Ore petrography of low-grade siliceous manganese ores from the Bonai-Keonjhar belt
超声作用下含钛矿渣催化降解含硝基苯废水
硅 酸 盐 学 报 · 536 · 2009年超声作用下含钛矿渣催化降解含硝基苯废水康艳红，薛向欣，杨 合，刘 娇(东北大学，硼资源生态化综合利用技术与硼材料辽宁省重点实验室，沈阳 110004)摘 要：以含钛矿渣为催化剂，用超声法对含硝基苯(nitrobenzene ，NB)废水进行了降解，用高效液相色谱仪对降解产物进行了分析。
结果表明：超声(ultrasound ，US)条件下含钛矿渣可以催化降解NB ；当超声频率为45 kHz ，高钛渣加入量为18.0 g/L 时，140 min 后NB 降解率达到100%；在超声产生的自由基作用下，NB 降解产物为二氧化碳和水，没有其它副产物产生；单独超声条件下，NB 的降解符合一级反应速率方程，表观速 率常数k US =0.004 07/min ；超声催化条件下，NB 降解速率方程符合US sec p d[NB][NB][NB]d k k k t t−=+(其中：k sec 为NB 在催化剂表面降解的二级 速率常数，k p 为与催化剂用量有关的常数)。
关键词：超声；含钛矿渣；硝基苯；降解；动力学中图分类号：TQ170.9 文献标志码：A 文章编号：0454–5648(2009)04–0536–07DEGRADATION OF NITROBENZENE IN WASTEWATER BY SLAG CONTAININGTITANIA WITH ULTRASOUNDKANG Yanhong ，XUE Xiangxin ，YANG He ，LIU Jiao(Liaoning Key Laboratory for Ecologically Comprehensive Utilization of Boron Resources ＆ Materials,Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China)Abstract: The removal efficiency of nitrobenzene (NB) catalyzed by slag containing titania under ultrasound (US) was investigated, and the products were also analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The results show that slag containing titania can remove NB catalytically in the presence of US. When 18.0 g/L high titania slag is used as catalyzer, the removal efficiency of NB can reach 100% after 140 min under 45 kHz ultrasonic frequency. NB is ultimately oxidized into CO 2 and H 2O without other by-products by the action of free radicals provided by the ultrasound-catalysis. The reaction factor of NB degradation by ultrasound action is first-order. The observed rate constant k US is 0.004 07/min. The corresponding reaction equation by US in the presence of high titania slag is US sec p d[NB][NB][NB]d k k k t t−=+(k sec is the second-order reaction rate of NB under US; k p is a constant corresponding to the amount of catalyst).Key words: ultrasound; slag containing titania; nitrobenzene; degradation; kinetics先进氧化技术的最新发展已将超声气穴纳入其中。
岩心荧光 含油级别
岩心荧光含油级别英文回答：Fluorescence in drill cuttings can provide valuable insights into the presence and properties of hydrocarbonsin subsurface formations. Fluorescence is the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed electromagnetic radiation. In the context of drill cuttings, fluorescence is typically caused by the presence of aromatic compounds, which are found in crude oil and natural gas.The level of fluorescence in drill cuttings can be used to assess the oil saturation of the formation from which the cuttings were obtained. Higher levels of fluorescence indicate higher oil saturation. However, it is important to note that other factors, such as the presence of other fluorescent compounds, can also affect the level of fluorescence.In general, the following qualitative scale can be usedto assess the oil saturation of drill cuttings based on their fluorescence:Non-fluorescent: No oil saturation.Weakly fluorescent: Low oil saturation.Moderately fluorescent: Moderate oil saturation.Strongly fluorescent: High oil saturation.It is important to note that this scale is only a general guideline and that the actual oil saturation of a formation may vary depending on a number of factors, such as the type of oil and the formation properties.In addition to assessing oil saturation, fluorescencein drill cuttings can also be used to identify the type of oil present. Different types of oil have different fluorescence characteristics, which can be used to differentiate between them. For example, crude oiltypically has a yellow-green fluorescence, while condensatehas a blue-white fluorescence.Fluorescence in drill cuttings is a valuable tool for formation evaluation. It can be used to assess the oil saturation of a formation, identify the type of oil present, and provide insights into the formation's properties.中文回答：岩心荧光是指岩心在受到光波激发后产生的光。
不同提取方法对井冈蜜柚皮精油组成与性质的影响
李欣，华建新，罗杰洪，等. 不同提取方法对井冈蜜柚皮精油组成与性质的影响[J]. 食品工业科技，2024，45（3）：83−97. doi:10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023030289LI Xin, HUA Jianxin, LUO Jiehong, et al. Effects of Different Extraction Methods on the Composition and Properties of Jinggang Pomelo Peel Essential Oil[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2024, 45(3): 83−97. (in Chinese with English abstract). doi:10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023030289· 研究与探讨 ·不同提取方法对井冈蜜柚皮精油组成与性质的影响李 欣1，华建新1，罗杰洪1，王国庆2，陈 赣2，周爱梅1,*（1.华南农业大学食品学院，广东省功能食品活性重点实验室，广东广州 510642；2.吉安井冈农业生物科技有限公司，江西吉安 343016）摘 要：以井冈蜜柚皮精油（Jinggang pomelo peel essential oil ，JPPEO ）为研究对象，采用水蒸气蒸馏法、低温连续相变法两种方法进行提取，以精油得率为主要指标，研究了萃取温度、压力、时间等因素对井冈蜜柚皮精油得率的影响，并通过正交法进行低温连续相变法提取工艺优化，同时对精油的理化性质及化学组成进行分析。
研究表明，低温连续相变提取井冈蜜柚皮精油（Low-temperature continuous phase transition extraction essential oil ，L-JPPEO ）的最佳工艺为：颗粒度30目，萃取温度55 ℃，萃取压力0.6 MPa ，萃取时间60 min ，解析温度70 ℃，此时精油得率为10.99‰，比水蒸气蒸馏法提取的精油（Hydro distillation essential oil ，H-JPPEO ）得率高出了2.88倍；理化性质实验结果表明，低温连续相变萃取的井冈蜜柚皮精油的不饱和脂肪酸含量较高，游离脂肪酸含量较低，酯类成分含量较低；傅里叶衰减全反射中红外光谱法（Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ，FTIR ）鉴定出L-JPPEO 和H-JPPEO 含萜烯类化合物、醇类、酚类、醛类以及含羰基化合物。
低熟富有机质泥页岩热模拟排出油饱和烃地球化学特征
Journal of Oil and Gas Technology 石油天然气学报, 2020, 42(4), 1-12Published Online December 2020 in Hans. /journal/jogthttps:///10.12677/jogt.2020.424106The Geochemical Characters of SaturatedHydrocarbon from Expelled Oil in ThermalSimulation Experiment about Low Maturity Shale of Organic MatterHuaqiu Liu1,2, Gang Yan1,21Key Laboratory of Exploration Technologies for Oil and Gas Resources, Ministry of Education, YangtzeUniversity, Wuhan Hubei2College of Resources and Environment, Yangtze University, Wuhan HubeiReceived: Aug. 4th, 2020; accepted: Nov. 6th, 2020; published: Dec. 15th, 2020AbstractAfter exploring the simulation experiment of low maturity organic rich mudstone from Tongchuan area, Ordos Basin, the vitrinite reflectance measurement of experimental solid residues, and the results of GC-MS of the expelled oil, we found that Pr/Ph, gammacerane index and tricyclic ter-panes/hopanes can indicate the low salinity restore environment. N-alkanes from expelled oil show that the maturity increased. The maturity parameters of other saturated hydrocarbons can be used in different ranges. OEP is applicable to the measured vitrinite reflectance range of0.70~1.34; Pr/nC17 and Ph/nC18 are applicable to the measured vitrinite reflectance range of1.01~1.48; Ts/(Ts + Tm) is applicable to the measured vitrinite reflectance range of 0.70~1.01.The parameters of 20S/(20S + 20R)-C29 sterane and ββ/(αα +ββ)-C29 sterane are not suitable for the maturity of the expelled oil. It may only be applicable to the measured vitrinite reflectance in the range of 1.01~1.34.KeywordsThermal Simulation Experiment, Expelled Oil, Geochemistry Characters of Saturated Hydrocarbon, Shale of Organic Matter刘华秋，严刚低熟富有机质泥页岩热模拟排出油饱和烃地球化学特征刘华秋1,2，严 刚1,21长江大学油气资源与勘探技术教育部重点实验室，湖北 武汉 2长江大学资源与环境学院，湖北 武汉收稿日期：2020年8月4日；录用日期：2020年11月6日；发布日期：2020年12月15日摘 要对鄂尔多斯盆地铜川地区延长组低熟富有机质泥岩开展热模拟实验，实测了各模拟温度点固体残渣的镜质体反射率，分析了排出油在各成熟阶段的饱和烃分子地球化学特征及其分子参数的适用性，发现排出油的姥植比和伽马蜡烷指数、Σ三环萜烷/Σ藿烷值在实测镜质体反射率0.58~1.95范围内都可以反映出低盐度还原的沉积环境特征。
Efficacy of formalin in reducing the levels of peritrichous ciliates on cultured marine shrimp
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Journal of Fish Diseases 1987, 10, 45-51
Efficacy of formalin in reducing the levels of peritrichous ciliates on cultured marine shrimp
T. A. BELL Environmental Research Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA C. S. A R U M E ERL Marine Culture Facility, Laie, Hawai, USA D. V. LIGHTNER Environmental Research Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
Introduction
The use of formalin (aqueous solutions of formaldehyde gas) has been extensive in freshwater and marine aquaculture. Its primary use has been to reduce the levels of external fungi, protozoans and ectoparasitic monogeneans and crustaceans on the cultured species (Herwig 1979). Specifically, formalin has been recommended (Johnson, Parker &, Holcomb 1973; Lightner 1977, 1983) for use in marine shrimp culture to control the surface-fouhng protozoans belonging to the subclass of peritrichous cihates (Cihophora: Peritrichia). Such genera as Epistylis, Zoothamnium and Vorticella are sensitive to levels of formahn in the parts-per-million range and are thus controlled by periodically exposing the shrimp to these levels for medium (approximately 4 to 5 h) or indefinite duration baths. Although numerous in-house tests have been conducted to estimate approximate effective dosages, no adequate tests have been undertaken to confidently define a minimum effective dosage, nor has the relationship of effective treatment duration as a function of formalin dose rate been defined. The experiment reported here was an attempt to: (1) establish the lowest concentration of formalin which, on any day following treatment (within the test period), significantly reduces the levels of peritrichous ciliates on marine shrimp as compared to non-treated controls and (2) compare the longer-term (1 week) relative efficacies of those formalin concentrations tested, which were shown to be effective as determined in (1) above.
