乡村文化旅游来自加拿大的案例研究外文文献翻译
乡村旅游外文文献综述
乡村旅游外文文献综述随着城市化进程的加速和人们生活水平的提高，乡村旅游逐渐受到人们的关注和青睐。
乡村旅游不仅能够提供一种远离城市喧嚣的休闲方式，还能够让人们更加了解乡村文化和乡村生活。
本文将对乡村旅游的外文文献进行综述，以期为乡村旅游研究提供参考。
一、乡村旅游的定义乡村旅游是指游客在乡村地区进行的旅游活动，包括体验农村生活、了解乡村文化、参观农村景点等。
二、乡村旅游的影响1.经济影响乡村旅游能够促进当地经济的发展，提高农民的收入。
研究表明，乡村旅游对当地农村经济的拉动效应显著，能够创造大量的就业机会，提高农民的收入水平。
2.环境影响乡村旅游对环境的影响是双重的。
一方面，乡村旅游能够促进环境保护，提高人们对环境的意识。
另一方面，乡村旅游也可能会对环境造成污染和破坏。
3.社会影响乡村旅游能够促进乡村社会的发展，提高农民的社会地位。
同时，乡村旅游也能够促进不同地区之间的文化交流和了解。
三、乡村旅游的发展趋势1.多元化随着人们对旅游的需求不断增加，乡村旅游也将逐渐向多元化方向发展。
未来的乡村旅游将融合更多的元素，如文化、户外运动、健康养生等。
2.智能化随着科技的不断进步，未来的乡村旅游将更加智能化。
游客能够通过智能手机进行线上预订、线下导航、语音导览等。
3.可持续发展未来的乡村旅游将更加注重可持续发展，保护当地的环境和文化遗产。
同时，乡村旅游也将更加注重社会责任，关注当地居民的生活和福利。
四、乡村旅游的挑战1.规划和管理乡村旅游的规划和管理是乡村旅游发展的重要保障。
但是，目前一些地区的乡村旅游规划和管理还存在不足，需要加强。
2.品质和服务乡村旅游的品质和服务也是乡村旅游发展的重要因素。
但是，目前一些地区的乡村旅游品质和服务还存在不足，需要加强。
3.环境和文化保护乡村旅游的发展必须注重环境和文化保护。
但是，目前一些地区的乡村旅游存在环境和文化破坏的问题，需要加强保护。
五、结论乡村旅游是一种具有广阔发展前景的旅游形式，能够促进当地经济、环境和社会的发展。
乡村旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献
乡村旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献Assessment of Rural Tourism in Turkey Using SWOT Analysisn:XXX。
located at the crossroads of Asia。
Europe。
and Africa。
covers an area of approximately 780,000 square kilometers and has a coastline of 8,000 kilometers。
According to the 2000 n census。
the country has a n of 67,803,927.with approximately 35% XXX has nearly 37,000 villages。
with two-thirds of them having pXXX。
one-third of XXX.Body:XXX years。
In order to assess the potential of rural tourism in XXX。
a SWOT (Strengths。
Weaknesses。
Opportunities。
and Threats) analysis was conducted.Strengths:Turkey has a rich cultural heritage。
with many XXX。
as well as natural beauty。
such as mountains。
forests。
XXX。
XXX。
XXX.XXX:One of the main XXX。
many rural areas lack access to basic services such as XXX。
XXX.Opportunities:There is a growing XXX has recognized this trend and has XXX。
文旅融合 乡村旅游英文文献
文旅融合乡村旅游英文文献Rural Tourism and Cultural Integration。
Abstract。
Introduction。
Sigificance of rural tourism for cultural preservation and sustainable development。
Moreover, rural tourism can also contribute to sustainable development in rural areas. Sustainable rural tourism can help to create jobs and boost local economies, while at the same time protecting the natural environment and cultural heritage. It is important to note, however, that tourism development must be balanced with environmental and cultural conservation efforts to ensure long-term sustainability.Role of cultural integration in enhancing the rural tourism experience。
The integration of cultural elements is critical in enhancing the rural tourism experience. The authenticity and uniqueness of rural culture is what attracts tourists to rural areas in the first place. By integrating cultural elements into tourism activities, visitors can gain a deeper understanding and appreciation of local traditions and lifestyles. Cultural integration can involve a wide range of activities, such ascultural festivals, traditional crafts demonstrations, and culinary experiences.Case study: Rural tourism project in China。
乡村旅游外文翻译文献
乡村旅游外文翻译文献中英文(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：Wilson S, Fesenmaier D R, Fesenmaier J, et al. Factors for success in rural tourism development.[J]. Journal of Travel Research, 2001, 40(2):132-138.英文原文Factors for success in rural tourism tourism development SUZANNE WILSON, DANIEL FESENMAIER, JULIE FESENMAIER, AND JOHNC. V AN ESSince the 1970s,economic restructuring and farm crisis have reduced rural communities' economic development options, making older development strategies less viable and forcing many to look for nontraditional ways to sustain themselves. One of the most popular nontraditional rural development strategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship rural development strategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities because of tourism's ability to bring in dollars and to generate jobs and support retail growth. The purpose of this study was to identify and examine those factors that have helped rural communities successfully develop tourism and its entrepreneurship opportunities. Several focus groups were conducted with local businesspersons and leaders in six rural Illinois communities. The results clearly demonstrate the importance of the communityapproach to tourism development and that rural tourism development and entrepreneurship cannot work without the participation and collaboration of businesspersons directly and indirectly involved in tourism.Since the 1970s, economic restructuring and the farm crisis have severely reduced rural communities ’ econom ic opportunities. Economic restructuring has caused a loss of rural manufacturing plants and many jobs. The 1980s farm crisis in the Midwest also led to a decline in the numbers of farmers and restructured farm ownership, forcing some farm families to augment their incomes with off-farm jobs, to depart farming, or to declare bankruptcy. The farm crisis and the loss of manufacturing jobs had substantial ripple effects in rural communities. As rural joblessness rates rose above urban levels, real income growth stagnated in rural areas (Sears and Reid 1992). Many stores and agribusinesses disappeared from small rural towns. Not surprisingly, a 1992 statewide survey in Illinois found that 39% of rural residents perceived their economic prospects as worsening (Walzer 1993).These changes limited rural communities ’ economic development options, making older development strategies such as manufacturing less viable and forcing many to look for nontraditional ways to sustain themselves . One of the most popular nontraditional rural development strategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities (Edgell and Harbaugh 1993; Luloff et al. 1994). Rural areashave a special appeal to tourists because of the mystique associated with rural areas and their distinct cultural, historic, ethnic, and geographic characteristics (Edgell and Harbaugh 1993). Rural tourism also is less costly and easier to establish than other rural economic development strategies such as manufacturing. Rural tourism can be development strategies such as manufacturing. Rural tourism can be developed locally with participation from local government and small businesses, and its development is not necessarily dependent on outside firms or companies.Although tourism can be expensive to develop in certain cases (e.g., large resort areas) or can involve large firms and chains, rural tourism can be developed with relatively little investment credit, training, and capital. Hence, rural tourism can be less costly to develop as compared to other economic development strategies; additionally, rural tourism need not involve dependency on outside firms and their decisions on whether they want to be in an area. Rural tourism provides a base for these small businesses that might not otherwise be in rural communities because of their small populations. Tourism particularly helps two types of small businesses in rural areas—those directly involved in tourism (e.g., attractions and hotels/motels) and those indirectly involved in tourism (e.g., gas stations and grocery stores).Additionally, rural tourism works well with existing rural enterprises such as farms (e.g., U-Pick farms) and can generate important secondaryincome for farm households (Oppermann 