Case Study Problem 7
ted 演讲结构
ted 演讲结构Ted演讲结构如下：一、引言（Introduction）在Ted演讲中，引言部分是非常重要的，它的作用是吸引听众的注意力并介绍演讲的主题。
演讲者通常会用一个引人入胜的故事、一个令人震惊的统计数据或一个引人思考的问题来引起听众的兴趣，激发他们的好奇心。
二、个人故事（Personal Story）接下来，演讲者会通过分享自己的个人故事或经历来与听众建立联系。
这个部分的目的是让听众感受到演讲者的亲切和真实性，使他们更容易接受演讲者的观点和理念。
三、问题提出（Problem Statement）在演讲的第三部分，演讲者会明确地提出一个问题或挑战。
这个问题可以是社会问题、环境问题、科技问题等等。
演讲者会通过描述问题的严重性和影响力来引起听众的关注，并为解决这个问题提供一个框架。
四、解决方案（Solution）在演讲的解决方案部分，演讲者会详细介绍自己的解决方案或观点。
他们会提供相关的背景信息、研究数据和案例研究，来支持自己的观点。
演讲者可以使用图表、图像等辅助材料来更直观地展示解决方案的可行性和效果。
五、实施计划（Implementation Plan）在解决方案部分之后，演讲者会详细介绍实施计划。
他们会讲述如何将解决方案转化为行动，并达到预期的目标。
演讲者会说明所需的资源、时间表和相关的合作伙伴，以确保解决方案的顺利实施。
六、案例分享（Case Study）在实施计划部分之后，演讲者会分享一个真实的案例研究。
这个案例研究可以是一个成功的实施案例，也可以是一个失败的教训。
演讲者通过分享这个案例研究，来进一步证明他们的解决方案的可行性和有效性。
七、总结（Conclusion）在总结部分，演讲者会再次强调演讲的主题和目标，并总结演讲的要点。
他们会鼓励听众思考和行动起来，以解决所提出的问题或挑战。
八、提问环节（Q&A）在演讲的最后，演讲者会留出一定的时间与听众进行互动，回答他们的问题。
这个环节可以帮助演讲者更深入地探讨演讲的主题，并与听众建立更紧密的联系。
Case Study Research(个案研究)
Case Study Research
Robert K. Yin
1、导论：如何把握是否及何时运用案例研究方法
使用各种研究方法的前提条件：○
1该研究所要回答的问题的类型是什么；○2研究者对研究对象及事件的控制程度如何；○
3研究的重心是当前发生的事，或者是过去发生的事。
2、案例研究方案的设计：选定案例，确立研究的逻辑
3、收集案例研究资料的准备：开始收集案例研究资料之前，你需要做什么
4、收集案例研究资料：从六种来源获取证据时所要遵守的一些原则
5
、案例研究的证据分析：怎样开始分析？选择哪些分析策略？这些
策略的效果如何？
6、撰写案例研究报告：写什么和怎么写。
Case Study
Case Study 1•Richard’s sincere compliments on the wonderful meal misunderstood by the Egyptian family becauseRichard chose to praise the food itself rather than thetotal evening in their home.Case Study 2•The American teacher feel frustrated with a Korean student in his class because she never asked questions. He later realized that Koreans students regard asking questions as impolite and disrespectful.Case Study 3•Luz from the Dominican Republic took American Mary’s walkman without permission because Luz regarded her asa member of the family, in which, possessions are sharedby everyone.Case Study 4•Many foreign visitors to America feel that Americans are so cold and distant because they seldom engage themselves entirely in a friendships.Case Study 5• A Canadian tourist offered his Chinese guide a bottle of beer, but the guide refused even though he liked beer very much. The Chinese guide was just being modest and polite and expected to refuse twice before finally accepting the beer on the third offer.Case Study 6•Litz was surprised her visiting Chinese mother-in-law decided to leave only two days afterher arrival in Finland.•This was because the mother of her Chinese husband overheard her ask him: “how long is she going tostay?” Her husband’s mother believed she was nolonger welcome.Case Study 7•Japanese foreign student was embarrassed when her college friends brought over some old furniture and appliances to help her be more comfortable in her newhome. She was embarrassed because she believed it would be rude and impolite not to offer them gifts in returnCase Study 8•Amy and her family live in America. They are Chinese. On Christmas Eve, Amy invited her American friend and family to have dinner with them in their home. Amy’s mother cooked them Chinese dishes instead of traditional American Christmas food and her family behaved as normal when eating their food. Her mother taught her that she should be proud of her cultural differences. The only shame is to have shameCase Study 9• A young Canadian executive surprised to discover that a previous business arrangement made by both him and his young Japanese counterpart had been rejected by his retired grandfather at a meeting.•The young Japanese chairman simply nodded and accepted his gra ndfather’s comments because he respected his grandfather’s authority and was loyal and obedient to him.Case Study 10• A young Japanese general manager felt extremely surprised when Mr. Legrand, a French engineerworking for his company, decided not to accept aposition in the Middle East which offered promotionand more money.•What surprised him was that Mr. Legrand chose to talk to his wife first before making his decision.•Japanese men seldom discuss this matter with their wives.Case Study 11• A Japanese girl felt shocked and insulted when the shop assistant did not apologize for the broken lampshe had bought.•She was shocked by his behavior because in Japan, shop assistants would treat customers like gods andwould be very apologetic.Case Study 12• A welcome dinner held by one of Canada’s leading banksfor the Chinese delegation was not a success because the Chinese did not receive any welcome speeches or toasts to good health during the meal.Case Study 13•The Americans did not recognize the Japanese government’s intention to consider their ultimatum of surrender because the translated word “Mokusatsu” had two meanings. The first meant “to take no notice of” and the second meant “to consider”. The Americans unfortunately believed that their ultimatum had been rejected.Case Study 14•The translator had a problem on how to translate the names “Yang” and “Liu” in one of Mao’s poems.•The general rule here is that it is better not to translate people’s names, road names, city names and so on.Case Study 15•The translated text from a Chinese travel brochure about the Dragon Boat Festival unsuitable for a foreign visitor because the text assumed the reader was already familiar with Chinese history and culture.•The text did not provide any historical background information to the event nor give the visitor any important travel information.Case Study 16•When we compare different translations of the same text we can discover the cultural gaps and learn waysto bridge those gaps for better communication.Case Study 17•On a flight from Japan to Hong Kong, Chinese businessman Chu Hon-fai felt uncomfortable with the American businessman’s approach to using first name terms as friendly gesture and by calling him by his Chinese first name. He’s never called Hon-fai at home. He thinks the American would be rather insensitive to Chinesecustoms.Case Study 18•An American was a dinner guest in a Pakistani household.He had a delicious meal and was no longer hungry. The hostess asked him several times if he would like more curry as his plate was empty. She continued to offer him more because she believed that he only refused more curry out of politeness and that he would accept more on the third or fourth offer.Case Study 19•An visiting Canadian professor Ron Kelly give so much praise that seemed irrelevant before finally mentioning his difficult problem with his Chinese hosts in Sichuan. This was because he realised that Chinese people prefer harmony and put emphasis on saving face and establishing good relations. He learned that this way to communicate his message was more productive in China.Case Study 20•Letters of Request written in Chinese are different fromthose written in English because they are usually indirect and give reasons before making the request.。
chapter7lettercasestudy
chapter7lettercasestudyLetter A Selling serviceDear Sirs:You remember poor Olive Twist, Dickens’ little boy who dared to ―ask for more‖, and was held up to the other inmates of the workhouse as a shining example of ingratitude.In writing you this letter, I am emulating that unfortunate youngster, but hoping you will not visit his punishment upon my head.To end more briefly than I began, I am grateful for the laundry business you’ve been sending us, but very, very eager that you should try some of our other services – dry cleaning, for example.You know that our laundry work is distinguished by a more-than-ordinary amount of care and attention. Please believe that you will be equally delighted with our unusual dry-cleaning service.Will you try it?Sincerely yours,Letter B Selling serviceDear friends:Before you know it, the thermometer is going to be stuck on ―Brrr‖. Yes, Old Man Winter is on his way, bringing some tough times for your automobiles. So don’t wait for signs of trouble. Come in and give your auto the cold-weather servicing it needs, right now!By having your automobile winterized now, you’ll not only protect its trade-in-value but also enjoy that great feeling of security every time you and your family back out of the driveway.You’ll know your auto is going to get you where you have to go.To make sure that your whole family is protected, our expert service facilities are ready and waiting. Factory-trained mechanics, up-to-the-minute equipment, the latest tools, genuine parts—all are ready to make sure your automobile performs at its best. Do make a point to drive in during the next day or two. Let us give your auto a complete inspection, from fender to fender. Then you’ll know what’s needed to make sure it runs right, even on the coldest days. Remember, a checkup now can easily saveyou much time and hundreds of dollars later, when the really cold weather arrives.Drive in today or tomorrow. Hand the enclosed cards of introduction to one of our attendants for a 10 percent discount, which is good for the next ten days. The attendant will see you that you get special, personal attention.Don’t put off your auto’s winter checkup. It pays in every way to act now and beat the cold!Sincerely,Sample 7-1 selling mending serviceDear Sirs:Mark Twain once remarked, ―Always do right. This will gratify some people, and astonish the rest.‖Perhaps this is one of the reasons our Phoenix is so popular among the car owners. Doing right by our customers and their cars is the object we have been pursuing.But it is not tricky because our mending shop is well equipped to keep cars in a perfect running condition. our up-to-date facilities, advanced tools and genuine parts will provide you with immediate, quick and convenient service.The staff here are born mechanics; visitors and customers are always welcomed to thoroughly inspect their performance, and they will be proud of it. Every customer who comes here is our friend; you’ll feel at eased, and like it.So drive in some time, and let the car doctors examine whether there is any symptoms of neglect. You will receive our prompt and personal attention. Besides, the diagnosis costs you nothing.Frankly yours,Sample 7-2 selling a publicationDear Sirs:Do you want to know what has happened recently in the world business? Or what makes large corporations a big success? And how to maintain and enlarge your marketshare?Get all these information and expertise with a special introductory subscription to World Business Review. For just $ 5, you can get 6 full pages of information and experience-packed issues. That is 25% off the regular price. Any dissatisfaction having occurred, we are glad to terminate your subscription.Don’t miss the oppo rtunity! Get the facts and information. get World Business Review.To take the advantage of our special offer, simply call us at 010-******** or return the enclosed card.Sincerely yours,Sample 7-5 promoting serviceDear Sirs:You can have a green, weed-free lawn this summer with a revolutionary new fertilizer. And we do all the work!Once a week, our trained experts will visit your home toapply Green-Gro, a liquid fertilizer developed by Foster Tree & Lawn. It kills weeds and strengthens the root fibers of the grass. It works in both shady and sunny areas and is particularly effective in our climate zone. Green-Gro is safe to use around pets or birds (but keep kids away until the liquid dries.) All you have to do to have a beautiful lawn for the entire season is to water it and keep the grass cut. Green-Gro will do the rest.If you act now, you can get an ―early-bird discount‖ of 25% percent off Green-Gro regular price. Your green lawn will be a cool oasis all summer.Sincerely,Sample 7-6 selling advisory serviceDear Sirs:Have you realized what a terrible situation your company is facing? Do you really know the facts of your business? Do you face then squarely?As an advisory company with broad knowledge and experience in business, we believe we can help you overcome the difficulties and regain vitality.We can provide you with effective and immediate suggestions. Every customer who has come here is satisfied. Because the other advisory companies like B&P, who is the largest here, cannot offer better service than us. They have failed for several times.So seize the opportunity of lifetime, and you will be astonished by brilliant performance.Truly yours,。
