of force per unit distance along the axis of the beam. For a uniformly distributed load, illustrated in Fig.1.2(b),the intensity is constant; avarying load, on the other hand, is one in which the intensity varies as a function of distance along the axis of the beam.
The reactions for th1.2 (c)]can be found the same manner
For the cantilever beam[Fig.1.2(b)], the action of the applied load q is equilibrated by a verticalforce RAand a couple MAacting at the fixed support, as shown in the figure. From a summationof forces in vertical direction , we include that

过程装备与控制工程专业英语单词总结概要

exert n.用力,施力fundamental v.基本的negligible a.可以忽略的moment n.力矩(各种矩 equilibrium n.平衡的cancel out 相约,相消preceding a.以前的pulley n.滑轮,皮带轮relegate vt.归类,委托Component n.分力,分量Scalar n.;a.纯量,标量Statically determinate 静定transverse a.横向,横切symmetry n.对称性pin support 铰支座roller support 滚轴支座translate 平移lateral 横向的,水平的sustain 支撑,承受住cantilever悬臂overhang外伸intensity 强度,密度reaction反作用力magnitude大小,量级equilibrate(使平衡inverse相反的counterclockwise逆时针方向的deliberately审慎的,故意的stress 应力strain应变deformable可(易变形的shaft轴derivation 推导,导出axially-loaded 受轴向载荷的blend 混合tension 拉伸,张力shear 剪切,剪力prismatic 等截面的at right angles to与。

垂直analogous类似的hydrostatic流体静力学submerge浸没,沉没denote 表示,指示resultant合力;合成的centroid质心,矩心,重心elongation伸长,延伸率adjacent 相邻的,临近的free-body自由体bendin moment弯矩convention协定,惯例algebraic 代数的truss 桁架unknowingly 无意中,不知不觉的lowercase 小写visualize 假设patently 明白的perpendicular 垂直,直立vector 矢量squash 压缩tangential 切向subscript 下标,脚码say 假定algebraic 代数差unidirectional 单向,单自由度的postulate 假设ductile 可塑,可锻,韧性的criterion 标准,规范rupture 断裂,破坏specimen 样本,试件monitor 监视,控制multitude 众多,大批sin 罪恶,犯罪ignorance 未知yield-point 屈服点longgitudinal 轴向的,纵向的circumferential 圆周的,环形的oscillatory 振荡的,摆动的confront 面临,面对wear 磨损,耐磨性fatigue 疲劳acute 敏锐,尖锐impair 损害,减少symmertrical 对称的,均匀的propeller 螺旋桨,推进器compact 压实,压紧chaff 废物,渣滓thresh 猛烈摆动glider 滑翔机panel 底座helical 螺旋(线,面,形 springboard 跳板,出发点pendulum 振动体bob 振子球displacement位移,平移customary 通常,习惯的reciprocal 相互的,倒数的amplitude 振幅angular 角,成角度的dissipative 损耗,消耗的damp 阻尼,减震viscous 粘性的constrain 约束coordinate 坐标specify 指定,确定detect 探测,检测knife-edges 韧性支承rotor转子armature 电枢,转子crankshaft 曲轴,centtrifugal 离心式的,离心机rock 摇动,摆动bearing 轴承equivalent 相等的,等价的converse 逆的,反的oz. ounce 盎司alloy 合金crystal 结晶,晶体lattice 晶格aggregate 集合,集合体valence 化合价electrostatic 静电的conductor 导体wrought 精制的,可锻的cast 浇铸,铸件ferrous 含铁的nonferrous 不含铁intake 吸入,入口manifold 集气管aluminum 铝magnessium 镁beryllium铍brass 黄铜bronze 铜tin 锡zinc 锌elusive 难以理解的ductility 韧性,延展性fracture 破裂brittle 脆性的interplay 相互作用manufacture 加工制造strength of materials 材料力学rheology 流变学outset 开头,开始relevant 有关的,相关的component 分量,组件scope 范围,工作域realm 领悟,范围concept 概念,原理harden 变硬,硬化classification 分类,分级conserve 保存,守恒melt 融化,熔融evaporation 蒸发,汽化forging 锻造characterize 表征,表示。