低品位复杂钼精矿的提纯工艺
第 23 卷第 7 期中国有色金属学报 2013 年 7 月 V ol.23 No.7 The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals July2013 文章编号：10040609(2013)07201207低品位复杂钼精矿的提纯工艺杨洪英 1 ，俞 娟 2 ，佟琳琳 1 ，罗文杰 1(1. 东北大学 材料与冶金学院，沈阳 110004；2. 西安建筑科技大学 冶金工程学院，西安 710055)摘 要：对含有大量硅酸盐类脉石矿物的低品位复杂钼精矿的提纯工艺进行研究，通过正交和单因素实验研究氢 氟酸浓度、盐酸浓度、温度、处理时间和液固比对低品位复杂钼精矿提纯效果的影响。
结果表明：温度、盐酸浓 度和氢氟酸浓度对低品位复杂钼精矿的提纯效果影响显著，最佳条件为氢氟酸浓度 10%(质量分数)、盐酸浓度 20%(质量分数)，温度90 ℃、时间 2 h、液固比 4:1。
提纯后钼精矿中钼的品位达到 49.94%，较提纯前钼的品位(25.40%)有了显著的提高。
关键词：低品位复杂钼精矿；提纯；浸出中图分类号：TF84.2 文献标志码：APurification process of lowgrade complex molybdenite concentrateYANG Hongying 1 , YU Juan 2 , TONG Linlin 1 , LUO Wenjie 1(1. School of Materials and Metallurgy , Northeastern University , Shenyang 110004 , China;2. School of Metallurgy Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China)Abstract: A purification process for lowgrade complex molybdenite concentrates containing plenty of silicate gangue minerals was investigated. The effects of the concentrations of hydrofluoric acid and hydrochloride, temperature, treating time, liquidsolid ratio on the refining rate of molybdenite concentrates were investigated by the orthogonal test and single factor test. The results show that temperature, hydrochloride concentration, hydrofluoric acid concentration have significant effects on the refining rate of the lowgrade molybdenite concentrate, and the optimum conditions are as follows: the concentrations of hydrofluoric acid and hydrochloride are 10% (mass fraction) and 20% (mass fraction), temperature, leaching time and liquidsolid ratio are 90 ℃, 2 h and 4:1, respectively. The grade of molybdenum in molybdenite concentrate is thus up to 49.94% after the purification processes, which is evidently higher than that in the molybdenite concentrates (25.40%) before the purification processes.Key words: lowgrade molybdenite concentrate;purification;leaching钼是一种重要的稀有金属，它在地壳中的丰度为 1×10 −6[1−2] 。
211188532_柠檬酸钠、酒石酸钠替代氯化钠对鱿鱼鱼糜凝胶品质的影响
李铭傲，楚艳娇，杨菁，等. 柠檬酸钠、酒石酸钠替代氯化钠对鱿鱼鱼糜凝胶品质的影响[J]. 食品工业科技，2023，44（10）：61−69.doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2022070166LI Ming'ao, CHU Yanjiao, YANG Jing, et al. Effects of Sodium Citrate, Sodium Tartrate Substitution of Sodium Chloride on the Quality of Squid Surimi Gel[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2023, 44(10): 61−69. (in Chinese with English abstract). doi:10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2022070166· 研究与探讨 ·柠檬酸钠、酒石酸钠替代氯化钠对鱿鱼鱼糜凝胶品质的影响李铭傲，楚艳娇+，杨 菁，包红丽，陈 仪，邓尚贵，高元沛*（浙江海洋大学食品与药学学院，浙江省海产品健康危害因素关键技术研究重点实验室，浙江舟山 316000）摘 要：本文以不同比例柠檬酸钠（Sodium Citrate ，SC ）和酒石酸钠（Sodium Tartrate ，ST ）替代氯化钠（Sodium Chloride ，NaCl ）制备鱿鱼鱼糜凝胶，通过对其胶凝过程、感官特性、理化性质以及蛋白分子特性等分析，探索有机盐替代对鱿鱼鱼糜凝胶品质的影响。
结果表明，当柠檬酸钠、酒石酸钠与NaCl 的配比为2:1时，鱿鱼鱼糜凝胶强度、硬度、持水性均显著大于（P <0.05）其它复配组。
两种有机盐（SC 与ST ）与NaCl 配比结果表明，鱼糜凝胶的弹性和内聚性与鱼糜凝胶强度变化规律一致。
盐复配添加使得鱼糜凝胶中疏水相互作用显著（P <0.05）低于对照组，并在SC 、ST 与NaCl 配比为1:1时，疏水相互作用含量分别达至最低值（0.59、0.43 g/L ）。
低热-NaOH联合处理剩余污泥释放碳源的效果
第30卷第6期2022年12月V ol.30 No.6Dec.2022安徽建筑大学学报Journal of Anhui Jianzhu UniversityDOI：10.11921/j.issn.2095-8382.20220609低热-NaOH联合处理剩余污泥释放碳源的效果唐玉朝1，2，蔡丽丽1，2，陈 园1，2，刘 俊3（1. 安徽建筑大学 环境与能源工程学院，安徽 合肥 230601；2. 环境污染控制与废弃物资源化利用安徽省重点实验室，安徽 合肥 230601；3. 安徽中环环保科技股份有限公司，安徽 合肥 230071）摘 要：为了研究低热-NaOH联合处理剩余污泥，获得胞内碳源释放的最佳方案，测定破解后污泥上清液中的SCOD、蛋白质和多糖浓度，分析其随NaOH投加量、水浴温度、以及反应时间的变化。
结果表明，低热-NaOH联合处理剩余污泥的最佳条件是NaOH投加量3.0 g/L、水浴温度60 ℃、反应时间24 h。
在此条件下，上清液中SCOD、蛋白质和多糖浓度分别达18 341.4 mg/L、1 434.53 mg/L、324.8 mg/L。
经污泥破解前后粒度对比分析，污泥破解前后中值粒度分别为30.2 μm和8.71 μm，相差荧光显微镜观显示污泥絮体被破坏。
研究显示，低热-NaOH联合处理可在较低能耗下充分释放剩余污泥碳源，研究结果可为优化热碱法预处理剩余污泥提供 依据。
关键词：低热；NaOH；剩余污泥；SCOD中图分类号：X703 文献标识码：A 文章编号：2095-8382（2022）06-062-06Effect of Low Temperature Thermal and NaOH Treatment on Carbon Release fromExcess SludgeTANG Yuchao1，2，CAI Lili1，2，CHEN Yuan1，2，LIU Jun3（1. School of Environment and Energy Engineering，Anhui Jianzhu University，Hefei 230601，China；2. Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Resource Reuse，Hefei 230601，China；3. Anhui Zhonghuan Environmental Protection Technology Co.LTD，Hefei 230071，China）Abstract：To study the optimal scheme to obtain the intracellular carbon release from excess sludge with low temperature thermal and NaOH treatment，the concentrations of SCOD， protein and polysaccharide in the treated sludge supernatant were determined，and their relationship with NaOH dosage，water bath temperature and reaction time were analyzed. The results show that the optimal scheme of low grade fever and NaOH treatment for the excess sludge were a NaOH dosage of 3.0 g/L，a water bath temperature of 60 ℃，a reaction time of 24 h，and the concentrations of SCOD，protein and polysaccharide in the supernatant reached 18 341.4 mg/L，1 434.53 mg/L and 324.8 mg/L，respectively. The median particle size before and after sludge treatment was 30.2 μm and 8.71 μm， respectively. The phase-contrast and fluorescence microscopy showed that the floc sludge was destroyed. The study proved that the combined low temperature thermal and NaOH treatment can fully release the carbon of excess sludge with low energy consumption，and provides references for optimizing the thermo-alkaline pretreatment of excess sludge.Keywords：low thermal；NaOH；excess sludge；SCOD收稿日期：2021-07-08基金项目：国家自然科学基金项目（51978003；51578002）作者简介：唐玉朝（1975-），男，副教授，博士，主要研究方向为水处理理论与技术； 蔡丽丽（1996-），女，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为水处理理论与技术。
低品位软锰矿碱浸预脱硅-流化焙烧制备锰酸钠
Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 28(2018) 1045−1052Preparation of sodium manganate from low-grade pyrolusite byalkaline predesilication−fluidized roasting techniqueXiang-yi DENG1, Ya-li FENG1, Hao-ran LI2, Zhu-wei DU2, Jin-xing KANG1, Cheng-lin GUO11. School of Civil and Resource Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China;2. State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering,Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100090, ChinaReceived 6 January 2017; accepted 21 July 2017Abstract: Low concentration alkaline leaching was used for predesilication treatment of low-grade pyrolusite. The effects of initial NaOH concentration, liquid-to-solid ratio, leaching temperature, leaching time and stirring speed on silica leaching rate were investigated and the kinetics of alkaline leaching process was studied. The results show that silica leaching rate reached 91.2% under the conditions of initial NaOH concentration of 20%, liquid-to-solid ratio of 4:1, leaching temperature of 180 °C, leaching time of 4 h and stirring speed of 300 r/min. Shrinking-core model showed that the leaching process was controlled by the chemical surface reaction with activation energy E a of 53.31 kJ/mol. The fluidized roasting conditions for preparation of sodium manganate were optimized by the orthogonal experiments using the desiliconized residue. The conversion rate of sodium manganate was obtained to be 89.7% under the conditions of silica leaching rate of 91.2%, NaOH/MnO2 mass ratio of 3:1, roasting temperature of 500 °C and roasting time of 4 h, and it increased with the increase of silicon leaching rate.Key words: low-grade pyrolusite; desilication; fluidized roasting; sodium manganate1 IntroductionManganese is one of the significant strategicresources, which plays an important role in manyfields, such as ferrous metallurgy, nonferrous metalproduction [1], battery production [2] and finechemicals [3]. Sodium manganate (Na2MnO4) is ananalogue of K2MnO4and can be obtained by chemicalreaction of MnO2and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) [4].Sodium manganate is similar to other manganates [5,6]in their chemical properties while NaOH used forNa2MnO4preparation is much cheaper and moreavailable than raw materials for other manganatesproduction [7,8]. Sodium manganate is promising forpractical applications as electrode material because of itslow price and excellent cycling behavior in the aqueouselectrolyte without removing the dissolved oxygen [7,9].The high-grade pyrolusite with considerableconcentration of MnO2 is widely used for the preparationof potassium manganate and sodium manganate [10].With the increasing demand for manganese resourcesand the shortage of high-grade pyrolusite, theexploitation of low-grade pyrolusite is becoming moreand more urgent now [11,12]. However, the low-gradepyrolusite cannot be used for sodium manganateproduction directly because of the low concentration ofMnO2 and the high ratio of SiO2.In the preparation process of sodiummanganate, SiO2will react with NaOH to generateNa2O·n SiO2 [13−15] which affects the production purityof sodium manganate and predesilication is thusnecessary. Desilication is a suitable method forimproving the grade of the required elements. CHENet al [16] reported the alkaline leaching behavior ofdesilication from titanium−vanadium slag. HUANGet al [17] studied pressure alkaline treatment for recoveryof precious metals from spent auto catalysts. Up to now,the traditional physical mineral processing methodcannot meet the requirements of the high grade andFoundation item: Project (2015ZX07205-003) supported by the Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment, China;Project (DY125-15-T-08) supported by the China Ocean Mineral Resources Research & Development Program; Projects (21176026,21176242) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaCorresponding author: Ya-li FENG; Tel: +86-139********; E-mail: ylfeng126@DOI:10.1016/S1003-6326(18)64742-9Xiang-yi DENG, et al/Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 28(2018) 1045−1052 1046recovery of the product at the same time, while thechemical mineral processing mostly performs alkaline leaching in NaOH solution with mass fraction higher than 40% [14]. Moreover, high concentration solution of NaOH will corrode filter medium badly and could hardly be recovered and a large amount of acid is needed for the treatment of unreacted NaOH to prepare silicate products.To improve the resource utilization efficiency and eliminate environmental pollution at the source, a high- efficiency method to prepare sodium manganate using low-grade pyrolusite is introduced in this research. This paper aims to study the leaching behavior of silica extracted from the low-grade pyrolusite and the effects of various leaching factors. Another object is to find the relationship between silica leaching rate and conversion rate of sodium manganate, and obtain the material with high manganese and low silica contents for preparation of sodium manganate by removing silica as much as possible. The shrinking-core model was introduced to indicate the silica leaching kinetics of the low-grade pyrolusite and provide theoretical guidance for exploring the leaching process.2 Experimental2.1 MaterialsThe low-grade pyrolusite sample was provided from Yunnan Province, China. The ore sample was crushed and ground into powder with the particle size smaller than 147 μm. The chemical multi-elemental analysis (as listed in Table 1) shows that the low-grade pyrolusite ore is mainly composed of 60.35% SiO2 and 28.89% MnO2. The analysis also reveals that there are other impurities such as 3.89% Al2O3, 5.68% Fe2O3, 0.27% MgO, 0.71% CaO, 0.19% V2O5in pyrolusite. The mineralogical composition of the ore sample was analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). The XRD pattern (Fig. 1) shows that the main metallic minerals include manganese dioxide, hematite, and the main gangue mineral is quartz. The sample of the low-grade pyrolusite was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) to support the mineral characterization, which is presented in Fig. 2. It reveals that MnO2is finely disseminated and intimately associated with SiO2, and MnO2cannot be “liberated” with traditional methods efficiently.Table 1 Chemical composition of low-grade pyrolusite (massFig. 