Amenable group论文

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关于java英文参考文献

关于java英文参考文献Java, a versatile programming language, has been a cornerstone of software development since its inception in the mid-1990s. Its object-oriented nature and platform independence make it a popular choice for developers worldwide.The language's extensive ecosystem is well-documented in numerous scholarly articles and books, offering insights into its design principles and practical applications. For beginners, "Head First Java" by Kathy Sierra and Bert Batesis a recommended starting point, blending engaging narratives with technical explanations.As one progresses, "Effective Java" by Joshua Bloch provides a more in-depth look at the language's best practices, catering to intermediate and advanced programmers. It covers topics such as exception handling and concurrency, which are crucial for writing robust Java applications.For a comprehensive understanding of Java's underlying mechanisms, "Java Concurrency in Practice" by Brian Goetz et al. is an invaluable resource. It delves into the complexities of multi-threading, a critical aspect of modern software development.When exploring Java's integration with web technologies, "Java Web Services" by William C. Crawford provides a clearguide to building and consuming web services, a common requirement in today's interconnected applications.Lastly, for those interested in the broader implications of Java in enterprise environments, "Enterprise Integration Patterns" by Gregor Hohpe and Bobby Woolf offers a collection of design patterns that facilitate the building ofdistributed systems.These references not only serve as educational tools but also as a testament to the enduring influence of Java in the field of computer science.。

英文abstract范文

英文abstract范文Title: The Impact of Technological Innovations on Modern Education Systems.Abstract:The present study delves into the profound influence of technological advancements on modern education systems, exploring both the opportunities and challenges they pose. The analysis begins by tracing the historical evolution of educational technology, from the advent of the printing press to the current era of digital transformation. This progression has reshaped the landscape of education, making learning more accessible, interactive, and personalized.The emergence of digital tools and platforms has revolutionized teaching methods, allowing instructors to engage students through interactive lectures, simulations, and online discussions. The use of learning analytics and artificial intelligence (AI) further enhances thepersonalization of learning experiences, as they enable teachers to tailor their approaches to individual student needs and preferences. These technological advancements have also expanded the reach of education, breaking down geographical barriers and connecting learners from diverse backgrounds.However, the integration of technology into education systems has not been without its challenges. Onesignificant concern is the digital divide, which refers to the unequal access to technology and its associated resources among different social and economic groups. This divide can exacerbate existing educational disparities, limiting the potential of technological advancements to transform education for all.Moreover, the widespread use of digital tools raises concerns about privacy and security. The collection and analysis of personal data, while essential for personalized learning, must be balanced with the need to protect student privacy. Additionally, the ethical implications of AI-powered decision-making in education, such as automatedgrading and admissions processes, must be carefully considered.Despite these challenges, the potential of technological innovations to improve education systems remains significant. The future of education lies in harnessing the power of technology to create inclusive, equitable, and innovative learning environments that cater to the diverse needs of students. To achieve this, it is crucial to address the digital divide, prioritize data privacy and security, and ensure ethical implementation of AI and other emerging technologies.The present study contributes to the ongoing discussion about the role of technology in education by providing a comprehensive analysis of its impacts and implications. It offers insights into the opportunities and challenges presented by technological advancements, highlighting the need for a balanced approach that addresses both the potential benefits and risks associated with theintegration of technology into modern education systems.。

基于android开发的外文文献

Android、Android, as a system, is a Java-based operating system that runs on the Linux 26 kernel、The system is very lightweight and full featured、Android applications aredeveloped using Java and can be ported rather easily to the new platform、If youhave not yet downloaded Java or are unsure about which version you need, I detail theinstallation of the development environment in Chapter 2、Other features of Androidinclude an accelerated 3-D graphics engine (based on hardware support), databasesupport powered by SQLite, and an integrated web browser、If you are familiar with Java programming or are an OOP developer of any sort,you are likely used to programmatic user interface (UI) development—that is, UIplacement which is handled directly within the program code、Android, whilerecognizing and allowing for programmatic UI development, also supports the newer,XML-based UI layout、XML UI layout is a fairly new concept to the averagedesktop developer、I will cover both the XML UI layout and the programmatic UIdevelopment in the supporting chapters of this book、One of the more exciting and compelling features of Android is that, because ofareits architecture, third-party applications—including those that are “home grown”—executed with the same system priority as those that are bundled with the coresystem、This is a major departure from most systems, which give embedded systemapps a greater execution priority than the thread priority available to apps created bythird-party developers、Also, each application is executed within its own threadusing a very lightweight virtual machine、Aside from the very generous SDK and the well-formed libraries that areavailable to us to develop with, the most exciting feature for Android developers isthat we now have access to anything the operating system has access to、In otherwords, if you want to create an application that dials the phone, you have access to thephone’s dialer; if you want to create an application that utilizes the phone’sGPS (if equipped), you have access t o it、The potential for developers to create dynamic and intriguing applications is now wide open、On top of all the features that are available from the Android side of the equation, Google has thrown in some very tantalizing features of its own、Developers of Android applications will be able to tie their applications into existing Google offerings such as Google Maps and the omnipresent Google Search、Suppose you want to write an application that pulls up a Google map of where an incoming call is emanating from, or you want to be able to store common search results with your contacts; the doors of possibility have been flung wide open with Android、Chapter 2 begins your journey to Android development、You will learn the how’s a nd why’s o f using specific development environments or integrated development environments (IDE), and you will download and install the Java IDE Eclipse、Application ComponentsA central feature of Android is that one application can make use of elements of other applications (provided those applications permit it)、For example, if your application needs to display a scrolling list of images and another application has developed a suitable scroller and made it available to others, you can call upon that scroller to do the work, rather than develop your own、Your application doesn't incorporate the code of the other application or link to it、Rather, it simply starts up that piece of the other application when the need arises、For this to work, the system must be able to start an application process when any part of it is needed, and instantiate the Java objects for that part、Therefore, unlike applications on most other systems, Android applications don't have a single entry point for everything in the application (no main() function, for example)、Rather, they have essential components that the system can instantiate and run as needed、There are four types of components:ActivitiesAn activity presents a visual user interface for one focused endeavor the user can undertake、For example, an activity might present a list of menu items users can choose from or it might display photographs along with their captions、 A text messaging a pplication might have one activity that shows a list of contacts to send messages to, a second activity to write the message to the chosen contact, and other activities to review old messages or change settings、Though they work together to form a cohesive user interface, each activity is independent of the others、Each one is implemented as a subclass of the Activity base class、An application might consist of just one activity or, like the text messaging application just mentioned, it may contain several、What the activities are, and how many there are depends, of course, on the application and its design、Typically, oneof the activities is marked as the first one that should be presented to the user when the application is launched、Moving from one activity to another is accomplished by having the current activity start the next one、Each activity is given a default window to draw in、Typically, the window fills、the screen, but it might be smaller than the screen and float on top of other windows An activity can also make use of additional windows — for example, a pop-up dialog that calls for a user response in the midst of the activity, or a window that presents users with vital information when they select a particular item on-screen、The visual content of the window is provided by a hierarchy of views — objects derived from the base View class、Each view controls a particular rectangular space within the window、Parent views contain and organize the layout of their children、Leaf views (those at the bottom of the hierarchy) draw in the rectangles they control and respond to user actions directed at that space、Thus, views are where the activity's interaction with the user takes place、For example, a view might display a small image and initiate an action when theuser taps that image、Android has a number of ready-made views that you can use —including buttons, text fields, scroll bars, menu items, check boxes, and more、A view hierarchy is placed within an activity's window by the Activity、setContentView() method、The content view is the View object at the root of the hierarchy、(See the separate User Interface document for more information on views and the hierarchy、)ServicesA service doesn't have a visual user interface, but rather runs in the background for an indefinite period of time、For example, a service might play background music as the user attends to other matters, or it might fetch data over the network or calculate something and provide the result to activities that need it、Each service extends the Service base class、A prime example is a media player playing songs from a play list、The player application would probably have one or more activities that allow the user to choose songs and start playing them、However, the music playback itself would not be handled by an activity because users will expect the music to keep playing even after they leave the player and begin something different、To keep the music going, the media player activity could start a service to run in the background、The system would then keep the music playback service running even after the activity that started it leaves the screen、It's possible to connect to (bind to) an ongoing service (and start the service if it's not already running)、While connected, you can communicate with the service through an interface that the service exposes、For the music service, this interface might allow users to pause, rewind, stop, and restart the playback、Like activities and the other components, services run in the main thread of the application process、So that they won't block other components or the user interface, they often spawn another thread for time-consuming tasks (like music playback)、SeeProcesses and Threads, later、Broadcast receiversA broadcast receiver is a component that does nothing but receive and react to broadcast announcements、Many broadcasts originate in system code — for example, announcements that the timezone has changed, that the battery is low, that a picture、Applications can also has been taken, or that the user changed a language preferenceinitiate broadcasts — for example, to let other applications know that some data has been downloaded to the device and is available for them to use、An application can have any number of broadcast receivers to respond to any announcements it considers important、All receivers extend the BroadcastReceiver base class、Broadcast receivers do not display a user interface、However, they may start an activity in response to the information they receive, or they may use the NotificationManager to alert the user、Notifications can get the user's attention in various ways — flashing the backlight, vibrating the device, playing a sound, and so on、They typically place a persistent icon in the status bar, which users can open to get the message、Content providersA content provider makes a specific set of the application's data available to other applications、The data can be stored in the , in an SQLite database, or in any other manner that makes sense、The content provider extends the ContentProvider base class to implement a standard set of methods that enable other applications to retrieve and store data of the type it controls、However, applications do not call these methods directly、Rather they use a ContentResolver object and call its methods instead、 A ContentResolver can talk to any content provider; it cooperates with the provider to manage any interprocess communication that's involved、See the separate C ontent Providers document for more information on usingcontent providers、Whenever there's a request that should be handled by a particular component, Android makes sure that the application process of the component is running, starting it if necessary, and that an appropriate instance of the component is available, creating the instance if necessary、Key Skills & Concepts●Creating new Android projects●Working with Views●Using a TextView●Modifying the main、xml fileCreating Your First Android Project in EclipseTo start your first Android project, open Eclipse、When you open Eclipse for the first time, it opens to an empty development environment (see Figure 5-1), which is where you want to begin、Your first task is to set up and name the workspace for your application、Choose File | New | Android Project, which will launch the New Android Project wizard、CAUTION Do not select Java Project from the New menu、While Android applications are written in Java, and you are doing all of your development in Java projects, this option will create a standard Java application、Selecting Android Project enables you to create Android-specific applications、If you do not see the option for Android Project, this indicates that the Android plugin for Eclipse was not fully or correctly installed、Review the procedure in Chapter 3 for installing the Android plugin for Eclipse to correct this、The New Android Project wizard creates two things for youA shell application that ties into the Android SDK, using the android、jar file, andties the project into the Android Emulator、This allows you to code using all of the Android libraries and packages, a nd also lets you debug your applications in the proper environment、Your first shell files for the new project、These shell files contain some of the vital application blocks upon which you will be building your programs、In much the same way as creating a Microsoft 、NET application in Visual Studio generates some Windows-created program code in your files, using the Android Project wizard in Eclipse generates your initial program files and some Android-created code、In addition, the New Android Project wizard contains a few options, shown next, that you must set to initiate your Android project、For the Project Name field, for purposes of this example, use the title HelloWorldText、This name sufficiently distinguishes this Hello World! project from the others that you will be creating in this chapter、In the Contents area, keep the default selections: the Create New Project in Workspace radio button should be selected and the Use Default Location check box should be checked、This will allow Eclipse to create your project in your default workspace directory、The advantage of keeping the default options is that your projects are kept in a central location, which makes ordering, managing, and finding these projects quite easy、For example, if you are working in a Unix-based environment, this path points to your $HOME directory、If you are working in a Microsoft Windows environment, the workspace path will be C:/Users/<username>/workspace, a s shown in the previous illustration、However, for any number of reasons, you may want to uncheck the Use Default Location check box and select a different location for your project、One reason you may want to specify a different location here is simply if you want to choose a location for this specific project that is separate f rom other Android projects、For example, you may want to keep the projects that you create in this book in a different location from projects that you create in the future on your own、If so, simply override the Location option to specify your own custom location directory for this project、。