过程装备与控制工程专业英语

Reading Material 16Pressure Vessel Codes①History of Pressure Vessel Codes in the United States Through the late 1800s and early 1900s, explosions in boilers and pressure vessels were frequent. A firetube boiler explosion on the Mississippi River steamboat Sultana on April 27, 1865, resulted in the boat's sinking within 20 minuted and the death of 1500 soldiers going home after the Civil War. This type of catastrophe continued unabated into the early 1900s. In 1905, a destructive explosion of a firetube boiler in a shoe factory in Brockton, Massachusetts, killed 58 people, injured 117 others, and did $400000 in property damage. In 1906, another explosion in a shoe factory in Lynn, Massachusetts, resulted in death, injury, and extensive property damage. After this accident, the Massachusetts governor directed the formation of a Board of Boiler Rules. The first set of rules for the design and construction of boilers was approved in Massachusetts on August 30, 1907. This code was three pages long.②In 1911, Colonel E. D. Meier, the president of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, established a committee to write a set of rules for the design and construction of boilers and pressure vessels. On February 13, 1915, the first ASMEBoiler Code was issued. It was entitled "Boiler Construction Code, 1914 Edition". This was the beginning of the various sections of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, which ultimately became Section 1, Power Boilers.③The first ASME Code for pressure vessels was issued as "Rules for the Construction of Unfired Pressure V essels", Section Ⅷ, 1925 edition. The rules applied to vessels over 6 in. indiameter, volume over 1.5 3ft, and pressure over 30 psi. In December 1931, a Joint API-ASMECommittee was formed to develop an unfired pressure vessel code for the petroleum industry. The first edition was issued in 1934. For the nest 17 years, two separated unfired pressure vessel codes existed. In 1951, the last API-ASME Code was issued as a separated document. In 1952, the two codes were consolidated into one code----the ASME Unfired Pressure Vessel Code, Section Ⅷ. This continued until the 1968 edition. At that time, the original code became Section Ⅷ, Division 1, Pressure Vessels, and another new part was issued, which was Section Ⅷ, Division 2, Alternative Rules for Pressure Vessels.④The ANSI/ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code is issued by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers with approval by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) as an ANSI/ASME document. One or more sections of the ANSI/ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code have been established as the legal requirements in 47 states in the United Stated and in all provinces of Canada. Also, in many other countries of the world, the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code is used to construct boilers and pressure vessels.⑤Organization of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code is divided into many sections, divisions, parts, and subparts. Some of these sections relate to a specific kind of equipment and application; others relate to specific materials and methods for application and control of equipment; and others relate to care and inspection of installed equipment. The following Sections specifically relate to boiler and pressure vessel design and construction.Section ⅠPower Boilers (1 volume)Section ⅢDivision 1 Nuclear Power Plant Components (7 volumes)Division 2 Concrete Reactor Vessels and Containment (1 volume)Code Case Case 1 Components in Elevated Temperature service (in Nuclear Code N-47Case book)Section ⅣHeating Boilers (1 volume)Section ⅧDivision 1Pressure Vessels (1 volume)Division 2 Alternative Rules for Pressure Vessels (1 volume)Section ⅩFiberglass-Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels (1 volume)⑥A new edition of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code is issued on July 1 every three years and new addenda are issued every six months on January 1 and July 1. The new edition of the code becomes mandatory when it appears. The addenda are permissive at the date of issuance and become mandatory six months after that date.⑦Worldwide Pressure Vessel Codes In addition to the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, which is used worldwide, many other pressure vessel codes have been legally adopted in various countries. Difficulty often occurs when vessels are designed in one country, built in another country, and installed in still a different country. With this worldwide construction this is often the case.⑧The following list is a partial summary of some of the various codes used in different countries:Australia Australian Code for Boilers and Pressure Vessels, SAA Boiler Code (Series AS 1200):AS 1210, Unfired Pressure Vessels and Class 1 H, Pressure Vessels of Advanced Design and Construction, Standards Association of Australia.France Construction Code Calculation Rules for Unfired Pressure Vessels, Syndicat National de la Chaudronnerie et de la Tuyauterie Industrielle (SNCT), Paris, France.United Kingdom British Code BS. 5500, British Standards Institution, London, England.Japan Japanese Pressure V essel Code, Ministry of Labour, published by Japan Boiler Association, Tokyo, Japan; Japanese Standard, Construction of Pressure Vessels, JIS B 8243, published by the Japan Standards Association, Tokyo, Japan; Japanese High Pressure Gas Control Law, Ministry of International Trade and Industry, published by The Institution for Safety of High Pressure Gas Engineering, Tokyo, Japan.Italy Italian Pressure Vessel Code, National Association for Combustion Control (ANNCC), Milan, Italy.Belgium Code for Good Practice for the Construction of Pressure Vessels, Belgian Standard Institute (IBN), Brussels, Belgium.Sweden Swedish Pressure Vessel Code, Tryckkarls kommissioner, the Swedish Pressure Vessel Commission, Stockholm, Sweden.压力容器准则①美国的压力容器规范历史在19世纪和20世纪初期，锅炉和压力容器频繁发生爆炸事件。

过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译

Reading Material 1Static Analysis of BeamsA bar that is subjected to forces acting transverse to its axis is called a beam．In this section we will consider only a few of the simplest types of beams，such as those shown in Fig．1．2．In every instance it is assumed that the beam has a plane of symmetry that is parallel to the plane of the figure itself．Thus，the cross section of the beam has a vertical axis Of symmetry．Also，it is assumed that the applied loads act in the plane of symmetry，and hence bending of the beam occurs in that plane．Later we will consider a more general kind of bending in which the beam may have an unsymmetrical cross section．(a)A simple supported beam (b) A cantilever beam (c) A beam with an overhangFig．1．2 Types of beamsThe beam in Fig．1．2(a)，with a pin support at one end and a roller support at the other，is called a simply supported beam，or a simple beam．The essential feature of a simple beam is that both ands of the beam may rotate freely during bending, but they cannot translate in the lateral direction. Also, one end of the beam can move freely in the axial direction (that is, horizontally). The supports of a simple beam may sustain vertical reactions acting either upward or downward.The beam in Fig. 1.2(b) which is built in or fixed at one end and free at the other end, is called a cantilever beam. At the fixed support the beam can neither rotate nor translate, while at the free end it may do both. The third example in the figure shows a beam with an overhang. This beam is simply supported at A and B and has a free end at C.Loads on a beam may be concentrated forces, such as P1 and P2 in Fig. 1. 2(a) and (c),or distributed loads, such as the load q in Fig. 1.2(b). Distributed loads are characterized by their intensity, which is expressed in units of force per unit distance along the axis of the beam. For a uniformly distributed load, illustrated in Fig. 1.2(b), the intensity is constant; a varying load, on the other hand, is one in which the intensity varies as a function of distance along the axis of the beam.The beams shown in Fig. 1.2 are statically determinate because all their reactions can be determined from equations of static equilibrium. For instance, in the case of the simple beam supporting the load Pl[Fig. 1.2(a)], both reactions are vertical, and their magnitudes can be found by summing moments about the ends; thus, we findRA=P1 (L--a)/ L RB =P1a/ LThe reactions for the beam with an overhang [Fig. 1. 2 (c)] can be found in the same manner.For the cantilever beam [Fig. 1.2 (b)], the action of the applied load q is equilibrated by a vertical force RA and a couple MA acting at the fixed support, as shown in the figure. From a summation of forces in the vertical direction, we conclude thatRA =q band, from a summation of moments about point A, we findMA =q b(a+b/2)The reactive moment MA acts counterclockwise as shown in the figure.The preceding examples illustrate how the reactions(forces and moments)of statically determinate beams may be calculated by statics．The determination of the reactions for statically indeterminate beams requires a consideration of the bending of the beams，and hence this subject will be postponed．The idealized support conditions shown in Fig．1．2 are encountered only occasionally in practice. As an example, long—span beams in bridges sometimes are constructed with pin and roller support at the ends. However, in beams of shorter span, there is usually some restraint against horizontal movement of the supports．Under most conditions this restraint has little effect on the action of the beam and can be neglected．However，if the beam is very flexible, and if the horizontal restraints at the ends are very rigid，it may be necessary to consider their effects. Example*Find the reactions at the supports for a simple beam loaded as shown in Fig．1．3(a) Neglect the weight of the beam．SolutionThe loading of the beam is already given in diagrammatic form．The nature of the supports is examined next and the unknown components of these reactions are boldly indicated on the diagram．The beam，with the unknown reaction components and all the applied forces，is redrawn in Fig．1．3(b)to deliberately emphasize this important step in constructing a free—body diagram．At A，two unknown reaction components may exist，since the end is pinned．The reaction at B can only act in a vertical direction since the end is on a roller．The points of application of all forces are carefully noted．After a free body diagram of the beam is made，tile equations of statics are applied to obtain the solution．Fig．1，3 A simple beam∑F x=0，RAx=0∑MA=O+，2000+100(10)+160(15)-RB(20)=0，RB=+2700 lb↑∑MB=O+，RAy(20)+2000-100(10)-160(5)=0，RAy=-10lb↓Check：∑F y=0↑+，-10-100-160+270=0Note that ∑F x=0 uses up one of the three independent equations of statics．thus only two additional reaction components may be determined from statics．If more unknown reaction components or moments exist at the support，the problem becomes statically indeterminate．Note that the concentrated moment applied at C enters only into the expressions for the summation of moments．The positive sign of RB indicates that the direction of RB has been correctly assumed in Fig．1．3(b)．The inverse is the case of RAy, and the vertical reaction at A is downward．Note that a check on the arithmetical work is available if the calculations are made as shown．(Selected from Stephen P. Timoshenko and James M. Gere,Mechanics of Materials*Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Ltd. ,1978.* Selected from Egor P. Popov, Introduction to Mechanics of Solids*Prentice-Hall Inc. ,1968. )材料1横梁的静力分析一条受到由截面向轴心的力的棒子称为横梁。