1 XRD pattern of low-grade pyrolusite2.2 Experimental procedureLeaching experiments were carried out in titanium alloy autoclaves with a capacity of 500 mL. The flow chart of the process is shown in Fig. 3. The procedure is as follows: after crushing, rod milling, screening, and drying, 40 g of pyrolusite and certain amount of NaOH solution were added into the reaction reactor while the stove was heated to the setting temperature rapidly. The autoclaves were tightly sealed, stirred and maintained at 150−190 °C. Then, the pulp was rapidly cooled down to 40 °C, and the silica content in leaching solution was analyzed with molybdosilicate yellow spectrophoto- metry [18]. Afterwards, the desiliconized pyrolusite and NaOH with a certain mass ratio were separately added into quartz fluidized bed reactor. Then, a certain amount of air flow was blown into the reactor to make sure that the feed layer can be fluidized well. After roasting, the products were put into 10% NaOH (mass fraction) solution, then the solution containing sodium manganate could be obtained and the undissolved residue was filtrated. All the experiments were carried out independently in triplicate and repeated at least twice.3 Results and discussion3.1 Desilication leaching under high pressureThe desilication process was carried out using various concentrations of NaOH and the overall chemical reaction was assumed as follows:n SiO2(s)+2NaOH(aq)→Na2O·n SiO2(aq)+H2O(l) (1) 3.1.1 Effect of initial NaOH concentrationThe effect of initial NaOH concentration on the silica leaching rate was examined under the conditions of the liquid-to-solid ratio of 4:1, the stirring speed of 300 r/min, and leaching temperature of 180 °C. As shown in Fig. 4, the silica leaching rate increases with increasing the initial NaOH concentration from 10% toXiang-yi DENG , et al/Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 28(2018) 1045−1052 1047Fig. 2 SEM image of low-grade pyrolusite (a), EDS element mappings of Si (b), Mn (c) and EDS spectra of particles 1 (d) and 2 (e) in (a)Fig. 3 Principle flow chart of low-grade pyrolusite forpreparation of sodium manganateFig. 4 Effect of initial NaOH concentration on leaching rate of silicaXiang-yi DENG, et al/Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 28(2018) 1045−1052 104830%. However, the enhancement of desilication is indistinctive when the initial NaOH concentration is increased to over 20%, and the residual NaOH without reaction could affect the follow-up process, so the suitable initial NaOH concentration was chosen as 20%.3.1.2 Effect of liquid-to-solid mass ratio (L/S ratio)As shown in Fig. 5, the effect of liquid-to-solid ratio on the leaching rate of silica was studied at the ratios of 2:1, 3:1, 4:1 and 5:1. All the experiments were performed under the conditions of the initial NaOH content of 20%, the stirring speed of 300 r/min and the leaching temperature of 180 °C. The results showed that the leaching rate of silica increased from 74.2% to 92.5% with the liquid-to-solid ratio rising from 2:1 to 5:1. The increasing liquid-to-solid ratio favored the silica leaching rate. The higher the liquid-to-solid ratio is, the higher the viscosity of the solution is and the more the remaining NaOH in the solution is, thus silica will be released more easily.Fig. 5 Effect of liquid-to-solid ratio on leaching rate of silica 3.1.3 Effect of stirring speedExperiments with various stirring speeds were carried out under typical test conditions of the initial NaOH concentration of 20%, the liquid-to-solid ratio of 4:1 and the leaching temperature of 180 °C. According to the results shown in Fig. 6, the influence of the stirring speed on the leaching process is not as significant as that of other parameters. Because the bubbles produced in leaching solution system were enhanced under high pressure [19] and thus reduced the efficiency of stirring, the silica leaching rate does not have a significant change with increasing the stirring speed from 300 to 500 r/min.3.1.4 Effect of leaching temperatureThe effect of leaching temperature on the leaching rate of silica was investigated at 150, 160, 170, 180 and 190 °C with the initial NaOH concentration of 20%, the liquid-to-solid ratio of 4:1 and the stirring speed of 300 r/min. According to the results shown in Fig. 7, the leaching temperature has a remarkable influence on the silica leaching rate. As the temperature increases, the silica leaching rate increases from 68.5% (at 150 °C) to 93.7% (at 190 °C), and the time of reaction equilibrium becomes shorter with a higher leaching temperature. Because of the exponential dependence of the rate constant in the Arrhenius equation, the chemical reaction is accelerated and the leaching rate is also improved with the increase of temperature.Fig. 6 Effect of stirring speed on leaching rate of silicaFig. 7 Effect of leaching temperature on leaching rate of silica 3.1.5 Kinetic analysisAs shown in Eq. (1), during the leaching silica reaction there is no solid generated, so the mass of solid and the particle size are reduced during the leaching reaction. The shrinking-core model can be chosen to describe the leaching kinetics [20,21]. The heterogeneous reaction at the fluid/solid boundary can be generally controlled by one of the following steps: diffusion through the ash, diffusion through the fluid film or chemical reaction on the surface of the core [22]. If no ash layer covers the un-reacted core in the reaction process, there are only two controlling steps: chemical surface reaction or fluid film diffusion.If the process is controlled by the resistance of chemical surface reaction, Eq. (2) can be used toXiang-yi DENG, et al/Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 28(2018) 1045−1052 1049represent the process [23]:1−(1−x)1/3=k0t(2) where x is the leaching rate of silica, k0is the reaction rate constant, and t is the reaction time.If the process is controlled by fluid film diffusion of no product layer, Eq. (3) can be used to represent the process [24]:1−(1−x)2/3=k0t(3) where k0=Bm B Kc A/ρB R B, B is a constant, m B is the molar mass of pyrolusite, K is the diffusion constant, c A is the concentration of NaOH, ρB is the density of pyrolusite, R B is the radius of pyrolusite particles.To confirm the controlling step of the leaching process, all the experimental data were analyzed and multiple regression coefficients obtained for the integral rate expression were calculated with Eq. (2) and Eq. (3). Only Eq. (2) fits well with the experimental data shown in Fig. 8. The results are listed in Table 2. It indicates that the leaching silica reaction is controlled by the resistance of chemical surface reaction preliminary.Fig. 8Plots of leaching kinetics under various reaction temperaturesTable 2 Data of leaching kinetics at different temperatures T/K R2 k/s−1 ln(k/s−1)423 0.979 0.00149 −6.50898433 0.987 0.00226 −6.09239443 0.991 0.00317 −5.75402453 0.980 0.00438 −5.43071463 0.975 0.00548 −5.20665The effect of temperature on the leaching kinetics can be characterized by the value of the activation energy. The process is controlled by chemical surface reaction when the activation energy values are higher than 40 kJ/mol, whereas it is controlled by fluid diffusion when the activation energy values are smaller than 20 kJ/mol.The Arrhenius equation can be written asln k=−E a/(RT)+ln A(4) where E a denotes the experimental activation energy (kJ/mol), R is the molar gas constant (8.314 J/(mol·K)), T is the temperature (K), and A is a pre-exponential term. As shown in Fig. 9, a plot of ln k versus 1/T, in which k is determined by Eq. (2), is a straight line where the slope is −E a/R. The value of −E a/R is −6412.15, hence, the experimental activation energy value is 53.31 kJ/mol, which is consistent with the target of activation energy controlled by chemical surface reaction.Consequently, Eq. (2) can be rewritten as1−(1−x)1/3=t·exp(−6412.15/T+8.691) (5) In conclusions, the kinetics of leaching silica reaction can be described by the shrinking-core model with the chemical surface reaction controlling.Fig. 9 Relationship between ln k and 1/T3.1.6 Leaching behaviors of silica and manganeseThe leaching behaviors of silica and manganese were investigated under the conditions of leaching temperature of 180 °C, liquid-to-solid ratio of 4:1, stirring speed of 300 r/min and initial NaOH concentration of 20%. Figure 10 shows the leaching ratesFig. 10Leaching behaviors of Mn and Si during leaching processXiang-yi DENG, et al/Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 28(2018) 1045−1052 1050of Si and Mn during the leaching process. It can be seen that the leaching rate of silica is 91.2% while the leaching rate of manganese is only 2.1% after 4 h leaching. The SEM−EDS analysis results of the desiliconized residue are presented in Fig. 11. Compared with the EDS mapping of Si and Mn in Fig. 2, it is obvious that the majority of silica was dissolved by the alkaline leaching process, most of MnO2was “liberated” from the surrounding SiO2and the undissolved residue with low silica content could be obtained for the preparation of sodium manganate.Fig. 11 SEM image of low-grade pyrolusite (a) and EDS mappings of Si (b) and Mn (c)3.2 Preparation of sodium manganate by fluidizedroastingThe main reaction of the process for preparing sodium manganate by fluidized roasting can be assumed as follows: 2MnO2(s)+4NaOH(s)+O2(g)=2Na2MnO4(s)+2H2O(g) (6) In order to obtain the optimum process conditions of fluidized roasting for the preparation of sodium manganate with the desiliconized residue, the influences of silica leaching rate, the mass ratio of alkali to manganese dioxide, the roasting temperature and the roasting time were investigated respectively through orthogonal experimental design. An L9(34) matrix, which is an orthogonal array of four factors and three levels [25], was applied to assigning the considered factors and levels, and the results are shown in Table 3. The data analysis was carried out through range analysis and the optimal reaction conditions could be found by analysis of variance, as listed in Tables 4 and 5, respectively.TrialNo.Factor Conversionrate ofsodiummanganate/% Silicaleachingrate(A)/%Mass ratioof alkali tomanganesedioxide (B)Roastingtemperature(C)/°CRoastingtime(D)/h1 70.4 2.5 4002 76.52 70.43 450 3 79.43 70.4 4 500 4 81.24 82.3 2.5 450 4 79.35 82.3 3 500 2 82.16 82.3 4 400 3 80.27 91.2 2.5 500 3 86.38 91.2 3 400 4 88.19 91.2 4 450 2 85.6 Table 4Range analysis results of conversion rate of sodiumTable 5Variance analysis of conversion rate of sodium manganateFactor DEVSQ DOF F-ratio F0.05 thresholdA 100.909 2 3.352 4.46B 10. 