case study
Case Study1.Definition：(1)A case study research method is an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context (Robert K. Yin,1984).(2) A case study is an intensive analysis of an individual unit (e.g., a person, group, or event) stressing developmental factors in relation to context (Flyvbjerg B,2011).Case study refers to the collection and presentation of detailed information about a particular participant or small group, frequently including the accounts of subjects themselves.A form of qualitative descriptive research, the case study looks intensely at an individual or small participant pool, drawing conclusions only about that participant or group and only in that specific context. Researchers do not focus on the discovery of a universal, generalizable truth, nor do they typically look for cause-effect relationships; instead, emphasis is placed on exploration and description.Overview：Case studies typically examine the interplay of all variables in order to provide as complete an understanding of an event or situation as possible. This type of comprehensive understanding is arrived at through a process known as thick description, which involves an in-depth description of the entity being evaluated, the circumstances under which it is used, the characteristics of the people involved in it, and the nature of the community in which it is located. Thick description also involves interpreting the meaning of demographic and descriptive data such as cultural norms and mores, community values, ingrained attitudes, and motives.Unlike quantitative methods of research, like the survey, which focus on the questions of who, what, where, how much, and how many, and archival analysis, which often situates the participant in some form of historical context, case studies are the preferred strategy when how or why questions are asked. L ikewise, they are the preferred method when the researcher has little control over the events, and when there is a contemporary focus within a real life context. In addition, unlike more specifically directed experiments, case studies require a problem that seeks a holistic understanding of the event or situation in question using inductive logic--reasoning from specific to more general terms.In scholarly circles, case studies are frequently discussed within the context of qualitative research and naturalistic inquiry. Case studies are often referred to interchangeably with ethnography, field study, and participant observation. The underlying philosophical assumptions in the case are similar to these types of qualitative research because each takes place in a natural setting (such as a classroom, neighborhood, or private home), and strives for a more holistic interpretation of the event or situation under study.Unlike more statistically-based studies which search for quantifiable data, thegoal of a case study is to offer new variables and questions for further research.F.H. Giddings, a sociologist in the early part of the century, compares statistical methods to the case study "on the basis that the former are concerned with the distribution of a particular trait, or a small number of traits, in a population, whereas the case study is concerned with the whole variety of traits to be found in a particular instance" (Hammersley 95).2. Types：Under the more generalized category of case study exist several subdivisions, each of which is custom selected for use depending upon the goals and/or objectives of the investigator. These types of case study include the following:1). Illustrative Case StudiesThese are primarily descriptive studies. They typically utilize one or two instances of an event to show what a situation is like. Illustrative case studies serve primarily to make the unfamiliar familiar and to give readers a common language about the topic in question.2).Exploratory (or pilot) Case StudiesThese are condensed case studies performed before implementing a large scale investigation. Their basic function is to help identify questions and select types of measurement prior to the main investigation. The primary pitfall of this type of study is that initial findings may seem convincing enough to be released prematurely as conclusions.3).Cumulative Case StudiesThese serve to aggregate information from several sites collected at different times. The idea behind these studies is the collection of past studies will allow for greater generalization without additional cost or time being expended on new, possibly repetitive studies.4).Critical Instance Case StudiesThese examine one or more sites for either the purpose of examining a situation of unique interest with little to no interest in generalizability, or to call into question or challenge a highly generalized or universal assertion. This method is useful for answering cause and effect questions.Identifying a Theoretical PerspectiveMuch of the case study's design is inherently determined for researchers, depending on the field from which they are working. In composition studies, researchers aretypically working from a qualitative, descriptive standpoint. In contrast, physicists will approach their research from a more quantitative perspective. Still, in designing the study, researchers need to make explicit the questions to be explored and the theoretical perspective from which they will approach the case. The three most commonly adopted theories are listed below:Individual TheoriesThese focus primarily on the individual development, cognitive behavior, personality, learning and disability, and interpersonal interactions of a particular subject. Organizational TheoriesThese focus on bureaucracies, institutions, organizational structure and functions, or excellence in organizational performance.Social TheoriesThese focus on urban development, group behavior, cultural institutions, or marketplace functions.3.Designing a Case Study：After considering the different sub categories of case study and identifying a theoretical perspective, researchers can begin to design their study. Research design is the string of logic that ultimately links the data to be collected and the conclusions to be drawn to the initial questions of the study. Typically, research designs deal with at least four problems:∙What questions to study∙What data are relevant∙What data to collect∙How to analyze that dataIn other words, a research design is basically a blueprint for getting from the beginning to the end of a study. The beginning is an initial set of questions to be answered, and the end is some set of conclusions about those questions.Because case studies are conducted on topics as diverse as Anglo-Saxon Literature (Thrane 1986) and AIDS prevention (Van Vugt 1994), it is virtually impossible to outline any strict or universal method or design for conducting the case study. However, Robert K. Yin (1993) does offer five basic components of a research design:1. A study's questions.2. A study's propositions (if any).3. A study's units of analysis.4.The logic linking of the data to the propositions.5.The criteria for interpreting the findings.In addition to these five basic components, Yin also stresses the importance of clearly articulating one's theoretical perspective, determining the goals of the study, selecting one's subject(s), selecting the appropriate method(s) of collecting data, and providing some considerations to the composition of the final report.4. Conducting Case StudiesTo obtain as complete a picture of the participant as possible, case study researchers can employ a variety of approaches and methods. These approaches, methods, and related issues are discussed in depth in this section.∙Single or Multi-modal approachTo obtain as complete a picture of the participant as possible, case study researchers can employ a variety of methods. Some common methods include interviews, protocol analyses, field studies, and participant-observations. Emig (1971) chose to use several methods of data collection. Her sources included conversations with the students, protocol analysis, discrete observations of actual composition, writing samples from each student, and school records (Lauer and Asher 1988).Berkenkotter, Huckin, and Ackerman (1988) collected data by observing classrooms, conducting faculty and student interviews, collecting self reports from the subject, and by looking at the subject's written work.A study that was criticized for using a single method model was done by Flower and Hayes (1984). In this study that explores the ways in which writers use different forms of knowing to create space, the authors used only protocol analysis to gather data. The study came under heavy fire because of their decision to use only one method, and it was, at least according to some researchers, an unreliable method at that.