英文论文写作中一些可能用到的词汇

英⽂论⽂写作中⼀些可能⽤到的词汇英⽂论⽂写作过程中总是被⾃⼰可怜的词汇量击败, 所以我打算在这⾥记录⼀些在阅读论⽂过程中见到的⼀些⾃⼰不曾见过的词句或⽤法。

这些词句查词典都很容易查到，但是只有带⼊论⽂原⽂中才能体会内涵。

毕竟原⽂和译⽂中间总是存在⼀条看不见的思想鸿沟。

形容词1. vanilla: adj. 普通的, 寻常的, 毫⽆特⾊的. ordinary; not special in any way.2. crucial: adj. ⾄关重要的, 关键性的.3. parsimonious：adj. 悭吝的, 吝啬的, ⼩⽓的.e.g. Due to the underlying hyperbolic geometry, this allows us to learn parsimonious representations of symbolic data by simultaneously capturing hierarchy and similarity.4. diverse: adj. 不同的, 相异的, 多种多样的, 形形⾊⾊的.5. intriguing: adj. ⾮常有趣的, 引⼈⼊胜的; 神秘的. *intrigue: v. 激起…的兴趣, 引发…的好奇⼼; 秘密策划(加害他⼈), 密谋.e.g. The results of this paper carry several intriguing implications.6. intimate: adj. 亲密的; 密切的. v.透露; (间接)表⽰, 暗⽰.e.g. The above problems are intimately linked to machine learning on graphs.7. akin: adj. 类似的, 同族的, 相似的.e.g. Akin to GNN, in LOCAL a graph plays a double role: ...8. abundant: adj. ⼤量的, 丰盛的, 充裕的.9. prone: adj. 有做(坏事)的倾向; 易于遭受…的; 俯卧的.e.g. It is thus prone to oversmoothing when convolutions are applied repeatedly.10.concrete: adj. 混凝⼟制的; 确实的, 具体的(⽽⾮想象或猜测的); 有形的; 实在的.e.g. ... as a concrete example ...e.g. More concretely, HGCN applies the Euclidean non-linear activation in...11. plausible: adj. 有道理的; 可信的; 巧⾔令⾊的, 花⾔巧语的.e.g. ... this interpretation may be a plausible explanation of the success of the recently introduced methods.12. ubiquitous: adj. 似乎⽆所不在的;⼗分普遍的.e.g. While these higher-order interac- tions are ubiquitous, an evaluation of the basic properties and organizational principles in such systems is missing.13. disparate: adj. 由不同的⼈(或事物)组成的;迥然不同的;⽆法⽐较的.e.g. These seemingly disparate types of data have something in common: ...14. profound: adj. 巨⼤的; 深切的, 深远的; 知识渊博的; 理解深刻的;深邃的, 艰深的; ⽞奥的.e.g. This has profound consequences for network models of relational data — a cornerstone in the interdisciplinary study of complex systems.15. blurry: adj. 模糊不清的.e.g. When applying these estimators to solve (2), the line between the critic and the encoders g1,g2 can be blurry.16. amenable: adj. 顺从的; 顺服的; 可⽤某种⽅式处理的.e.g. Ou et al. utilize sparse generalized SVD to generate a graph embedding, HOPE, from a similarity matrix amenableto de- composition into two sparse proximity matrices.17. elaborate: adj. 复杂的;详尽的;精⼼制作的 v.详尽阐述;详细描述;详细制订;精⼼制作e.g. Topic Modeling for Graphs also requires elaborate effort, as graphs are relational while documents are indepen- dent samples.18. pivotal: adj. 关键性的；核⼼的e.g. To ensure the stabilities of complex systems is of pivotal significance toward reliable and better service providing.19. eminent: adj. 卓越的，著名的，显赫的;⾮凡的;杰出的e.g. To circumvent those defects, theoretical studies eminently represented by percolation theories appeared.20. indispensable: adj. 不可或缺的;必不可少的 n. 不可缺少的⼈或物e.g. However, little attention is paid to multipartite networks, which are an indispensable part of complex networks.21. post-hoc: adj. 事后的e.g. Post-hoc explainability typically considers the question “Why the GNN predictor made certain prediction?”.22. prevalent: adj. 流⾏的;盛⾏的;普遍存在的e.g. A prevalent solution is building an explainer model to conduct feature attribution23. salient: adj. 最重要的;显著的;突出的. n. 凸⾓;[建]突出部;<军>进攻或防卫阵地的突出部分e.g. It decomposes the prediction into the contributions of the input features, which redistributes the probability of features according to their importance and sample the salient features as an explanatory subgraph.24. rigorous: adj. 严格缜密的;严格的;谨慎的;细致的;彻底的;严厉的e.g. To inspect the OOD effect rigorously, we take a causal look at the evaluation process with a Structural Causal Model.25. substantial: adj. ⼤量的;价值巨⼤的;重⼤的;⼤⽽坚固的;结实的;牢固的. substantially: adv. ⾮常;⼤⼤地;基本上;⼤体上;总的来说26. cogent: adj. 有说服⼒的;令⼈信服的e.g. The explanatory subgraph G s emphasizes tokens like “weak” and relations like “n’t→funny”, which is cogent according to human knowledge.27. succinct: adj. 简练的;简洁的 succinctly: adv. 简⽽⾔之，简明扼要地28. concrete: adj. 混凝⼟制的;确实的，具体的(⽽⾮想象或猜测的);有形的;实在的 concretely: adv. 具体地;具体;具体的;有形地29. predominant：adj. 主要的;主导的;显著的;明显的;盛⾏的;占优势的动词1. mitigate: v. 减轻, 缓和. (反 enforce)e.g. In this work, we focus on mitigating this problem for a certain class of symbolic data.2. corroborate: v. [VN] [often passive] (formal) 证实, 确证.e.g. This is corroborated by our experiments on real-world graph.3. endeavor: n./v. 努⼒, 尽⼒, 企图, 试图.e.g. It encourages us to continue the endeavor in applying principles mathematics and theory in successful deployment of deep learning.4. augment: v. 增加, 提⾼, 扩⼤. n. 增加, 补充物.e.g. We also augment the graph with geographic information (longitude, latitude and altitude), and GDP of the country where the airport belongs to.5. constitute: v. (被认为或看做)是, 被算作; 组成, 构成; (合法或正式地)成⽴, 设⽴.6. abide: v. 接受, 遵照(规则, 决定, 劝告); 逗留, 停留.e.g. Training a graph classifier entails identifying what constitutes a class, i.e., finding properties shared by graphs in one class but not the other, and then deciding whether new graphs abide to said learned properties.7. entail: v. 牵涉; 需要; 使必要. to involve sth that cannot be avoided.e.g. Due to the recursive definition of the Chebyshev polynomials, the computation of the filter gα(Δ)f entails applying the Laplacian r times, resulting cal operator affecting only 1-hop neighbors of a vertex and in O(rn) operations.8. encompass: v. 包含, 包括, 涉及(⼤量事物); 包围, 围绕, 围住.e.g. This model is chosen as it is sufficiently general to encompass several state-of-the-art networks.e.g. The k-cycle detection problem entails determining if G contains a k-cycle.9. reveal: v. 揭⽰, 显⽰, 透露, 显出, 露出, 展⽰.10. bestow: v. 将(…)给予, 授予, 献给.e.g. Aiming to bestow GCNs with theoretical guarantees, one promising research direction is to study graph scattering transforms (GSTs).11. alleviate: v. 减轻, 缓和, 缓解.12. investigate: v. 侦查(某事), 调查(某⼈), 研究, 调查.e.g. The sensitivity of pGST to random and localized noise is also investigated.13. fuse: v. (使)融合, 熔接, 结合; (使)熔化, (使保险丝熔断⽽)停⽌⼯作.e.g. We then fuse the topological embeddings with the initial node features into the initial query representations using a query network f q implemented as a two-layer feed-forward neural network.14. magnify: v. 放⼤, 扩⼤; 增强; 夸⼤(重要性或严重性); 夸张.e.g. ..., adding more layers also leads to more parameters which magnify the potential of overfitting.15. circumvent: v. 设法回避, 规避; 绕过, 绕⾏.e.g. To circumvent the issue and fulfill both goals simultaneously, we can add a negative term...16. excel: v. 擅长, 善于; 突出; 胜过平时.e.g. Nevertheless, these methods have been repeatedly shown to excel in practice.17. exploit: v. 利⽤(…为⾃⼰谋利); 剥削, 压榨; 运⽤, 利⽤; 发挥.e.g. In time series and high-dimensional modeling, approaches that use next step prediction exploit the local smoothness of the signal.18. regulate: v. (⽤规则条例)约束, 控制, 管理; 调节, 控制(速度、压⼒、温度等).e.g. ... where b>0 is a parameter regulating the probability of this event.19. necessitate: v. 使成为必要.e.g. Combinatorial models reproduce many-body interactions, which appear in many systems and necessitate higher-order models that capture information beyond pairwise interactions.20. portray:描绘, 描画, 描写; 将…描写成; 给⼈以某种印象; 表现; 扮演(某⾓⾊).e.g. Considering pairwise interactions, a standard network model would portray the link topology of the underlying system as shown in Fig. 2b.21. warrant: v. 使有必要; 使正当; 使恰当. n. 执⾏令; 授权令; (接受款项、服务等的)凭单, 许可证; (做某事的)正当理由, 依据.e.g. Besides statistical methods that can be used to detect correlations that warrant higher-order models, ... (除了可以⽤来检测⽀持⾼阶模型的相关性的统计⽅法外, ...)22. justify: v. 证明…正确(或正当、有理); 对…作出解释; 为…辩解(或辩护); 调整使全⾏排满; 使每⾏排齐.e.g. ..., they also come with the assumption of transitive, Markovian paths, which is not justified in many real systems.23. hinder:v. 阻碍; 妨碍; 阻挡. (反 foster: v. 促进; 助长; 培养; ⿎励; 代养, 抚育, 照料(他⼈⼦⼥⼀段时间))e.g. The eigenvalues and eigenvectors of these matrix operators capture how the topology of a system influences the efficiency of diffusion and propagation processes, whether it enforces or mitigates the stability of dynamical systems, or if it hinders or fosters collective dynamics.24. instantiate:v. 例⽰；⽤具体例⼦说明.e.g. To learn the representation we instantiate (2) and split each input MNIST image into two parts ...25. favor:v. 赞同;喜爱, 偏爱; 有利于, 便于. n. 喜爱, 宠爱, 好感, 赞同; 偏袒, 偏爱; 善⾏, 恩惠.26. attenuate: v. 使减弱; 使降低效⼒.e.g. It therefore seems that the bounds we consider favor hard-to-invert encoders, which heavily attenuate part of the noise, over well conditioned encoders.27. elucidate:v. 阐明; 解释; 说明.e.g. Secondly, it elucidates the importance of appropriately choosing the negative samples, which is indeed a critical component in deep metric learning based on triplet losses.28. violate: v. 违反, 违犯, 违背(法律、协议等); 侵犯(隐私等); 使⼈不得安宁; 搅扰; 亵渎, 污损(神圣之地).e.g. Negative samples are obtained by patches from different images as well as patches from the same image, violating the independence assumption.29. compel:v. 强迫, 迫使; 使必须; 引起(反应).30. gauge: v. 判定, 判断(尤指⼈的感情或态度); (⽤仪器)测量, 估计, 估算. n. 测量仪器(或仪表);计量器;宽度;厚度;(枪管的)⼝径e.g. Yet this hyperparameter-tuned approach raises a cubic worst-case space complexity and compels the user to traverse several feature sets and gauge the one that attains the best performance in the downstream task.31. depict: v. 描绘, 描画; 描写, 描述; 刻画.e.g. As they depict different aspects of a node, it would take elaborate designs of graph convolutions such that each set of features would act as a complement to the other.32. sketch: n. 素描;速写;草图;幽默短剧;⼩品;简报;概述 v. 画素描;画速写;概述;简述e.g. Next we sketch how to apply these insights to learning topic models.33. underscore：v. 在…下⾯划线;强调;着重说明 n.下划线e.g. Moreover, the walk-topic distributions generated by Graph Anchor LDA are indeed sharper than those by ordinary LDA, underscoring the need for selecting anchors.34. disclose: v. 