362 2 0.345 4.46C 5.449 2 0.182 4.46D 3.776 2 0.125 4.46Error 14.6 2Xiang-yi DENG, et al/Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 28(2018) 1045−1052 1051It was found that the effect of silica leaching rate on the conversion rate of sodium manganate is significant. By analyzing the data listed in Tables 4 and 5, the order of significant factors for the preparation of sodium manganate is: silica leaching rate > mass ratio of alkali to manganese dioxide > roasting temperature > roasting time. After the orthogonal experiments and the range analysis, the optimal level for each factor was determined as follows: silica leaching rate, 91.2%; the mass ratio of alkali to manganese dioxide, 3:1; the roasting temperature, 500 °C and the roasting time, 4 h.In order to verify the effect of silica leaching rate on the conversion rate of sodium manganate, experiments were carried out under conditions of mass ratio of alkali to manganese dioxide of 3:1, roasting temperature of 500 °C, and roasting time of 4 h. According to the results shown in Fig. 12, the conversion rate of sodium manganate increases steadily with increasing the silica leaching rate. As the silica leaching rate rises from 0 to 91.2%, the conversion rate of sodium manganate increases from 20.3% to 89.7%.Fig. 12 Effect of silica leaching rate on conversion rate of sodium manganate4 Conclusions1) Silica leaching rate was obtained to be 91.2% under the conditions of the initial NaOH concentration of 20%, the liquid-to-solid ratio of 4:1, and the stirring speed of 300 r/min, the leaching temperature of 180 °C and the leaching time of 4 h.2) The kinetics of alkaline predesilication process was investigated at various parameter levels. The leaching process obeys a shrinking-core model controlled by the chemical surface reaction with the activation energy of 53.31 kJ/mol, and the kinetics equation was established.3) The majority of MnO2surrounded by SiO2was “liberated” by alkaline predisilication treatment. In the fluidized roasting process, the conversion rate of sodium manganate increased with the increase of silicon leaching rate and the conversion rate of sodium manganate was obtained to be 89.7% under the conditions of silica leaching rate of 91.2%, NaOH/MnO2mass ratio of 3:1, roasting temperature of 500 °C and roasting time of 4 h. References[1]TANG Qing, ZHONG Hong, WANG Shuai, LI Jin-zhong, LIUGuang-yi. Reductive leaching of manganese oxide ores using waste tea as reductant in sulfuric acid solution [J]. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2014, 24(3): 861−867.[2]ZHAO Yu-qian, JIANG Qing-lai, W ANG Wei-gang, DU Ke, HUGuo-rong. Effect of electrolytic MnO2 pretreatment on performance of as-prepared LiMn2O4[J]. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2012, 22(5): 1146−1150.[3]SU Hai-feng, WEN Yan-xuan, WANG Fan, SUN Ying-yun, TONGZhang-fa. Reductive leaching of manganese from low-grade manganese ore in H2SO4using cane molasses as reductant [J].Hydrometallurgy, 2008, 93(3−4): 136−139.[4]REIDIES A H. Manganese compounds [M]. Porsgrunn: Ullmann’sEncyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2000.[5]CHEN R J, CHIRAYIL T, ZA V ALIJ P, WHITTINGHAM M. Thehydrothermal synthesis of sodium manganese oxide and a lithium vanadium oxide [J]. Solid State Ionics, 1996, 86−88: 1−7.[6]KAPPENSTEIN C, PIRAULT-ROY L, GUÉRIN M, WAHDAN T,ALI A A. Monopropellant decomposition catalysts: V. Thermal decomposition and reduction of permanganates as models for the preparation of supported MnO x catalysts [J]. Applied Catalysis A: General, 2002, 234(1−2): 145−153.[7]WANG Y, LI Z, LI H. A new process for leaching metal values fromocean polymetallic nodules [J]. Minerals Engineering, 2005, 18(11): 1093−1098.[8]ZHANG B H, LIU Y, CHANG Z, YANG Y Q, WEN Z B, WU Y P,HOLZE R. Nanowire Na0.35MnO2 from a hydrothermal method as a cathode material for aqueous asymmetric supercapacitors [J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2014, 253(5): 98−103.[9]WHITACRE J F, TEV AR A, SHARMA S. Na4Mn9O18 as a positiveelectrode material for an aqueous electrolyte sodium-ion energy storage device [J]. Electrochemistry Communications, 2010, 12(3): 463−466.[10]PENG Dong, WANG Ji-kun. Reaction kinetics of potassiummanganate prepared by three-phase compression oxidation process [J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2012, 40(12): 1767−1772. (in Chinese)[11]CAI Zhen-lei, FENG Ya-li, LI Hao-ran, DU Zhu-wei, LIU Xin-wei.Co-recovery of manganese from low-grade pyrolusite and vanadium from stone coal using fluidized roasting coupling technology [J].Hydrometallurgy, 2013, 131−132(S1): s40−s45.[12]SANTOS O D S H, CARV ALHO C D F, SILV A G A, SANTOS C GD. Manganese ore tailing: Optimization of acid leaching conditionsand recovery of soluble manganese [J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2015, 147: 314−320.[13]TOGNONVI M T, SORO J, GELET J L, ROSSIGNOL S.Physico-chemistry of silica/Na silicate interactions during consolidation. Part 2: Effect of pH [J]. Journal of Non-crystalline Solids, 2012, 358(3): 492−501.[14]XIAO Qing-gui, CHEN Yin, GAO Yi-ying, XU Hong-bin, ZHANGYi.Leaching of silica from vanadium-bearing steel slag in sodium hydroxide solution [J]. Hydrometallurgy, 2010, 104(2): 216−221. [15]MA Jia-yu, ZHAI Kun-ming, LI Zhi-bao. Desilication of syntheticBayer liquor with calcium sulfate dihydrate: Kinetics and modelling [J]. Hydrometallurgy, 2011, 107(1−2): 48−55.Xiang-yi DENG, et al/Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 28(2018) 1045−1052 1052[16]CHEN De-sheng, ZHAO Long-sheng, QI Tao, HU Guo-ping, ZHAOHong-xin, LI Jie, WANG Li-na.Desilication from titanium–vanadium slag by alkaline leaching [J]. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2013, 23(10): 3076−3082.[17]HUANG Kun, CHEN Jing, CHEN Yi-ran, ZHAO Jia-chun, LIQi-wei, YANG Qiu-xue.Recovery of precious metals from spent auto-catalysts by method of pressure alkaline treatment-cyanide leaching [J]. Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals, 2006, 16(2): 363−369. (in Chinese)[18]HE Huan, ZHANG Xu, SHEN Qing-feng, LI Xiao-ming, MENGHong-li, LIU Hong-fei, WU Hai-yan.Determination of silicon dioxide in copper slag acid leaching solution with silicon molybdenum yellow spectrophotometry [J]. Chinese Journal of Analysis Laboratory, 2016, 35(2): 176−179. (in Chinese)[19]HAN L, AL-DAHHAN M H. Gas–liquid mass transfer in a highpressure bubble column reactor with different sparger designs [J].Chemical Engineering Science, 2007, 62(1−2): 131−139.[20]NAYL A A, ISMAIL I M, ALY H F. Recovery of pure MnSO4∙H2Oby reductive leaching of manganese from pyrolusite ore by sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide [J]. International Journal of MineralProcessing, 2011, 100(3−4): 116−123.[21]SANTOS F M F, PINA P S, PORCARO R, OLIVEIRA V A, SILV AC A, LEAO V A. The kinetics of zinc silicate leaching in sodiumhydroxide [J]. Hydrometallurgy, 2010, 102(1−4): 43−49.[22]LEVIEN K L, LEVENSPIEL O. Optimal product distribution fromlaminar flow reactors: Newtonian and other power-law fluids [J].Chemical Engineering Science, 1999, 54(13−14): 2453−2458. [23]WANG Wei-da, FENG Ya-li, LI Hao-ran, YANG Zhi-chao, ZHANGXu.Recovering gold from cyanide residue by alkaline predesilication−cyanide leaching technique [J]. Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals, 2015, 25(1): 233−240. (in Chinese)[24]WANG Ruo-chao, ZHAI Yu-chun, NING Zhi-qiang, MA Pei-hua.Kinetics of SiO2 leaching from Al2O3 extracted slag of fly ash with sodium hydroxide solution [J]. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2014, 24(6): 1928−1936.[25]WU X, LEUNG D Y C. Optimization of biodiesel production fromcamelina oil using orthogonal experiment [J]. Applied Energy, 2011, 88(11): 3615−3624.低品位软锰矿碱浸预脱硅−流化焙烧制备锰酸钠邓祥意1，冯雅丽1，李浩然2，杜竹玮2，康金星1，郭成林11. 北京科技大学土木与资源工程学院，北京100083；2. 中国科学院过程工程研究所生化工程国家重点实验室，北京100190摘要：采用低浓度碱浸对低品位软锰矿进行预脱硅处理，考察NaOH浓度、液固比、浸出温度、浸出时间及搅拌速率对硅浸出率的影响，研究碱浸过程动力学。
It is low refinement method and the device of the
专利名称：It is low refinement method and the deviceof the grade silicon material发明人：ルブラン、ドミニク,ボワスベール、ルネ申请号：JP2009527664申请日：20070913公开号：JP2010503596A公开日：20100204专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图：摘要：It is low, the purity silicon material is refined, method and the device which obtain the silicon material of a higher purity are offered. As for this method, thedescription above melting the purity silicon material low in thing and this melted device which provide the melted device which has the oxy fuel burner, you obtain melted ones of the silicon material, of a higher purity it includes with the fact that. This melted device is good including the rotating drum furnace, low melting the purity silicon material is goodbeing done oxidation characteristic or under restoration characteristic atmosphere, at the temperature which is in the range of the 1410 or the 1700 . While melting, the synthetic slug, is good being added by the material of melted state. Any melted things of the silicon material of a higher purity can be separated from the slug by flowing out to in the type which possesses with the apex which was opened and the bottom wall and the side wall which is insulated. When it enters into type, it offers melted ones of the silicon material of a higher purity to the unidirectional solidification which is controlled, furthermore can obtain the solid polycrystal silicon of high purity.< Selective figure > Figure 2申请人：シリシアム・ベカンクール・インコーポレイテッド地址：カナダ国、ジー９エイチ・２ブイ８、ケベック、ベカンクール、リュ・イボン・トルドー ６５００国籍：CA代理人：鈴江 武彦,蔵田 昌俊,河野 哲,中村 誠,福原 淑弘,峰 隆司,白根 俊郎,村松 貞男,野河 信久,砂川 克,風間 鉄也更多信息请下载全文后查看。
低品位固体钾盐地质特征 英文 范文模板
低品位固体钾盐地质特征英文范文模板Introduction:Solid potassium salts (KCl) are an important mineral resource, widely distributed throughout the world. However, due to their low grade and heterogeneity, they present unique geological challenges for exploration and exploitation. In this article, we will explore the key geological characteristics of low-grade solid potassium salts deposits.Geological Setting:Low-grade solid potassium salts are typically found in sedimentary basins with high evaporation rates, such as saline lakes and inland seas. These basins often have high tectonic activity and are associated with volcanic activity that can contribute to the formation of mineral deposits.Mineralogy:Potassium salts occur in a wide range of geological environments and can be classified into two major categories: halite-type and sylvite-type deposits. Halite-type deposits consist mainly of sodium chloride (NaCl) with minor amounts of KCl, while sylvite-type deposits consist almost exclusively of KCl.Depositional Environment:The depositional environment plays a critical role in determining the grade and distribution of solid potassium salts. During periods of high evaporation rates, concentrated brines form from the dissolution of salt-bearing rocks. Over time, as evaporation continues, these brines become saturated with salt precursors such as KCl, leading to the formation of solid potassium salt deposits.Exploration Techniques:Exploration for low-grade solid potassium salts can be challenging due to their heterogeneous nature and dependence on depositional environment. Common exploration techniques include geophysical surveys such as seismic reflection and electromagnetic induction, drilling programs targeting specific sedimentary basins or geological units, and surface sampling programs aimed at identifying anomalous areas with high concentrations of KCl.Exploitation Challenges:Once a deposit has been identified for potential exploitation, significant challenges arise due to the low grade and heterogeneity of the solid potassium salt minerals. Cost-effective mining methods must be developed to extract sufficient quantities of KCl from vast areas while minimizing environmental impact. A variety of mining methods have been employed including underground mining using room-and-pillar techniques as well as solution mining via injection wells.Conclusion:Low-grade solid potassium salts represent an important mineral resource that presents unique geological challenges for exploration and exploitation. Successful identification and exploitation require careful consideration of the depositional environment along with effective exploration techniques and cost-efficient mining strategies.。
低级别胶质瘤英语