过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译 18

Reading Material 18Packed TowersIn comparison with tray towers, packed towers are suited to small diameters (24 in. or less ), whenever low pressure is desirable, whenever low holdup is necessary, and whenever plastic or ceramic construction is required. Applications unfavorable to packings are large diameter towers, especially those with low liquid and high vapor rates, because of problems with liquid distribution, and whenever high turndown is required. In large towers, random packing may cost more than twice as much as sieve or valve trays.Depth of packing without intermediate supports is limited by its deformability; metal construction is limited to depths of 20~25 ft, and plastic to 10~15 ft. Intermediate supports and liquid redistributors are supplied for deeper beds and at sidestream withdrawal or feed points. Liquid redistributors usually are needed every 2 . 5~3 tower diameters for Raschig rings and every 5~10diameters for Pall rings. But at least every 20 ft.The various kinds of internals of packed towers are represented in Fig. 4. 2 whose individual parts may be described one-by-one:(a)is an example column showing the inlet and outlet connections and some of the kinds ofinternals in place.(b)Is a combination packing support and redistributor that can also serve as a sump forwithdrawal of the liquid from the tower.(c)Is a trough-type distributor that is suitable for liquid rates in excess of 2 gpm / sqft intowers 2 feet and more in diameter. They can be made in ceramics or plastics.(d)Is an example of a perforated pipe distributor which is available in a variety of shapes,and is the most efficient type over a wide range of liquid rates; in large towers and where distribution is especially critical, they are fitted with nozzles instead of perforations.(e)Is a redistribution device, the rosette, that provides adequate redistribution in smalldiameter towers; it diverts the liquid away from the wall towards which it tends to go.(f)Is a hold-down plate to keep low density packings in place and to prevent fragile packingssuch as those made of carbon, for instance, from disintegrating because of mechanical disturbances at the top of the bed.The broad classes of packings for vapor-liquid contacting are either random or structured.The former are small, hollow structures with large surface per unit volume that are loaded at random into the vessel. Structured pakings may be layers of large rings or grids, brt are most commonly made of expanded metal or woven wire screen that are stacked in layers or as spiral windings.There are several kinds of packings. The first of the widely used random packings were Raschig rings which are hollow cylinders of ceramics, plastics, or metal. They were an economical replacement for the crushed rock often used then. Because of their simplicity and their early introduction, Raschig rings have been investigated thoroughly and many data of their performance have been obtained which are still useful, for example, in defining the lower limits of mass transfer efficiency that can be realized with improved packings.Structured packings are employed particularly in vacuum service where pressure drops must be kept low. Because of their open structure and large specific surface, their masstransfer efficiency is high when proper distribution of liquid over the cross section can be maintained.阅读材料18填料塔与板式塔相比，填料塔适用于小直径、低压力、小储量及塑料或陶瓷材料。