揭露;透露;泄露;使显露;使暴露e.g. Another drawback lies in their unexplainable nature, i.e., they cannot disclose the sciences beneath network dynamics.35. coincide: v. 同时发⽣;相同;相符;极为类似;相接;相交;同位;位置重合;重叠e.g. The simulation results coincide quite well with the theoretical results.36. inspect: v. 检查;查看;审视;视察 to look closely at sth/sb, especially to check that everything is as it should be名词1. capacity: n. 容量, 容积, 容纳能⼒; 领悟(或理解、办事)能⼒; 职位, 职责.e.g. This paper studies theoretically the computational capacity limits of graph neural networks (GNN) falling within the message-passing framework of Gilmer et al. (2017).2. implication: n. 可能的影响(或作⽤、结果); 含意, 暗指; (被)牵连, 牵涉.e.g. Section 4 analyses the implications of restricting the depth d and width w of GNN that do not use a readout function.3. trade-off:(在需要⽽⼜相互对⽴的两者间的)权衡, 协调.e.g. This reveals a direct trade-off between the depth and width of a graph neural network.4. cornerstone:n. 基⽯; 最重要部分; 基础; 柱⽯.5. umbrella: n. 伞; 综合体; 总体, 整体; 保护, 庇护(体系).e.g. Community detection is an umbrella term for a large number of algorithms that group nodes into distinct modules to simplify and highlight essential structures in the network topology.6. folklore:n. 民间传统, 民俗; 民间传说.e.g. It is folklore knowledge that maximizing MI does not necessarily lead to useful representations.7. impediment:n. 妨碍,阻碍,障碍; ⼝吃.e.g. While a recent approach overcomes this impediment, it results in poor quality in prediction tasks due to its linear nature.8. obstacle:n. 障碍;阻碍; 绊脚⽯; 障碍物; 障碍栅栏.e.g. However, several major obstacles stand in our path towards leveraging topic modeling of structural patterns to enhance GCNs.9. vicinity:n. 周围地区; 邻近地区; 附近.e.g. The traits with which they engage are those that are performed in their vicinity.10. demerit: n. 过失,缺点,短处; (学校给学⽣记的)过失分e.g. However, their principal demerit is that their implementations are time-consuming when the studied network is large in size. Another介/副/连词1. notwithstanding:prep. 虽然;尽管 adv. 尽管如此.e.g. Notwithstanding this fundamental problem, the negative sampling strategy is often treated as a design choice.2. albeit: conj. 尽管;虽然e.g. Such methods rely on an implicit, albeit rigid, notion of node neighborhood; yet this one-size-fits-all approach cannot grapple with the diversity of real-world networks and applications.3. Hitherto:adv. 迄今;直到某时e.g. Hitherto, tremendous endeavors have been made by researchers to gauge the robustness of complex networks in face of perturbations.短语1.in a nutshell: 概括地说, 简⾔之, ⼀⾔以蔽之.e.g. In a nutshell, GNN are shown to be universal if four strong conditions are met: ...2. counter-intuitively: 反直觉地.3. on-the-fly:动态的(地), 运⾏中的(地).4. shed light on/into:揭⽰, 揭露; 阐明; 解释; 将…弄明⽩; 照亮.e.g. These contemporary works shed light into the stability and generalization capabilities of GCNs.e.g. Discovering roles and communities in networks can shed light on numerous graph mining tasks such as ...5. boil down to: 重点是; 将…归结为.e.g. These aforementioned works usually boil down to a general classification task, where the model is learnt on a training set and selected by checking a validation set.6. for the sake of:为了.e.g. The local structures anchored around each node as well as the attributes of nodes therein are jointly encoded with graph convolution for the sake of high-level feature extraction.7. dates back to:追溯到.e.g. The usual problem setup dates back at least to Becker and Hinton (1992).8. carry out:实施, 执⾏, 实⾏.e.g. We carry out extensive ablation studies and sensi- tivity analysis to show the effectiveness of the proposed functional time encoding and TGAT-layer.9. lay beyond the reach of:...能⼒达不到e.g. They provide us with information on higher-order dependencies between the components of a system, which lay beyond the reach of models that exclusively capture pairwise links.10. account for: ( 数量或⽐例上)占; 导致, 解释(某种事实或情况); 解释, 说明(某事); (某⼈)对(⾏动、政策等)负有责任; 将(钱款)列⼊(预算).e.g. Multilayer models account for the fact that many real complex systems exhibit multiple types of interactions.11. along with: 除某物以外; 随同…⼀起, 跟…⼀起.e.g. Along with giving us the ability to reason about topological features including community structures or node centralities, network science enables us to understand how the topology of a system influences dynamical processes, and thus its function.12. dates back to:可追溯到.e.g. The usual problem setup dates back at least to Becker and Hinton (1992) and can conceptually be described as follows: ...13. to this end:为此⽬的;为此计;为了达到这个⽬标.e.g. To this end, we consider a simple setup of learning a representation of the top half of MNIST handwritten digit images.14. Unless stated otherwise:除⾮另有说明.e.g. Unless stated otherwise, we use a bilinear critic f(x,y)=x T Wy, set the batch size to 128 and the learning rate to 10−4.15. As a reference point:作为参照.e.g. As a reference point, the linear classification accuracy from pixels drops to about 84% due to the added noise.16. through the lens of:透过镜头. (以...视⾓)e.g. There are (at least) two immediate benefits of viewing recent representation learning methods based on MI estimators through the lens of metric learning.17. in accordance with:符合；依照；和…⼀致.e.g. The metric learning view seems hence in better accordance with the observations from Section 3.2 than the MI view.It can be shown that the anchors selected by our Graph Anchor LDA are not only indicative of “topics” but are also in accordance with the actual graph structures.18. be akin to:近似, 类似, 类似于.e.g. Thus, our learning model is akin to complex contagion dynamics.19. to name a few:仅举⼏例;举⼏个来说.e.g. Multitasking, multidisciplinary work and multi-authored works, to name a few, are ingrained in the fabric of science culture and certainly multi-multi is expected in order to succeed and move up the scientific ranks.20. a handful of:⼀把;⼀⼩撮;少数e.g. A handful of empirical work has investigated the robustness of complex networks at the community level.21. wreak havoc: 破坏;肆虐;严重破坏;造成破坏;浩劫e.g. Failures on one network could elicit failures on its coupled networks, i.e., networks with which the focal network interacts, and eventually those failures would wreak havoc on the entire network.22. apart from: 除了e.g. We further posit that apart from node a node b has k neighboring nodes.Processing math: 100%。

工程项目管理论文外文

Abstract: Engineering projects play a crucial role in the development of modern society. Effective project management is essential for the successful completion of engineering projects. This paper aims to explore the significance of project management in engineering projects and highlight the key elements that contribute to successful project execution.Introduction:Engineering projects are complex endeavors that involve a combination of technical, financial, and human resources. The successful completion of these projects relies heavily on effective project management. This paper will discuss the importance of project management in engineering projects and the key elements that contribute to successful project execution.1. Planning:The first step in project management is planning. This involves defining the project objectives, scope, and deliverables. A well-defined plan ensures that all stakeholders have a clear understanding of theproject's goals and expectations. Proper planning helps in identifying potential risks and developing strategies to mitigate them.2. Organization:Effective organization is crucial for the successful execution of engineering projects. This includes assigning roles and responsibilities to team members, establishing clear communication channels, and creating a structured workflow. Proper organization ensures that resources are allocated efficiently and that tasks are completed on time.3. Coordination:Coordination is a key element of project management. It involves ensuring that all team members are working together towards the common goal. Effective coordination helps in minimizing conflicts, resolving issues, and maintaining a smooth workflow. This includes regular meetings, progress updates, and conflict resolution mechanisms.4. Control:Controlling the project involves monitoring the progress, identifying deviations from the plan, and taking corrective actions. This helps in ensuring that the project is on track and that any issues are addressed promptly. Key performance indicators (KPIs) and project management software can be used to track progress and identify potential risks.5. Quality Management:Quality management is critical in engineering projects to ensure that the final deliverable meets the required standards. This involves implementing quality control processes, conducting regular inspections, and ensuring compliance with relevant regulations and standards. Quality management also includes addressing any issues that arise during the project lifecycle.6. Risk Management:Risk management is an essential aspect of project management. It involves identifying potential risks, assessing their impact, and developing strategies to mitigate them. Effective risk management helps in minimizing the likelihood of project delays, cost overruns, and quality issues.Conclusion:In conclusion, effective project management is essential for the successful completion of engineering projects. Proper planning, organization, coordination, control, quality management, and risk management are key elements that contribute to successful project execution. By focusing on these aspects, project managers can ensurethat engineering projects are completed on time, within budget, and meet the required quality standards.。