1996).Nonetheless, rural tourism remains one of the few viable economic options for rural communities .Like other economic development strategies, rural tourism requires several components to be successful. Tourism development involves(1) attractions: the natural and manmade features both within and adjacent to a community; (2) promotion: the marketing of a community and its tourism attractions to potential tourists;(3) tourism infrastructure: access facilities (roads, airports, trains, and buses),water and power services, parking, signs, and recreation facilities; (4) services: lodging, restaurants, and the various retail businesses needed to take care of tourists’ needs; (5) hospitality: how tourists are treated by both community residents and employees in tourism businesses and attractions (Gunn 1988). Left out of this list are tourism entrepreneurs and their role in fostering these components. While the above components and a community’ s assets are clearly important to tourism development, only the widespread participation and contribution of rural tourism entrepreneurs can ensure a broad-based foundation for successful tourism development. A research literature has emerged on how to best facilitate the development of tourism. One view, drawing heavily on the economic literature, argues that tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities are best developed by helping and creating individuals businesses and then letting them compete in the marketplace for a reviewand description of this view). This view, however, has been critiqued because (1) it views tourism and tourism-related businesses as isolated from the larger community and its issues;(2) it does not recognize the interdependence of the various sectors and actors involved in tourism; and (3)most small tourism business, especially those in rural areas, do not have the individual resources to promote either themselves or the community as a tourist product (Gunn 1988; Murphy 1985; Palmer and Bejou 1995).Opposing this view is the community approach to tourism development and entrepreneurship (Murphy 1985). As its name implies, the approach argues that tourism is a community product and that, along with entrepreneurial skills and the presence of tourist businesses, it is also necessary to have the community and local capabilities (e.g., local leadership and formal and informal networks) directly involved in tourism development and promotion effort (Murphy 1985). While the community approach may be an effective way to develop and promote tourism, creating the necessary intercommunity cooperation and collaboration is a complex and difficult process. Businesses are asked to share resources while simultaneously competing. Local governments may see collaborating to develop tourism as risky, or they may be worried about losing control over local decision making (Huang and Stewart 1996; Jamal and Getz 1995). Because of these problems, research on collaboration and those factors that allow for community development oftourism is needed . The purpose of the present study is to identify and examine those factors that help rural communities successfully develop tourism and its entrepreneurship opportunities. The present study makes an additional contribution to the research literature by including rural tourism entrepreneurs, an overlooked group in rural tourism research (Stokowski 1990).A Complete Tourism PackageAs is recognized in the tourism literature, successful tourism involves getting tourists to stay longer than the time it takes simply to visit a major attraction and having repeat tourists. One focus group participant expressed it thus: “to succeed a community has to be a destination rather than a place to stop off.” Communities that have been successful at getting tourists to visit, stay, spend money, and come back have developed high-quality tourism attractions and put together successful tourism packages involving the community, its surrounding area, and businesses involved in tourism. While the less successful communities all have major tourist attractions, they have not developed the package of attractions and businesses necessary to attract and hold tourists; nor have they been able to promote their areas as effectively.Focus group participants felt that the key to putting together a successful tourism package is having a community that appeals to tourists. Through zoning, other local government activities (e.g., beautificationcampaigns), and participation of all businesses in the area, successful communities have worked to make their communities attractive to tourists. They also have worked to make sites and businesses around tourism attractions appealing to tourists. In the less successful communities, lack of cooperation from local government and businesses created problems such as eyesores and unattractive environments surrounding attractions.Similarly, many participants felt that successful rural tourism communities have created the right mix of businesses for tourism, including adequate lodging, restaurants, a group of attractions that entice tourists to stay, and shops where tourists can spend money locally. These communities have worked to get businesses and attractions that would attract certain groups of tourists, especially families and upper-middle-class individuals with relatively large disposable incomes. They tried to package together individual tourist attractions (e.g., fishing, hunting, boating, golfing, and canoeing) that complement each other. While the less successful communities have not managed to do these things, focus group participants in all the communities clearly realized that the right mix of tourism businesses and attractions can increase the stay of tourists and the amount of money that they spend locally.Communities with successful tourism have worked to sponsor special events that tie in with local tourist attractions, such as fishingtournaments for communities with outdoor tourist recreation attractions and historical festivals for towns with historic sites. These special events not only have drawn tourists to the area but have helped promote local tourism as a package. Perhaps most important, successful tourism communities not only have worked to create a complete tourism package, but they have tried to understand and promote what it was that brought the tourists to the town in the first place. Businesspersons and local leaders in successful communities have promoted their communities as having a high-quality tourism product. Many focus group participants recognized that advertising tourism in their communities involves promoting the community as a whole rather than simply promoting one or two attractions. They realized the attractions of rural tourism—rural communities can be a relatively inexpensive tourism experience, and they have an appeal of being calm—and have tried to promote their communities as having a relaxed rural way of life.中文译文乡村旅游发展成功因素作者:苏珊娜·威尔逊，丹尼尔·费森梅尔，朱莉·费森梅尔，约翰·瓦尔20世纪70年代以来, 经济体制的改革和农业危机使得农村社区经济发展的选择减少, 同时促使老年人发展战略可行性降低, 迫使人们去寻找非传统的方式来维持生计。
古村落乡村文化旅游古镇旅游外文文献翻译2014年