∙Participant SelectionCase studies can use one participant, or a small group of participants. However, it is important that the participant pool remain relatively small. The participants can represent a diverse cross section of society, but this isn't necessary.For example, the Berkenkotter, Huckin, and Ackerman (1988) study looked at just one participant, Nate. By contrast, in Janet Emig's (1971) study of the composition process of twelfth graders, eight participants were selected representing a diverse cross section of the community, with volunteers from an all-white upper-middle-classsuburban school, an all-black inner-city school, a racially mixed lower-middle-class school, an economically and racially mixed school, and a university school.Often, a brief "case history" is done on the participants of the study in order to provide researchers with a clearer understanding of their participants, as well as some insight as to how their own personal histories might affect the outcome of the study. For instance, in Emig's study, the investigator had access to the school records of five of the participants, and to standardized test scores for the remaining three. Also made available to the researcher was the information that three of the eight students were selected as NCTE Achievement Award winners. These personal histories can be useful in later stages of the study when data are being analyzed and conclusions drawn.Data CollectionThere are six types of data collected in case studies:1.Documents.2.Archival records.3.Interviews.4.Direct observation.5.Participant observation.6.Artifacts.In the field of composition research, these six sources might be:1. A writer's drafts.2.School records of student writers.3.Transcripts of interviews with a writer.4.Transcripts of conversations between writers (and protocols).5.Videotapes and notes from direct field observations.6.Hard copies of a writer's work on computer.Depending on whether researchers have chosen to use a single or multi-modal approach for the case study, they may choose to collect data from one or anycombination of these sources.Protocols, that is, transcriptions of participants talking aloud about what they are doing as they do it, have been particularly common in composition case studies. For example, in Emig's (1971) study, the students were asked, in four different sessions, to give oral autobiographies of their writing experiences and to compose aloud three themes in the presence of a tape recorder and the investigator.In some studies, only one method of data collection is conducted. For example, the Flower and Hayes (1981) report on the cognitive process theory of writing depends on protocol analysis alone. However, using multiple sources of evidence to increase the reliability and validity of the data can be advantageous.Case studies are likely to be much more convincing and accurate if they are based on several different sources of information, following a corroborating mode. This conclusion is echoed among many composition researchers. For example, in her study of predrafting processes of high and low-apprehensive writers, Cynthia Selfe (1985) argues that because "methods of indirect observation provide only an incomplete reflection of the complex set of processes involved in composing, a combination of several such methods should be used to gather data in any one study." Thus, in this study, Selfe collected her data from protocols, observations of students role playing their writing processes, audio taped interviews with the students, and videotaped observations of the students in the process of composing.It can be said then, that cross checking data from multiple sources can help provide a multidimensional profile of composing activities in a particular setting. Sharan Merriam (1985) suggests "checking, verifying, testing, probing, and confirming collected data as you go, arguing that this process will follow in a funnel-like design resulting in less data gathering in later phases of the study along with a congruent increase in analysis checking, verifying, and confirming."It is important to note that in case studies, as in any qualitative descriptive research, while researchers begin their studies with one or several questions driving the inquiry (which influence the key factors the researcher will be looking for during data collection), a researcher may find new key factors emerging during data collection. These might be unexpected patterns or linguistic features which become evident only during the course of the research. While not bearing directly on the researcher's guiding questions, these variables may become the basis for new questions asked at the end of the report, thus linking to the possibility of further research.Data AnalysisAs the information is collected, researchers strive to make sense of their data. Generally, researchers interpret their data in one of two ways: holistically or through coding. Holistic analysis does not attempt to break the evidence into parts, but rather to draw conclusions based on the text as a whole. Flower and Hayes (1981), for example, make inferences from entire sections of their students' protocols, rather than searching through the transcripts to look for isolatable characteristics.However, composition researchers commonly interpret their data by coding, that is by systematically searching data to identify and/or categorize specific observable actions or characteristics. These observable actions then become the key variables in thestudy. Sharan Merriam (1988) suggests seven analytic frameworks for the organization and presentation of data:1.The role of participants.2.The network analysis of formal and informal exchanges among groups.3.Historical.4.Thematical.5.Resources.6.Ritual and symbolism.7.Critical incidents that challenge or reinforce fundamental beliefs, practices,and values.There are two purposes of these frameworks: to look for patterns among the data and to look for patterns that give meaning to the case study.As stated above, while most researchers begin their case studies expecting to look for particular observable characteristics, it is not unusual for key variables to emerge during data collection. Typical variables coded in case studies of writers include pauses writers make in the production of a text, the use of specific linguistic units (such as nouns or verbs), and writing processes (planning, drafting, revising, and editing). In the Berkenkotter, Huckin, and Ackerman (1988) study, for example, researchers coded the participant's texts for use of connectives, discourse demonstratives, average sentence length, off-register words, use of the first person pronoun, and the ratio of definite articles to indefinite articles.Since coding is inherently subjective, more than one coder is usually employed. In the Berkenkotter, Huckin, and Ackerman (1988) study, for example, three rhetoricians were employed to code the participant's texts for off-register phrases. The researchers established the agreement among the coders before concluding that the participant used fewer off-register words as the graduate program progressed.Composing the ReportIn the many forms it can take, "a case study is generically a story; it presents the concrete narrative detail of actual, or at least realistic events, it has a plot, exposition, characters, and sometimes even dialogue" (Boehrer 1990). Generally, case study reports are extensively descriptive, with "the most problematic issue often referred to as being the determination of the right combination of description and analysis" (1990). Typically, authors address each step of the research process, and attempt to give the reader as much context as possible for the decisions made in the research design and for the conclusions drawn.This contextualization usually includes a detailed explanation of the researchers' theoretical positions, of how those theories drove the inquiry or led to the guiding research questions, of the participants' backgrounds, of the processes of datacollection, of the training and limitations of the coders, along with a strong attempt to make connections between the data and the conclusions evident.Although the Berkenkotter, Huckin, and Ackerman (1988) study does not, case study reports often include the reactions of the participants to the study or to the researchers' conclusions. Because case studies tend to be exploratory, most end with implications for further study. Here researchers may identify significant variables that emerged during the research and suggest studies related to these, or the authors may suggest further general questions that their case study generated.For example, Emig's (1971) study concludes with a section dedicated solely to the topic of implications for further research, in which she suggests several means by which this particular study could have been improved, as well as questions and ideas raised by this study which other researchers might like to address, such as: is there a correlation between a certain personality and a certain composing process profile (e.g. is there a positive correlation between ego strength and persistence in revising)?Also included in Emig's study is a section dedicated to implications for teaching, which outlines the pedagogical ramifications of the study's findings for teachers currently involved in high school writing programs.Sharan Merriam (1985) also offers several suggestions for alternative presentations of data:1.Prepare specialized condensations for appropriate groups.2.Replace narrative sections with a series of answers to open-ended questions.3.Present "skimmer's" summaries at beginning of each section.4.Incorporate headlines that encapsulate information from text.5.Prepare analytic summaries with supporting data appendixes.6.Present data in colorful and/or unique graphic representations.5.Strengths and Weaknesses：FlexibilityThe case study approach is a comparatively flexible method of scientific research. Because its project designs seem to emphasize exploration rather than prescription or prediction, researchers are comparatively freer to discover and address issues as they arise in their experiments. In addition, the looser format of case studies allows researchers to begin with broad questions and narrow their focus as their experiment progresses rather than attempt to predict every possible outcome before the experiment is conducted.Emphasis on ContextBy seeking to understand as much as possible about a single subject or small group of subjects, case studies specialize in "deep data," or "thick description"--information based on particular contexts that can give research results a more human face. This emphasis can help bridge the gap between abstract research and concrete practice by allowing researchers to compare their firsthand observations with the quantitative results obtained through other methods of research.Inherent Subjectivity"The case study has long been stereotyped as the weak sibling among social science methods," and is often criticized as being too subjective and even pseudo-scientific. Likewise, "investigators who do case studies are often regarded as having deviated from their academic disciplines, and their investigations as having insufficient precision (that is, quantification), objectivity and rigor" (Yin 1989). Opponents cite opportunities for subjectivity in the implementation, presentation, and evaluation of case study research. The approach relies on personal interpretation of data and inferences. Results may not be generalizable, are difficult to test for validity, and rarely offer a problem-solving prescription. Simply put, relying on one or a few subjects as a basis for cognitive extrapolations runs the risk of inferring too much from what might be circumstance.High InvestmentCase studies can involve learning more about the subjects being tested than most researchers would care to know--their