1131080840应玲萍[外文翻译]

宁波大红鹰学院毕业论文外文翻译所在学院：经济与管理学院专业：工商管理班级： 11工商8班学号： 1131080840 姓名：应玲萍指导教师：贾学芳2014 年11月 1 日译文：员工满意度的影响摘要目的 - 本文的主要目的是调查酒店员工工作态度与人格特质的关系。

设计/方法/方式-笔者采用问卷以确定的变量调查美国西部的两个连锁酒店。

被调查的员工都是非管理人员。

发现-具体而言，笔者认为，人格特质与工作态度，组织忠诚度及工作满意度显著相关。

研究限制/启示–研究的酒店员工人数是159位。

一个更大的样本量可提高结果的准确性的。

实际影响-本文鼓励酒店管理要考虑酒店员工的性格测试，使用结果表明，某些性格性状都与员工的工作满意度和组织忠诚度有关。

独创性或价值-本文是原始的，也就是说预先的工作主要集中于雇员工作态度与工作环境的影响，有被限制的对个性和工作态度之间的关系进行调查。

本文认为：性格在雇员的态度中也许扮演一个角色。

员工离职一直是酒店业的大问题，因此需要对这个问题的产生原因展开调查。

对这个问题列举了一些原因是低报酬，福利不足，工作条件差，贫困工人的士气和工作态度，以及招聘不足根据说有这些原因推测，低报偿将无疑地造成恶劣的工作者态度或士气。

对这些工作者的态度、观点评估肯定是有成效的，因为知道为什么这些工人是不幸的能帮助组织集中精力固定问题的症结所在。

在此之前工人的态度研究主要侧重于他们的工作环境（即工作，主管，同事）和相关的彼此态度（即工作满意度对组织承诺）或营业额，旷工以及其他各种行为。

那些还没有人研究得很透彻的是潜在角色的个性,他们的态度和他们如何觉得他们的组织。

所以,确切地说,个人的性格特征的态度对组织有什么样的影响? 因此，是否有一个“正确”的人，将最适合进入酒店业。

如果是这样，如果是这样,有专门的特点,酒店是否要招聘他呢？本研究希望以应对这一问题。

人格在人事选拔方面的研究当然不是新的。

大量的研究能够解释人格特质,我们希望找到最好的。

java系统开发外文文献

java系统开发外文文献在Java系统开发领域，有许多外文文献可供参考。

以下是一些可能有用的文献：1. "Java: A Beginner's Guide" by Barry Burd - 这本书是Java初学者的经典指南，涵盖了Java语言的基础知识以及系统开发方面的内容。

2. "Head First Java" by Kathy Sierra and Bert Bates - 这本书采用了一种有趣和轻松的方式介绍Java，特别适合那些没有编程背景的人。

3. "Thinking in Java" by Bruce Eckel - 这本书是Java编程思想方面的经典之作，涵盖了Java语言的高级特性以及系统开发方面的内容。

4. "Effective Java" by Joshua Bloch - 这本书涵盖了Java语言中的一些陷阱和非正式规范，对于系统开发人员来说非常有用。

5. "The Java Programming Language" by James Gosling, Bill Joy, Guy Steele, and Gilad Bracha - 这本书是Java语言的官方文档，详细介绍了Java语言的所有特性和API。

6. "The Java Virtual Machine Specification" by Java Virtual Machine Specification Writers's Group - 这本书是Java虚拟机规范的官方文档，详细介绍了Java虚拟机的运作机制和规范。

7. "深入理解JVM虚拟机" by 周志明 - 这本书是国内比较详细且质量上乘的 JVM 书籍，适合 JVM 初学者和进阶读者阅读。

这些文献涵盖了Java语言和系统开发方面的各种主题，可以帮助您更好地理解和掌握Java技术。

2011年美国数学建模大赛论文

dimension reduction(MDR) model to maximize vertical air, twist and flip. The MDR analysis model is proposed. And we define as a tradeoff fac tor to develop a “practical” course.
In requirement 3, we take key factors, including s lope angle angar radius
and the
into consideration to implement the “practical” multiple-factor
Accordingly, by setting up an objective function and using the simulation, we get the conclusion
Team # 9561
Page 1 of 28
that the optimal value of
is
and
Team Control Number For office use only T1 ________________ T2 ________________ T3 ________________ T4 ________________
9561
Problem Chosen
For office use only F1 ________________ F2 ________________ F3 ________________ F4 ________________
.
Keywords: half-pipe snowboard, variant force differential-integration model, semi-spiral track decomposition model, multi-factor dimension reduction model, vertical air, twist, flip

1主干型动脉肩胛下动脉为腋动脉的...

不同血供来源的背阔肌皮瓣的临床应用摘要研究目的背阔肌作为整形修复外科应用最为广泛的移植物，由于其主要血供:胸背动脉肌内走行恒定，血供丰富，与次级节段性血管在肌内存在广泛吻合，可切取范围大，且供区相对隐蔽，故以胸背动脉为蒂的背阔肌游离皮瓣、肌皮瓣、穿支皮瓣被广泛用于创伤性骨或内固定物外露后创面覆盖、大范围组织缺损或较深的创面充填、营养不良性创面的覆盖供养、肌腱及关节损伤后动力重建等。

但其设计方式较为固定，我们的课题目的便在于如何利用侧支逆行血供及节段性血供，根据患者受区需要更加灵活地设计背阔肌皮瓣，以达到减少手术风险、缩短手术时间、获得比较满意的外观及保护供区的目的。

研究方法应用GE LOGIC 700彩色多普勒超声显像仪测量21例患者的9、10、11肋间动脉的穿支分布情况、口径，数据以SPSS统计软件分析，与文献报道解剖学数据比较，明确以该法行术前穿支定位的可行性。

研究结果在后正中线至腋后线区域内，9、10、11肋间动脉穿支恒定出现，均可探得2～3个穿支穿出供应背阔肌及相应的皮肤；穿支均集中出现在背部中、外2/3区域。

第10、11肋间动脉穿支为背阔肌下半部的主要血供来源，均以第2穿支（即肋沟段的肌皮穿支）的发支最为恒定，口径较大、变异较小，经单因素方差分析各组间穿支口径大小差异，第9肋间动脉穿支口径与第10、11肋间动脉穿支口径存在显著差异，而第10与第11肋间动脉穿支口径无显著性差异。

测量结果与肋间动脉解剖学文献报道基本一致，故认为彩色多普勒超声应用于术前穿支定位、口径测量，作为术前设计的参考是可行的。

研究结论每位患者于第10或11肋间至少存在一支口径大于1mm 的穿支，可以在术前进行超声探测定位后，设计皮瓣。

在修复前胸壁、胸骨区乃至季肋部的缺损时，背阔肌岛状瓣血管蒂长度受限，若胸外侧动脉与肩胛下动脉共干，就可以在二者共干水平进行结扎，适当游离胸外侧动脉后利用其分支逆行供血，达到“延长”血管蒂的目的；当缺损靠近背部后正中线时，可以选择肋间动脉背侧支的内侧皮支作为血管蒂；当缺损位于髂腰部、侧胸部或背下部时，可以利用肋沟段的外侧皮支，且不必携带肌肉，避免了供区损伤；当腹部有横行缺损时，胸背动脉的供血范围难以到达至背阔肌下1/3，可以联合肋间动脉形成双蒂：以肋间动脉肋沟段的外侧皮支为蒂旋转至腹部，同时游离远端胸背动脉，与对侧腹壁上或腹壁下血管行吻合；在胸背动脉已经损伤、已行一次背阔肌移植术需再次进行皮瓣手术，可以通过肋间动脉穿支皮瓣的游离移植再次利用同侧背阔肌而避免造成新的损伤。

美赛论文模版(非常实用)

Title Abstract:Key words:Contents1. Introduction (3)1.1 Why does toll way collects toll? (3)1.2 Toll modes (3)1.3 Toll collection methods (3)1.4 Annoyance in toll plazas (3)1.5 The origin of the toll way problem (3)1.6 Queuing theory (4)2. The Description of Problem (5)2.1 How do we approximate the whole course of paying toll? (5)2.2 How do we define the optimal configuration? (5)2.2.1 From the perspective of motorist (5)2.2.2 From the perspective of the toll plaza (6)2.2.3 Compromise (6)2.3 Overall optimization and local optimization (6)2.4 The differences in weights and sizes of vehicles (7)2.5 What if there is no data available? (7)3. Models (7)3.1 Basic Model (7)3.1.1 Symbols and Definitions (7)3.1.2 Assumptions (8)3.1.3 The Foundation of Model (9)3.1.4 Solution and Result (11)3.1.5 Analysis of the Result (11)3.1.6 Strength and Weakness (13)3.2 Improved Model (14)3.2.1 Extra Symbols (14)3.2.2 Additional Assumptions (14)3.2.3 The Foundation of Model (14)3.2.4 Solution and Result (15)3.2.5 Analysis of the Result (18)3.2.6 Strength and Weakness (19)4. Conclusions (19)4.1 Conclusions of the problem (19)4.2 Methods used in our models (19)4.3 Application of our models (19)5. Future Work (19)5.1 Another model (19)5.2 Another layout of toll plaza (23)5.3 The newly- adopted charging methods (23)6.References (23)7.Appendix (23)Programs and codes (24)I. IntroductionIn order to indicate the origin of the toll way problems, the following background is worth mentioning.1.11.21.31.41.51.6II. The Description of the Problem2.1 How do we approximate the whole course of paying toll?●●●●2.2 How do we define the optimal configuration?1) From the perspective of motorist:2) From the perspective of the toll plaza:3) Compromise:2.3 The local optimization and the overall optimization●●●Virtually:2.4 The differences in weights and sizes of vehicles2.5 What if there is no data available?III. Models3.1 Basic Model3.1.1 Terms, Definitions and SymbolsThe signs and definitions are mostly generated from queuing theory.●●●●●3.1.2 Assumptions●●●●●3.1.3 The Foundation of Model1) The utility function●The cost of toll plaza:●The loss of motorist:●The weight of each aspect:●Compromise:2) The integer programmingAccording to queuing theory, we can calculate the statistical properties as follows.3)The overall optimization and the local optimization●The overall optimization:●The local optimization:●The optimal number of tollbooths:3.1.4 Solution and Result1) The solution of the integer programming:2) Results:3.1.5 Analysis of the Result●Local optimization and overall optimization:●Sensitivity: The result is quite sensitive to the change of the threeparameters●Trend:●Comparison:3.1.6 Strength and Weakness●Strength: In despite of this, the model has proved that . Moreover, wehave drawn some useful conclusions about . T he model is fit for, such as●Weakness: This model just applies to . As we have stated, .That’sjust what we should do in the improved model.3.2 Improved Model3.2.1 Extra SymbolsSigns and definitions indicated above are still valid. Here are some extra signs and definitions.●●●●3.2.2 Additional Assumptions●●●Assumptions concerning the anterior process are the same as the Basic Model.3.2.3 The Foundation of Model1) How do we determine the optimal number?As we have concluded from the Basic Model,3.2.4 Solution and Result1) Simulation algorithmBased on the analysis above, we design our simulation arithmetic as follows.●Step1:●Step2:●Step3:●Step4:●Step5:●Step6:●Step7:●Step8:●Step9:2) Flow chartThe figure below is the flow chart of the simulation.3) Solution3.2.5 Analysis of the Result3.2.6 Strength and Weakness●Strength: The Improved Model aims to make up for the neglect of .The result seems to declare that this model is more reasonable than the Basic Model and much more effective than the existing design.●Weakness: . Thus the model is still an approximate on a large scale. Thishas doomed to limit the applications of it.IV. Conclusions4.1 Conclusions of the problem●●●4.2 Methods used in our models●●●4.3 Applications of our models●●●V. Future Work5.1 Another model5.1.1The limitations of queuing theory 5.1.25.1.35.1.41)●●●●2)●●●3)●●●4)5.2 Another layout of toll plaza5.3 The newly- adopted charging methodsVI. References[1][2][3][4]VII. Appendix。