低级别胶质瘤英语Low-grade glioma, also known as low-grade astrocytoma,is a type of brain tumor that grows slowly and is less aggressive than high-grade gliomas. These tumors can occur in any part of the brain and are often found in the cerebral hemispheres. They are typically slow-growing and may not cause symptoms for many years.Low-grade gliomas are classified as World Health Organization (WHO) grade I or II, based on their appearance under a microscope and their growth pattern. Grade I tumors are the least aggressive, while grade II tumors areslightly more aggressive but still considered low-grade.Symptoms of low-grade gliomas can vary depending on the location of the tumor, but may include headaches, seizures, changes in vision or hearing, and cognitive or behavioral changes. However, some individuals with low-grade gliomas may not experience any symptoms until the tumor growslarger or affects surrounding brain tissue.Diagnosis of low-grade gliomas often involves a combination of imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans, aswell as a biopsy to examine the tumor cells under a microscope. Once diagnosed, treatment options for low-grade gliomas may include surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.In some cases, a "watch and wait" approach may be recommended, particularly for slow-growing tumors that are not causing significant symptoms. This approach involves regular monitoring with imaging tests to track the growth of the tumor and assess whether treatment is necessary.Overall, the prognosis for individuals with low-grade gliomas can vary depending on factors such as the age of the patient, the location and size of the tumor, and the specific characteristics of the tumor cells. While these tumors are generally considered less aggressive than high-grade gliomas, they can still have a significant impact on quality of life and may require ongoing medical management.低级别胶质瘤，也称为低级别星形细胞瘤，是一种生长缓慢且比高级别胶质瘤更不具侵袭性的脑肿瘤。
低含氢高沸硅油生产工艺流程
低含氢高沸硅油生产工艺流程英文回答：Low-Hydrogen and High-Boiling Silicone Oil Production Process.1. Raw Material Preparation.Purified dimethylchlorosilane (DMCS)。
Hydrogen chloride (HCl)。
Oxygen (O2)。
2. Hydrolysis and Condensation Reaction.DMCS is hydrolyzed with water in the presence of HCl catalyst to form dimethylsilanediol (DMSD).DMSD is condensed to form polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)chains.3. Dehydration and Cyclization.PDMS chains are dehydrated to remove water.Ring-opening and closing reactions occur to form cyclic PDMS molecules.4. Hydrogen Reduction.PDMS is treated with hydrogen gas to reduce the hydrogen content.This step minimizes the formation of volatile byproducts during subsequent reactions.5. Fractional Distillation.The reaction mixture is subjected to fractional distillation to separate based on boiling points.Low-boiling components (e.g., low molecular weight PDMS) are removed.6. Cross-linking.A cross-linking agent (e.g., trifluoropropylmethylsilane) is added to the high-boiling fraction.This step increases the molecular weight and viscosity of the silicone oil.7. Purification.The cross-linked silicone oil is purified byfiltration or centrifugation to remove impurities.8. Storage and Packaging.The purified silicone oil is stored in appropriate containers and packaged for distribution.中文回答：低氢高沸硅油生产工艺流程。
Analyzing the properties of transparent ceramics
Analyzing the properties oftransparent ceramicsIntroductionTransparent ceramics are a unique class of materials that offer a combination of optical, mechanical, and thermal properties. These materials have been extensively studied in the scientific community due to their unique set of properties, which make them ideal for various applications.Properties of Transparent Ceramics1. Optical Properties: Transparency is the most important characteristic of transparent ceramics. These materials have a high degree of transparency in the visible to near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Most transparent ceramics have a transparency of over 80% in the visible light region, making them ideal for use in optical devices such as lenses, windows, and mirrors. The high transparency of transparent ceramics is due to their crystal structure, which is perfect in terms of absence of structural defects.2. Mechanical Properties: Transparent ceramics exhibit excellent mechanical properties that make them ideal for high load and high-temperature applications. They have high hardness, high fracture toughness, and high chemical resistance. These properties make them ideal for use in harsh environments such as aerospace, defence, and nuclear industries. Transparent ceramics can also be used as cutting tools, wear-resistant coatings, and protective armour.3. Thermal Properties: Transparent ceramics have excellent thermal properties that make them ideal for use in applications that require high-temperature stability. They have a low coefficient of thermal expansion, high thermal conductivity, and high thermal shock resistance. These properties enable them to withstand high-temperature stresseswithout cracking or losing their transparency. Transparent ceramics are ideal for use in high-temperature furnaces, high-temperature sensors, and thermoelectric devices.Applications of Transparent Ceramics1. Optics: Transparent ceramics are ideal for use in optical devices due to their excellent transparency. They can be used as optical windows, lenses, and filters in various optical systems such as telescopes, microscopes, and cameras.2. Aerospace: Transparent ceramics are ideal for use in aerospace applications due to their excellent mechanical and thermal properties. They can be used as protective coatings, thermal insulation, and structural components in spacecraft and aircraft.3. Defence: Transparent ceramics are also ideal for use in defence applications due to their excellent mechanical and thermal properties. They can be used as armours, cutting tools, and radar reflectors in defence systems.4. Energy: Transparent ceramics can be used in energy applications such as solar cells, fuel cells, and thermoelectric generators. They have a low coefficient of thermal expansion and high thermal conductivity, making them ideal for use in high-temperature environments.ConclusionTransparent ceramics possess a unique set of properties that make them ideal for various industrial and scientific applications. These materials offer high transparency, excellent mechanical properties, and excellent thermal properties. The applications of transparent ceramics range from optics to defence, aerospace, and energy. The study of transparent ceramics is ongoing, and researchers are continuously exploring new applications and improving the properties of these materials.。
原子层沉积二氧化钛
原子层沉积二氧化钛英文回答：Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a thin-film deposition technique used to deposit conformal, high-quality thinfilms on a variety of substrates. ALD is a sequential,self-limiting process that involves the alternating exposure of a substrate to two or more precursors. The precursors react with the substrate surface to form a thin film, and the byproducts of the reaction are desorbed from the substrate. This process is repeated until the desired film thickness is achieved.ALD of titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a well-established process that has been used to deposit TiO2 films with a variety of properties, including high dielectric constant, low leakage current, and good optical properties. TiO2films deposited by ALD have been used in a variety of applications, including capacitors, solar cells, andoptical coatings.The ALD process for TiO2 can be carried out using a variety of precursors, but the most common precursors are titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) and water (H2O). The TiCl4 is vaporized and introduced into the reaction chamber, where it reacts with the surface of the substrate to form a titanium oxide layer. The H2O is then introduced into the reaction chamber, where it reacts with the titanium oxide layer to form a TiO2 layer. The TiCl4 and H2O are alternately exposed to the substrate until the desired film thickness is achieved.The ALD process for TiO2 is a relatively simple and straightforward process, and it can be used to deposithigh-quality TiO2 films on a variety of substrates. TiO2 films deposited by ALD have a number of desirable properties, including high dielectric constant, low leakage current, and good optical properties. These properties make TiO2 films deposited by ALD ideal for a variety of applications, including capacitors, solar cells, andoptical coatings.中文回答：原子层沉积（ALD）是一种薄膜沉积技术，用于沉积共形、高质量的薄膜在各种基底上。
缓速酸段塞注入酸蚀裂缝的刻蚀形态及导流规律——以伊拉克F油田低孔渗碳酸盐岩储层为例
大庆石油地质与开发Petroleum Geology ＆ Oilfield Development in Daqing2023 年 8 月第 42 卷第 4 期Aug. ，2023Vol. 42 No. 4DOI ：10.19597/J.ISSN.1000-3754.202203043缓速酸段塞注入酸蚀裂缝的刻蚀形态及导流规律——以伊拉克F 油田低孔渗碳酸盐岩储层为例崔波1 冯浦涌1 姚二冬2 荣新明1 周福建2 张强1（1.中海油田服务股份有限公司油田生产事业部，天津300450；2.中国石油大学（北京）非常规油气科学技术研究院，北京102249）摘要： 针对低孔、低渗型碳酸盐岩储层，常规酸化效果有限，需要采用酸压进行增产改造。
为了达到形成高导流能力分支刻蚀沟槽这种理想的碳酸盐岩酸压效果，采用胶凝酸、交联酸、乳化酸、螯合酸和自转向酸5种缓速酸体系，交联酸+自转向酸、胶凝酸+自转向酸、乳化酸+螯合酸、乳化酸+自转向酸4种段塞组合方式，以及二级、三级2种注入级数，对裂缝壁面进行刻蚀实验，并应用CT 扫描和裂缝导流测试分析酸蚀裂缝的刻蚀形态及导流能力。
结果表明：裂缝刻蚀形态主控因素为缓速酸段塞组合类型，次控因素为注入级数；交联酸+自转向酸组合为最优组合，酸蚀后可形成错综交叉、深度均匀的复杂沟槽，刻蚀深度适中，刻蚀均匀度大于60%，40 MPa 下酸蚀后裂缝的导流能力可达170 μm 2·cm ；裂缝的刻蚀形态与导流能力存在较好的对应关系，在综合考虑酸蚀岩板刻蚀深度、刻蚀均匀度及岩板酸蚀前后质量变化情况下，酸蚀沟槽形态因子和导流能力的相关系数达0.985 2。
研究成果为伊拉克F 油田或同类型油藏选择储层改造酸液体系、优化工艺参数提供了理论依据。
关键词：碳酸盐岩；酸压；缓速酸；导流能力；沟槽形态因子中图分类号：TE357.1 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1000-3754（2023）04-0074-07Etching geometry and conductivity of acid⁃etched fractures injected withretarded acid slug: Taking low⁃porosity and low⁃permeability carbonatereservoir of F Oilfield in Iraq as an exampleCUI Bo 1，FENG Puyong 1，YAO Erdong 2，RONG Xinming 1，ZHOU Fujian 2，ZHANG Qiang 1（1.COSL Production Optimization Department ，CNOOC ，Tianjin 300450，China ；2.Institute of UnconventionalOil and Gas Science and Technology ，China University of Petroleum （Beijing ），Beijing 102249，China ）Abstract ：The effect of conventional acidizing is limited for low -porosity and low -permeability carbonate reservoir ， and acid -fracturing is needed for stimulation. In order to achieve ideal effect of carbonate rock acid -fracturing with branch etching grooves with high conductivity ， 5 retarded acid systems （gelled acid ， cross -linked acid ， emulsified acid ， chelated acid and diverting acid ）， 4 kinds of slug combinations （cross -linked acid+self -diverting acid ， gelled acid+self -diverting acid ， emulsified acid+chelated acid and emulsified acid+self -diverting acid ） and 2 kinds of in‑jection sequences （2 and 3 sequences ） are used to etch fracture surface. The acid -etched fracture geometry and itsconductivity are analyzed and tested by CT scanner and fracture conductivity instrument. The results show that themain controlling factor of acid -etched fracture geometry is slug combination type of retarded acid system ， and sec‑收稿日期：2022-03-17 改回日期：2022-11-12基金项目：国家科技重大专项“中亚和中东地区复杂碳酸盐岩油气藏采油采气关键技术研究与应用”（2017ZX05030005）；国家科技重大专项“超深裂缝性气藏井筒失稳机理及转向工艺优化研究”（2016ZX05051003）。
炸鸡和油炸薯条中甲基硅氧烷低聚物的残留分析及其暴露评估
都艳群，张京伟，郭一凡，等. 炸鸡和油炸薯条中甲基硅氧烷低聚物的残留分析及其暴露评估[J]. 食品工业科技，2024，45（1）：216−223. doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023030155DU Yanqun, ZHANG Jingwei, GUO Yifan, et al. Residue Analysis and Exposure Assessment of Methylsiloxane Oligomers in Fried Chicken and French Fries[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2024, 45(1): 216−223. (in Chinese with English abstract). doi:10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023030155· 食品安全 ·炸鸡和油炸薯条中甲基硅氧烷低聚物的残留分析及其暴露评估都艳群，张京伟，郭一凡，张喜荣，兰社益，封 棣*（北京工商大学轻工科学技术学院，北京 100048）摘 要：快餐中的油炸食品深受广大消费者喜爱，但随着对挥发性甲基硅氧烷的安全性的日益关注，消泡剂聚二甲基硅氧烷 （Polydimethylsiloxanes ，PDMS ）中甲基硅氧烷的低聚物单体在油炸食品中的残留亟需研究。
本研究采用QuEChERS-气相色谱-串联质谱（GC-MS/MS ）建立了炸鸡和油炸薯条中甲基硅氧烷低聚物的高效灵敏的检测方法。
利用该法对从快餐店购买的33种炸鸡和30种炸薯条进行了分析并采用点评估方法进行了初步的暴露评估。
结果检出八甲基环四硅氧烷（Octamethyl cyclotetrasiloxane ，D4）~六甲基二硅氧烷 （Hexamethyldisiloxane ，D18）和十甲基四硅氧烷（Decamethyl tetrasiloxane ，L4）~三十甲基十四硅氧烷（Triaconta methyltetradecasiloxane ，L14），并且甲基硅氧烷低聚物在炸鸡中的总含量中位数（514.61 ng·g −1）高于炸薯条（83.4 ng·g −1）。
铝材表面处理工艺介绍（Intro...