过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译12

Reading Material 12Principles of Momentum transfer1. IntroductionThe flow and behavior of fluid is important in many of the unit operations in process engineering. A fluid may be defined as a substance that does not permanently resist distortion and, hence, will change its shape. In this text gases, liquids, and vapors are considered to have the characteristics of fluids and to obey many of the same laws.2. Fluid FlowThe principles of the statics of fluids are almost an exact science. On the other hand, the principles of the motions of fluids are quite complex. The basic relations describing the motions of a fluid are the equations for the overall balances of mass, energy, and momentum, which will be covered in the following sections.The study of momentum transfer, or fluids mechanics as it is often called, can be divided into tow branches: fluid statics, or fluid at rest, and fluid dynamics, or fluids in motion. In other sections we treat fluid statics; in the remaining sections, fluid dynamics. Since in fluid dynamics momentum is being transferred, the term “momentum transfer” or “transfer” is usually used.In momentum transfer we treat the fluid as a continuous distribution of matter or as a “continuum”. This treatment as a continuum is valid when the smallest volume of fluid contains a large enough number of molecules so that a statistical average is meaningful and the macroscopic properties of the fluid such as density, pressure, and so on, vary smoothly or continuously from point to point.Like all physical matter, a fluid is composed of an extremely large number of molecules per unit volume. A theory such as the kinetic theory of gases or statistical mechanics treats the motions of molecules in terms of statistical groups and not in terms of individual molecules. In engineering we are mainly concerned with the bulk or macroscopic behavior of a fluid rather than with the individual molecular or microscopic behavior.In the process industries, many of the materials are in fluid form and must be stored, handled, pumped, and processed, so it is necessary that we become familiar with the principles that govern the flow of fluids and also with the equipment used. Typical fluids encountered include water, air, CO2, oil, slurries, and thick syrups.If a fluid is inappreciably affected by change in pressure, it is said to be incompressible. Most liquids are incompressible. Gases are considered to be compressible fluids. However, if gases are subjected to small percentage changes in pressure and temperature, their density changes will be small and they can be considered to be incompressible.3. Laminar and Turbulent FlowThe type of flow occurring in a fluid in a channel is important in fluid dynamics problems. When fluids move through a closed channel of any cross section, either of tow distinct types of flow can be observed according to the conditions present.These two types of flow can be commonly seen in a flowing open stream or river. When the velocity of flow is slow, the flow patterns are smooth. However, when the velocity is quite high, an unstable pattern is observed in which eddies or small packets of fluid particles are present moving in all directions and at all angles to the normal line of flow.The first type of flow at low velocities where the layers of fluid seem to slide by one another without eddies or swirls being present is called laminar flow and Newton ’s law of viscosity holds. The second type of flow at higher velocities where eddies are present giving the fluid a fluctuating nature is called turbulent flow. The existence of laminar and turbulent flow is most easily visualized by the experiments of Reynolds. Water was allowed to flow at steady state through a transparent pipe with the flow rate controlled by a valve at the end of the pipe.A fine steady stream of dye-colored water was introduced from a fine jet as shown and its flow pattern observed. At low rates of water flow, the dye pattern was regular and formed a single line or stream similar to a thread. There was no lateral of the fluid, and it flowed in streamlines down the tube. By putting in additional jets at other points in the pipe cross section, it was shown that there was no mixing in any parts of the tube and the fluid flowed in straight parallel lines. This type of flow is called laminar or viscous flow.As the velocity was increased, it was found that at a define velocity the thread of dye become dispersed and the pattern was very erratic. This type of flow is known as turbulent flow. The velocity at which the flow changes is known as the critical velocity.4. Reynolds NumberStudies have shown that the transition from laminar to turbulent flow in tubes is not only a function of velocity but also of density and viscosity of the fluid and the tube diameter. These variables are combined into the Reynolds number, which is dimensionless.R e =μρv DWhere Re is the Reynolds number, D the diameter in m, ρ the fluid density in kg/m3,u the fluid viscosity in Pa*s, and ν the average velocity of the fluid in m/s .(where average velocity is defined as the volumetric rate of flow divided by the cross sectional area of the pipe.)The instability of the flow that leads to disturbed or turbulent flow is determined by the ratio of the kinetic or inertial forces to the viscous forces in the fluid stream.The inertial forces are proportional to ρν2 and the viscous forces to D μν,and the ratio )(2D yv pv is the Reynolds number y vp DFor a straight circular pipe when the value of the Reynolds number is less than 2100, the flow is always laminar. When the value is over 4000, the flow will be turbulent, except in very special cases. In between, which is called the transition region, the flow can be viscous or turbulent, depending upon the apparatus details, whichcannot be predicted.5. Simple Mass BalancesIn fluid dynamics fluids are in motion. Generally, they are moved from place to place by means of mechanical devices such as pumps or blowers, by gravity head, or by pressure, and flow through systems of piping and/or process equipment .The first step in the solution of flow problem is generally to apply the conservation of mass to the whole system or to any part of the system. We will consider an elementary balance on a simple geometry. Simple mass or material balances were followed. Input=output + accumulationsince, in fluid flow, we are usually working with rates of flow and usually at steady state, the rate of accumulation is zero and we obtainrate of input = rate of outputWhen making overall balances on mass, energy, and momentum we are not interested in the details of what occurs inside the enclosure. For example, in an overall balance average inlet and outlet velocities are considered. However ,in a differential balance the velocity distribution inside an enclosure can be obtained with the use of Newton’s law of viscosity.These overall or macroscopic balances will be applied to a finite enclosure or control volume fixed in space. We use the term “overall” because we wish to describe these balances from outside the enclosure. The changes inside the enclosure are determined in terms of the properties of the streams entering and leaving and the exchanges of energy between the enclosure and its surroundings.阅读材料 12动量交换定理1. 介绍在许多工程的单元操作中流体的流量和状态是很重要的。