文献出处：Roberta M, Jolliffe L. Cultural rural tourism: Evidence from Canada [J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2014, 30(2): 307-322.原文Cultural rural tourism: Evidence from CanadaRoberta ; JolliffeAbstractTourism has become a development tool for many rural and more isolated areas to supplement traditional industries that are often in decline. In this paper, development of cultural rural tourism is examined in a case study of a French Acadian region on an island in eastern Canada. The roles of culture and community-based partnerships are considered in a proposed framework with four evolving development stages. The findings suggest that the framework is useful for rural tourism development; that culture, which is often well preserved in rural areas, is a valuable resource to include; and that community-based partnerships such as cooperatives may be very effective.Keywords: cultural tourism; rural development; community-based partnership IntroductionRural communities and peripheral areas such as islands face the challenge of continuous economic development. Where primary traditional industries such as fishing and farming are in decline, tourism often becomes another tool to help create jobs and to raise the standards of living. These areas realize this potential through development of local resources, culture, and heritage. The integration of such alternative sources may help to sustain local economies and to encourage local development. Actually many tourists seek rural destinations which offer pleasant experiences related to the natural environment, historic heritage, and cultural patterns. It is this culture and heritage that are often well preserved between generations in rural areas and it is in periods of economic decline that their residents seem to cling more to a distinct heritage. Culture and tourism then become resources for socioeconomic development in rural and peripheral communities. This has beenobserved in studying cultural tourism in many of the small islands of the North Atlantic.The rural tourism concept has many interpretations (Page and Getz, 1997 and Sharpley et al., 1997).Bramwell and Lane (1994) propose that rural tourism can include activities and interests in farms, nature, adventure, sport, health, education, arts, and heritage. In 1996, Pedford expands the concept into living history such as rural customs and folklore, local and family traditions, values, beliefs, and common heritage.Turnock (1999) further broadens the view of rural tourism to embrace all aspects of leisure appropriate in the countryside. Given these various findings, the concepts for this particular study are integrated as cultural rural tourism. This is defined as referring to a distinct rural community with its own traditions, heritage, arts, lifestyles, places, and values as preserved between generations. Tourists visit these areas to be informed about the culture and to experience folklore, customs, natural landscapes, and historical landmarks. They might also enjoy other activities in a rural setting such as nature, adventure, sports, festivals, crafts, and general sightseeing. This concept fits the WTO (1994) finding that environmental and cultural heritage are major themes that can be conserved for future use while benefiting the present. Cultural rural tourism developmentTo help understand the cultural rural tourism process, a framework is proposed for analysis of the development activities that occur in the case study. The framework is based on a variety of sources that indicate a niche for providing tourists an educational, adventuresome, and enriching experience. The sources include the model by Lewis (1998), the tourism product lifecycle findings of Butler (1980) and Hill (1993), and the findings by Prohaska (1995) for the development of cultural tourism in island destinations, which are often rural areas. Also considered are Pedford’s findings (1996) that local residents need to become involved as part of an area’s living history to aide local cultural tourism. The host provides the knowledge of traditions and folklore which contribute to tourists’authentic experiences without endangering the resource concerned. This fits with the US National Trust Heritage Tourism program that promotes heritage development by balancing short-term gainand long-term preservation. The framework as shown inTable 2 incorporates the findings of these studies.Stage one is the initial evolution when a rural region employs the tourism concept in its economic development process. This involves the integration of cultural and rural resources into the socioeconomic planning for a community. The process seems to begin slowly when a few tourists arrive in the community and some residents see an opportunity. This stage includes more of individual offerings. The second stage evolves from this simple start. It is the stage to plan and to implement strategies that start to benefit the whole region. This will develop into more formal plans based on cooperation among the community’s residents, organizations, and businesses. In rural areas, this might involve partnerships between local and regional groups as well as national organizations and various levels of government. Page and Getz (1997)discuss the importance of community cooperation and partnerships in rural tourism. Prohaska (1995) also notes that local hosts tend to seek government assistance for heritage areas with unique or distinct identities that have been developed over generations. At this stage, examples may include festivals and special cultural events to attract more tourists into an area.The third stage is developing the plans into more advanced and formal cultural rural tourism offerings that benefit the community in the short-term and conserve the resources for the long-term. At this stage, there are increased efficiency and effective development of more permanent attractions, activities, and educational programs of the natural environment, historical sites, and cultural experiences. A tourism organization for the region also takes control of the process to ensure more coherent and integrated marketing of the area. The final stage is the fully centralized planning and implementing of tourism in the rural region. At this point, the planning should be responsible, appropriate, and enduring for short and long-term community benefits while also preserving its resources. It is at this fourth stage that five principles proposed by the US National Trust play a role to help guide the preservation of long-term cultural rural tourism. These principles include authenticity and quality, education and interpretation, preservation and protection, local priorities and capacity,and partnerships (Prohaska 1995). In general, this framework is like a pyramid with a few people at the top in stage one starting the process slowly. By stage four, the base is broad and includes many people and organizations working in team efforts in the process for the benefit of the whole region.译文古村落和乡村文化旅游:来自加拿大的案例研究作者：罗伯塔; 乔利夫摘要旅游业已经成为许多农村和偏远地区的重点开发产业，用以补充当地的传统产业。
加拿大的传统文化英文作文