铝材表面处理工艺介绍（Introduction of aluminum surfacetreatment process）Core tip: on aluminum, anodized can do color is really limited, usually is silver, bronze, titanium, gold or black K. As for sometimes seeing many of his colors are processed by another process: 1, electrophoretic coating on the basis of anodic oxidation, through the role of electrophoresis, in the role ofFor aluminum, anodized can do color is really limited, usually is silver, bronze, titanium, gold or black K. As for sometimes seeing a lot of his color is processed by another process:1. Electrophoretic coatingOn the basis of anodic oxidation, a layer of water soluble acrylic film is uniformly covered on the oxide film by electrophoresis, forming a composite film of anodic oxidation film and acrylic acid film on the surface of the profile. The handle is smooth and delicate, and the appearance is bright and bright. In addition to producing the color of the original oxidation coloring, more bright colors such as white and green can be made.For aluminum, anodized can do color is really limited, usually is silver, bronze, titanium, gold or black K. As for sometimes seeing a lot of his color is processed by another process:1. Electrophoretic coatingOn the basis of anodic oxidation, a layer of water solubleacrylic film is uniformly covered on the oxide film by electrophoresis, forming a composite film of anodic oxidation film and acrylic acid film on the surface of the profile. The handle is smooth and delicate, and the appearance is bright and bright. In addition to producing the color of the original oxidation coloring, more bright colors such as white and green can be made.2. Color powder sprayingA total of more than 200 color choices, give designers a broad space, stable performance, strong adhesion film, not easy to peel, acid, salt fog resistance, mortar resistance, weather resistance, anti-aging and other excellent performance. The coating has no volatilization, no oxidation and no pollution in the air, and has good environmental protection performance. Surface dirt washed with a new look3. Color fluorocarbon sprayingPolyvinylidene fluoride coating was sprayed on the surface of aluminum alloy substrate by electrostatic action on the surface of aluminum alloy substrate. Two. Fluorocarbon coatings are two vinylidene fluoride and fluorocarbon coatings. The fluorocarbon bond is one of the strongest molecular bonds, which is superior to the molecular structure of its polymerization. Fluorocarbon spraying as a high grade surface coating process. More than 160 rich colors are enough for architects and designers to provide endless space for design. It has the advantages of uniform color, good anti fading and stain resistance.Drawing and surface oxidation is independent of the drawing to do before oxidation; oxidation method is also certainly not with natural oxidation, surface natural oxide obtained should be called the quality defects, the oxide film and oxide film composition, the appearance of special treatment are different.Another point is that coloring is not the post treatment of oxidation, it is carried out at the same time of oxidation, there are commonly used the following oxidation coloring treatment method:Colored anodic oxide filmAnodic oxidation film of aluminum is colored by adsorption dye.Spontaneous color anodic oxide filmThe anodic oxide film is a kind of anodic oxide film with color, which is spontaneously produced by the alloy itself under electrolytic action in some suitable electrolyte (usually in organic acid).Electrolytic coloringThe coloring of anodic oxide film is colored by electrodeposition of metal or metal oxide through the voids in the oxide film.Coloring is indeed carried out simultaneously with oxidation,but it is also called the post treatment of the process, which means that it is attached to the process.Said anodic oxidation coloring method is H.Y.ZX (X is the color of the decimal point), it is divided into three parts, the first part is plating method (H chemical method), the second part said plating characteristics (Y, oxidation) third part represents the postprocessing (ZX staining). Specific can see GB1238-76 (do not know whether there is updated GB)?.Ordinary anodic oxidation (non coloring) is expressed as H.Y.The anodizing coloring of wire drawing can be expressed as Y / H.Y.ZX, and Y represents drawing (the sign of drawing indicates that I haven't found it yet). / it means that the two processes are before and after.The methods of [paging] coloring are different:One is to add pigment to the treatment solution, which is generally red and blue,Two is to add some chromogenic agents, such as oxalic acid, etc.Three is the above two kinds are added.The electrolytic coloring, is conductive oxide, aluminum oxide gold general.Drawing can be made according to the needs of decoration, straight lines, disorderly pattern, thread, ripple and rotarypattern and so on.Straight line drawing refers to the method of mechanical friction on the surface of aluminum plate to process straight lines. It has the double function of brushing off the scratches on the aluminum plate surface and decorating the aluminum plate surface. Straight line drawing with continuous filament and intermittent silk two kinds. Continuous thread can be continuously and horizontally rubbed with aluminum cloth or stainless steel brush, such as manual grinding or cutting steel wire brush on the aluminum plate. Changing the diameter of the steel wire of the stainless steel brush can obtain the lines with different thickness. Intermittent threads are usually machined on a brush or a cutter. Making principle: two sets of differential rotating wheels are used, the upper group is a quick rotating grinding roller, the lower group is a slow rotating rubber roller, and the aluminum or aluminum alloy plate passes through the two sets of rollers, and is brushed with fine intermittent straight lines.The irregular pattern drawing is a kind of irregular filament with no obvious lines, which is made by moving the aluminum plate around the front and back of the aluminum brush under the high speed running copper brush. This kind of processing requires higher surface of aluminum or aluminum alloy plate.The corrugation is usually made on a brushing machine or a graining machine. Using the axial movement of the upper mill roller, brush the surface of the aluminum or aluminum alloy plate, and get the wavy pattern.The rotary thread is also called light rotation. It is a kind of silk thread obtained by rotating and polishing the surface of aluminum or aluminum alloy plate by using cylindrical felt or stone nylon wheel installed on the drilling machine and using kerosene blended polishing grease. It is mostly used for decorative processing of circular signs and small decorative dials.The thread is a circular felt the shaft is provided with a small motor, which is fixed on the desktop, from the angle of about 60 degrees and the edge of the table, also equipped with a carriage fixed plate pressure tea, with a neat polyester film edge straight on the carriage to limit the thread of competition. By using the rotation of the felt and the linear movement of the carriage, the thread thread with uniform width is wiped out on the surface of the aluminum plate.Sandblasting is to obtain the surface of the film light decoration or small reflection surface, in order to meet the special needs of the design of soft luster. Uniform and moderate sand blasting can basically overcome the common defects on the surface of aluminum.For appearance parts, whether drawing or sand blasting, it is usually necessary to do surface oxidation treatment. As for the choice of what kind of processing technology, should be related to the shape of a problem to consider, the two processes can be obtained on the surface texture is still different.There is another process and blast is close, but with a method of chemical etching, chemical or chemical treatment commonlyknown as rotten sand sand surface corrosion, especially suitable for aluminum surface treatment, the sand surface uniformity is much better than that of sand blasting. Chemical sand surface corrosion is divided into acid corrosion and alkaline corrosion. Different surface colors and grit sizes can be obtained by using different corrosion solvents and sand surface agents.。