过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译10

Reading Material 10Corrosion ControlCorrosion problems can be solved in the following ways:(1) Select a material that is resistant to be the corrosion environment.(2) Give metal a protective coating.(3) Change the service conditions, such as temperature, pressure, or velocity.(4) Change the environment chemistry such as pH, concentration, aeration, or impurities.(5) Add a corrosion inhibitor.(6) Shift the electric potential of the metal by cathodic or anodic protection(7) Modify the design of the equipment or system.(8) Let it corrode and replace it (often a viable alternative!)Once the engineer has determined that there is no danger of a catastrophe, deciding which way to combat corrosion usually comes down to the economics of the situation.Material SelectionStainless steels are usually the first choice for a “probably corrosive”environment with unknown properties, because these alloys are resistant to a wide range of oxidizers, but they cannot withstand strong reducing solutions, such as hydrochloric acid. Stainless steels can be corroded, despite their name. The stainless steels are classified into five general groups (martensitic, ferritic, austenitic, duplex and precipitation-hardenable strainless steels) according to their metallurgical structures, with the of which one to use depending not only on corrosion resistance but also on required strength and cost.Commercially pure nickel has high corrosion resistance, especially to alkalies, combined with mechanical properties similar to mild steel, and good weldability. Nickel and nickel alloys widely used in the food industry and are frequently selected for service in chlorine, hydrogen chloride, and chlorinated hydrocarbons. They are very resistant to high-temperature air and to stress-corrosion cracking. Aluminum is a very reactive metal in the standard electromotive force series; it immediately reacts with air to form a passive film consisting of two layers: an inner, compact, amorphous oxide and an outer, thicker, more permeable hydrated oxide. Aluminum is naturally compatible with the atmosphere and withstands many solutions well if the pH lies between about 4 to 9. Strong acids and moderately strong bases destroy aluminum’s passive film. Chloride ions are particularly damaging because they attack the film only at weak spots and pit aluminum. Many chlorinated organic solvents and alcohols can attack aluminum alloys disastrously, sometimes explosively.Protective CoatingsThe major purpose of coating a metal is to protect it from a corrosive environment when the metal is otherwise suitable for the service conditions in terms of mechanical and physical properties. Coating metal with good mechanical properties(usually steel) is often more practical in terms of cost and required life than selecting a more corrosion resistion but expensive material.Protection can be achieved in four ways, with many coatings functioning in more than one way:(1) A barrier coating that prevents the corrosive environment from contacting the metal.(2) A sacrificial coating that corrodes while giving cathodic protection to the underlying metal.(3) An inhibitor coating that slows electrode reactions.(4) An electrically resistive coating that stifles electrochemical corrosion cells, Paints fall into this last category.Corrosion InhibitorsAn inhibitor is a chemical added to the corrosive environment in small amounts to reduce the corrosion rate. Some inhibitors interfere with the anode reaction, some with the cathode reaction, and some with both. They usually used to prevent general corrosion but most are not effective in preventing localized attack, such as crevice corrosion, pitting, or stress-corrosion cracking. Inhibitors have a critical concentration that must be reached or exceeded for them to be effective, and in some cases to prevent them from making corrosion worse.Cathodic and Anodic ProtectionCathodic protection converts all anodic on a metal surface to cathodes so that corrosion ceases. The protected metal has positive current flowing onto it from the electrolyte everywhere on the surface so that no current flows off. This result can be achieved in two distinictly different ways.(1) By connecting a sacrificial anode the metal that is be protected.(2)By applying an electric current from a separate source, a technique called impressed-current cathodic protection.Anodic protection, on the contray, makes the entire metal surface anodic-so anodic that the metal completely passivates. Obviously, then, this technique is limited to metals that can form protective passive films. Since passivated metals still corrode at a low rate, anodic protection almost, but not completely, stops corrosion. Most corrosion problems originate with either improper design or improper material selection. However, a good choice of material can overcome severe environmental conditions and even some deficiencies in design.The methods listed above are the accepted ways of dealing with a corrosion problem, but not all of them apply in a given situation. In particular, the corrosion engineer often cannot change the service conditions or environment chemistry. These may be as unalterable as the ocean, or nearly as unalterable: an industrial process that is running fairly smoothly where any change will be fanatically opposed by the production people.阅读材料 10腐蚀控制腐蚀问题的解决方法如下：（1）选择抗腐蚀环境的材料；（2）给金属加一个保护层；（3）改变工作条件，如温度，压力或速度；（4）改变化学环境，如PH值，浓度，通风，杂质；（5）添加缓蚀剂；（6）改变金属阳极或阴极保护的电势；（7）完善设备或系统的设计；（8）让其腐蚀后取代它（通常是一个可行的替换物）。

过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译

1、In our comparison of the net electrical power output of both combined heat and power (CHP)and power-only plants, the electrical output of the CHP plants is assumed to be the output that could the oretically be produced if there were no heat output.net electrical power 净电力combined heat and power 热电联供Plant 设备be assumed to be 假设为Theoretically 理论地；理论上在我们的热电联供和只供电的设备的净电力输出比较中，热电联供设备的电力输出是看做理论上如果没有热输出时产生的输出量。

2、The lower heating value is defined here as the higher heating value (HHV) minus the energy necessary to evaporate the water that is created by the combustion of the hydrogen in the fuel and minus the energy needed to evaporate the moisture that was already part of the fuel before combustion.heating value 热值Evaporate [ɪ'væpəret]vt. 使……蒸发；使……脱水；使……消失vi. 蒸发，挥发；消失，失踪Combustion [kəm'bʌstʃən] n. 燃烧，氧化；骚动moisture ['mɒɪstʃə] n. 水分；湿度；潮湿；降雨量低热值在这里定义为高热值减去使水分蒸发所需要的能量，这些能量包括使燃料中的氢燃烧产生的水分蒸发所必需的能量和使燃料燃烧前所含有的水分蒸发所需要的能量。