加拿大的传统文化英文作文英文：Canada is a country with a rich and diverse traditional culture. The traditional culture of Canada is influenced by the indigenous peoples, as well as by the French andBritish settlers who arrived in the country centuries ago.One of the most important aspects of Canadiantraditional culture is the celebration of multiculturalism. Canada is known for its diverse population, with people from all over the world living together in harmony. This has led to a rich tapestry of traditions and customs from different cultures being celebrated and shared across the country. For example, in my hometown, we have an annual multicultural festival where people from different cultural backgrounds come together to share their traditional food, music, and dance. It's a wonderful celebration of the diversity of our country.Another important aspect of Canadian traditionalculture is the celebration of indigenous traditions. The indigenous peoples of Canada have a rich and vibrantculture that has been passed down through generations. In my community, we have a powwow every summer where indigenous dancers and drummers come together to celebrate their culture and traditions. It's a powerful and moving experience to witness the beauty and strength of indigenous traditions.中文：加拿大是一个拥有丰富多样传统文化的国家。
乡村旅游外文文献综述
乡村旅游外文文献综述乡村旅游是指以农村为主要旅游目的地，以农村风光、民俗文化、乡土风情、农业生态等为旅游资源，以农村旅游活动为主要内容的旅游形式。
随着人们对自然、环保、健康等需求的不断提高，乡村旅游已成为旅游业中的一股新兴力量。
本文将综述乡村旅游的相关外文文献，以期为读者提供更全面的了解和认识。
一、乡村旅游的定义与特点1. 《乡村旅游的定义与发展》（李光耀，2011）该文指出，乡村旅游是指以农村为主要旅游目的地，以农村风光、民俗文化、乡土风情、农业生态等为旅游资源，以农村旅游活动为主要内容的旅游形式。
乡村旅游的特点是文化性、生态性、休闲性，具有自然景观、民俗风情、农业生态等多方面的旅游资源。
2. 《乡村旅游的定义、特点与发展趋势》（王秋菊，2016）该文认为，乡村旅游是指以农村为主要旅游目的地，以农村自然景观、人文景观、生态景观为主要旅游资源，以农村文化、民俗、风情等为旅游内容，以满足人们对休闲、度假、旅游等多种需求为目的的旅游形式。
乡村旅游的特点是多元化、生态化、文化化、个性化，具有独特的地域文化、农村生态、人文风情等多方面的旅游资源。
二、乡村旅游的发展现状与问题1. 《乡村旅游发展现状与问题研究》（王璐，2015）该文指出，当前我国乡村旅游发展存在一些问题，如旅游产品单一、开发不成熟、服务质量不高等。
同时，乡村旅游也面临着市场需求的不断变化、政策环境的不稳定等挑战。
因此，要加强乡村旅游的规划、开发和管理，提高旅游产品质量和服务水平，加强品牌建设和市场营销，提高乡村旅游的竞争力和可持续发展能力。
2. 《乡村旅游发展面临的问题及对策研究》（张玉婷，2017）该文认为，当前我国乡村旅游发展面临着旅游资源开发不足、旅游产品单一、服务质量不高等问题。
同时，乡村旅游也面临着市场需求的不断变化、政策环境的不稳定等挑战。
因此，要加强乡村旅游的规划、开发和管理，提高旅游产品质量和服务水平，加强品牌建设和市场营销，提高乡村旅游的竞争力和可持续发展能力。
关于旅游的外文文献
关于旅游的外文文献旅游已经成为全球最重要的经济产业之一，也是人们最常见的休闲方式之一。
以下是关于旅游的外文文献：1. 'Tourism and Sustainable Development' by David B. Weaver (2002)这篇文章探讨了旅游业对可持续发展的影响和贡献。
作者分析了旅游业对经济、社会和环境的影响，并提出了一些可行的解决方案，以使旅游业能够更好地实现可持续发展。
2. 'Tourism and Economic Development' by Richard Sharpley (2014)这篇文章探讨了旅游业对经济发展的影响，以及旅游业如何成为促进经济发展的工具。
作者分析了旅游业对就业、收入和国际贸易的影响，并提供了一些案例来支持这些观点。
3. 'Tourism and Culture' by Kaye Sung Chon and Turgut Var (2012)这篇文章探讨了旅游业与文化之间的联系。
作者提供了一些案例来说明旅游业如何对文化遗产的保护和传承产生积极影响，同时也指出了旅游业对文化产业的挑战和机遇。
4. 'Tourism and Climate Change' by Daniel Scott and C. Michael Hall (2011)这篇文章探讨了旅游业对气候变化的影响和贡献，以及旅游业如何应对气候变化。
作者提供了一些案例来说明旅游业如何减少碳排放和推广可再生能源等方面的努力。
5. 'Tourism and Technology' by Dimitrios Buhalis and Adele Ladkin (2015)这篇文章探讨了旅游业与技术之间的联系。
作者分析了移动设备、社交媒体、虚拟现实等技术对旅游业的影响，并提出了一些未来的趋势和挑战。
乡村旅游与可持续发展中英文对照
外文文献RURAL TOURISM AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTINTRODUCTIONRural tourism is a segment of the total tourist industry which is particularly important in Hungary, in a country with no spectacular natural attractions, without seaside，high mountains, rainforest or herds of exotic animals. However，its attractive cultural landscapes with small villages，thermal springs，rivers and lakes，combined with the traditional hospitality，are able to offer pleasant experiences to the kind of tourist who is looking for relaxation and recreation in a calm setting。
On one hand，rural tourism development can play an important role in the diversification of the Hungarian tourist supply and in the creation of a more complex and colourful country image. On the other hand，rural tourism is not only the end, but the means to stimulate economic growth，to increase the viability of underdeveloped regions, and to improve the living standards of local populations。
乡村生态旅游研究文献综述
乡村生态旅游研究文献综述The Literature Review on the Rural Eco-tourism摘要：乡村生态旅游作为一种新型的生态旅游形式，已经成为现代旅游研究的新热点。
本文对近十年来乡村生态旅游研究的相关期刊文献进行了查阅和整理，从乡村生态旅游的概念、特点出发，重点阐述乡村生态旅游类型和发展模式，并通过分析现阶段乡村生态旅游研究中存在的问题，提出乡村生态旅游研究展望。
关键词：乡村生态旅游; 理论综述; 研究展望近几十年，乡村生态旅游逐渐呈现出一种全球化的发展趋势。
世界上很多国家，如美国、加拿大、日本等大力推进乡村旅游业的发展以促进经济发展。
联合国将2002年定为国际生态旅游年。
我国是农业大国，农业旅游资源丰富，民风民俗文化多姿多彩，具有发展乡村生态旅游得天独厚的优势。
但由于我国乡村生态旅游发展尚处于初级阶段，理论研究不足，不足以指导乡村生态旅游的规划发展建设。
因此，本文对近十年来乡村生态旅游研究的相关期刊文献进行了查阅和整理，从乡村生态旅游的概念、特点出发，重点阐述乡村生态旅游类型和发展模式，并通过分析现阶段乡村生态旅游研究中存在的问题，提出乡村生态旅游研究展望。
1 乡村生态旅游发展背景1.1 国外乡村生态旅游发展背景在国外，乡村旅游已有100多年的历史。
早在1865年，意大利就成立了“农业旅游全国协会”，专门介绍城市居民到农村去体味农田野趣[1]。
在19世纪40年代的发达国家，由于一个多世纪的工业化和城市化的不断发展，且技术的进步和农业生产方式的不断改进，农村的剩余劳动力不断增加和外移，导致乡村地区人口下降，服务业萧条，乡村人口老龄化问题日益突出[2]。
正是在这种条件下，政界和学术界开始关注农村问题，寻找农村发展之路。
繁华的都市和与日俱增的压力使得偏僻和风景秀丽的农村显示出强大的吸引力，成为公众向往的旅游地，构成了乡村生态旅游的早期形态。
随着可持续发展理念的不断发展，欧美各国开始倡导绿色旅游，乡村旅游的生态性日益突出，乡村生态旅游也就应运而生。
中国乡村旅游学位英语作文
Exploring the Development of Rural Tourismin ChinaIn recent years, the concept of rural Tourism hasgained significant momentum in China, evolving into a thriving industry that offers a unique travel experience to both domestic and international tourists. This trendtowards experiencing the rural life, culture, and natural beauty is not only beneficial for the local economy butalso serves as a platform for preserving and promoting traditional rural values.The growth of rural tourism in China can be attributedto several factors. Firstly, with the increasing urbanization and modernization, many people are yearningfor a break from the hustle and bustle of city life. Rural Tourism provides them with an escape to natural environments, where they can enjoy the serenity andsimplicity of life. Secondly, the government's push towards rural revitalization and development has providedsignificant incentives and funding for rural tourism projects. This has led to the improvement of infrastructure,accommodation facilities, and tourist attractions in rural areas.Moreover, rural tourism in China offers a rich cultural experience. Many rural areas in China boast a unique heritage and traditions that are often overshadowed by the more modernized cities. By visiting these areas, tourists have the opportunity to immerse themselves in the local culture, learn about traditional crafts, enjoy local cuisine, and participate in various cultural activities. This cultural exchange not only enhances the tourist's experience but also helps preserve and promote the rural culture.In terms of economic benefits, rural tourism has created numerous employment opportunities for the locals, providing them with a sustainable source of income. The influx of tourists has led to the development of various small-scale businesses such as homestays, restaurants, and souvenir shops. This has not only increased the income of the locals but has also diversified the rural economy.Despite the many benefits of rural tourism, there are also some challenges that need to be addressed. One of themain challenges is the need for sustainable development. With the increasing number of tourists, it is crucial to ensure that the rural environment and culture are not compromised. This requires a balance between economic growth and environmental conservation.Another challenge is the need for improved infrastructure and services. While the government has made significant investments in rural areas, there is still a need for further development in areas such as transportation, sanitation, and tourism facilities. This will ensure a better experience for the tourists and help attract more visitors.In conclusion, rural tourism in China has emerged as a vibrant industry that offers a unique and enriching travel experience. It not only provides economic benefits to the locals but also serves as a platform for preserving and promoting rural culture and values. With continued efforts towards sustainable development and infrastructure improvement, rural tourism in China has the potential to grow into a significant contributor to the country's tourism sector.**中国乡村旅游的发展探索**近年来，乡村旅游的概念在中国获得了显著的发展势头，已演变为一个繁荣的产业，为国内和国际游客提供了独特的旅游体验。