专业英语词汇
Cretaceous 英[krɪ'teɪʃəs] 美[krɪ'teɪʃəs] 白垩纪Andesitic 安山岩的Tertiary 英[ˈtɜ:ʃəri] 美[ˈtɜ:rʃieri] 第三纪rhyolite 英['raɪəlaɪt] 美['raɪəˌlaɪt] 流纹岩dome 穹隆contemporaneous 同期，同生molybdenum 英[məˈlɪbdənəm] 美[məˈlɪbdənəm] 钼molybdenite 英[mə'lɪbdənaɪt] 辉钼矿diorite 英['daɪəraɪt] 闪长岩granodiorite 英[grænəʊ'daɪəraɪt] 美[grænoʊ'daɪəraɪt] 花岗闪长岩emplaced 侵位granular 英[ˈgrænjələ(r)] 颗粒，粒状，颗粒状equigranular 英[i:kwɪ'grænjʊlə] 美[i:kwɪ'grænjʊlə] 等粒度的，均匀粒状的silica 英[ˈsɪlɪkə] 二氧化硅silicate 硅酸盐，硅酸siliceous 硅质岩，硅质，硅酸elevation 海拔，高程obliterate 擦掉，使消失，忘掉breccia 英['bretʃə] 美['bretʃə] 角砾岩brecciation 英[brekʃ'ɪeɪʃn] 角砾岩化stock 股票，证券，岩株postmineral 成矿期后的，矿化后的latite 安粗岩（相当于二长岩的火山岩，其矿物成分介于粗面岩与安山岩之间。
）trachyandesite 英[trəkaɪæn'desaɪt] 粗安岩（粗面安山岩）clastic 碎屑的，碎屑岩orthogonal 正交，相互垂直Petrologic 英[ˌpetrə'lɒdʒɪk] 岩石学的lithology英[lɪˈθɒlədʒi] 岩性，岩石学felsic 长英质，长英矿物initial ratio 初始比值vein 脉veinlets 细脉disseminate 散布，传播disseminated 散布的，浸染的，传播assemble 集合，组合，装配anhydrite 英[æn'haɪdraɪt] 美[æn'haɪdraɪt] 硬石膏，无水石膏chalcopyrite 英[ˌkælkə'paɪraɪt] 美[ˌkælkə'paɪraɪt] 黄铜矿bornite 斑铜矿sulfide 硫化物，硫sulfate 硫酸盐，硫酸symmetry 英[ˈsɪmətri] 对称，整齐，匀称con solid ation 固结，巩固propylite 英['prɒpɪlaɪt] 青磐岩fringe 边缘，次要incipient 开始的，初期的convert 转变，侵占，换算hornblende 角闪石，普通角闪石amphibole 英['æmfɪbəʊl] 角闪石，闪石类，闪石phenocryst 英['fi:nəˌkrɪst] 斑晶rutile 金红石ilmenite 英['ɪlmənaɪt] 钛铁矿hematite 英['hemətaɪt] 赤铁矿limonite 英['laɪmənaɪt] 褐铁矿marcasite 英[ˈmɑ:kəsaɪt] 白铁矿specular hematite 镜铁矿sphene 英[sfi:n] 榍石titanite 英['taɪtnaɪt] 美['taɪtənˌnaɪt] 榍石underlie 位于···之下，构成···的基础Paleozoic 古生代，古生界ridge 脊，岭，山脊flank 侧面，侧翼deposit 英[dɪˈpɒzɪt] 矿床，沉积，沉积物，储蓄，存款epidote 绿帘石chlorite 英['klɔ:raɪt] 绿泥石calcite 方解石sericite 英['serɪsaɪt] 绢云母muscovite 白云母destructive 破坏性的，毁灭性的，有害的fracture 断裂，裂隙andalusite 英[əndæ'lu:saɪt] 红柱石transition 过渡，转变transitional 过渡期的，渐变的tourmaline 英['tʊməlɪn] 电气石tennantite 英['tenəntaɪt] 砷黝铜矿sphalerite 英['sfæləraɪt] 闪锌矿galena 英[gə'li:nə] 方铅矿gangue [gæŋ] mineral 脉石矿物halo 英[ˈheɪləʊ] 晕aureole 英[ˈɔ:riəʊl] 日晕，光环，晕环vertical 垂直的peripheral 英[pəˈrɪfərəl] 外围的，次要的superimposed 叠加，重叠truncated英['trʌŋkeɪtɪd] 截断，截短chalcocite ['kælkəsaɪt] 辉铜矿leach 过滤leached capping 淋滤帽relict 遗物，残遗物pyrophyllite 英[paɪrəʊ'fɪlaɪt] 叶腊石alunite 英[ə'lu:naɪt] 明矾石amorphous 英[əˈmɔ:fəs] 非晶质，模糊的corundum 英[kəˈrʌndəm] 刚玉，金刚砂pebble 卵石，砾preserve 保护，保存，保持pyritic 黄铁矿，黄铁矿型，硫化铁矿的salinity 英[sə'lɪnətɪ] 盐度，盐分saline 英[ˈseɪlaɪn] 美[ˈseɪli:n] 含盐的，咸的density 英[ˈdensəti] 密度，浓度supergene 浅成的，表生的，浅成矿床supergene enrichment 次生富集，表生富集kaolinite 英['keɪəlɪnaɪt] 高岭石oxidize 英[ˈɒksɪdaɪz] 使氧化，使生锈hydrated 水合，水化hydrolytic 水解，水解的hydrothermal 英[ˌhaɪdrə'θɜ:məl] 热液的，热水的gypsum 英[ˈdʒɪpsəm] 石膏jarosite 英['dʒærəsaɪt] 黄钾铁矾goethite 英['gəʊθaɪt] 针铁矿blanket 包层immobile 英[ɪˈməʊbaɪl] 固定的，稳定的bulk 体积，大块intruded英[ɪn'tru:dɪd] 侵入的intrusion 侵入，侵入体intrusive (mass/body) 侵入体volcanic pile 火山堆积adjacent to 英[əˈdʒeisənt tu:] 与···毗邻recurrent 复发的，周期性的aqueous英[ˈeɪkwiəs] 美[ˈekwiəs, ˈækwi-] 水（的），水溶液（的）responsible for 为…负责，是造成…的原因prior to 在···之前hydrogen 氢，氢气mantle wedge 地幔楔inflow 流入，注入meteoric water英[ˌmi:ti:ˈɔ:rɪk ˈwɔ:tə] 大气降水convective 传送性的，对流的mantle convection 地幔对流collapse 英[kəˈlæps] 崩溃，倒塌penetrate英[ˈpenɪtreɪt] 渗透，穿透acid 英[ˈæsɪd] 酸的，酸性的acid rock 酸性岩intermediate 英[ˌɪntəˈmi:diət] 中间的，中级的，中间人，调解，干涉intermediate rock 中性岩basic rock 基性岩ultrabasic rock 超基性岩mafic 英['mæfɪk] rock 镁铁质岩，基性岩ultramafic rock 超镁铁质岩alkaline 英[ˈælkəlaɪn] 碱的，碱性的，含碱的erosion 英[ɪ'rəʊʒn] 侵蚀，冲蚀，冲刷overlap 重叠，超覆genetic model 成因模型，遗传模型batholith 英['bæθəlɪθ]岩基metasomatism 英[ˌmetə'səʊmətɪzəm] 交代（作用）bimetasomatism 英[baɪme'teɪsəmətɪzəm] 双交代（作用）metasomatic 英[metəsəʊ'mætɪk] 交代的ground water 地下水volatile 英[ˈvɒlətaɪl] 易挥发的，易变的，挥发性，挥发分fragment 片段，碎片invariably 美[ɪnˈveriəbli] 总是，无不，不变的width 宽度，广度oriented 英['ɔ:rɪəntɪd] 定向的，导向的enargite 英[ɪ'nɑ:dʒaɪt] 硫砷铜矿，硫砷钢矿constituent 成分，组成，选民flush 冲刷，奔流，脸红lead 铅zinc 英[zɪŋk]锌stibnite 英['stɪbnaɪt] 辉锑矿realgar 英[rɪ'ælgə] 雄黄arsenopyrite 英[ɑ:snə'paɪraɪt] 毒砂planar 平面的，平坦的flat dip 缓倾斜coarse[kɔ:s] grained 粗晶，粗粒band 带，条带aplite 英[æp'laɪt] 白岗岩perthite 英['pɜ:θaɪt] 条纹长石perthitic[pɜ:'θɪtɪk] feldspar 条纹长石oligoclase 英['ɒlɪgəʊkleɪs] 美['ɒlɪgoʊkleɪs] 奥长石accessory 英[əkˈsesəri] 附件，配饰，从犯accessory mineral 副矿物apatite 英['apətaɪt] 磷灰石segmente 分割，划分，环节，部分arbitrarily 英[ˌɑːbɪ'trɛərɪlɪ] 任意地，肆意地crosscut 横切，横穿，横切的，捷径axial 英[ˈæksiəl] 轴向，轴的，轴向的immediate vicinity[vɪˈsɪnɪti] 紧邻，相邻地区definitive 确切的，决定性的，最终的gross 美[groʊs] 总的，大体geometry 英[dʒiˈɒmətri] 几何学，几何形状，几何图形steep 英[sti:p] 陡峭的，急倾斜sill 岩床，门槛，窗台sparse 美[spɑ:rs] 稀疏的，稀少的extremity 端点，尽头，四肢grade 分级，品味prominent 突出的，杰出的，突起的，著名的moderate 有节制的，适度的，中等的potassium 英[pəˈtæsiəm] 钾arcuate 英['a:kjʊɪt] 弓状，弓形的petrography 岩相学，岩石学zircon 英['zɜ:kɒn] 锆石pegmatite 英['pegmətaɪt] 伟晶岩color index 比色指数，颜色指数gradation 英[grəˈdeɪʃn] 等级，渐变，阶段abrupt 陡峭的，突然地，以外的euhedral 英[ju:'hi:drəl] 自形的subhedral 英[sʌb'hi:drəl] 半自形的anhedral 英['ænhdrəl] 他形的interstitial 英[ˌɪntəˈstɪʃl] 填隙，间隙polarize 英[ˈpəʊləraɪz] 使极化，使偏振polarized light 偏振光，偏光variant 美[ˈveriənt] 变异，变体，变异的，多样的argillite 英[ɑ:dʒɪ'lɪt] 泥质岩，泥板岩argillaceous[ˌɑ:dʒə'leɪʃəs] rock 泥质岩mudstone 英['mʌdstəʊn] 泥岩mottled 英[ˈmɒtld] 杂色的，斑点的ground mass 基质lath 美[læθ] 板条，木板条intergrowth 共生(物)montmorillonite 美[ˌmɒntmə'rɪlənaɪt] 蒙脱石，蒙脱土sodium 美[ˈsoʊdiəm] 钠sodic 美['soʊdɪk] 钠的，含钠的，钠质pods 荚，豆荚ragged 英[ˈrægɪd] 凹凸的，参差的，衣衫破烂的diagonal 英[daɪˈægənl] 斜线，对角线，斜的，对角线的pseudomorph 英['psju:dəmɔ:f] 美['sju:dəmɔ:f] 假象，假晶miarolitic cavity [maɪərə'lɪtɪk][ˈkævɪti] 晶洞miarolitic 英[maɪərə'lɪtɪk] 晶洞状，晶洞状的trachyte 英['treɪkaɪt] 粗面岩principal 英[ˈprɪnsəpl] 主要的，最重要的，资本的，本金，负责人，首长pervasive 英[pəˈveɪsɪv] 普遍的，渗透的，弥散的，无处不在地ion 英[ˈaɪən] 离子stylolite 英['staɪləʊlaɪt] 缝合线（构造）Suture 英[ˈsu:tʃə(r)] 缝合线，缝合伤口inconspicuous 英[ˌɪnkənˈspɪkjuəs] 不显著的，不明显的elongate 英[ˈi:lɒŋgeɪt] 延长，加长perpendicular 英[ˌpɜ:pənˈdɪkjələ(r)] 垂直的，成直角的，直立的shear zone/band 剪切带ductile 英[ˈdʌktaɪl] 韧性的，可延伸的，塑性的ductile shear zone/belt 韧性剪切带uneven 不平均的，不平坦的，参差不齐的faint 头晕，昏厥，模糊的，微弱的，软弱的bleach 漂白，使褪色，漂白剂crack 裂缝，裂隙，裂纹，开裂drusy 英['dru:sɪ] 晶洞，空洞，晶簇状carbonate 碳酸盐，碳酸盐岩，碳酸predominant 主要的，占主导地位的，占优势的，卓越的document 公文，文档，证件，记录，证明parameter英[pəˈræmɪtə(r)] 参数，参量，限制因素，决定因素komatiite 英[kə'mætɪaɪt] 科马提岩meteoric[ˌmi:tiˈɒrɪk] water 大气降水atmospheric precipitation 大气降水precipitation 沉淀，沉淀物，降水，冰雹pluton 英['plu:tɒn] 深成岩体geothermal 英[ˌdʒi:əʊˈθɜ:ml] 地热的，地温的geothermal gradient 地温梯度terrane 英[tə'reɪn] 地体protolith 原岩synthesis 英[ˈsɪnθəsɪs] 综合，合成，综合体（复：syntheses）terminology 英[ˌtɜ:mɪˈnɒlədʒi] 术语，专门名词exoskarn 外矽卡岩endoskarn 内矽卡岩forsterite 英['fɔ:stəraɪt] 镁橄榄石diopside 英[daɪ'ɒpsaɪd]hornfels 英['hɔ:nfels] 角岩dolostone 英[dəʊlə'stəʊn] 白云岩dolomite 英['dɒləmaɪt] 白云岩，白云石limestone 英[ˈlaɪmstəʊn] 灰岩，石灰石impure 英[ɪmˈpjʊə(r)] 不纯的，掺杂的siltstone 粉砂岩silty 粉砂质，粉质calcareous 英[kæl'keərɪəs] 钙质的，含碳酸钙的isochemical 等化学wollastonite 英['wʊləstənaɪt] 硅灰石interlayer 英['ɪntə(:)leɪə] 层间，夹层，中间层skarnoid 类矽卡岩infiltration 英[ˌɪnfɪl'treɪʃn] 渗透，渗虑，渗入invoke 英[ɪnˈvəʊk] 借助，援引，乞灵，招鬼distal 英[ˈdɪstl] 末梢的proximal 英[ˈprɒksɪməl] 近端，最接近的ore-bearing 含矿prograde metamorphism 进变质retrograde [ˈretrəgreɪd] metamorphism 退变质retrogressive metamorphism 退变质correspond 