Amenable格序Clifford半群

类似地，（・）偏序半群，：设Ｓ，，是若
（）对任意 “ ｂ∈ Ｓｎ和ｂ在偏序下的最大下界存在，口和ｂ的最大下界为ａＡ６３，，记；（）４Ｓ满足分配律（，，ＶｎｂＣ∈ ｓ “ ６Ａｆ一ａ）（）ｂ＾ａ，（Ｃ口＾ｂｃｃ＾６，称（） —ａｆ则ｓ，＾，）・在给定偏序
半群上的偏序问题是代数学中的一个重要问题．于逆半群上的自然偏序，名代数学者ＤＢＭｃｉ对著．．Ａｌ —
ｓｅ在文献Ｅ３中对其进行推广，出逆半群上的ａｎｂｅｔｒ１给ｍｅａｌ偏序的定义，并进行了深入研究，到很好的结得
Ｖｏ．９Ｎｏ４１３．
Ｊｌ００ｕｙ２１
Ａｍｅａｌ格序Ｃｉｏｄ半群ｎｂｅｌｆｒｆ
王建平
（安大学理学院，西西安７０６）长陕１０４
摘要：给出上半格ａｎｂｅ序Ｃｉｏｄ半群的一些性质。明了上半格ａｎｂｅ序Ｃｉｏｄ半群是ｍｅａｌ偏ｌｆｒｆ证ｍｅａｌ偏ｌｆｒｆ格序半群，由此得到一些有趣的新结果．并关键词：ｌｆｒ群；ｍｅａｌ偏序；格序半群Ｃｉｏｄ半ｆａｎｂｅ中图分类号：０１２７５．文献标识码：Ａ文章编号：ｉ０ — ７５２１）４０５— ４０１８３（０００ — ３６０
ｅｆ∈Ｅ（）有一 ∈ ＥＳ．（・为逆半群，对任意口∈ Ｓ都有ａ１＝“ ，Ｓ，（）设Ｓ，）若ａ＝ａ成立，称Ｓ为Ｃｉｏｄ：则ｌｆｒｆ

MCM2008_TEAM2285

4.3 Type B approaches.................................................................................................... 7
4.3.1 Item B1............................................................................................................................ 8 4.3.2 Item B2............................................................................................................................ 9 4.3.3 Derivative of algorithm of Type B................................................................................. 10
Next, we considered comprehensively the pros and cons of the long term development of Sudoku games and defined metrics of five difficulty levels with vague boundary standards. Within the levels we established, we have provided numerical and quantitative descriptions for the difficulties of the puzzles in the same level.

如何写好组合抽装作文

如何写好组合抽装作文英文回答：Writing a cogent synthesis essay requires a thoughtful combination of multiple sources to support and develop a central claim. Here are some key points to consider:Source Selection:Choose sources that are reputable, relevant to your topic, and present diverse perspectives.Thesis Statement:Formulate a clear and defensible thesis statement that articulates the main argument supported by the sources.Structure:Organize your essay into logical paragraphs that eachfocus on a specific argument or evidence from the sources.Use transitions and signposts to guide readers through your discussion and connect ideas.Source Integration:Integrate evidence from the sources smoothly into your own writing.Paraphrase, quote, and summarize ideas accurately and convincingly.Provide proper citations to avoid plagiarism.Critical Analysis:Analyze and evaluate the sources, considering their strengths, weaknesses, and potential biases.Support your claims with specific examples and counterarguments as needed.Style and Language:Use clear and concise language to communicate your ideas effectively.Employ a formal writing style appropriate for an academic essay.Proofread your essay carefully for errors in grammar, spelling, and punctuation.中文回答：如何写好组合抽装作文。

拉丁美洲研究格式

拉丁美洲研究格式1.引言1.1 概述拉丁美洲是世界上一个独特而又多元的地区，涵盖了南美洲、中美洲和加勒比地区。

这个地区以其丰富的文化遗产、多样化的自然景观和复杂的历史背景而闻名于世。

拉丁美洲地域广阔，包括了许多国家和民族，每个国家都有自己的风俗、语言和特色。

研究拉丁美洲是一项引人入胜的任务，它涉及到许多领域，如历史、经济、政治、文化等。

在这篇文章中，我们将探讨拉丁美洲的历史背景和经济发展，以及研究拉丁美洲的意义和展望拉丁美洲的未来发展。

通过深入了解这个地区，我们可以更好地理解拉丁美洲的过去、现在和未来，并为该地区的发展做出贡献。

文章结构是指文章的整体架构和组织方式。

为了更好地展示拉丁美洲研究的内容，本文将按照以下结构进行组织：1. 引言1.1 概述1.2 文章结构1.3 目的2. 正文2.1 拉丁美洲的历史背景2.2 拉丁美洲的经济发展3. 结论3.1 对拉丁美洲研究的意义3.2 展望拉丁美洲的未来发展在引言部分，首先会进行概述，介绍拉丁美洲研究的背景和重要性。

然后，文章将以本章节的标题"文章结构"为主题，详细介绍本文的整体框架和组织方式。

最后，明确文章的目的，即阐明为什么对拉丁美洲的研究具有重要意义。

在正文部分，将首先介绍拉丁美洲的历史背景，包括重要的历史事件、文化传统等方面的内容，以便读者对拉丁美洲的整体背景有一个全面的了解。

接下来，将重点关注拉丁美洲的经济发展，包括经济体制、产业结构以及经济表现等方面的内容，以展示拉丁美洲在经济领域的变化和发展。

在结论部分，将对拉丁美洲研究的意义进行总结和阐述，包括对学术研究、国际关系和政策制定的影响等方面的讨论。

同时，展望拉丁美洲的未来发展，结合当前的经济、社会和政治情况，对拉丁美洲未来的前景进行推测和展望，并提出相应的建议和思考。

通过以上的文章结构，旨在系统地阐述拉丁美洲研究的重要性和现状，以及对未来的展望，为读者提供一个全面了解拉丁美洲的视角，促进对该地区的深入研究和了解。

management and organization review格式

management and organization review格式question by question.使用以下的讨论框架：1. 简介2. 方法和理论3. 结果和讨论4. 结论和影响1. 简介：管理和组织评审(Management and Organization Review)是一本涵盖管理和组织领域的学术期刊。