乡村旅游和经济发展外文翻译文献
乡村旅游和经济发展外文翻译文献乡村旅游和经济发展外文翻译文献Rural Tourism and Economic DevelopmentTourism is a popular economic development strategy. The author reviews three diverse books that study tourism from various social science perspectives——economic, sociological,psychological,and anthropological.Ryan’s book is multidisciplinary in approach and covers all major topics of tourism;tourist experience;and marketing.Michal Smith details the negative affects of tourism development in rural areas of the southeastern United States.Finally,Valene Smith’s book presents international case studies that document cultural changes caused by tourism development. Despite their different focuses, all three books agree that tourism development has its benefits and costs and that changes to the destination areas are inevitable. Careful planning and marketing can lessen the harmful effects of tourism development.Tourism is an increasingly popular elixir to economic rural and urban underdevelopment. Its current prominence in the array of local economic development strategies can be traced to several features of the tourism industry. Tourism jobs are mostly low-skill jobs, which are a good fit with the job skills of many rural residents. Also, tourism has a potential for creating an export base that builds on favorable local advantages such as a pleasant climate or sites of historic or natural interest. More important, tourism strategies mesh with the current political philosophy and budget realities ofminimizing government involvement and investment. The accommodations,restaurants,and entertainment activities that necessarily accompany tourism are assumed to be provided by the private sector. Critics of tourism as a development strategy cite its low-paying and dead-end jobs, its degradation of the local natural environment, and its potential corruption of local culture and customs. Further, not every jurisdiction in need of jobs and a tax base has tourism potential.The study of tourism, like much of the economic development literature, draws from a wide range of disciplines. The forte of economists is in addressing the affects of tourism on the local economy;however,economists fail to describe who tourists are or why they travel.Anthropologists’major contribution to defining and studying tourism is in examining the impacts of tourism on local culture. Psychologists are more likely to dwell on the motives for tourism, but they ignore the impacts. Clearly, the complete definition of tourism includes the economic,social,anthropological,and psychological viewpoints. One strength of Recreational Tourism: A social Science Perspective by Chris Ryan is its multidisciplinary approach to the study of tourism. In contrast, the case studies from around the world found in Hosts and Guests:TheAnthropology of Tourism, edited by Valene Smith, dwell on tourism from the perspectives of history and anthropology, with its focus on the culture affects of tourism and tourism’s role in the acculturation process. Behind the Glitter: The Impact of Tourism on Rural Women in the Southeast, by Michal Smith, focuses on the economic and cultural effects of tourism in the rural Southeast.Benefits of tourismPerhaps chief among the advantages of tourism is that it is seen as obtainable, even for communities with minimal public resources. Most communities envision negligible public investments such as new roads, history markers, town cleanup, storefront rehabilitation, and marketing. The private sector is expected to provide hotels, motels, restaurants, entertainment, and other tourist accommodations.Second, tourism is a relatively easy-to-understand concept for the lay public and can, therefore, generate local support. Community pride leads residents to conclude that their home town has something to offer tourists.Tourism builds on perceived and existing local advantages or amenities, such as sites of historical interest, mountains and other places of natural beauty,pleasant climates,or clean air.Tourismdevelopment uses these resources, which are “free” i n the sense that the tourism industry has not paid for them. In some cases, these natural resources would have small economic value without tourism development.Mieczkowske cites the Alps,“dying” fishing or mill towns of New England and the Canadian Maritime provinces,and Caribbean islands as places where tourism has given economic value to natural amenities. Thus tourism can have a positive economic effect in such areas of otherwise low economic productivity.Third, decades of experience in smokestack chasing has been disappointing for many communities.The competition for manufacturing plants is intense and as long as manufacturing employment continues its downward trend, competition for the remaining plants will only increase.Also,tourism is perceived as a cleaner industry for the environment than is manufacturing.Fourth, rural tourism havens tend to be growth. This decade became known as the population turnaround as it was the first time in the history of the United States the population of rural areas grew at faster rates than urban areas. In Behind the Glitter, Smith found that 65 of the 84 rural tourism counties in her study of the Southeast had population growth equal toor exceeding the national rate of growth in the 1970s.,these nonmetropolitan counties grew 37.9% and in the 1980s, they grew at a still impressive rate of 24.6%.Fifth, tourism is a labor-intensive industry, creating large numbers of jobs that employ low-skill workers and youths, who may otherwise remain unemployed. The low-skilled nature of tourism jobs is ideal for economies with poorly educated or trained labor forces. These added jobs help cut welfare rolls and provide a source of tax revenue.Finally, tourism development means more income and profits for tourist-related businesses.Local income from tourist expenditures is mostly spent again in the local area, which leads to more local income, and perhaps, to more local jobs. Such indirect benefits of tourism are measured via regional economic impacts of tourism. Ryan’s book has a section that introduces techniques used to measure the economic impacts of tourism. Many other studies also focus on measuring economic effects of tourism. In contrast, other sources of economic activity, particularly for remote counties, create relatively few direct and indirect benefits. For example, nuclear power plants, waste disposal sites, and many manufacturing plantscreate relatively few jobs and generate small amounts of local purchases.Aside from the fact that not all communities can be tourist havens, tourism development has its costs. It seems that every benefit of tourism development has a corresponding cost.乡村旅游和经济发展作者：弗雷德里克国籍：美国出处：SAGE 出版社旅游业是一种十分受欢迎的经济发展战略。
乡村旅游国内外文献综述
乡村旅游国内外文献综述
乡村旅游是指游客通过旅行和居住在农村地区，认识当地的文化、风光、历史和生活方式的一种旅游方式。
近年来，乡村旅游逐渐受到国内外游客的青睐，各国学者也对其进行了广泛的研究。
本文将综述国内外乡村旅游相关的文献。
国内方面，随着旅游业的发展，乡村旅游逐渐成为国内旅游业的重要组成部分。
张耀文等(2017)研究了中国乡村旅游的发展现状，认为乡村旅游是中国旅游业的一大亮点，发展潜力巨大。
陈新华等(2018)在探讨乡村旅游发展的过程中，提出了应该注重乡村旅游可持续发展，保护自然环境和文化遗产的观点。
王世昌等(2019)则从旅游者的角度出发，探讨了乡村旅游的消费行为和旅游体验。
国外方面，乡村旅游也是旅游业的重要组成部分。
霍金斯(2000)认为，乡村旅游可以促进农村地区经济的发展和改善当地居民的生活。
萨伊德(2002)则提出了乡村旅游的可持续发展理念，认为在旅游发展的过程中应该考虑当地社区和环境的利益。