英[ˌkɒrəˈspɒnd] 相应，一致，符合converse 英[kənˈvɜ:s] 相反的，颠倒的，谈话，交谈aqueous 英[ˈeɪkwiəs] 水的，水成的aqueous phase 水相，液相at depth 深部deform 英[dɪˈfɔ:m] 变形，使变形，使变丑plastic deformation 塑性变形ductile 英[ˈdʌktaɪl] 韧性，延展性，塑性brittle[ˈbrɪtl] deformation 脆性变形bedding 层理，层面with respect to 关于，（至于）谈到rock formation 岩层，岩石建造rock-forming minerals 造岩矿物yield 英[ji:ld] 产生，获利，投降，屈服，放弃endmember 端元，端元组分，基本组分humite 英['hju:maɪt] 硅镁石periclase 英['perɪkleɪse] 方镁石phlogopite 英['flɒgəpaɪt] 金云母talc 英[tælk] 滑石，滑石粉serpentine 英[ˈsɜ:pəntaɪn] 蛇纹石，蛇纹岩，蜿蜒的，弯曲的，曲折前进brucite 英[b'ru:saɪt] 水镁石tin 英[tɪn] 锡，锡矿，锡制的boron 英[ˈbɔ:rɒn] 硼beryllium 英[bəˈrɪliəm] 铍fluorine 英[ˈflɔ:ri:n] 氟pyroxene 英['paɪrɒksi:n] 辉石pyroxenite 英[paɪ'rɒksənaɪt] 辉岩clinopyroxene 英[klaɪnə'pɪrəzi:n] 单斜辉石orthorhombic[ɔ:θə'rɒmbɪk] pyroxene 斜方辉石enstenite 英[ens'tenaɪt] 斜方辉石equilibration 美[ˌi:kwɪlɪ'breɪʃən] 平衡，均势equilibrium 英[ˌi:kwɪˈlɪbriəm] 平衡，均势（复：equilibria）compatibility 英[kəmˌpætəˈbɪləti] 相容性，兼容性，亲和性solid solution 固溶体manganese 英[ˈmæŋgəni:z] 锰manganiferous 英[mængə'nɪfərəs] 含锰的johannsenite 英[dʒəʊ'hænsənaɪt] 锰钙辉石denote 英[dɪˈnəʊt] 代表，表示，指代，预示hedenbergite 英['hedənbɜ:gaɪt] 钙铁辉石graphic 英[ˈgræfɪk] 图解的，用图表表示的，生动的triangular 英[traɪˈæŋgjələ(r)] 三角（形）的，三方面的ternary 英['tɜ:nərɪ] 三元的，三部分组成的andradite 英[enrə'daɪt] 钙铁榴石pyralspite 英['pɪrəlspaɪt] 铝榴石grossularite 英['grɒsjʊləraɪt] 钙铝榴石almandine 英[ɔ:lmən'daɪn] 铁铝榴石spessartine 英[spe'sɑ:taɪn] 锰铝榴石hedenbergite 英['hedənbɜ:gaɪt] 铁钙辉石actinolite 英[æk'tɪnəˌlaɪt] 阳起石hastingsite 英['heɪstɪŋsaɪt] 绿钙闪石tremolite 英['treməlaɪt] 透闪石deficient 英[dɪˈfɪʃnt] 不足的，缺乏的dannemorite 英[dænɪ'mɒraɪt] 锰铁闪石vesuvianite 英[vɪ'su:vɪənaɪt] 符山石bustamite 英[bʌs'tæmaɪt] 钙蔷薇辉石spatial 英[ˈspeɪʃl] 空间的temporal 英[ˈtempərəl] 时间的geobarometer 英[dʒi:əʊbə'rɒmɪtə] 地质压力计quantitative 英[ˈkwɒntɪtətɪv] 定量的，数量（上）的qualitative 英[ˈkwɒlɪtətɪv] 定性的，定质的，性质的上的strata 英[ˈstrɑ:tə] 美[ˈstretə, ˈstrætə] 地层，岩层（stratum的名词复数）stratigraphy 英[strə'tɪgrəfɪ] 地层学morphology 英[mɔ:ˈfɒlədʒi] 形态学orogenic 英[ɔ:rə'dʒenɪk] 造山anorogenic 英[ænɔ:rəd'ʒenɪk] 非造山的tectonic 英[tekˈtɒnɪk] 构造的，大地构造的flux 英[flʌks] 流量，流出，溶解，熔化influx 英[ˈɪnflʌks] 内流，流入，注入permeability 英[ˌpɜ:mɪə'bɪlətɪ] 渗透率，渗透性，通透性heterogeneous 英[ˌhetərəˈdʒi:niəs] 异构，非均质，多相，成分混杂的homogeneous 英[ˌhɒməˈdʒi:niəs] 均匀的，均质的tungsten 英[ˈtʌŋstən] 钨mechanical properties 力学性能，机械性能sub-parallel 近平行align 英[əˈlaɪn] 排整齐，对准，使结盟plane 英[pleɪn] 飞机，平面，平坦的discordant 英[dɪsˈkɔ:dənt] 不一致的，不协调的drill core 钻孔岩心aphanitic 英[æ'fænɪtɪk] 隐晶质的vent 英[vent] 表达，发泄，排除，通风孔，排气孔commodity 英[kəˈmɒdəti] 商品，日用品，有价值的物品ilvaite 英[ɪl'veɪt] 黑柱石albite 英['ælbɪt] 钠长石orthoclase 英['ɔ:θəkleɪs] 正长石scapolite 英['skæpəlaɪt] 方柱石unify 英[ˈju:nɪfaɪ] 统一，使联合，使相同solely 英[ˈsəʊlli] 仅仅，纯粹，唯一的grandite 钙铝铁榴石prehnite 英['preɪnaɪt] 葡萄石pyrrhotite 英['pɪərəʊtaɪt] 美['pɪrəˌtaɪt] 磁黄铁矿electrum 英[ɪ'lektrəm] 银金矿bismuth 英[ˈbɪzməθ]铋tellurium 英[teˈljʊəriəm] 碲ferrum 英['ferəm] 铁ferric iron 三价铁ferrous 英[ˈferəs] 二价铁，亚铁，含铁的scheelite 英['ʃi:laɪt] 白钨矿reduced 减少的，还原的rim 英[rɪm] 边，缘cogenetic 英[kəʊdʒɪ'netɪk] 同源的stockwork 英[s'tɒkwɜ:k] 网状脉lode 英[ləʊd] 美[loʊd] 矿脉causative 英[ˈkɔ:zətɪv] 成为原因的monticellite 英[mɒntɪ'selaɪt] 钙镁橄榄石correlated 英['kɒrəleɪtɪd] 有相互关系的affinity 英[əˈfɪnəti] 密切关系，吸引力，亲和性rift 英[rɪft] 裂谷，断陷，裂缝，使裂开rifting 裂谷作用，裂谷span 英[spæn] 跨度，跨越thread 英[θred] 螺纹，线索，穿成串，manto 英['mæntəʊ] 矿层，管状岩体chimney 英[ˈtʃɪmni] 烟囱，壁炉，烟囱状物leucocratic 英[lju:kə'krætɪk] 浅色，浅色的bulk 英[bʌlk] （大）体积，大块，大量，主体tonnage 英[ˈtʌnɪdʒ] 吨位Cambrian 英[ˈkæm briən] 寒武纪，寒武纪的craton 英['kreɪtɒn] 克拉通，稳定地块polymetallic 英[pɒli:me'təlɪk] 多金属，多金属的greisen 英['graɪzn] 云英岩cassiterite 英[kə'sɪtəraɪt] 锡石fluorite 英['flʊəraɪt] 萤石topaz 英[ˈtəʊpæz] 黄玉，托帕石grunerite 英[ɡ'ru:nərɪt] 铁闪石standpoint 立场，观点incorporate 英[ɪnˈkɔ:pəreɪt] 包含，使混合，合并precipitate 英[prɪˈsɪpɪteɪt] 下掷，倒落，（使）沉淀，析出allanite 英['ælənaɪt] 褐帘石uranium 英[juˈreɪniəm] 铀daughter mineral 子矿物platinum 英[ˈplætɪnəm] 铂，白金platinum group elements 铂族元素routinely 英[ru:'ti:nlɪ] 常规的，惯常的envelope 英[ˈenvələʊp] 包络，壳层，外壳，信封fabric 英[ˈfæbrɪk] 组构，质地，织物synkinematic 英[sɪŋkaɪnɪ'mætɪk] 同构造的，同沉积的determination 英[dɪˌtɜ:mɪˈneɪʃn] （含量）测定，计算，确定，决心，决定anomaly 英[əˈnɒməli] 异常现象，异常，反常thermodynamic 英[ˌθɜ:məʊdaɪ'næmɪk] 热力学的self-consistent 首尾一致的，有条理的，自洽的fractionation 英[ˌfrækʃən'eɪʃən] 分馏（作用），分离，分级unambiguous 英[ˌʌnæmˈbɪgjuəs] 清楚的，明白的，不含糊的connate 英['kɒneɪt] 天生的，先天的immiscible 英[ɪˈmɪsəbl] 不融合的，不能混合的equivalent 英[ɪˈkwɪvələnt] 等效的，等价的，相等的，当量的variance 英[ˈveəriəns] 变化，变动，不一致，分歧，方差derivation 英[ˌderɪˈveɪʃn] 衍生（物），派生，导出evaporate 英[ɪ'væpəraɪt] 蒸发沉积岩brine 英[braɪn] 卤水，盐水coincident with 一致dilute 英[daɪˈlu:t] 稀释，冲淡，稀释的dense 英[dens] 密集的，稠密的graphite 英[ˈgræfaɪt] 石墨thorium 英[ˈθɔ:riəm] 钍differentiated 英[dɪfə'renʃɪeɪtɪd] 分化，区别，区分spectrum 英[ˈspektrəm] 光谱，波普，范围，系列instigate 英[ˈɪnstɪgeɪt] 煽动，教唆，激起incipient 英[ɪnˈsɪpiənt] 初期的，开始的intimate 英[ˈɪntɪmət] 亲密的，亲近的，个人的，至交，密友intertwine 英[ˌɪntəˈtwaɪn] 纠缠，缠结collectively 英[kə'lektɪvlɪ] 全体地，共同地slab 英[slæb] 板块，平板，厚板flounder 英[ˈflaʊndə(r)] 挣扎，折腾migrate 英[maɪˈgreɪt] 移动，迁移，移居monzonite 英['mɒnzənaɪt] 二长岩megacryst 英['megəkrɪst] 巨晶a host of 许多，一大群upwell 英[ʌp'wel] 上涌asthenosphere 英[æs'θi:nɜ:ˌsfɪə] 软流圈concurrent 英[kənˈkʌrənt] 同时发生的，同时完成的，同时存在的amenable[əˈmi:nəbl] to 有义务的，顺从的，负责的mirror 英[ˈmɪrə(r)] 镜子，真实写照，借鉴，榜样，反射，反映account for 说明，导致，引起，对~负责wane 英[weɪn] 衰落，月（亏、缺），变暗淡（waning）fluctuate 英[ˈflʌktʃueɪt] 波动，涨落，使波动，使动摇vice versa 英[ˌvaɪs ˈvɜ:sə] 反之亦然omission 英[əˈmɪʃn] 不作为，省略，遗漏emanation 英[ˌemə'neɪʃn] 散发，发散，射气axinite 英['æksɪnaɪt] 斧石memoir 英[ˈmemwɑ:(r)] 回忆录，自传，记事录eclogite 英['eklədʒaɪt] 榴辉岩isochron 美['aɪsoʊkrɒn] 等时线enclave 英[ˈenkleɪv] 包体Archean 英[ɑ:ˈkiən] 太古代的exempt 英[ɪgˈzempt]使免除，豁免decay 英[dɪˈkeɪ] 衰变，衰减，衰退，腐烂，腐朽denudation 英[ˌdi:nju:'deɪʃən] 剥蚀，剥蚀作用xenolith 英['zenəlɪθ]包体，捕掳体kimberlite 英['kɪmbəlaɪt] 金伯利岩，角砾云母橄榄岩Proterozoic 美[ˌprɑtərəˈzoɪk, ˌprotə-] 元古代，元古宙compilation英[ˌkɒmpɪˈleɪʃn] 汇编，编辑intersect 英[ˌɪntəˈsekt] 相交，横断，横切，横穿diffusion 英[dɪ'fju:ʒn] 扩散，传播concordia 谐和线cleavage 英[ˈkli:vɪdʒ] 解理，裂解，切割crack 裂纹，裂缝，开裂，裂隙deduction 英[dɪˈdʌkʃn] 推演，推理，演绎，扣除locality 英[ləʊˈkæləti] 产地，位置，地区geothermobarometry 地质温压计isotherm 英[ˈaɪsəθɜ:m] 等温线thermometer 英[θəˈmɒmɪtə(r)] 温度计thermal 英[ˈθɜ:ml] 热，热的geochronological 地质年代学exponential 英[ˌekspəˈnenʃl] 指数，指数的，越来越快的scarcity 英[ˈskeəsəti] 稀少，不足，缺乏precursor 英[pri:ˈkɜ:sə(r)] 前辈，前驱，先锋，预兆nominally 英['nɒmɪnəlɪ] 在名义上，表面的divalent cation 英[ˈdaiˌveilənt ˈkætaiən] 二价阳离子trivalent 英[traɪ'veɪlənt] 三价的tetravalent 英[ˌtetrə'veɪlənt] 四价的chronometer 英[krəˈnɒmɪtə(r)] 精密计时器，天文钟linear regression 线性回归calibration 英[ˌkælɪˈbreɪʃn] 校准，标准化，刻度saturation 英[ˌsætʃəˈreɪʃn] 饱和，饱和度granulite 英['grænjʊlaɪt] 麻粒岩，变粒岩secular 英[ˈsekjələ(r)] 长期的，长久的，现世的scatter 英[ˈskætə(r)] 分散，散开symbol legend 符号图例irrespective 英[ˌɪrɪ'spektɪv] 无关的，不考虑的，不顾的ascent 英[əˈsent] 上升，登高，追溯scenario 美[səˈnærioʊ] 情景，方案，想定apparent age 表面年龄，视年龄encompass 英[ɪnˈkʌmpəs] 围绕，包围discrepancy 英[dɪsˈkrepənsi] 矛盾，不符合（之处）significant figure 有效数字porosity 英[pɔ:ˈrɒsəti] 孔隙度，孔隙率，多孔性stylolite 英['staɪləʊlaɪt] 缝合线，缝合线构造。
太阳级硅中杂质对电池效率的影响(英文)
Experimental procedure
poly-Si feedstock with added impurity
directional solidification furnace
ingot & wafers
20th EPVSEC Barcelona 2005, 2AO1.3
5
Experimental procedure
1 impurity concentration Cs ∝ 1 x
If impurity dominates recombination
1 1 ∝ ∝ Cs 2 Leff τ eff
Leff ∝ 1 x
0.4 (1-x) 0.6 0.8 1.0 1 √ (square root ofposition in ingot xtowards bottom) position in ingot
硅太阳能电池效率硅太阳能电池非晶硅太阳能电池硅太阳能电池材料太阳能电池板效率晶体硅太阳能电池硅基薄膜太阳能电池太阳能电池效率硅光电池硅能蓄电池
Specification of solar grade silicon: How impurities affect efficiency
Bart Geerligs
20th EPVSEC Barcelona 2005, 2AO1.3
2
Objective
Determine allowable concentrations of impurities in silicon feedstock for mc-Si solar cells. Reasons: specific Silicon produced for Photovoltaics possibility of Low-cost and abundant Silicon feedstock from carbothermic reduction of quartz. SiO2 + 2C → Si + 2CO Fe, Ti, Al, and C are major impurities in silicon from carbothermic reduction. What are the target levels for these impurities?