educational background, emotional background, perceptions of themselves and their surroundings, their likes, dislikes, and so on. Because of its emphasis on "deep data," the case study is out of reach for many large-scale research projects which look at a subject pool in the tens of thousands. A budget request of $10,000 to examine 200 subjects sounds more efficient than a similar request to examine four subjects.Ethical ConsiderationsResearchers conducting case studies should consider certain ethical issues. For example, many educational case studies are often financed by people who have, either directly or indirectly, power over both those being studied and those conducting the investigation (1985). This conflict of interests can hinder the credibility of the study. The personal integrity, sensitivity, and possible prejudices and/or biases of the investigators need to be taken into consideration as well. Personal biases can creep into how the research is conducted, alternative research methods used, and the preparation of surveys and questionnaires.A common complaint in case study research is that investigators change direction during the course of the study unaware that their original research design was inadequate for the revised investigation. Thus, the researchers leave unknown gaps and biases in the study. To avoid this, researchers should report preliminary findings so that the likelihood of bias will be reduced.6. Concerns about V alidity, Reliability, and GeneralizabilityMerriam (1985) offers several suggestions for how case study researchers might actively combat the popular attacks on the validity, reliability, and generalizability of case studies:Steps to Improve Validity and Reliability∙Prolong the Processes of Data Gathering on Site: This will help to insure the accuracy of the findings by providing the researcher with more concreteinformation upon which to formulate interpretations.∙Employ the Process of "Triangulation": Use a variety of data sources as opposed to relying solely upon one avenue of observation. One example ofsuch a data check would be what McClintock, Brannon, and Maynard (1985)refer to as a "case cluster method," that is, when a single unit within a largercase is randomly sampled, and that data treated quantitatively." For instance,in Emig's (1971) study, the case cluster method was employed, singling outthe productivity of a single student named Lynn. This cluster profile includedan advanced case history of the subject, specific examination and analysis ofindividual compositions and protocols, and extensive interview sessions. Theseven remaining students were then compared with the case of Lynn, toascertain if there are any shared, or unique dimensions to the composingprocess engaged in by these eight students.∙Conduct Member Checks: Initiate and maintain an active corroboration on the interpretation of data between the researcher and those who provided thedata. In other words, talk to your subjects.∙Collect Referential Materials: Complement the file of materials from the actual site with additional document support. For example, Emig (1971)supports her initial propositions with historical accounts by writers such as T.S.Eliot, James Joyce, and D.H. Lawrence. Emig also cites examples oftheoretical research done with regards to the creative process, as well asexamples of empirical research dealing with the writing of adolescents.Specific attention is then given to the four stages description of the composingprocess delineated by Helmoltz, Wallas, and Cowley, as it serves as the focalpoint in this study.∙Engage in Peer Consultation: Prior to composing the final draft of the report, researchers should consult with colleagues in order to establish validitythrough pooled judgment.。
结构化作文格式范文模板
结构化作文格式范文模板一、引言（Introduction）。
1. 背景介绍（Background Information）。
2. 问题陈述（Problem Statement）。
3. 论文目的（Thesis Statement）。
二、主体段落（Body Paragraphs）。
1. 论据一（Argument 1）。
a. 事实论述（Factual Evidence）。
b. 事例分析（Case Study）。
c. 专家观点（Expert Opinion）。
2. 论据二（Argument 2）。
a. 事实论述（Factual Evidence）。
b. 事例分析（Case Study）。
c. 专家观点（Expert Opinion）。
3. 论据三（Argument 3）。
a. 事实论述（Factual Evidence）。
b. 事例分析（Case Study）。
c. 专家观点（Expert Opinion）。
三、反驳段落（Counter-argument Paragraph）。
1. 对立观点（Opposing Viewpoint）。
2. 反驳论据（Refutation）。
3. 总结观点（Conclusion）。
四、结论（Conclusion）。
1. 总结全文（Summary of the Essay）。
2. 重申论点（Restatement of Thesis）。
3. 结尾语（Closing Statement）。
示例：结构化作文格式范文模板。
引言。
在现代社会，人们对于教育问题的关注越来越多。
教育是国家的未来，也是每个家庭的期望。
然而，随着社会的发展，教育问题也日益突出。
本文旨在探讨教育问题，并提出解决方案。
主体段落。
论据一。
教育资源不均衡的问题日益突出。
根据调查数据显示，一线城市的教育资源相对丰富，而偏远地区的学校条件却十分艰苦。
这导致了教育机会的不公平，影响了学生的发展。
专家指出，应当加大对偏远地区的教育投入，以缩小城乡教育差距。
咨询case study 案例及解析
咨询case study 案例及解析咨询案例分析：提高团队绩效的关键因素在现代商业环境中，提高团队绩效是许多组织和企业所追求的目标。
一个高效的团队能够提升工作效率、增强创新能力，并为组织带来可观的经济回报。
本文将通过一个咨询案例来讨论如何解决一个团队绩效不佳的问题。
案例描述：某公司的一个部门团队处于低迷状态，工作效率低下，项目延期频繁，质量不稳定。
该团队由各个专业背景的成员组成，包括工程师、设计师和市场专家。
公司希望通过咨询来找到改善团队绩效的方法。
解析：1. 团队目标明确化：首要任务是确保团队成员清楚了解项目的整体目标，并明白各自贡献如何对整个团队产生影响。
这可以通过定期团队会议、目标设定和项目沟通来实现。
2. 促进有效沟通：有效的沟通是团队成功的关键。
为了加强团队内外的沟通，应建立一个共享信息的平台，如内部社交媒体或团队专用的沟通工具。
此外，举办定期的团队会议或工作坊也能帮助提升团队协作和理解。
3. 培训和发展：提供成员培训和发展机会，以增强其专业技能和知识。
专业培训可以帮助团队成员掌握新技术、工具或方法，从而提高工作效率和质量。
4. 鼓励团队协作：通过鼓励团队成员之间的合作和知识共享，可以提高整个团队的绩效。
可以使用团队项目来鼓励合作和集体努力，并确保奖励机制能够公平激励团队成员。
5. 反馈和评估：定期评估团队绩效，并提供个体和团队层面的反馈。
这可以帮助团队识别问题和改进的机会，建立学习型团队。
总结：通过制定明确的团队目标、促进有效沟通、提供培训和发展机会、鼓励团队协作以及提供及时的反馈和评估，可以改善团队绩效。
以上所述的方法在实践中已被证实有效，可以根据具体情况进行调整。
咨询专家可以根据不同的企业和团队需求提供量身定制的解决方案，从而帮助企业实现高效团队管理和卓越绩效。
2Unit 2 Case Study
Case Study
Case 5 (Cultural differences)
Tips: Chinese people tend to accept an offer at a second or a third time in order to be polite.
North American rules set that you do not push alcoholic beverages on anyone.
7. Did you buy her a rose? b: I bought her a flower. (I didn’t buy her a rose)
Elements of Communication Matching Task
2. Good morning. Do you have anything to treat complete loss of voice?
f:Good morning, sir. What can I do for you today? (We don’t have anything to treat complete loss of voice)
Elements of Communication Matching Task
5. Would you like a cocktail? It’s my invention. i:Well, mmm uh it’s not that we don’t drink.
(I’m a bit dubious about drinking that cocktail)
Elements of Communication Matching Task
6. Are you going to Steve’s barbecue? h: It’s an outdoor party . (I’m not going to it)
case study 英文模板
case study 英文模板Case studies are a popular way of presenting information by businesses, organizations, and educational institutions. As a written or detailed report of a particular event or situation, a case study is an effective means of showcasing successes or describing problems that have been overcome.To help individuals and organizations create high-quality case studies, a standard format is often used. This format includes the following components:1. Introduction: This section provides an overview of the case and sets the context for the rest of the study. It establishes the key problem or challenge that the organization faced and provides background information about the company and industry.2. Objectives: Here, the objectives of the case study are clearly stated. This section should describe the specific problem that the organization sought to address and the goals that were set.3. Methodology: In this section, the means used to investigate the problem or challenge are outlined. This might include surveys, interviews, focus groups, or other research methodologies.4. Results: This section presents the findings of the study. It includes data and analysis related to the problem or challenge, as well as any other essential findings.5. Discussion: In this section, the analysis of the results is elaborated upon. This includes an interpretationof the results, as well as insights gained from the outcomes.6. Conclusion: Finally, a conclusion is reached based on the findings and analysis. The conclusion summarizes the main points of the study and provides recommendations for future action.The structure of a case study is flexible and can be tailored according to the organization or the problem being investigated. However, following a standard format helps to ensure that the study is thorough and provides an accurate representation of the situation at hand.In conclusion, knowing how to structure a case study is essential for effectively communicating a particular event or situation. By following the steps outlined above, anyone can create a compelling and informative case study.。
雅思阅读case study
雅思阅读case studyEnglish Version:Title: Case Study - Tourism New Zealand WebsiteTourism New Zealand's website serves as a comprehensive platform that showcases the country's diverse tourism offerings. The website is designed to engage both local and international visitors, providing a wealth of information on attractions, activities, and travel packages tailored to different interests and preferences。
The website features a variety of interactive tools that allow users to plan their trips efficiently. One of the standout features is the 'Travel Planner', which assists users in organizing their itineraries and suggesting routes and public transport options between various destinations. This tool is particularly useful for those who wish to explore the country's natural beauty and cultural heritage。
咨询case study 案例及解析
案例标题：数字化转型下的供应链管理案例背景：近年来，随着数字技术的快速发展，越来越多的企业开始进行数字化转型，以应对市场变化和提升竞争力。
供应链管理作为企业运营的重要一环，也面临着数字化转型的挑战。
本案例将探讨一家跨国零售企业数字化转型下的供应链管理策略，并对其进行解析。
案例分析：该零售企业雄踞全球，拥有数千家门店，产品种类繁多。
在数字化转型之前，该企业的供应链管理主要依靠传统的人工操作和纸质文档，存在诸多问题，如：1.信息不透明：供应商、仓库和门店之间信息流通缓慢且不透明，导致难以准确把握库存状况和需求情况。
2.供应链风险高：人工操作容易出现错误，如订单错发、库存积压等问题，增加了供应链的风险。
3.反应速度慢：传统的供应链管理无法及时响应市场变化和顾客需求，导致订单滞销或超负荷库存的情况。
为了解决以上问题，该企业决定进行供应链管理的数字化转型。
首先，他们引入了供应链管理软件，将供应商、仓库和门店的数据进行集中管理和实时交互，从而实现信息的全面可视化和实时共享。
通过数字化的仓储管理系统，他们能够准确掌握库存情况，及时采购和配送产品，避免了库存积压和订单滞销的风险。
其次，该企业还通过物联网技术，将仓库和门店中的货架与传感器连接，实现智能化的库存管理。
货架上的传感器能够实时监测货物的数量和位置，当货物数量低于设定阈值时，系统会自动触发补货请求，并将货物配送至门店。
这种智能化的库存管理系统不仅提高了补货的效率，还降低了人为错误的风险。
此外，该企业还引入了数据分析和预测技术，通过对历史销售数据和市场趋势的分析，能够预测未来的需求和销售情况。
基于这些数据，他们能够灵活调整供应链策略，及时应对市场变化。
例如，如果某个产品的销售量大幅增加，他们可以通过加快供应链的反应速度，迅速调整采购和配送计划，确保产品能够及时上架。
通过数字化转型，该企业实现了供应链管理的全面升级。
数字化的供应链管理不仅提高了信息流通的透明度和效率，还降低了供应链的风险，并能够更加灵活地应对市场变化和顾客需求。
咨询case study 案例及解析
咨询case study 案例及解析
摘要：
一、案例背景
二、咨询过程
三、案例解析
四、结论与启示
正文：
【案例背景】
本文将通过一个实际案例，阐述咨询case study在解决问题中的应用。
该案例涉及到一家企业在市场拓展过程中遇到的困境，以及咨询顾问如何帮助企业走出困境的过程。
【咨询过程】
某企业在拓展市场时，发现自己的产品在竞争中处于劣势地位，市场份额不断下滑。
为了解决这一问题，企业决定寻求专业咨询公司的帮助。
咨询公司首先对企业进行了全面的诊断，分析了企业的内外部环境，找出企业在市场定位、产品策略、销售渠道等方面存在的问题。
【案例解析】
针对诊断出的问题，咨询公司提出了以下解决方案：
1.调整市场定位，将企业从低端市场向中高端市场转型；
2.优化产品策略，提高产品质量和附加值，打造品牌优势；
3.改进销售渠道，从传统的经销商模式向线上线下相结合的多元化渠道转
型。
【结论与启示】
在咨询公司的帮助下，该企业成功地实现了市场转型，市场份额逐渐回升，盈利能力也得到了显著提高。
此案例给我们的启示是，企业在面临市场困境时，应积极寻求外部专业力量的帮助，通过科学的方法论和系统的解决方案，往往能够实现逆袭，重振市场地位。
问题解决7步法 英文版(7_steps_to_master_training_deck)
How should X bank restructure its broker relationships to make better returns
Not disputable and too general
What set and sequence of initiatives should X bank implement to cement its more profitable broker relationships and to change the laws of remunerating the larger number of unprofitable relationships?