过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译_19

Unit 19 Types of Heat ExchangersHeat exchangers are equipment primarily for transferring heat between hot and cold streams.They have separate passages for the two streams and operate continuously.The most versatile and widely used exchangers are the shell-and-tube types but various plate and other types are valuable and economically competitive or superior in some applications.These other types will be discussed briefly but most of the space following will be devoted to the shell-and-tube types primarily because of their importance but also because they are most completely documented in the literature.Thus they can be designed with a degree of confidence to fit into a process.The other types are largely proprietary and for the most part must be process designed by their manufacturers.Plate-and-Frame Exchangers Plate-and-frame exchangers are assemblies of pressed corrugated plates on a frame. Gaskets in grooves around the periphery contain the fluids and direct the flows into and out of the spaces between the plates.Close spacing and the presence of the corrugations result in high coefficients on both sides several times those of shell-andtube equipment and fouling factors are low.he accessibility of the heat exchange surface for cleaning makes them particularly suitable for fouling services and where a high degree of sanitation is required as in food and pharmaceutical processing.Operating pressures and temperatures are limited by the natures of the available gasketing materials with usual maxima of 300 psig and 400 F.Since plate-and-frame exchangers are made by comparatively few concerns most process design information about them is proprietary but may be made available to serious engineers.Friction factors and heat transfer coefficients vary with the plate spacing and the kinds of corrugations.Pumping costs per unit of heat transfer are said to be lower than for shell-and-tube equipment.1n stainless steel construction the plate-and-frame construction cot is 50%-70% that of the shell-and-tube.Spiral Heat Exchangers In spiral heat exchangers the hot fluid enters at the center of the spiral element and flows to the periphery; flow of the cold liquid is countercurrent entering at the periphery and leaving at the center.Heat transfer coefficients are high on both sides and there is no correction to the log mean temperature difference because of the true countercurrent'action. These factors may lead to surface requirements 20% or so less than those of shell-and-tube exchangers. Spiral types generally may be superior with highly viscous fluids at moderate pressures.Compact (Plate-Fin) Exchangers Compact exchangers are used primarily for gas service.Typically they have surfaces of the order of 1200 m2 /m3 corrugation height 3.8-11.8 mm corrugation thickness 0.2-0.6 mm and fin density 230-700 fins/m.The large extended surface permits aboutfour times the heat transfer rate per unit volume that can be achieved with shell-and-tube construction.Units have been designed for pressiIres up to 80 atm or so.The close spacings militate against fouling mercially compact exchangers are used in cryogenic services and also for heat recovery at high temperatures in connection with gas turbines.For mobile units as in motor vehicles compact exchangers have the great merits of compactness and light weight.Any kind of arrangement of cross and countercurrent flows is feasible and three or more different streams can be accommodated in the same equipment.Pressure drop heat transfer relations and other aspects of design are well documented. Air Coolers In such equipment the process fluid flows through finned tubes and cooling air is blown across them with fans. The economics of application of air coolers favors services that allow 25-40 1" temperature difference between ambient air and process outlet.In the range above 10 Mbtu/l air coolers can be economically competítíve with watercoolers when water of adequate quality is available in su Hicient amount Double-Pipe Exchangers This kind of exchanger consísts of a central pipe supported withín a larger one by packíng glands. The straight length is limited to a maximum of about 20 ft;otherwise the center pipe wi1l sag and cause poor distribution in the annulus.It is customary to operate with the high pressure high temperature high density and corrosive fluid in the inner pipe and the less demanding one in the annulus. The inner surface can be provide with scrapers as in dewaxing of oils or crystallization from solutions.External longitudinal fins in the annular space can be used to improve heat transfer with gases or viscous fluids.When greater heat transfer surfaces are needed several double-pipes can be stacked in any combination of series or parallel.Double-pipe exchangers have largely lost out to shell-and-tube units in recent years.They may be worth considering in these situations:1. When the shell-side coefficient is less than half that of the tubeside;the annular side coeHicient can be made comparable to the tube side.2. Temperature crosses that require multishell shell-and-tube units can be avoided by the inherent true countercurrent flow in double pipes.3. High pressures can be accommodated more economically in the annulus than they can in a larger diameter shell.4. At duties requiring only 100~200 sqft of surface the double-pipe may be more economical even in comparison with off-the-shell unts.Shell-and-Tube Exchangers This type of exchangers will be discussed in the following section.(Selected from: Stanley M.Walas Chemical Process Equiment Butterworth Publishers 1988.)Words and Expressions1.passage n.通道，通过2.versatile a.多用途的，通用的3.proprietary a.专利的，私有的4.corrugate v.成波纹状，起波纹;corrugation n5.groove n.沟，槽6.coefficient n.系数7.gasket n.密封垫片8.foul v.弄脏，堵塞;fouling factor 污垢系数9.sanitation n.卫生10.pharmaceutical a.制药的；药物的11.countercurrent n. ; a.逆流12.fin n.翅片;v.装翅片itate v.妨碍，起作用14.cryogenic a.冷冻的，低温的15.recovery n.恢复，回收，再生16.gland n.填料盖，密封套17.sag v.下垂，下沉18.annulus n.环状空间; annular a环形的.19.dewax v.脱蜡20.crystallization n.结晶，结晶体21.stack n.堆积，烟囱22.inherent α.在的，固有的23.accommodate v.调节，适度，容纳Unit 19 换热器的种类换热器起初是为了在热流和冷流中传热。

过程装备与控制工程专业外语(原文+翻译)

Unit 21Pumps1. IntroductionPump, device used to raise, transfer, or compress liquids and gases. Four' general classes of pumps for liquids are described below t In all of them , steps are taken to prevent cavitation (the formation of a vacuull1), which would reduce the flow and damage the structure of the pump, - pumps used for gases and vapors are usually known as compressors . The study of fluids in motion is called fluid dynamics.1．介绍泵是提出，转移或压缩液体和气体的设备。

下面介绍四种类型的泵。

在所有的这些中，我们一步步采取措施防止气蚀，气蚀将减少流量并且破坏泵的结构。

用来处理气体和蒸汽的泵称为压缩机，研究流体的运动的科学成为流体动力学。

Water Pump, device lor moving water from one location to another, using tubes or other machinery. Water pumps operate under pressures ranging from a fraction of a pound to more than 10,000 pounds per square inch. Everyday examples of water pumps range from small electric pumps that circulate and aerate water in aquariums and fountains to sump pumps that remove 'Water from beneath the foundations of homes.水泵是用管子或其他机械把水从一个地方传到另一个地方。

过程装备与控制工程专业外语(原文+翻译)

下面介绍四种类型的泵。

在所有的这些中，我们一步步采取措施防止气蚀，气蚀将减少流量并且破坏泵的结构。

用来处理气体和蒸汽的泵称为压缩机，研究流体的运动的科学成为流体动力学。

过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译重点文章

Unit 5 Mechanical VibrationsA mechanical vibration is an oscillatory，periodically repeated motion of a particle or body about a position of equilibrium .An engineer is frequently confronted with the problem of machinery and structures.机械振动是质点或物体在其平衡位置附近所作的震荡的，周期性的往复运动。

工程师经常面临机械振动的问题，因为在某种程度上他们在几乎所有的机械和结构中遇到过这些问题Most vibrations are undesirable in machines and structures because they produce excessive stresses or repeated stresses;大多数的震动在机械和结构中是不希望存在的，因为震动会产生附加应力或者交变应力。

cause added wear;increase bearing loads; induce fatigue;create acute passenger discomfort in planes，ships，trains，buses，and automobiles;and absorb energy that could otherwise do useful work.引起额外磨损，增大轴承载荷，导致疲劳破坏，使飞机、船、火车及汽车上的乘客产生严重的不舒服感，并且振动会吸收本可以做有用功的能量。

The collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge in 1940 is an example of structural failure due to excessive stresses produced by vibrations.The accuracy of precision instruments，tools，and machines may be impaired by excessive vibrations.1940年（发生的）塔克马窄桥的垮塌事件就是一个因为震动产生的附加应力导致结构失效的例子。

过程装备与控制工程外文翻译

17th World Conference on Nondestructive Testing, 25-28 Oct 2008, Shanghai, ChinaA new fully digital system for RT inspection of metal tube to tube sheet jointsof heat exchangersUwe ZSCHERPEL 1, Oleksandr ALEKSEYCHUK 1, Peter ROST 2, Markus SCHMID 2, Konstantinos SPARTIOTIS 3, Alexander WARRIKHOFF 41 Division “NDT – Radiology”, BAM Berlin, GermanyPhone: +49 30 8104 3677, Fax: +49 30 8104 4657; e-mail: uwez@bam.de,oleksandr.alekseychuk@bam.de2 BASF SE; Ludwigshafen, Germany; e-mail: peter.rost@, markus.schmid@3 AJAT Oy, Espoo, Finland; e-mail: kostas@ajat.fi4 rtw RÖNTGEN-TECHNIK DR. WARRIKHOFF GmbH, Neuenhagen, Germany; email:sales@rtwxray.deAbstractA completely novel device was developed for RT inspection of weldments for tube to tube sheet joints on heat exchangers applied in chemical industry. It replaces the Gammamat B3 unit containing an Ir 192 isotope as radiation source and a punched NDT film (system class C3 acc. to EN 584) as detector to allow the one-sided access for inspection.In a first step a special X-ray tube with a rod anode was developed by rtw Röntgentechnik to replace the Ir 192 isotope source to achieve a better inspection sensitivity at 130 kV for thin walled tubes and tube sheets.A new specialized, direct converting detector based on CdTe was designed by Ajat Oy, Finland. Together with the X-ray source a handsome unit was designed with 4 detector tiles arranged around the rod anode, which passes though the detector plane.The handling of this novel inspection unit as well as the computer based image acquisition reduces the expense for this RT inspection considerably. All problems with film chemistry and isotope transportation are avoided. The computer based evaluation of the digital radiographs and the direct connection to the inspection data base of the complete heat exchanger create significant advantages for inspection planning and documentation. First experiences are reported on application of this new technique in the field.Key words: Radiographic inspection, digital detector arrays, one-sided access, tube to tube sheet joints, heat exchangers, chemical industry1.Conventional Inspection TechniqueSince decades state of the art is radiographic testing based on Gammamat B3 containing an Ir 192 isotope as radiation source and NDT film (typically system class C3 acc. to EN 584-1) as detector (see fig. 1). For this application packed films have to be punched light tight to pass the radio isotope source through the imaging plane caused by the one-sided accessibility of the tube sheet. Special wall thickness compensators are used to account for wall thickness changes in penetrating direction across the inspected weld regions. The sensitivity of this testing method is limited by the properties of the radiation source (energy and source size). Also the world wide shipment of radio isotopes gets more and more complicated.Fig.1: Gammamat B3 isotope source with film holder (left side) at inspection position and set-up for inspection of a small heat exchanger in the field (right side)The design, production and inspection of tube-to-tube sheet welds are regulated in the BASF specification E-S-MC 331. For high risk heat exchangers additional inspections by the owner of the heat exchanger (BASF) are required and realize the surveillance of the manufacturing during heat exchanger built-up. The specification requires random tests depending on the mechanical and thermal load of the heat exchanger (in percentage of welds to be tested and acceptance criteria for detected indications) on behalf of the future owner BASF. Depending on the results of the first random test a second random test after repair or a 100% test charged to the manufacturer may be necessary to reach the required weld quality.Typical source size is 1x0.5mm² Ir-192 isotope and 10x12 cm² punched C3 films are used with 0.02 mm Lead screens. The range of inspected tubes is from 16mm x 1.5mm up to 76mm x 4mm (diameter x wall thickness), pore sizes down to 1mm can be detected with this configuration.Fig.2: film exposure (left above) and corresponding cross sections by destructive testing (right side) showing typical flaws like porosities and notches2.The new rod anode X-ray tube /1/A new X-ray tube was developed by rtw Röntgentechnik Dr. Warrikhoff to achieve a better inspection sensitivity and to solve issues with world wide transport of radio isotopes. In Fig. 3this tube is shown. The main reason for this development was the limited detectability with Ir 192. Caused by the energy of the gamma rays the minimal detectable pore size is about 0.8mm in steel. For new materials like Ti enhanced flaw detection was requested.Fig. 3:Rod anode X-ray tube MCTS 130 - 0.6 (left side) and complete inspection setup with controller, right side: HV generator and X-ray tube with film holder (red) at a heat exchanger ready for single-sided inspectionThe rod has an outer diameter of 6 mm and a length of 40 mm, the focal spot is smaller than 1mm at 130kV and 2.4mA (max. 300 W). This new tube was successfully applied in combination with X-ray film and the enhanced detectability for new materials like Ti was proven, so the next step to replace the film was straight forward to omit the necessary chemical development procedure on-site.3.The digital detector array DIC100TH /2/Ajat developed the detector DIC100TH, which is a first of its kind, breakthrough digital imaging device for tube to tube-sheet weld inspection.The detector comprises four 25 mm x 25 mm CdTe-CMOS high resolution elements (100µm pixel size) operating at 50fps and arranged to allow a rod anode tube to pass through the mid-section of the device. The X-Rays are produced at the tip of the rod anode and emit in a direction towards the CdTe-CMOS detector (see fig. 4).The rod-anode tube is fed through the CdTe-CMOS active detector and the two are bound together in a robust mechanical arrangement which can be inserted in the heat exchanger for the tube to tube-sheet weld to be inspected (fig. 5).This image sensor provides for real time and on line tube to tube sheet weld inspection with excellent sensitivity, reliability and speed. The unit addresses requests to replace the traditional film based systems that today are used typically in this field with a real time digital inspection system.The basic spatial resolution and detector calibration limits the maximum contrast sensitivity of the detector. The basic spatial resolution is 100 µm for this direct converting detector and defined by the pixel size. To achieve the best detection sensitivity possible a special calibration procedure was developed. Caused by the strong dependence of X-ray intensity on the radial distance form the rod centre the rod anode X-ray tube cannot be used for pixel calibration of the detector. Also the temperature dependence of the detector calibration is not neglectable. As result of the developed calibration procedure (using a standard X-ray tube at 90kV, 1m distance and a 5 mm steel plate at the detector to generate a suitable flat field for detector calibration) calibrationsets are stored in dependence of the detector temperature in the range between 10°C and 32°C and selected automatically according to the real detector temperature in the field. In this manner the optimal detector calibration is maintained in the field.Fig. 4:The digital detector array DIC 100TH, left side: detector electronics showing the arrangement of the 4 detector tiles around the rod anode X-ray tube, right side: detector-X-ray unit ready for single-sided inspectionFig. 5: The fully digital inspection system with its two main parts (left side) and installed at a heat exchanger ready for inspection4.Software, complete inspection system and first resultsIn fig. 6 a snapshot of the developed user interface of the software is shown. A Laptop equipped with a Cameralink interface for detector connection and an RS-422 interface for control of the X-ray generator is used for image storage, evaluation and report generation. The complete system (X-ray tube and detector) is software controlled and complete configuration set-ups can be stored and re-activated for easiest handling. A list with inspection results is transferred directly to the data base “virtual tube” for documentation of the inspection. Digital filters can be applied for enhancement of flaw detection on the display.Fig. 6:snapshot of the developed software for system control, left side: image display and interactive selection of inspection result, middle: control program for X-ray tube set-up, integration time and description of inspection position, right side: visualization of inspection result summery for the whole heat exchanger (based on the data base virtual tube)A comparison of the achieved detection limits for the novel inspection systems is shown in fig. 7 based on a test mock-up with 25mm diameter pipes and 2mm steel wall thickness.Fig. 7: Comparison of inspection results on a steel test mock-up 25x2mm, left side: conventional system with Ir 192 and film, detection limit 0.8mm drill hole, middle: rod anode and film, detection limit 0.5mm drill hole, right side: rod anode and DIC100TH detector, detection limit better than 0.3mm drill hole.In fig. 8 an example of a real inspection result for a 25mm steel pipe with 2mm wall thickness is given. The visibility of the flaw indications can be improved by digital image processing of the images acquired from the detector.Fig. 8: comparison of inspection results of a real weldment on a heat exchanger 25mm/2mm at 80kV, 0.5mA and 30s exposure, left side: rod-anode and X-ray film, right side: DIC100TH detector and highpass filtering of digital imageField trials are on-going to gain experience with this novel inspection system and to prove the advantages and the extended application range in comparison with the classical set-up.5.ConclusionsAn improved inspection system for RT inspection of metal tube to tube sheet joints of heat exchangers was developed based on a unit combining a rod anode X-ray tube and a new digital detector array arranged in tiles around this rod anode. In this way the single-sided access for weld inspection was realized. The following advantages of this novel fully digital unit were proven: •no radioactive container transport and usage of film chemistry on-site at the heat exchanger production site•improved flaw detection•shorter inspection times•immediate inspection result•software supported evaluation of images•data base supported documentation of inspection results•reduced requirements for radiation protection, considerable smaller controlled area with75 kV X-ray voltage compared with Ir-192 requirements as used beforeThe experiences gained with the presented prototype system will result in optimised follow-up inspection systems.6.References/1/ www.rtwxray.de/2/ www.ajat.fi。