该期刊旨在发表高质量的研究论文，关注管理和组织的各个方面，包括管理理论、组织行为、领导力、战略管理等等。

本文将重点探讨管理和组织评审的格式和内容。

2. 方法和理论：在管理和组织评审中，研究人员可以使用定性或定量研究方法。

定性研究方法可以通过深入访谈、观察或文献综述来探讨管理和组织问题。

定量研究方法则更注重收集和分析大量的数据，常常采用问卷调查、统计分析等工具。

此外，研究人员在写作管理和组织评审时，通常需参考一定的理论框架。

常见的管理和组织理论包括组织行为理论、战略管理理论、资源依赖理论等等。

通过理论支持，研究人员能够更好地构建研究问题并解释研究结果。

3. 结果和讨论：在论文的结果和讨论部分，研究人员需要清晰地总结自己的研究结果，并进行适当的讨论和解释。

通过具体的数据和实证结果，研究人员可以回答研究问题并证明研究假设。

在讨论部分，研究人员可以探讨研究结果的重要性和影响。

他们可以分析结果是否与现有的管理理论一致，并提出理论和实践的启示。

此外，他们还可以提出研究的局限性，并为未来的研究提供建议。

4. 结论和影响：在管理和组织评审的结论部分，研究人员需要对研究结果进行总结，并强调研究的意义和贡献。

他们应该回顾研究问题、研究方法和结果，并强调该研究对于管理和组织理论的重要性。

此外，研究人员还可以探讨该研究对实践的影响。

他们可以讨论如何将研究结果应用于实际管理和组织活动中，以提供经济和社会价值。

同时，他们还可以提出对管理者、组织领导者和政策制定者的建议。

综上所述，管理和组织评审是一本重要的学术期刊，在全球范围内具有广泛的影响力。

马云领导学论文英文版

This paper is about the leadership analysis of Ma Yun.At the beginning of the paper,it talks about the background of Ma Yun, his pioneering work, the growth of Alibaba and Ma Yun’s latest situation. Then, it would introduce his leadership behaviors. There are two main behaviors which are obvious on him. It contains supportive leadership behavior and charismatic leadership behavior. According to his leadership traits and behaviors, I evaluate the effectiveness if his leadership applies to the hospitality industry. The conclusion about what I learned during the process of researching will be presented at the ending of the paper. Key words: Ma Yun,Alibaba, leadership, hospitality industryI. Abstract (1)II. A Brief Introduction of Ma Yun’s Life Experience (1)From teacher to businessmen (1)Development of his career (2)Founder of Alibaba (3)The resignation of CEO (4)III. The Leadership Traits of Ma Yun (4)Self-confidence (4)Persistence (5)Fluency of speech (6)Integrity (7)IV. The Leadership Behaviors of Ma Yun (7)Supportive Leadership Behaviors (7)Charismatic Leadership Behaviors (8)V. Apply Ma Yun’s Leadership Style into Hospitality Industry (9)Put employee in the first place (9)Innovation (10)Conclusion (11)Reference (12)Leadership Analysis of Ma YunThe reason why I choose Ma Yun as my leader is simple. I read an article talking about him on a magazine in high school. At that time I was interested in commerce. Until now I still have a strong interest in electronic commerce, and open the Taobao shop and micro shop when I was a sophomore. During this process, I also realized the importance of business opportunities, supply channels and innovation. I am deeply impressed by his business acumen and personal charisma.Ma Yun is a Chinese entrepreneur and philanthropist and also is the founder and Chief Executive Officer of Alibaba Group. He is the first Chinese entrepreneur that has ever appeared on the cover of Forbes from mainland. In America financial magazine “Fortune” published in 2014 March, he was honored by one of the “50 greatest leaders around the world”. In addition, Ma also serves as Chairman of the Bo ard of Directors of Yahoo China. On May 10 in 2013, Ma retired from Alibaba Group as CEO. On September 23,2014, Ma Yun became the richest one in China by the fortune with $ 150 million, whose wealth had been increased by 5 times compared with that in 2013.Ma was ranked first in 2014 Forbes China Rich List and Hurun Philanthropy List.(Bai,2014)From the teacher to the businessmenIn 1964, Ma Yun was born in an ordinary family in Hangzhou. When he was a child, he does not like study, and also is a skip class student in the eyes of the teacher. His transformation is started when he entering Hangzhou Normal University with English major. From that time on, he desperately learned English. Because he wants to know what things he doesn't know in the other side of the ocean.In 1988, Ma Yun graduated from the University, he came to Hangzhou to teach foreign languages in Electronic Industry College which is his first job. His monthly salary is about 110 Yuan. At the same time, he used his spare time to do much part-time jobs, such the guidefor the foreign tourists. The first English corner in West Lake side is initiated by Ma Yun.In 1992, Ma Yun and his friends established the earliest professional translation named Haibo translation agency in Hangzhou. Each month's revenue is only 200 Yuan, But the leasing fee has been pay off 700 Yuan. In the first year, the Translation agency was unable to maintain the operation. Ma Yun began to do the business; he sold the gift package, flowers, books, clothes and flashlight. And then he used the money to maintain translation agency. Ma Yun said: "The person who really wants to make money cannot take it much too seriously, if your mind is always thinking of money, you would not get much wealth.In 1995, the translation agency gradually became famous, and an American cooperation Company commissioned him to seek a debt in American. Then everything happened just like in Hollywood movies. The American businessmen wanted to default and pulled out a gun to make Ma Yun locked in the house for two days. Ma Yun was released in panic and anxiety, he lost the luggage and had to earn $600 back home on the casino in Las Vegas.(Liu,2009) Development of careerThe nightmare of trip was over; Ma Yun went back to Hangzhou sadly. Although he had no cent in his pocket, the trip let him found a "treasure house" in Seattle. It is the first time he used the Internet without any knowledge, and he also makes advertisement for his translation agency on the internet. He sent out the advertisement at 10 a.m., only 2 hours later, he received six emails respectively from the United States, Germany and Japan. These businessmen said this is the first Chinese Website that they have seen. "There is big business!" At that time, he was aware that the Internet is a gold mine.Ma Yun immediately found a partner, there only has three people add his wife. They had twenty thousand Yuan as the start-up capital. His first Internet Company set up called the Hai Bo network and the product called "China yellow pages". This is the first the commercial information website appeared on the Internet in China.At that time, many people still do not know what the Internet is; they thought Ma Yun is a liar. In 1995, he went to the CCTV, a director told reporters: "this man does not look like a nice guy!" Actually, Ma Yun was called "liar “in lot of cities which did not have the Internet. But he is still like a madman to introduce the Internet to people and convince the customers. He reminded himself every day: "The Internet is the long running with 3000 meters, which will affect the future of humanity living in 30 years; you have to run fast like a rabbit, also like a turtle with the spirit of perseverance."In 1996, his company’s reven ue is incredibly reached 7 million Yuan (Wang, 2010)Founder of AlibabaIn ancient mythology, the Alibaba can open the door which will lead to the wealth with a spell "sesame, open the door!"At the beginning of 1999, he raised 500 thousand yuan, the Alibaba was born in his house. At the start-up stage, Ma Yun commanded that each employee must rent the house within five minutes’ distance from his home. At that time, the 18 employees kept working day and night. The things make employees happiest is that MaYun cooked the dinner himself and made a table of good dishes for everybody.In the next 6 years, Ma Yun used 6 minutes to persuade Softbank investment Fund Company and got the venture capital investment. Then, many investors joined the Alibaba Company. In 2003, Alibaba launch website for consumer services. Ma yun set up an online payments system,alipay in 2004 .Today, even Ma Yun is in his sleeping, Alibaba also could earned 1 million Yuan each day.The Alibaba opens the treasure's door with the spell "sesame, open the door." in myth. But what is Ma Yun's spell? We could know when we have a look at Ma Yun's spending habits. Although Alibaba has tens of millions of funds, but never make the big advertising promotion, never open the domestic press conference. In company, each page is used bydouble-sided printing. Until the end of 2007, Alibaba spent the first round of investment; the second round of investment is still not moving. "I have strain every nerve to spend money." Ma Yun said, “I has been accustomed to poverty and left over more money to spend on other important things. (Li, 2009)The resignation of CEOOn May 10th2013, Ma Yun as Alibaba Group chief executive announced that he would step down, although he still remains as chairman. It is also a piece of shocking news in China. This year, Ma is 49 years old, but he has been planning for retirement.Ma Yun said that the younger employees are better placed to run the company and he will name the successor by May 10th. Ma said stepping down as a founder CEO is a difficult decision. The shift is a significant one for Alibaba and follows moves announced last week to chop the group into 25 smaller divisions to give managers more flexibility.In September 20, 2014, Alibaba was listed successfully in America with $23833.2billion. So far, Alibaba executive chairman Ma Yun’ worth reaches $2121.20 billion more t han Wang Jianlin and Ma Huateng. As the new richest man in China, he donated 14.5 billion refreshing the charity record and became the new "China most generous philanthropist".(Bai,2013)Leadership Traits of Ma YunSelf confidenceThere is no doubt that Ma Yun is self-confident. At the first meeting in Alibaba, Ma Yun have predicted the company’s bright future, he required the employee to record the entire process with video which is a historical witness. In 2002, the short message service and gaming unit business appears the tremendous profit space, but Ma Yun still did not change his mind, he insisted on his way in the field of electronic commerce. By the end of 2004, Alibaba won the favor of investors after experienced the setbacks. When all the people think thatAlibaba will expand deeply in the field, he suddenly decided to create .Alibaba would challenge the strongest global company eBay. The annual revenue of eBay has reached the 7 billion dollar, however Alibaba’ annual revenue only has billion RMB at that time. Alibaba would fight against eBay, which looks like a myth. “When Ma Yun made this decision, almost all of the people are against it. Alibaba fighting with eBay is crazy, "Jin Jianhang said.”But Ma Yun insisted his decision and believed in himself."The confrontation is cruel. In the face of the challenge, many mainstream portal website become a "conspiracy" to block all publicity channels. In the desperation Taobao only made advertising in buses, elevators, subways and sports events. At this time, Alibaba's good luck was coming. When Taobao was attacked seriously, eBay required membership to charge a fee. This gave Taobao the opportunity for counterattack. Ma Yun immediately announced that the "Taobao will be free for anyone in the next 3 years.” This news immediately makes the eBay company crumble. Finally eBay was sold to the Tom Online and quit China market.Ma Yun is crazy and self-confidence, but all this successful results are based on his rational analysis. A person that makes once success is accidental, but Ma Yun is successful from Alibaba institution to the today’s development. We cannot say that Ma Yun only has boldness and self-confidence; the success must also include intelligence and reason. (Hu, 2011)PersistencePersistence is the necessary quality for most leaders and Ma Yun is not an exception. He is persistent for his business to achieve the success.Ma Yun he clearly knows what he would do. Because of his clear goal, he can stick to the last one when encountered any setbacks. A lot of people are difficult to understand the success of Alibaba, Ma Yun said: "Many people are smarter than us, many people work harder than us, why do we succeed? Do we have wealth, but others not have? Of course not.One of the important reasons is that we have the persistence."When Alababa founded in March 1999, Ma Yun said: "Even Tyson break me down, if