罗德里格斯等(2015)探讨了乡村旅游和社会经济发展之间的关系，认为乡村旅游可以促进当地经济的发展和就业机会的增加。
综上所述，乡村旅游是一种具有很大发展潜力的旅游方式，它既可以促进当地经济的发展，又可以保护自然环境和文化遗产，符合可持续发展的理念。
未来，我们应该注重乡村旅游的可持续发展，保护当地环境和文化遗产，提高乡村旅游的品质和服务水平，以吸引更多的游客前来体验。
乡村旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献
乡村旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)翻译:Assessment of Rural Tourism in Turkey Using SWOTAnalysisMaterial Source: Journal of Applie Sciences Author: Hasan AkcaINTRODUCTIONTurkey is a country situated at cross roads of three continents: Asia, Europe and Africa. It occupies some 780 thousand km^2 of land and is surrounded by 8000 km of coastline. According to the results of 2000population census, the population of the country is 67 803 927. Nearly 35% of the country population lives in rural areas. The number of villages is nearly 37 thousand and about two-thirds of them have populations below 500. Besides, one-thirds of rural dwellers live in the villages located within and adjacent to the forests.The need to redress regional imbalances and to improve income distribution among various sections of society is engaging the attention of policy makers. The creation of employment, the improvement of rural living standards and the reversal of the trend towards migration of rural populations to urban areas are some of the main objectives of Turkish government's rural development policies (Muthoo and Onul, 1996) At the beginning of 1990s, Turkey has decided to diversify tourism in order to compete with western countries. The basic philosophy of new tourism concept of Turkey can be summarized as tourism activity in four seasons, throughout the country and evaluating cultural, historical, environmental potential of the country. In this context, Turkey is working on two types of alternative tourism. The first type includes botanical, air balloon, water-related, thermal and health, physical recreation, religious and cultural tourism. The second type, closely related to the first, includes camping and caravan, bird watching (ornithology), winter sports, hunting (sportive fishing and wild animals) and golf tourism (Pirnar, 1996; Tavmergen and Oral, 1999). Northern and Central Anatolian actors arebusy promoting rural and highland holidays, soft tourism activities like rafting, trekking and caving while local partners along the Southern coast are busy developing mass tourism activities (Goymen, 2000).Rural tourism is at the introduction stage of tourism product life cycle since it is a new activity in Turkey. Therefore, the number of research dealing with rural tourism is limited. And also there is a difficulty in gathering and disseminating data. In order to look the future clearly and make accurate policies drawing the whole picture of rural tourism in Turkey is very important.In this context, the aim of the study is to evaluate current constraints for and future possibilities of rural tourism sector point of view of conservation of natural, historical and cultural values, sustainable rural development and integrating tourism, agricultural and rural development policies of Turkey with those of the EU.THE CONCEPT OF RURAT, TOURISMRural tourism is a multi-faceted activity: It is not just farm-based tourism. It includes farm-based holidays but also comprises special interest nature holidays and eco-tourism, walking, climbing and riding holidays, adventure, sport and health tourism, hunting and angling, educational travel, arts and heritage tourism and, in some areas ethnic tourism (Bram well and Lane, 1994)Lack of studies on rural tourism is compounded further by the absence of a commonly accepted definition as to what constitutes rural tourism. Sometimes rural tourism is equated with farm tourism (Oppermann, 1996) .Some authors include outdoor recreation and tourism in National Parks and wilderness areas into rural tourism (Ladki, 1993; Owens, 1984); But Dernoi (1991)excludes them. On the other hand, Pearce (1990) discusses second homes in the context of rural tourism.RURAL TOURISM ACTIVITIES IN TURKEYIn recent years local governors and NGOs throughout the country have been trying to benefit from rural tourism via supplying all historical, natural, culture land religious values in both domestic and foreign tourism markets. Some of the activities are summarized as follows:Urged municipality has decided to apply a project aiming at introduction of rural life in the Cappadocia region. Total budget of the project is 50 million dollars and it will be organized by Magic Life International. In the context of project, both domestic and foreign visitors will attend village wedding ceremonies, cook traditional rural meals, milking cows and sheep.In the Valley of Kizilcukur, located in the district of Ortahisar, Nevsehir province local governor is organized a tour for tourist to see the sun. Because this area is a good place where the sun rises and sets best inthe world. Every year nearly 30,000 tourists visit the place paying nearly $1.5 per day.Camel wrestling is organized in many villages and counties of Mediterranean, Marmara and Egean regions during winter season.In the last two years, soap opera were made in rural areas of Turkey. In addition, Turkish films named Sun Shines from the East, Taste at the Summits and Heads or Tails were made in Cappadocia. Therefore, many people go to villages mentioned above to see actors and actress. Visit historical places and live nostalgia.In recent years some tourism agencies have organized tours covering the route of Silk Road.Some rural people who were trained by professionals joint paralyzing activity in rural areas of Arizonian and Mugla provinces.There are some private organizations supplying rural tourism service in Southwest part of Turkey. One of them is HUZUR VADISI. It is a holiday retreat, which offers yoga, holistic and walking holidays and alternative therapies at a beautiful traditional restored farmstead in a secluded mountain valley on Fisheye coast. Tourists are accommodated in comfortable nomadic yurts, a special highlight of the holiday. Another professional rural tourism activity is organized by TOHUM presents an opportunity to visit and live in traditional villages, organic farming, folk dancing and other activities.Black Sea Region of Turkey is suitable for ecotourism and plateau tourism. In the context of rural tourism projects, some local governors are establishing or restoring wooden cottages in the highlands to accommodate tourists. During the holiday visitors have an opportunity breathing fresh air, eating traditional meals and sightseeing the exotic flora and fauna.MATERIALS AND METHODSSWOT analysis technique was used in order to explain current constraints and future possibilities of rural tourism in Turkey. SWOT stands for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. A SWOT analysis is essentially a brainstorming session on the key variables that affect a firm's/sector's performance (Hendricks, 1999; Huber et al.1999).In the study following methods were used in order to collect data: i) thorough out the year 2004, all TV programs showed in 20 TV channels related to tourism, rural life, cultural activity, mountain, etc were watched, ii)10 provinces and their counties and villages were visited in different geographical regions of the country, iii) reported speeches were made with rural dwellers in order to define possible potential sources for rural tourism, iv)literature was reviewed to have background information about rural tourism and their likely effects on rural people and areas. v) government policies were examined to learn their views on rural development and rural tourism.