• Be hypothesis and endproduct oriented • Start with order of magnitude • “Porpoise” between hypothesis and data • Keep the analyses simple • Be flexible in the face of new data • Be creative
Weekly cycle
Define problem
4
Develop Workplan
Gather Data & Analyse Critically
5
7 6
Synthesize & Iterate Build Commitme nt
Evaluation X bank is losing money on broker introduced business and needs a plan to fix it Statement of fact
Case_Study商务英语案例分析
Case StudyOf KimsoongIndex1.Background information of Kimsoong (2)2. Kimsoong customer profile (4)3.Problem (6)(1).Cutomer profiles (7)(2). The excellent office workers (7)(3).Improving skills (7)(4).Cooperation (7)4.Solutions (7)(1).Building up relationships (8)(2).Increasing customer loyalty (8)(3).Drawing up an accurate buyer profile (8)(4).Encouraging staffs (8)5.Conclusion (10)1.Background information of KimsoongKimsoong, a Korean car manufacturer, has its European headquarters near Paris. It has retail sales franchises in most European countries which not only sell cars and motor accessories but also have servicing facilities. The larger outlets also offer fast-fitting of tyres and exhausts, and deal in used cars.Over the last ten years Kimsoong, with its reputation for reliability at low prices, has build up market share at the lower end of the market. Their basic models include many”extras”which other manufacturers charge for. Kimsoong also makes large donations to environmental groups and is seen as an organization with a social conscience. Furthermore, its R&D Department is developing an “eco-car” which uses an alternative power source.Then set our focus on the whole car manufacturing market.For 2009, global vehicle sales remain in the midst of a precipitous fall-off, led by sharp declines in the mature markets of the United States, Western Europe and Japan. We project total cars produced at 51,971,328.In 2006 there were 49,886,549 passenger cars produced in the world, with an increase of 6.45% over the previous year. The increase for 2007 was more modest, and 2008 showed a decline. Analysts from various institutes had in fact pegged the year 2007 as the year which would end the 5-year cycle (2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006) of recordA third of all cars in the world is produced in the European Union (see chart below).Ch ina became the world’s third-largest car market in 2006, as car sales in China soared by nearly 40% to 4.1 million units. China should become the world’s second-largest car market by 2010, as low vehicle penetration, rising incomes, greater credit availability and falling carprices lift sales past those of Japan. Furthermore, vehicle penetration in China stands at only 24 vehicles per 1,000 people, compared with 749 vehicles per 1,000 people in the mature markets of the G7.It is estimated that over 600,000,000passenger cars travel the streets and roads of the world today.In the United States alone, 247,421,120 "highway" registered vehicles were counted in 2005, of which 136,568,083 passenger cars. (Bureau of Transportation Statistics U.S. Department of Transportation)So with the high development of car manufacture, we may face many difficulties. There are so many cars produced in the world, the only thing we can do to keep our position is to become more competitive in this market, or we’ll drive out b y its high competition.2. Kimsoong customer profileCustomers are the god of our company, thus the survey of customers’ tastes and basic information is important for us to know better of our shortage, and we’ll also serve more people in the fu ture and gain more profits. The following forms are information we have got from our customers.We can see that the majority of the customers are men who are under 30, they are employed. However, women between 31 and 50 who are self-employed have potential to buy our cars.Our repeated customers only occupy 15% of the whole. People who buy our cars are mostly middle income group. This is a hint that if we want to hold on to existing customers, we must produce cars that are affordable by middle income group. But to attract new customers we should provide different kinds of cars for different income level.As the form shows, customers are not satisfied with our service. The competitor’s cars are better in performance and service. These are two main reasons that hinder us to maintain existing customers. The after-sale care is just fair. In a word, customers care more about their price, reliability, after-sales service, etc. We should improve our service and convince customers of the reliability of our cars at the same time.By collecting and analyzing customer profiles, we may conclude that we can make improvement by producing cars suit every age stage, providing reasonable price for middle income group, improving our after-sales service to hold on to existing customers. We should also create cars for women and for self-employed persons and even students. High level cars with high price will attract people of high income group. These may help gain more profits.3.ProblemFacing the intense competition, the company must remain unchanged with its reputation for reliability at low prices and has its excellent office workers and loyal customers, also the skill and cooperation are very important parts. The management should solve these problems.(1).Cutomer profilesThe company’s new strategy is to hold on to existing customers and increase customer loyalty. And the company also hope to develop a more accurate buyer profile. Customers are very important to a company. So the company should know about the customers well so that we can produce the products that fit the customers. Only in this way can our company make profits.(2). The excellent office workersThe excellent office workers in the company is also a big problem. For one hand, the younger office workers have much knowledge but a little experience; on the other hand ,the elder office workers don’t have as much knowledge as the young but they have enough experience. They are all excellent, but the company doesn’t have enough money to hire both the young and the elder ones. So the problem is that the company should choose what kind of the officers they need by using less money to make more money.(3).Improving skillsImproving skills is also a big problem to the company. Because of the ever-accelerated science and technology, having a superb skill can save cost and make profits.(4).CooperationLast but not the least, cooperation is very important to the company. But the company’s staffs are lack of the skills of grasping good communication. So if the company want to do better, they must promote social skills and competence.4.SolutionsAiming at the problems given above, we summarize some solutions to those problems:(1).Building up relationshipsTo builds up long-term customer relationships, thereby increasing profits.To establish long-term cooperation relations, the customer is one of the important fa ctors that assure our company’s long-term and stable development. In the long-term cooperation relations, the company can not only improve enterprise image, enterprise credibility still can bring stability of the interests of the enterprise income. Only in this way, can the enterprise form a security capital chain. Additionally, through this long-term cooperation, we can build trust with each other and win good enterprise image, thus our company will expand more customer groups and win more profits.(2).Increasing customer loyaltyIncreasing customer loyalty is to guarantee the premise of enterprise sales. First, our company shall keep good communication with customers. The price for the customers must be given favorable; we can also use the gifts method to increase satisfaction. Cheap and good things will receive the love of consumers, so we should be radically improve the competitiveness of our enterprise, by improving products’ performance in all aspects so as to reduce the cost. Once the cost reduced, we will not only attract more customers to buy our cars, but also enhance our profit space, that is kill two birds with one stone.(3).Drawing up an accurate buyer profileEnterprise’s accurate understanding of his client group is very important. The company should not only know the customer's age distribution, but have an understanding of what kind of car sales good. At the same time, we must pay attention to customers’ feedback, make market surveys, know what kind of car our customers really want to buy. F rom these information we will realize our company’s deficiencies, so as to further improve their product, as well as the enterprise’s all aspects of operation.(4).Encouraging staffsTo encourage staffs to be more active in building up good customer relations.It is not enough to just have a good car, a good people who can promote it is necessary. So encourage staffs to establish good relationship with customers is very important. Nowadays, the consumer not only pays attention to the quality of the product itself,but is very concern about enterprise service attitude. First, the company shall encourage the staffs to work hard to establish a good relationship with their clients. For those who have outstanding performance , the company sales should give them full praise and encouragement. For those who not work hard, and have poor work performance, our company shall take appropriate punishment. Everyone must have crisis consciousness. Second, team spirit is very important. The common saying says more people, more powerful. Only we work together can we create more profits for our company.5.ConclusionFrom the report above, we can see that good customer relationships are very important for our further development. Only when we win our customers’ loyalty, can we gain more profits and make a good reputation. Thus, improvement of all aspects, including staff training, survey of customers and potential ones, change of disciplines and politics in our company and so on is of importance. We should also appreciate other competitors strengths and learn to use them for ourselves. I believe that our company will develop well in the future and attract more customers to buy our cars.。
教案设计逐字模板范文
教案设计逐字模板范文标题：如何设计逐字模板：范文Introduction：在教育教学中，教案设计是教师教学的重要环节。