I die, I would jump up and continue to fight!"Ma Yun graduated from the Hangzhou Normal University, which sounds like a “unknown" the school, his study experience is also bumpy. However, he created the world's largest e-commerce website. Why? For the failures and setbacks, Ma Yun said: "Doing business is very tired; and the business failure rate is very high. Among100 people, 95 people do not know how to die, even did not hear voices when fell to the cliff. There are 4 people that hear a scream when he fell. The remaining one may not know why he is still alive, but also he do not know whether he still live on tomorrow. So failure is common problem that most entrepreneurs have encountered."So Ma claim that young entrepreneurs must never, never give up. This is the only way to win the final victory. (Hu, 2011)Fluency of speechMa Yun is active in the public, he always make the wouderful speech for his personal image. Ma Yun's eloquence is very good. His speech reveals the humor and wisdom. He can express himself with simple words. His words are very encouraging, which let the people to think and to be inspired. "Ma internal speech" is representative of his speech. In this book, he not only points out that the company's problems, but also makes the development direction of the company.When Ma Yun achieved success, many universities and TV station invited him to make a speech. Every time for his speech the house is full of audience, and the applause is long and loud. Many his inspirational quotes inspired the young people who want to start a business. As a leader, his speech skills enhance the leadership greatly. When Alibaba was listed in USA, his fluent English in advertising video also impress all the world people. (Liu, 2009)Integrity“For the entrepreneur, the most important and greatest wealth is your integrity. An entrepreneur must have a group of friends; these friends are accumulated by sincerity for you in so many years. "Ma Yun warned the young entrepreneurs must be honest. On the TV shows winning in the China, he said, small business success depends on shrewd, meddle level of business success depends on management, but the big business success depends on the integrity. I have always believed, honesty is valuable, it can be turned into money, and honesty is the biggest fortune.(Liu,2013)Leadership Behaviors of Ma YunSupportive Leadership BehaviorsFrom Ma Yun’s personality, he is really supportive to his employees. Talent is his capital. If a company gets talents, and it means the company wins market and its future.Ma Yun helped followers develop abilities and careers very much. In the management level, there was a very important work. Ma Yun think, one of the biggest wealth in a business is employees. Alibaba also put the employee at the first place in the company. So he proposed a concept, "Invest the money in the employees". He said, "We think invest money on employees that instead of putting money in the bank, we believe if employees do not grow, the enterprise is not growing.” Alibaba attached great importance to training people, let the employee more outstanding, let old employees don't fall behind. In order to train employees’business ability, Alibaba has created the first enterprise business school—the Ali Institute. Ali Institute mainly aims to train staff in continuous exploration and practice. The teaching mode of online training, on-site instruction and training certification has been has been gradually formed. The concept that “No business is difficult in the world” is extended by Alibaba to the education level. (Liu, 2013)He also showed his concern and respected his followers. The most obvious example is happened in the acquisition of the Yahoo. At the beginning, Yahoo’s Employees did not trust Ma Yun, Ma still treat employees sincerely. He made the N+1 plan for Employees, and used the equity genuinely to retain staff. The results is only 4% of employees chose to leave; most workers are moved by Ma Yun and chose to stay. When Yahoo’s Staff arrived at Hangzhou, Ma invited them with a sincere heart, even for the employees’ breakfast staff, he made discussion and adequate preparation. Considering employees living habits, Ma prepare the special breakfast for them. When the train loaded with employees arrived at Hangzhou, each person received a small bag which is filled with two hot steamed stuffed buns, a bottle of milk and napkin. Considering these people travel with long distance, washing is not convenient, small paper bags even has a pack of gum. The breakfast let YAHOO employees feel warm in their heart. Ma Yun really made employees moved, so the employees would be loyal to him.Ma Yun believes that management is not restriction but the truth; he brings employee motivation to develop their potential. For example, the equity incentive as everyone knows, many staff hold the stock of the listing Corporation; the administrative incentives, as long as employee work time is achieved a year and who pass the examination, he are eligible to participate in the internal competition; mail incentive, Ma is good at email, he write to employees and give them various spiritual motivation. For example, the "poor happy" strategy is in the early starting. One of them has good performance; he would be added up his life. All of them work hard for life longer. (Liu, 2009)Charismatic Leadership BehaviorMa Yun is charismatic, h e did something that was great in people’s mind.He advocated moral mission and vision. He always uses simple words to build a development perspective for employees. Ma Yun has a strong sense of mission. He said:“Why would an enterprise survive? It’s because of mission. For this point I am confident "; he thought that employee should have it in mind. A person must have great mind, and the mind must contain the sense of mission.Now, Alibaba is the world's largest B2B e-commerce site, also is the largest C2C electronic commerce website in Chinese. However, Ma Yun's ideal is far more than this. In the next ten years, Alibaba’s goal is to rank among the top 3 in Global Internet Company. Ma Yun wanted to build the world's greatest company created by Chinese.Ma Yun attracts talent by his personal leading charm.Cai Chongxin, who helped Alibaba find investment with his own financial contact when Alibaba was in the most difficult situation .Cai Chongxin’ joining to Alibaba is very dramatic. Because of the work relationship, he came to Alibaba to see about. The purpose is obvious, to find an ideal investment object.Ma Yun talked about his idea of electronic commerce with Cai Chongxin, described his own plan of the largest B2B website “open sesame” in the world, and invited Cai Chongxin to “the location of company” which is also his home in Lake Gar den. Soon after, Cai Chongxin came to Hangzhou for Ma Yun, this time he almost didn’t talk to Ma Yun about investment matters, but is very interested in Ma Yun’s story of “Eighteen Arhats”. It can be seen that Ma Yun and his “Eighteen Arhats” story touched him.Such stories are numerous in Alibaba. Ma Yun was invited to make the speech at Harvard University, Ma Yun’s wise and humorous speech touched the MBA students in Harvard. After the "brainwashing" of Ma Yun, Harvard elites respected Ma Yun to a great extent. (Liu, 2013)Application of Ma Yun’ Leadership in Hospitality IndustryPut employee in the first placeMa Yun said that the employee is first, customer is second. Without emplyees, there will not have this website. Only they are happy, our customers will be happy. He encouragethe staff to work crazy and make employees smile to go home, the smile is an important culture in Alibaba .He said, “The biggest challenge and breakthrough is the person, and the biggest breakthrough of employing is to trust people". He pays attention to communication with employees, even holding the collective wedding for company staff. Therefore, employees can have happy work and go all out to work.Only the satisfying the employees will have the satisfaction of customers. In the service industry, the staff directly contact with the customer. Employees' work attitudes and emotion will directly affect the service quality. Hotel provide reliable, quality service for customers, it must place the staff at the first place, and take consideration the needs of staff. High staff turnover has been a headache in China's hospitality industry. Employee turnover will bring a series of negative effect to the hotel management, such as service quality, customer losing, and the training cost increasing. The hotel must attach great importance to the needs of staff and put staff in the first place, it can reduce staff turnover rate and improve employee s’ satisfaction .So, the hospitality will make greater success. (Liu, 2009) InnovationOne of the biggest factors for the success of Alibaba is innovation. Ma Yun made a lot of innovation behaviors in the development of Alibaba.At the beginning of the business, he take the strategy from first overseas to the domestic. This behavior helps export enterprises pull more overseas buyers. Then,Alibaba use the free strategy for three years. It is a huge attraction for business people. When Taobao battle with eBay, it makes the promotion in outdoor advertising signs, plane, radio, television, subway, bus.The innovation of guest rooms, catering and service can let the customer directly to experience. Creative promotion competition and realization of creativity is the soul of hotel industry. The hotel needs to upgrade hardware every three to five years .The hotel food needs to be updated, tastes is ever-changing, dishes needs to be developed. New food sourcereflects the deepening customer eating desire. The hotel needs to update the service with the increase of customer demand growing. The standardization, reutilization and standardization of service have become the shade. To anticipate and meet the personalized service is the key in modern hotel service.(Wang,2013)ConclusionThrough studying the traits and leadership of Ma Yun, it is easy to find his self confidence, integrity; persistence is worth for young people to learn. He put employee in the first place and make investment for developing employee, which is worth applying in hospitality industry to optimize and improve productivity and public image.Ma Yun knows his goals what he need do. He focuses on his goal when working, and strive to complete the mission, leaving all behind including himself. He achieved a miracle in Chinese entrepreneurship, and his innate wisdom of management is also like an important reference book for Chinese enterprise development. In continuous economy development today, Alibaba group will continue to show the world a new look. Ma Yun’s wisdom management may become a beacon, which is sufficient for leading Chinese e-commerce enterprises towards the light of the world. Alibaba team will still hold on together in an extremely harsh environment, to solve the enterprise crisis and make the Alibaba team more cohesive, more passionate, more courageous for change, and more confident for higher peak!ReferenceBo,S. (2011,December11). Ma Yun's ambitions and dreams. China Academic Journal,pp 38-42.Fu, G. (2004, 5). Ma Yun's pioneering story. China Academic Journal , pp. 23-25.Lan,L. (2011,October 05). Analysis of Ma Yun's leadership. Time Magazine, pp 23-25.Li, W. (2005, September 2). Ma Yun's challenge. China Academic Journal , pp. 40-45.Shi,L. (2007). The True Story of Ma Yun. Southern publish house.Wei, C. (2011). Ma Yun Management Journal. May: 01.Wei, C. (2011). This is Ma Yun. Zhe Jiang : Zhejiang people's Publishing House.Wei, F. (2009, December 5). Ma and Alibaba group. Times Magazine , pp. 32-40.Xin,L. (2004). Ma Yun talk about entrepreneurship. Zhe Jiang: Zhejiang people's Publishing House.Zhang, L. (2013, December 11). Alibaba founder jack ma. China Academic Journal , pp. 1-7.。