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe results of SWOT analysis of rural tourism in Turkey are given in Table1.Table 1: SOWT analysis of rural tourism in TurkeyPromotion of rural tourism as a new product is very low in Turkey, compared to western countries. However, in recent years there has been an increase in the number of television programs focused on rurality and also rural tourism in Turkey. Everybody except that these programs have an important role in the introduction of rural dwellers' life style, flora and fauna and historical and cultural values in rural areas to urban people desiring to see different places, to live adventure and to be in a natural environment. Some of the programs are summarized as follows: Adrenaline on the BRT, Caravan and Adventurer on STV, Vital Point on NTV, Discoverer on ATV, Telecritics and Rainbow on TGRT, .Let's Visit and See and In Eddies or whirls: Anatolia on TRT1, Sea Magazine, Zeugma. Yesterday, Today and Turnover on TRT2 and Mr. Tourism and Holiday Guide on TV8, Nostalgia on Flash TV, Things that we have not seen and heard on Star.CONCLUSIONTurkey has an important potential tourism. However, rural tourism resources for alternative have not been used for the development of less favored areas of Turkey at adequate level due to terrorism in the Southeast part of Turkey since second half of the 1980s. Therefore, the rural areas, only in the Black Sea region, Mediterranean and Aegean regions, are opened to mass and also highland tourism activities. As starting the end of 20th century，the terrorism activity stopped (erased) by Turkish government. It is expected that the number of foreign tourists visiting rural areas will increase in the medium or long run as parallel to increase in the number of incentives, initiatives and investments towards rural milieu in the short term. Another obstacle for the development of rural tourism in Turkey is war in neighbor countries because Turkey is located in a difficult geography ,where many wars happened during the last two decades.To sum up, "I want to feed and live in the place where I was born" is the slogan of people living in rural areas. To achieve this aim, there is a need to develop new employment opportunities in rural areas in addition to agriculture. Many successful applications throughout the world show that rural tourism can create additional income for especially rural youth and women.译文乡村旅游在土耳其的评估使用SWOT分析资料来源: Applie科学杂志作者：哈桑.阿克贾引言土耳其是一个地跨亚洲，欧洲和非洲三大洲的国家，国土面积约780000平方公里，拥有8000公里的海岸线。
国外乡村振兴文献
国外乡村振兴文献乡村振兴是当前中国国内的一个重要政策方向，也是一项长期的战略任务。
在国外，也有许多关于乡村振兴的文献，以下是一些例子: 1. "Reinventing Rural America" by Rebecca Diamond and Daniel Moerman (2001)这本书探究了美国乡村地区的衰落和如何通过创新和资源利用来振兴乡村地区。
书中提出了一些方法和策略，包括发展乡村产业、提高农民收入、改善乡村基础设施等。
2. "The Economic Consequences of Migration" by William Easterly (2004)这本书探讨了人口流动对经济的影响，特别是在农村地区的振兴方面。
作者提出了一些策略，包括改善乡村基础设施、提高乡村地区的教育水平、促进乡村地区的产业发展等。
3. "landfill Communities: Recovery, Resilience, and the Remaking of the American Rural Home" by Jane Elizabeth Rounds (2010)这本书描述了一些乡村地区的衰落和如何通过资源回收和再利用来振兴乡村地区。
书中提出了一些方法和策略，包括发展乡村产业、提高农民收入、改善乡村基础设施等。
4. "Agricultural Revolution in the Age of Revolutions: The Case of Louisbourg, Nova Scotia, 1760-1780" by extreme North (2013)这本书探讨了加拿大的一个殖民地如何在农业革命的帮助下实现乡村振兴。
书中提出了一些方法和策略，包括改善乡村基础设施、提高乡村地区的教育水平、促进乡村地区的产业发展等。
乡村主题民宿国外文献
乡村主题民宿国外文献乡村主题民宿近年来在国内越来越流行，很多人选择去乡村度假或体验农家生活。
然而，它在国外也有很广泛的应用。
以下是一些关于乡村主题民宿的国外文献：1. “Rural tourism and rural development: new processes and products”（ Bruce, 2009）该文献探索了乡村旅游和乡村发展之间的关系，说明了乡村主题民宿在创造就业机会、保护环境、增加当地收入等方面的积极作用。
作者指出，乡村主题民宿是一种可持续的旅游模式，可以促进农村地区的发展和改善当地居民的生活。
2. “The development and marketing of rural tourism experiences in Australia”（Everingham & Chassagne, 2014）这篇文章介绍了澳大利亚的农村旅游发展现状，并探讨了乡村主题民宿的市场营销方式。
作者认为，乡村主题民宿应该注重与当地社区互动，推广当地文化和传统。
此外，作者还提出了一些市场营销策略，如使用社交媒体和建立多种渠道的推广方式。
3. “An analysis of the entrepreneurial motivations behind the development of rural tourism business”（Nicholls & Crompton, 2013）该文献通过对英国一些成功的乡村主题民宿企业的研究，分析了企业家的动机和策略，以及他们如何与当地社区和政府合作。
作者指出，企业家的积极性和创新性对于乡村旅游和当地经济发展十分重要。
同时，政府和社区应该为企业家提供相关的支持和资源。
总之，国外的文献证明了乡村主题民宿的重要性和潜力，也为其发展提供了建议和启示。
尽管我们在中国还面临着一些发展难题，但相信在政府、企业家和社区的共同努力下，乡村主题民宿会有更加广阔的发展空间。
家乡文旅文案 英文
家乡文旅文案英文My hometown is a beautiful and charming place, with arich cultural heritage and stunning natural scenery.Located in the southern part of China, it is known for its ancient architecture, delicious local cuisine, and friendly locals.The ancient town of my hometown is a popular tourist destination, attracting visitors from all over the world. With its well-preserved traditional buildings, narrow cobblestone streets, and picturesque canals, it offers a glimpse into the region's rich history and culture. Thetown is also home to numerous temples, gardens, and tea houses, where visitors can immerse themselves in the local way of life and enjoy the peaceful and serene atmosphere.In addition to its cultural attractions, my hometown is also blessed with breathtaking natural beauty. The surrounding countryside is dotted with lush green mountains, tranquil rivers, and picturesque rice paddies, creating a stunning backdrop for outdoor activities such as hiking, cycling, and photography. The region is also famous for its hot springs, which are believed to have healing propertiesand are a popular destination for relaxation and rejuvenation.One of the highlights of my hometown is its diverse and delicious cuisine. From savory street food to elegant banquet dishes, the local food scene is a feast for the senses. Some of the must-try dishes include steamed dumplings, braised pork belly, and sweet and sour fish. The town's bustling food markets are a paradise for food lovers, offering a wide variety of fresh produce, seafood, and spices.The hospitality of the local people is another reasonwhy my hometown is such a special place. Known for their warmth and generosity, the locals are always eager to share their traditions, stories, and customs with visitors. Whether it's joining in a traditional tea ceremony,learning the art of calligraphy, or simply chatting withthe locals, visitors are sure to feel welcome and at homein my hometown.Overall, my hometown is a hidden gem that has so much to offer to travelers. From its rich cultural heritage to its stunning natural scenery, it is a place that truly capturesthe essence of traditional Chinese life. I am proud to call it my hometown and I hope that more people will have the opportunity to experience its beauty and charm.我的家乡是一个美丽迷人的地方，拥有丰富的文化遗产和令人惊叹的自然景观。
旅游文献资料中英文外文翻译
旅游文章Passage One天下绝景气吞云梦——黄鹤楼The Imposing Yellow Crane Tower黄鹤楼雄踞长江之滨，蛇山之首，背倚万户林立的武昌城，面临汹涌浩荡的扬子江，相对古雅清俊晴川阁，登上黄鹤楼，武汉三镇的旖旎风光历历在目，辽阔神州的锦绣山河也遥遥在望。
由于这独特的地理位置，以及前人流传至今的诗词、文赋、楹联、匾额、摩岩石刻和民间故事，使黄鹤楼成为山川与人文景观相互倚重的文化名楼，与湖南岳阳楼、江西滕王阁并称为“江南三大名楼”，素来享有“天下绝景”和“天下江山第一楼”的美誉。
Located on the top of Snake Hill, the Yellow Crane Tower stands against Wuchang, faces the vast Yangtze River and the elegant Qingchuan Pavilion. Ascending the tower, you can enjoy the beautiful scenery of Wuhan. Thanks to its unique geological location, and the poems, prose, couplets and folk stories, the Yellow Crane Tower is reputed as one of the “three famous towers south of the Yangtze River”. It enjoys such titles as “best scenery under heaven” and “the first tower under heaven”.关于黄鹤楼因何而建，流传下来很多的传说，这就更给黄鹤楼增加了几分神秘色彩，引得无数人景仰。