而逐字模板是一种可以提供具体指导的教案设计方法。
本文将为教师详细介绍逐字模板的设计过程，并提供一个范文作为参考。
I. 教学目标 (Objectives)- 知识目标：学生能够理解和运用关于某一特定主题的基础知识。
- 技能目标：学生能够运用所学知识解决相关问题，培养其批判思维和分析能力。
- 情感目标：学生能够通过学习，培养合作精神和积极参与的态度。
II. 教学重点和难点 (Key Points and Difficulties)- 教学重点：学生能够运用所学知识解决相关问题。
- 教学难点：学生能够培养批判思维和分析能力。
III. 教学过程 (Teaching Procedure)1. 导入/引入 (Introduction)- 通过提出与主题相关的问题或给出与主题相关的图片或视频来激发学生兴趣。
2. 知识讲解 (Knowledge Presentation)- 借助PPT、教学板书等工具，对学生介绍关于该主题的基础知识，包括定义、背景和基本概念。
- 通过实例和案例分析等方式，帮助学生更好地理解和记忆相关知识。
3. 案例分析/问题解决 (Case Study/Problem Solving)- 提供一个具体的案例或问题，要求学生分析并给出解决方案。
- 学生可以分组合作，通过小组讨论的方式，共同解决问题。
4. 总结归纳 (Summary)- 对本节课的内容进行总结和归纳，确保学生对知识点的理解。
5. 作业布置 (Assignment)- 布置相应的练习作业，要求学生运用所学知识解决相关问题。
IV. 教学辅助工具 (Teaching Aids)- PPT演示文稿- 教学板书- 图片/视频素材V. 教学评估 (Assessment)- 学生参与度的评估：包括学生的提问、回答问题的积极性，以及小组合作讨论的程度。
Case Study 案例分析
Praising Japanese in Public Workplaces（在工作场所当众表扬日本人）琼斯先生（美国经理）当众表扬苏琦木拓（日本员工）工作做得很棒，本以为苏琦木拓会高兴的接受，却不料…..Case description:American: Mr. Sugimoto, I have noticed that you are doing an excellent job on the assembly line. I hope that the other workers notice how it should bedone.Japanese: (He is uneasy). Praise is not necessary. I am only doing my job. (He hopes other Japanese workers do not hear.)American: You are the finest, most excellent, dedicated worker we have ever had at the Jones Corporation.Japanese: (He blushed and nods his head several times, and keeps working.)American: Well, are you going to say “thank you,” Mr. S ugimoto, or just remain silent?Japanese: Excuse me, Mr. Jones … May I take leave for five minutes?American: Sure. (He is annoyed and watched Sugimoto exit). I can’t believe how rude some Japanese workers are. They seem to be disturbed by praiseand don’t answer you … just silent.Questions for discussion:1.Why was the conversation between Mr. Jones and Mr. Sugimoto not sopleasant?2.Why did they have such different reactions towards praising in publicworkplaces?3.If you were Mr. Sugimoto, would you accept praise from Mr. Jones in publicworkplaces?4.If you were Mr. Jones, how would you deal with the situation moreappropriately?怎样理解微笑？微笑是友好的表示，理应得到友好的回应理应。
Case-StudyPPT课件
3/21/2020
8
• of these establishments, two are privately owned and operated 在这些扩建产业中，有两间是私人经营的
• was awarded a Michelin Star for the excellence of the food 因烹饪食物的高超技艺曾被授予米其林一星级奖项
• two are company units 另外两间属于公司旗下
3/21/2020
9
• two national Motorway Services operators have lodged local planning consent applications, which, may effectively double the available bed spaces 2家 全国高速公路服务店运营商已递交了当地业务计划的申 请书，很可能使得床位数量翻倍
3/21/2020
1
• Three Assessment Tasks • Based on ONE Case Study (keep the copy) • You are allowed to bring 1 × A4 page of original notes
(200 - 250 words) into the assessment area • Only ONE page of notes will be allowable
3/21/2020
麦肯锡在线CaseStudy－－问题以及答案！！
Thank you for taking part in the On-Line Case Study. You will note tha t this exercise does not have the kind of latitude necessary to develop findings. Rather, we chose to focus on next steps in response to question eight. In a live case interview, however, you will be expected to derive specific findings based on your analysis. Interviewing techniques may vary depending on the office or practice you are applying to, but we hope this exercise has been useful in helping you prepare.To get a full copy of all the questions and answers (including yours) from the case study, click on the print icon.You can learn more about the possible exercises you may be asked to perform at your McKinsey interview by clicking on the Case Study Tips item in the navigation to the left.Good luck.On-Line Case Study Questions and AnswersQuestion 1Client Goal: Double the number of recruits while maintaining their quality with minimal increase in resources expendedOur client recruits graduating college seniors for entry-level positions in locations around the world. It currently hires and places 500 graduates per year but would like to triple in size over the next ten years while maintaining quality. Assume that the increase must all come from hiring graduating seniors. (In an actual case, you may not be given this and other assumptions unless you ask.)The client's current recruiting budget is $2 million annually, and while it is in a strong financial position, it would like to spend as few additional resources as possible on recruiting. McKinsey is advising the client on what steps it will need to take in order to meet its growth targets, while staying within its budge t constraints.Q: What levers does the organization have at its disposal to achieve its growth goal?A: Some possible levers are given below. It's terrific if you identified several of these and perhaps some others.∙Attract more applicants at the same cost∙Review the list of campuses targeted (e.g., optimize resource allocation across schools). The review may result in adding certain higher potential campuses andeliminating other ones tha t appear to have more limited potential.∙Review recruiting approach at each campus (e.g., optimize cost-effectiveness of messages and approaches at each school).∙Extend offers to a higher percentage of applicants while maintaining quality (e.g., reduce the number of people who are turned down who would have performed equally well in thejob)∙Improve acceptance rates among offerees (e.g., better communicate the benef its of the job relative to alternatives or improve the attractiveness of the job relative to alternatives)Question 2For the remainder of the discussion we'd like to focus on the two specific levers involving attracting more applicants at the same cost.∙Review the list of campuses targeted (e.g., optimize resource allocation across schools).The review may result in adding certain higher potential campuses and eliminating other ones that appear to have more limited potential.∙Review recruiting approach at each campus (e.g., optimize cost-effectiveness of messages and approaches at each school).Please note that if you identified different but equally valid levers, the interviewer would be able to assess them. But for the purpose of this case study, we a re going to focus on these two levers.Q: Ho w would you initially approach determining whether the client can increase hiring by adjusting the list of campuses targeted? What sort of analysis would you want to conduct and why?A: You might take the following approach, where we've outlined two avenues of analysis:∙Estimate the hiring potential across schools∙Analyze the number of hires by school over the last several years∙Develop a comprehensive list of schools that meet our requirements and a minimum set of standards for recruits∙Survey seniors at these schools to determine interest in an entry-level position with the client∙Consider the size of the graduating class at each school, determine how that class might be segmented (e.g., each class could be segmented by discipline orsegmented based on career interests in response to the survey), then calculatethe size of each segment∙Estimate the optimal cost-per-hire across schools∙Compare the current cost-per hire across schools∙Identify opportunities to decrease the cost-per-hire at each schoolHelpful TipYou may have a slightly different list. Whatever your approach, we love to see candidates come at a problem in more than one way, but still address the issue as directly and practically as pos sible. In giving the answer, it's useful if you are clear about how the results of the analysis would help to answer the original question posed.Question 3Twenty-five percent of the annual recruiting budget is spent on candidates (i.e., attracting, assessing, and getting them to accept). Twenty percent of hires are categorized as "most expensive" and have an average cost-per-hire of $2,000.Q: What is the average cost-per-hire of all other candidates? Remember that the client hires 500 students per year and its annual recruiting budget is $2 million (information that we hope you noted earlier).A: The answer is $750 per hire (or less than half the cost-per-hire of the "most expensive" candidates).Amount spent on the less expensive candidates:25% of $2 million budget = $500,000 spent on candida tes20% of 500 student = 100 students categorized as "most expensive"100 x $2,000 cost-per-hire = $200,000 spent on "most expensive" hires$500,000 recruiting budge t - $200,000 = $300,000 remaining for all other hiresThe number of less expensive candidates:500 hires - 100 = 400 "other hires"Cost-per-hire of the less expensive candidates:$300,000/400 =$750 per hireHelpful TipWhile you may find that doing a straightforward math problem in the contex t of an interview is a bit tougher, you can see that it is just a matter of breaking the problem down. We are looking for both your ability to set the analysis up properly and then to do the math in real time.Question 4Q: In order to decide whether to reduce costs at the least efficient schools (i.e., those with an average cost per hire of $2,000), what else would you want to know?A: Some of the possible answers are given below.Basic questions:∙What are the components of costs at these schools (why is it so expensive to recruit there)?∙What opportunities exist to reduce costs?∙How much cost savings would result from implementing each of the opportunities?∙What consequences would implementing each of these opportunities have on recruiting at the least efficient schools?Questions demonstrating further insight:∙Why is the cost lower at more efficient schools, and are there best practices in resource management that can be applied to the least efficient schools?