Growth rates of amenable groups

a r X iv:mat h /4613v3[mat h.GR]15J u n24GROWTH RATES OF AMENABLE GROUPS G.N.ARZHANTSEVA,V.S.GUBA,AND L.GUYOT Abstract.Let F m be a free group with m generators and let R be its normal subgroup such that F m /R projects onto Z .We give a lower bound for the growth rate of the group F m /R ′(where R ′is the derived subgroup of R )in terms of the length ρ=ρ(R )of the shortest nontrivial relation in R .It follows that the growth rate of F m /R ′approaches 2m −1as ρapproaches inﬁnity.This implies that the growth rate of an m -generated amenable group can be arbitrarily close to the maximum value 2m −1.This answers an open question by P.de la Harpe.In fact we prove that such groups can be found already in the class of abelian-by-nilpotent groups as well as in the class of ﬁnite extensions of metabelian groups.1.Introduction Let G be a ﬁnitely generated group and A a ﬁxed ﬁnite set of gener-ators for G .By ℓ(g )we denote the word length of an element g ∈G in the generators A ,i.e.the length of a shortest word in the alphabet A ±1representing g .Let B (n )denote the ball {g ∈G |ℓ(g )≤n }of radius n in G with respect to A .The growth rate of the pair (G,A )is the limit ω(G,A )=lim n →∞nThe work has been supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation,No.PP002-68627.12G.N.ARZHANTSEVA,V.S.GUBA,AND L.GUYOT Question.[5,VI.C62]For an integer m≥2,does there exist a con-stant c m>1,with c m<2m−1,such that G is not amenable provided ω(G,A)≥c m?We show that the answer to this question is negative.Thus,given m≥2,there exists an amenable group on m generators with the growth rate as close to2m−1as one likes.It is worth noticing that for every m≥2there exists a sequence of non-amenable groups(even containing non-abelian free subgroups) whose growth rates approach1(see[4]).For a group H,we denote by H′its derived subgroup,that is,[H,H]. The authors thank A.Yu.Ol’shanskii for helpful comments.2.ResultsLet F m be a free group of rank m with free basis A.Suppose that R is a normal subgroup of F m.Assume that there is a homomorphism φfrom F m onto the(additive)inﬁnite cyclic group such that R is contained in its kernel(that is,F m/R has Z as a homomorphic image). By a we denote a letter from A±1such thatφ(a)=max{φ(x)|x∈A±1}.Clearly,φ(a)≥1.Throughout the paper,weﬁx a homomorphismφfrom F m onto Z, the letter a described above and the value C=φ(a).By R we will usually denote a normal subgroup in F m that is contained in the kernel ofφ.A word w over A±1is called good whenever it satisﬁes the following conditions:(1)w is freely irreducible,(2)theﬁrst letter of w is a,(3)the last letter of w is not a−1,(4)φ(w)>0.Let D k be the set of all good words of length k and let d k be the number of them.Lemma1.The number of good words of length k≥4satisﬁes the following inequality:(1)d k≥4m(m−1)2(2m−1)k−4.In particular,limk→∞d1/kk=2m−1.GROWTH RATES OF AMENABLE GROUPS3 Proof.LetΩbe the set of all freely irreducible words v of length k−1 satisfyingφ(v)≥0.The number of all freely irreducible words of length k−1equals2m(2m−1)k−2.At least half of them has a nonnegative image underφ.So|Ω|≥m(2m−1)k−2.LetΩ1be the subset ofΩthat consists of all words whose initial letter is diﬀerent from a−1.We show that|Ω1|≥((2m−2)/(2m−1))|Ω|.It is suﬃcient to prove that|Ω1∩A±1u|≥((2m−2)/(2m−1))|Ω∩A±1u| for any word u of length k−2.Suppose that a−1u belongs toΩ.For every letter b one hasφ(b)≥φ(a−1).Therefore,bu∈Ω1for every letter b=a−1provided bu is irreducible.There are exactly2m−2 ways to choose a letter b with the above properties.Hence|Ω1∩A±1u| and|Ω∩A±1u|have2m−2and2m−1elements,respectively.If a−1u/∈Ω,then both sets coincide.Now letΩ2denote the subset ofΩ1that consists of all words whose terminal letter is diﬀerent from a−1.Analogous argument implies that |Ω2|≥((2m−2)/(2m−1))|Ω1|.It is obvious that av is good provided v∈Ω2.Therefore,the number of good words is at least|Ω2|≥2m−22m−1 2|Ω|≥4m(m−1)2(2m−1)k−4.To every word w in A±1one can uniquely assign the path p(w)in the Cayley graph C=C(F/R,A)of the group F/R with A the generating set.This is the path that has label w and starts at the identity.We say that a path p is self-avoiding if it never visits the same vertex more than once.Letρ=ρ(R)be the length of the shortest nontrivial element in a normal subgroup R≤F m.Lemma2.Let R be a normal subgroup in F m that is contained in the kernel of a homomorphismφfrom F m onto Z.Suppose that k≥2 is chosen in such a way that the following inequality holds:(2)ρ(R)>Ck(2k−3)+2k−2.Then any path in the Cayley graph C of F m/R labelled by a word of the form g1g2···g t,where t≥1,g s∈D k for all1≤s≤t,is self-avoiding. Proof.If p is not self-avoiding,then let us consider its minimal subpath q between two equal vertices.Clearly,|q|≥ρ≥k.Therefore,q can be represented as q=g′g i···g j g′′,where g i,...,g j are in D k, the word g′is a proper suﬃx of some word in D k,the word g′′is a proper preﬁx of some word in D k.We have|g′|,|g′′|≤k−1so |g i...g j|>Ck(2k−3).This implies that j−i+1(the number of4G.N.ARZHANTSEVA,V.S.GUBA,AND L.GUYOTsections that are completely contained in q)is at least C(2k−3)+1. Obviously,φ(g′)≥−C(k−1)andφ(g′′)≥−C(k−2)(we recall that g′′starts with a if it is nonempty).On the other hand,φ(g s)≥1 for all s.Henceφ(g i···g j)≥j−i+1≥C(2k−3)+1and so φ(g′g i···g j g′′)≥1,which is obviously impossible because for every r∈R one hasφ(r)=0.Theorem1.Suppose that R is a normal subgroup in the free group F m that is contained in the kernel of a homomorphismφfrom F m onto Z.Let C be the maximum value ofφon the generators or their inverses.Letρ=ρ(R)be the length of the shortest cyclically irreducible nonempty word in R.If a number k≥4satisﬁes the inequality (3)ρ≥Ck(2k−3)+2k−1,then the growth rate of the group F m/R′w.r.t.the natural generators is at least(2m−1)· 4m(m−1)2GROWTH RATES OF AMENABLE GROUPS5 Theorem2.Let F m be a free group of rank m with free basis A and letφbe a homomorphism from F m onto Z.Suppose thatkerφ≥R1≥R2≥···≥R n≥···is a sequence of normal subgroups in F m.If the intersection of all the R n’s is trivial,then the growth rates of the groups F m/R′n approach 2m−1as n approaches inﬁnity,that is,limω(F m/R′n,A)=2m−1.n→∞Proof.Since the subgroups R n have trivial intersection,the lengths of their shortest nontrivial relations approach inﬁnity,that is,ρ(R n)→∞as n→∞.Let k(n)=6G.N.ARZHANTSEVA,V.S.GUBA,AND L.GUYOThave trivial intersection.Indeed,F m is residuallyﬁnite and so the subgroups N i intersect trivially.As above,all the R i’s are contained in F′m so they are contained in the kernel of a homomorphismφfrom F m onto Z.Hence the growth rates of the groups F m/R′i=F m/M′′i approach2m−1.These groups are extensions of M i/M′′i by F m/M i, that is,they areﬁnite extensions of(free)metabelian groups. Therefore,in each of the two classes of groups:1)extensions of abelian groups by nilpotent groups,2)ﬁnite extensions of metabelian groups,there exist m-generated groups with growth rates approaching 2m−1.Remark.A.Yu.Ol’shanskii suggested the following improvement. Let p be a prime.Since F m is residually aﬁnite p-group,one can get a chain M1≥M2≥···of normal subgroups with trivial intersection, where F m/M i areﬁnite p-groups.Now let R i=kerφ∩M i.The group F m/R i is a subdirect product of Z and aﬁnite p-group.In particular,it is nilpotent.Besides,it is an extension of Z by aﬁnite p-group and an extension of aﬁnite p-group by Z,as well.So F m/R′i will be abelian-by-nilpotent and metabelian-by-ﬁnite at the same time.(In fact,the metabelian part is an extension of an abelian group by Z.)Also one can view F m/R′i as an extension of a virtually abelian group by Z.References[1]G.M.Adel’son-Vel’skii and Yu.A.Sreider,The Banach mean on groups,Uspehi Mat.Nauk(N.S.)12,1957no.6(78),131–136.[2]C.Droms,J.Lewin,H.Servatius.The length of elements in free solvablegroups,Proc.Amer.Math.Soc.119,1(1993),27–33.[3]R.Grigorchuk and P.de la Harpe,On problems related to growth,entropy,andspectrum in group theory,J.Dynam.Control Systems3(1)(1997),51–89. [4]R.Grigorchuk and P.de la Harpe,Limit behaviour of exponential growth ratesforﬁnitely generated groups,Essays on geometry and related topics,Vol.1,2, 351–370,Monogr.Enseign.Math.,38,Enseignement Math.,Geneva,2001. [5]P.de la Harpe,Topics in geometric group theory,Chicago Lectures in Mathe-matics.University of Chicago Press,Chicago,IL,2000.Section de Math´e matiques,Universit´e de Gen`e ve,CP240,1211Gen`e ve 24,SwitzerlandE-mail address:Goulnara.Arjantseva@math.unige.chDepartment of mathematics,Vologda State University,6S.Orlov St.,Vologda,160600,RussiaE-mail address:guba@uni-vologda.ac.ruSection de Math´e matiques,Universit´e de Gen`e ve,CP240,1211Gen`e ve 24,SwitzerlandE-mail address:Luc.Guyot@math.unige.ch。

美国毕业论文

美国毕业论文Title: The Impact of Automation on the US Job Market Introduction:In recent years, the rapid advancement of automation and artificial intelligence (AI) has brought about significant changes to the global job market. This essay aims to explore the impact of automation on the US job market and discuss potential strategies to mitigate potential negative consequences.Body:1. Increased Efficiency and Productivity: Automation technology has greatly increased efficiency in many industries, allowing businesses to streamline operations and reduce costs. This has resulted in increased productivity and competitiveness for American companies.2. Job Displacement: However, the flip side of automation is job displacement. As repetitive tasks and routine jobs become automated, many workers are at risk of being replaced by machines. This is particularly true in manufacturing, transportation, and customer service sectors.3. Unemployment and Income Inequality: Job displacement due to automation can lead to increased unemployment rates, which in turn can result in income inequality. Workers in low-skilled jobs, who are most likely to be replaced by machines, may struggle to find new employment opportunities that match their skillsets.4. Job Transformation: While automation may reduce the number of traditional jobs available, it also provides new opportunities for workers in the form of new job roles that work in partnership with machines. These jobs require higher-level skills, such as programming, data analysis, and artificial intelligence management.5. Retraining and Upskilling: To address the challenges posed by automation, the US education system needs to emphasize retraining and upskilling programs. By providing workers with the necessary skills to adapt to the changing job market, they can be better prepared for the transition and decrease the impact of job displacement.6. Government Policies and Regulations: The US government should play an active role in implementing policies that support workers affected by automation. This could include incentives for businesses to invest in worker reskilling programs, offering unemployment benefits and job placement services. Furthermore, regulations could be put in place to ensure a smooth transition, demanding that companies introduce automation in a way that doesn't lead to massive unemployment.Conclusion:Automation has undoubtedly had a profound impact on the US job market. While it has increased efficiency and productivity, it has also caused job displacement, leading to potential unemployment and income inequality. To mitigate these consequences, it is crucial for the government, education system, and businesses to collaborate in implementing policies and facilitates retraining andupskilling programs. By doing so, the US can harness the benefits of automation while ensuring that the workforce is ready for the changing job landscape.。

提升上海外代竞争力问题的研究

提供各专业全套毕业设计第一章引言一问题的提出随着世界经济的发展 , 国际贸易加速回升 , 跨国直接投资重新趋于活跃 ,中国经济连续几年均有快速增长的势头。

在国内外经济环境较为有利的背景下 , 中国对外贸易持续快速增长 ,2004年前三季度进出口总值逼近 2003 年全年规模 , 达 8285.5 亿美元 , 同比增长 36.7%；其中 , 出口 4162.4 亿美元 , 增长 35.3%；进口 4123.1 亿美元 , 增长 38.2%；累计贸易顺差 39.3 亿美元。

（商务部规划财务司、研究院《中国对外贸易形势报告（2004年秋季）》课题组）根据专家预测，2005年，我国进出口贸易仍将保持高速增长。

良好的经济形势为航运企业带来了巨大的发展空间，同时也为船代企业提供了更加良好的发展机遇，为船代市场总容量的增长提供了有力的保证，仅以上海港为例，作为中国内地第一大港，上海港依靠长江三角洲经济腹地，集装箱吞吐量近年来增长迅猛。

1990年，上海港全年吞吐量仅为45.6万标准箱，1998年上海港箱量达到306万标准箱，首次跻身世界集装箱港口前十位。

2002年，上海港在世界集装箱港口排名迅速上升至第四位。

2003年上海港成为世界上第三个年箱量超过1000万标准箱的港口，同时也开始取代釜山成为世界第三大港口。

就在从1990年到2004年的短短十五年间，上海的集装箱运输市场总量呈现出几何级数增长的态势，确实也大大提升了上海船代市场的总容量。

2005年第1季度，上海港总吞吐量已经达到309.4万TEU，其中外贸箱量240.7万TEU，与去年同期相比累计增长约为28%，延续着近年来的强劲走势。

逐年增长的市场容量既提供了船代市场的发展机遇，也加剧了船代市场的竞争，与此同时，随着中国船代市场的全面放开，代理费率的水平不断下调，船东对服务的要求越来越高，船代市场的竞争也已经达到了空前激烈的程度。

2004年6月，在上海口岸获得国际船舶代理经营资格的公司有51家，这其中包括上海外代、外运船代、联合代理等传统公共代理，然而就在短短半年多时间以后，上海口岸获得船代经营资格的公司总数已经达到了77家之多。