传说一：一千多年前，有位姓辛的老人在蛇山上开了酒店，常客中有一道士，回回喝酒不买酒菜，只用随身带着的水果下酒。
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文献出处：MacDonald R, Jolliffe L. Cultural rural tourism: Evidence from Canada [J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2003, 30(2): 307-322.原文Cultural rural tourism: Evidence from CanadaRoberta ; JolliffeAbstractTourism has become a development tool for many rural and more isolated areas to supplement traditional industries that are often in decline. In this paper, development of cultural rural tourism is examined in a case study of a French Acadian region on an island in eastern Canada. The roles of culture and community-based partnerships are considered in a proposed framework with four evolving development stages. The findings suggest that the framework is useful for rural tourism development; that culture, which is often well preserved in rural areas, is a valuable resource to include; and that community-based partnerships such as cooperatives may be very effective.Keywords: cultural tourism; rural development; community-based partnership IntroductionRural communities and peripheral areas such as islands face the challenge of continuous economic development. Where primary traditional industries such as fishing and farming are in decline, tourism often becomes another tool to help create jobs and to raise the standards of living. These areas realize this potential throughdevelopment of local resources, culture, and heritage. The integration of such alternative sources may help to sustain local economies and to encourage local development. Actually many tourists seek rural destinations which offer pleasant experiences related to the natural environment, historic heritage, and cultural patterns. It is this culture and heritage that are often well preserved between generations in rural areas and it is in periods of economic decline that their residents seem to cling more to a distinct heritage. Culture and tourism then become resources for socioeconomic development in rural and peripheral communities. This has been observed in studying cultural tourism in many of the small islands of the North Atlantic.The rural tourism concept has many interpretations (Page and Getz, 1997 and Sharpley et al., 1997).Bramwell and Lane (1994) propose that rural tourism can include activities and interests in farms, nature, adventure, sport, health, education, arts, and heritage. In 1996, Pedford expands the concept into living history such as rural customs and folklore, local and family traditions, values, beliefs, and common heritage.Turnock (1999) further broadens the view of rural tourism to embrace all aspects of leisure appropriate in the countryside. Given these various findings, the concepts for this particular study are integrated as cultural rural tourism. This is defined as referring to a distinct rural community with its own traditions, heritage, arts, lifestyles, places, and values as preserved between generations. Tourists visit these areas to be informed about the culture and to experience folklore, customs, natural landscapes, and historical landmarks. They might also enjoy other activities in a ruralsetting such as nature, adventure, sports, festivals, crafts, and general sightseeing. This concept fits the WTO (1994) finding that environmental and cultural heritage are major themes that can be conserved for future use while benefiting the present. Cultural rural tourism developmentTo help understand the cultural rural tourism process, a framework is proposed for analysis of the development activities that occur in the case study. The framework is based on a variety of sources that indicate a niche for providing tourists an educational, adventuresome, and enriching experience. The sources include the model by Lewis (1998), the tourism product lifecycle findings of Butler (1980) and Hill (1993), and the findings by Prohaska (1995) for the development of cultural tourism in island destinations, which are often rural areas. Also considered are Pedford’s findings (1996) that local residents need to become involved as part of an area’s living history to aide local cultural tourism. The host provides the knowledge of traditions and folklore which contribute to tourists’authentic experiences without endangering the resource concerned. This fits with the US National Trust Heritage Tourism program that promotes heritage development by balancing short-term gain and long-term preservation. The framework as shown inTable 2 incorporates the findings of these studies.Stage one is the initial evolution when a rural region employs the tourism concept in its economic development process. This involves the integration of cultural and rural resources into the socioeconomic planning for a community. The process seems to begin slowly when a few tourists arrive in the community and someresidents see an opportunity. This stage includes more of individual offerings. The second stage evolves from this simple start. It is the stage to plan and to implement strategies that start to benefit the whole region. This will develop into more formal plans based on cooperation among the community’s residents, organizations, and businesses. In rural areas, this might involve partnerships between local and regional groups as well as national organizations and various levels of government. Page and Getz (1997)discuss the importance of community cooperation and partnerships in rural tourism. Prohaska (1995) also notes that local hosts tend to seek government assistance for heritage areas with unique or distinct identities that have been developed over generations. At this stage, examples may include festivals and special cultural events to attract more tourists into an area.The third stage is developing the plans into more advanced and formal cultural rural tourism offerings that benefit the community in the short-term and conserve the resources for the long-term. At this stage, there are increased efficiency and effective development of more permanent attractions, activities, and educational programs of the natural environment, historical sites, and cultural experiences. A tourism organization for the region also takes control of the process to ensure more coherent and integrated marketing of the area. The final stage is the fully centralized planning and implementing of tourism in the rural region. At this point, the planning should be responsible, appropriate, and enduring for short and long-term community benefits while also preserving its resources. It is at this fourth stage that five principles proposed by the US National Trust play a role to help guide the preservation oflong-term cultural rural tourism. These principles include authenticity and quality, education and interpretation, preservation and protection, local priorities and capacity, and partnerships (Prohaska 1995). In general, this framework is like a pyramid with a few people at the top in stage one starting the process slowly. By stage four, the base is broad and includes many people and organizations working in team efforts in the process for the benefit of the whole region.译文乡村文化旅游:来自加拿大的案例研究罗伯塔; 乔利夫摘要旅游业已经成为许多农村和偏远地区的重点开发产业，用以补充当地的传统产业。