∙If we reduce costs at the least efficient schools, what will we do with the cost savings (i.e., what would be the benefit of spending the money elsewhere vs. where it is currently being spent)?Helpful TipWe would not expect anyone to come up with all of these answers, but we hope some of your answers head in the same direction as ours. Yours may bring some additional insights. In either case, be sure that you can clearly explain how your question will bring you closer to the right decision.Question 5The McKinsey team conducts some analysis that indicates tha t increasing spending on blanket advertising (e.g., advertisements/flyers on campus) does not yield any significant increase in hires.Q: Given that increased blanket advertising spending seems to be relatively ineffective, and the client doesn't want to increase overall costs, what might be some other ideas for increasing the candidate pool on a specific campus?A: We are looking for at least a couple of answers like the ones given below:∙Improve/enhance recruiting messages (e.g., understand target candidate group, refocus message on this group, understand competitive dynamic on campus) ∙Utilize referrals (e.g., faculty, alumni)∙Come up with creative ways to target specific departments/clubs of the school∙Rethink advertising spending - while increasing blanket ad spending doesn't seem to work, advertising might still be the most efficient and effective way to increase the number of candidates if it is deployed in a more systematic, targeted wayHelpful TipThis question is a good one for demonstrating creativity because there's a long list of possible ideas. Additional insights into how a given idea would be approached and how much it would cost are helpful.Question 6For simplicity's sake, let's say we've conducted market research and found that there are two types of people on each campus, A and B. Historically, our client has also used two types of recruiting messages in its advertising. The first, called "See the World," gets one percent of type A studentsto apply, but three percent of type B students. The second, called "Pathway to Leadership," gets five percent of Type A students to apply, but only two percent of type B students.The chart below lists the breakdown of types A and B students at some of our major camp uses, and the message our client is using on campus.Q: Assuming there's no difference between the costs of each message, what can you tell me from this information?A: According to these numbers, the client should use the "Pathway to Leadership" message across all four universities. The "See the World" message is preferable only if more than 80% of the students at a given university are of type B.Helpful TipAn even more insightful response would mention that the ultimate answer depends on the cost of each message, whether the cost increases depending on the number of students at the campus, and how interested we are in students of Type A vs. Type B (e.g., will one type be more likely than the other to get an offer and to be successful on the job). One could imagine using both messages on some campuses if the additional cost were justified by the resulting increase in hires.Question 7University 4 graduates 1,000 seniors each year.Q: How many new candidates might be generated by changing the recruiting message at University 4 to Pathway to Leadership?A: The answer is 20 candidates (i.e., an increase of over 100%).Number of each type of student at University 4:1,000 seniors x 60% = 600 Type A students1,000 seniors x 40% = 400 Type B studentsCandidates attracted be See the World message:(1% x 600) + (3% x 400) = 18 candidatesCandidates attracted by Pathway to Leadership message:(5% x 600) + (2% x 400) = 38 candidatesIncrease in candidates resulting from change in message:38 - 18 = 20 more candidates (an increase of over 100%)Question 8Q: What sort of next steps should we tell our client we'd like to take based on what we have discussed today?A: The ability to come to a logical, defensible synthesis based on the information availabl e at any point in an engagement is critical to the work we do. Even though we'd consider ourselves to be very early in the overall project at this point in the case, we do want to be able to share our current perspective. The ideal answer would include the following points:FINDINGS∙There appears to be an opportunity to significantly increase total applicants of the same quality that we are getting today at the same or reduced cost:∙Increasing blanket advertising is ineffective and costly, but changing theadvertising message on some campuses could increase applicants significantlywithout increasing costs. At one of the campuses we've looked at, University 4,the number of applicants would go up more than 100 percent∙The cost-per-hire varies dramatically from school to school. This suggests that there may be opportunities to reduce costs in certain places or reallocateresources more efficientlyNEXT STEPS∙We plan to explore further ideas for increasing quality applica tions by changing the mix of schools, beginning with a more detailed review of the opportunities to reduce costs at certain schools∙After looking at levers to increase total applicants, we will be analyzing opportunities to improve the offer rate (i.e., ensure we're not turning down quality applicants) and to increase the acceptance rate∙We will examine additional methods for attracting more applications from our current campuses (e.g., referrals, clubs) in addition to assessing the impact of improved messaging on campus。
什么是案例研究 What is a Case study 英语作文论文写作技巧
什么是案例研究What is a Case studyThings you should knowabout itIn today’s education system, the whole academic process basically asks for creativity and productivity from the students. Our complete coursework involves assignment writing, dissertation writing and other stuff which demands hard research work from the students. The main purpose of these activities is to bring out the research skills and draw their interest in their course. Many new students who are clueless or lack research skills take help fromthe assignment help online services. These services make their work easier while saving a lot of their time. However, a student can show up their interest by adopting different research methods in their assignment or dissertation writing. One of them is- the Case study. But many of us might wonder, what is a case study? It is the best research method to demonstrate the efficiency in your research work. But very few of us knows about its importance.Hence in this article, I am hereby introducing you all with the necessary things about the Case study, such as:What is a Case studyImportance of Case study researchTypes of case studyHow to write a case studyWhat is a Case Study?Once Charles Horton Cooley in his research paper “The life-study method as applied to rural social research” defined the Case study method as:“Case study depends on our perception and gives clear insight into life directory.”A case study is a research methodology in which the researcher aims at the intensive study of a group or unit to draw a general conclusion out of it. It is also known as“research strategy,” a specific inquiry of a phenomenon in real- life context. This research method was first introduced in 1829 by an French sociologist-Frederic Le Play. The popularity of case study format has increased in the recent decades. As the word says, the research focuses on a real-life case, describes its problems, and gives a detailed analysis of how the problem is being solved in a sequential process.Case study method is a descriptive analysis of people, group, event or policies that are studied by using one or more processes. In this method, the researcher takes up an incident from real life context and goes for an in-depth investigation to find out the possible solution to the problem highlighted in the case study example. Theresearcher focuses on a single case to make detailed observations over a longer period. This is not possible with larger samples without investing lots of money. However, the case study seems quite economical comparatively.Importance of Case study ResearchBe it any subject like- Law, Medicine, Business, or Science; case study research plays a vital role in presenting best assignment or thesis to your professor. In online assignment help services, the writing experts use case studies to present the research work in an impressive way.Learning from real-life scenariosCase studies presents examples from real life scenarios. Hence it gives a realistic and complexfeeling to the readers. This real-life situation helps the readers to connect themselves with the situation and inspires to find out a solution in their real-life situations.As the case is discussed in the classroom, it gives an opportunity to the student to evoke their problem-solving technique to find out different solutions for that particular problem.It focuses on the customersCase studies are meant to do in-depth research to gather information about a specific group, unit or person specific. Hence, with case study examples customers or readers can get detailed information about the particular subject or topic.It demonstrates successin the case study, the researcher gives explicitly detail about everything. He/she goes forward to highlight the problem in a specific case and then describes each step to solve it. Hence it gives a chance to demonstrate success in stressful situations.It is comprehensiveUnlike the other research methods, Case study research gives an opportunity to the researcher to use various tools and techniques to get a solution to the problem discussed in the case. Hence this gives time and space to the researcher to think on the topic from every aspect.Hence, until now you got to know what is a case study and its importance. Let’s read further to know about its types.Types of Case studyA case study is quite useful for the researcher in their early stage, as it gives them an opportunity to explore different ideas, methods, and instruments, and to prepare for a more extensive study. In modern times, case study research is popular not only in the field of sociology, but also in the fields of psychology, education, political science, anthropology, and clinical science.However, different fields opt for different types of case study. Majorly there are four types of case studies, which as follows:Illustrative Case studiesThis type of case study is mainly descriptive in nature. In this method, the researcher takes up one or two instances from an event to show the set of circumstances and processes that are possible in similar kind of situations. This Case study method is used to make people aware of any situation, which is not well known to them.Exploratory (or pilot) Case studiesThe Exploratory case study primarily focuses on identifying the questions and helps the researcher