(建筑工程管理)过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译

（建筑工程管理）过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译GeneralEquilibriumConditionsofASystem力系的一般平衡条件在这一部分，我们将研究为了使一个物体保持平衡，作用在其上的力和力偶所必须满足的条件。

根据牛顿第一定律，施加在一个静止物体上的力系的合力一定为零。

然而，请注意这个定律对力矩或力系的转动效应只字未提。

显然，合力矩也一定为零，否则物体将会转动。

这里的基本问题是原先叙述的牛顿第一定律（和第二定律）只适用于非常小的物体，或者尺寸可以忽略的非零质量的粒子。

然而，它可以扩展到如下所述的有限尺寸的物体。

考虑一个由两个质点组成的系统，假设和为它们之间的相互作用力(图.1.1)。

这些力称为内力，因为它们是由于系统内部的物体之间的相互作用而产生的。

假定内力服从牛顿第三定律，我们有。

假如还有质点与系统外物体之间的相互作用力施加在质点上，如和,这些力称为外力。

显然，作用在一个特定粒子上的力一定有相同的应用，因为粒子的尺寸可以忽略。

如果系统内的每一个质点处于平衡，我们就可以说系统是平衡的。

在本例中，依据牛顿第一定律，作用在每个质点上的力的合力一定为零。

对质点A我们有：而对质点B有：作用在系统上的力的总和为：现在我们来研究这些力对于同一点P的合力矩。

由图1.1，我们有：由于力和有相同的作用线，力矩的条件可以改写为但；所以力和力矩的条件简化为和换句话说，如果系统处于平衡，那么作用在其上的合外力一定为零，而且这些力对于任一点的合力矩也为零。

内力不需要考虑，因为它们的效应相互抵消了。

如果系统处于平衡，那么and(1.1)这里是作用在系统上的所有外力的总和，而是这些力对任意点的合力矩，包括系统中可能作用有的力偶的矩。

方程（1.1）是平衡的必要条件；也就是说，如果系统处于平衡，必须满足这些方程。

一般来说它们不是平衡的充分条件。

然而，这并不会带来任何困难，因为我们的研究仅涉及平衡系统。

对于刚体，方程（1.1）既是其平衡的必要条件也是充分条件。

过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译(部分)

过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译 19

过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译

过程装备与控制工程专业英语词汇.

过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译1

过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译

过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译1

过程装备与控制工程专业英语单词总结概要

过程装备与控制工程专业英语

过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译

过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译 18

过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译12

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过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译

过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译_19

过程装备与控制工程专业外语(原文+翻译)

过程装备与控制工程专业外语(原文+翻译)

过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译 重点文章

过程装备与控制工程外文翻译

(建筑工程管理)过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译

过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译重点文章