to choose the method that would be useful, prior to the initial investigation. This method is useful in implementing on a large scale investigation.This type of case study is commonly preferred in Psychology and Social science. The psychologists try to innovate new methods to help their patients, and hence prefer exploratory case study to find out new theories and ideas.Cumulative Case studiesThis type of case study collects the information from different sources to formulate the case for a new study. The main purpose of this study is that the past studies allow them additional information for their new case without spending much time, efficiency and money on the additional study.For instance, suppose a researcher wants to work on the topic- “what type of behaviour makes animals comfortable with a veterinarian?”In order to draw a conclusion or sketch out the perfect answer for the question, the researcher would take up some 4-5 real cases. These cases would describe how a vet behaved with their patient. Hence the researcher can easily find out the possible answer for his/her research question. Eventually, this type of research can uncover the differences as well.Critical Instance Case studiesThis Case study method is used when the researcher wants to challenge a commonly set up assumption which can be wrong but cannot get proved due to the lack of critical understanding. It is used to examine the problems that accumulate into larger issues. This method is also useful if there is somespecial or unique event which got a special interest of the researcher.Before selecting the type of case study for your research work, it is essential to identify your purpose, goal, and approach to conduct sound and successful research. However, this sometimes may feel difficult for you. Hence, it is advisable to seek help from online websites who offer the best case study service to the folks. The writing experts are proficient in selecting the best suitable case study research method for your topic.How to write a case studyThere are few questions which are quite common among the new researchers. They find it difficult to find out general things about thecase study. I have tried to clear a few things about what is a case study and case study template. Now in this section, I am going to discuss how to write a case study. Here are few steps which you need to follow while writing a case study:1. Determine the case study typeAs we discussed in the above section, you are now acquainted with the different types of case studies. Every other field requires a different type of case study research. Hence you must determine the type of research work you are going to take. Before deciding the type of case study you want to demonstrate, it is essential for you to know what is a case study and what type of case study is suitable for your research work.2. Determine the topic for your case studyNow as you have chosen the type of case study, you should further move to decide your topic. Make sure that the topic is relatable to your subject, and you can find enough sources to help yourself in your research work.3. Follow the case study templateOnce you determine the topic for your case study, you need to follow the following case study format:Title pageThis section contains the title of your work, the name of the author and institution. In general, itlet the readers acknowledge your name and the topic of your research.AbstractThere are two types of abstract- narrative and structured.Thenarrative abstract is the summary of the whole research work. It is presented to give an idea about the content of the research work to the readers.Thestructured abstract is used in scientific studies.IntroductionThis is the first section. Hence the section provides an idea about the topic that is going to be discussed in the research work. It gives a clue in such an interesting way that it tempts the reader to go through the whole work. You can start with introducing the topic. Suppose you are writing on “Different types of ca se in Social sciences.” You can open the research work with a question such as- what is a case study? This will bring the curiosity in the minds of the readers and they will further go through your research work.PresentationHere the researcher presents the raw information he/she has collected during the case study.OutcomesHere the researcher comes up with a plan on how the problem discussed in the topic should be treated.ConclusionsIt is the last section, where the researcher gives his/her own thoughts about the problem discussed and his perception towards it.ReferencesThis section includes the name of the sources which helped you out during the case study method.Hence in this article, we discussed several basic things about the case study, beginning from what is a case study to its importance and types of the case study. I hope this will help you with your research work. Case study format could be a better option for those who can easily process information and can analyze the case study format to understand how it works. It will take less time and efforts for a researcher to complete the assignment quickly. There are several websites which provide service to new researchers to let them complete their case study research. However, if you want to write a case study on your own, you must go through the tips and techniques that are necessary for it.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
CASE STUDY PROBLEM 7The ProposalYoung Brothers, Inc., a highway engineering company located in Seattle, Washington, wants to develop new business opportunities in Portland, Oregon. Brother Charles historically has looked after the financial end of the company. He is concerned about the method of financing the new office, work yard, and equipment at the planned Portland site. Debt financing (loan) from their Seattle bank and equity financing from company retained earnings are possible ways to finance the new office, but the best mix of debt and equity funds is unknown at this time. To help, Charles has read a section of a handbook on generalized cash flow analysis, especially the part on after-tax analysis of the two financing methods-debt versus equity. What he learned and has summarized for himself follows.年轻的兄弟,Inc .公路工程公司位于西雅图,华盛顿,俄勒冈州波特兰市想开发新的业务机会。
弟弟查尔斯历史上照顾的金融公司。
他是关心的方法融资新办公室,院子里工作,计划和设备在波特兰的网站。
(贷款)从西雅图银行债务融资,股权融资公司留存收益的可能方式为新办公室,但最好的混合债券和股票基金是未知的。
帮助,查尔斯读过一段手册上广义的现金流分析,特别是部分税后分析两个methods-debt与股本融资。
他学到了什么,并为自己总结。
Debt and Equity Financing (Copied from the Handbook)债务和股权融资从手册(复制)In a company uses loans and bonds to raise capital, it is called debt financing (DF). Loans require payment of periodic interest, and bonds require that periodic dividends be paid to the investor. The loan principal of bond face value is repaid after a stated number of years. These various loan and bond cash flows affect taxes and CFAT differently, as shown in the table below.在一个公司使用贷款和债券来筹集资金,它被称为债务融资(DF)。
贷款需要支付的定期利息,债券要求定期股息支付给投资者。
债券面值偿还的贷款本金后数年。
这些不同的贷款和债券的现金流影响税收和CFAT不同,如下表所示。
Only loan interest and bond dividends are tax-deductible. Use the symbol DF l to identify the sum of these two. To develop a relation that explains the tax impact of debt financing, start with the fundamental net cash flow relation, that is, receipts minus disbursements. Identify receipts from debt financing as仅贷款利息和债券股息免税。
使用符号识别阐述这两个的总和。
开发一个关系,解释了税收债务融资的影响,从基本开始净现金流量关系,也就是说,收入减去支出。
确定收入从债务融资DF R = loan interest payment + bond dividend payment + loan principal repayment + bond face value repaymentDFR =贷款利息支付+债券红利支付+偿还贷款本金+债券面值还款It is common that a loan or bond sale, not both, is involved in a single asset purchase. The two terms in the first of the DF D equation represent DF l mentioned earlier. 贷款或债券发行是很常见的,不是两个,参与一个资产购买。
这两个术语在第一过程方程代表前面提到的阐述。
If a company uses its own resources for capital investment, it is called equity financing (EF). This includes (1) the use of a corporation’s on funds, such as retained earnings; (2) the sale of corporation stock; and (3) the sale of corporate assets to raise capital. There are no direct tax advantages for equity financing. Expended retained earnings and stock dividends paid will reduce cash flow, but neither will reduce TI.如果一家公司使用自己的资源,资本投资,它被称为股权融资(EF)。
这包括(1)使用公司的资金,如留存收益;(2)出售公司股票;(3)出售公司资产来筹集资金。
没有直接对股权融资的税收优势。
将减少消耗留存收益和股票分红的现金流,但也不会降低。
To explain the impact of equity financing, again start with the fundamental net cash flow relation-receipts minus disbursements. Equity financing disbursements, defined as EF D, are the portion of the first cost of an asset covered by a corporation’s own resources. 再解释一下股权融资的影响,从基本开始净现金流量relation-receipts减去支出。
股权融资支付,定义为工艺流程图,是第一个资产成本的一部分由公司自身的资源。
EF D = corporate owned fundsAny equity financing receipts areEF R = sale of corporate assets + stock sale receipts使用EFD =企业拥有的基金任何股权融资收入EFR声码器作为=出售公司资产+股票销售收据In EF D, stock dividends are a part of disbursements, but they are small in comparison to other disbursements and their timing depends on the financial success of the corporation overall, so they can be neglected.在工艺流程图,股票股利支出的一部分,但他们是小相比其他支出及其时机取决于金融公司整体的成功,所以他们可以被忽视。
Combine the DF and EF terms to estimate annual CFAT. The initial investment is equal to the amount of corporate owned funds committed to the alternative’s first cost; that is, P = EF D.结合年度CFAT DF和EF术语来估计。
最初的投资等于企业拥有基金致力于替代量的第一成本;也就是说,P =工艺流程图。
CFAT = -equity financed investment + gross income - operating expenses + salvage value – taxes + debt financing receipts – disbursements + equity financing receipts = -EFD _ GI – E + S – TI(Te) + (DFR - DFD) + EFRCFAT =—股票投资融资+总税收收入-营业费用+残值+债务融资收入-支出+股权融资收入CFAT = -EFD _ GI – E + S – TI(Te) + (DFR - DFD) + EFRSince DF D includes DF l, which is the tax-deductible portion of debt financing, taxes are因为过程包括,阐述的免税部分债务融资、税收Taxes = (TI)(T e) = (gross income – operating expenses – depreciation – loan interest and bond dividends)(T e) = (GI – E – D – DF l)(T e)税=(TI)(Te)=(总收益-营业费用-折旧-贷款利息和债券红利)(Te)These relations are easy to use when the investment involves only 100% equity financing or 100% debt financing, since only the relevant terms have nonzero values. Together they form the model for generalized cash flow analysis.这些关系是易于使用,当投资只涉及100%股权融资或100%债务融资,因为只有相关条款有非零值。