Measuring the Efficiency of University Libraries Using Data Envelopment Analysis

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performance evaluation理工英语4

performance evaluation理工英语4 Performance EvaluationIntroductionPerformance evaluation is a crucial process in assessing the effectiveness and efficiency of individuals, teams, or organizations. It involves the systematic assessment and measurement of performance against predetermined goals, objectives, and standards. This article aims to explore the concept of performance evaluation, its significance in various contexts, and the different methods used for evaluation.Defining Performance EvaluationPerformance evaluation is defined as the systematic process of assessing and reviewing an individual's or organization's performance in relation to established goals and objectives. It involves analyzing the quality, quantity, and timeliness of work, as well as the overall contribution towards achieving desired outcomes.Significance of Performance EvaluationPerformance evaluation plays a critical role in various contexts, including:1. Employee Performance Evaluation: In organizations, performance evaluation helps assess employees' job performance, identify areas for improvement, and determine reward and promotion opportunities. It provides valuable feedback and helps create a performance-driven culture.2. Team Performance Evaluation: Evaluating team performance is essential for identifying strengths and weaknesses, enhancing collaboration, and optimizing resources. It enables organizations to allocate tasks effectively, promote teamwork, and achieve collective goals.3. Organizational Performance Evaluation: Assessing the overall performance of an organization is essential for strategic planning, decision-making, and performance improvement. It helps identify areas requiring attention and enables organizations to align their objectives with key performance indicators (KPIs).Methods of Performance EvaluationThere are several methods used for performance evaluation, depending on the nature and context of evaluation:1. Rating Scales: This method involves using predefined scales to rate employees' performance against specific criteria. It provides a structured approach and simplifies the evaluation process. However, it can be subjective and may not capture the full extent of performance.2. 360-Degree Feedback: This method involves obtaining feedback from multiple sources, including supervisors, subordinates, peers, and customers. It provides a holistic view of an individual's performance and promotes a comprehensive understanding of strengths and areas for improvement.3. Objective Measurements: Objective measurements involve quantifying performance based on quantifiable data, such as sales figures, production output, or customer satisfaction ratings. This method provides a precise assessment of performance but may not capture qualitative aspects.4. Self-Assessment: Self-assessment encourages individuals to reflect on their performance and identify areas for improvement. It promotes self-awareness, accountability, and personal development. However, it may be biased and influenced by individuals' perceptions.5. Behavioral Observation: This method involves directly observing individuals' behavior in specific work-related situations. It provides valuable insights into work habits, interpersonal skills, and adherence to organizational values. However, it can be time-consuming and may not capture performance in all areas.ConclusionPerformance evaluation is a vital process for assessing and improving individual, team, and organizational performance. It helps organizations align their objectives, motivate employees, and ensure efficient resource allocation. By using appropriate evaluation methods, organizations can drive continuous improvement and achieve long-term success. It is essential for organizations to establish clear evaluation criteria, provide constructive feedback, and support employee development to maximize the benefits of performance evaluation.。

measuring the efficiency of decision making units

measuring the efficiency of decision making units 当今时代，决策单位的效率，经常被认为是一个机构、组织或者国家社会发展的重要指标。

新时代对提高决策单位效率的重要性也是日益凸显的。

它与其他重要行业一样，在影响国家经济增长和社会进步方面发挥着重要作用。

因此，加强决策单位的效率，是推进国家社会发展的重要措施。

决策单位效率的影响因素决策单位效率的影响因素有许多，其中，最重要的是决策者本身。

首先，决策者必须具有良好的工作态度，即在工作中持有积极态度，坚持不懈地完成工作，同时也要有担当作为，勇于承担责任，付出自己努力做好其他事情。

其次，决策者还应具有良好的行政能力，包括科学的决策思维、协调能力和预见性等，以便合理的决策行为，有效的结果。

此外，决策者还应具备良好的社交能力，包括沟通能力、调解能力和激励能力等，以便与同事交流沟通并有效的管理团队。

决策单位提高效率的方法首先，要建立高效的决策单位，应首先认识决策步骤，决策流程应简洁有效，考虑不足，审查对策，并加以优化。

其次，要重视决策过程中信息的重要性，要求决策者搜集、分析和使用信息，以便更好地决策。

此外，要加强与企业文化的结合，要求决策者所涉及的信息，符合企业文化、价值观和行业准则，培养企业文化的认同感。

最后，要建立决策绩效评估制度，以评估决策单位的效率，以便更好地管理和改进决策单位。

通过对决策单位的绩效进行定期评估，可以及时总结决策单位在制定政策方面的成果，以及做出新的改进和调整，以便提高决策单位的效率。

结论提高决策单位的效率具有重要的意义，以期实现国家社会发展的最终目标。

要提高决策单位效率，必须认真分析决策单位的影响因素，采取有效的措施，加强决策者的素质，重视信息的重要性，加强与企业文化的结合，建立决策绩效评估制度，并定期对决策单位的效率进行评估，以最大限度地提高其效率。

The Impacts of Governance and Education on Agricultural Efficiency

P rocedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 58 ( 2012 ) 1158 – 11651877-0428 © 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of the 8th International Strategic Management Conference doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.10971Nizamettin Bayyurt. Tel.: +90-212-866-3300; fax: +90-212-866-3342. E-mail address : bayyurt@.tr.8th International Strategic Management ConferenceThe Impacts of Governance and Education on Agricultural Efficiency: An International AnalysisNizamettin Bayyurt abaFatih University, Istanbul, 34500, TurkeybFatih University,Institute of Social Sciences, Istanbul, 34500, TurkeyAbstractThe main aim of this study is to explain the interaction between governance, education and agricultural efficiency and to expose the impacts of governance and education on agricultural efficiency by a global context. Agricultural efficiency was measured as the ratio of agricultural outputs to agricultural inputs by Data Envelopment Analysisricultural land (km2), fertilizer (tons), the number of tractors, and labor. The output isproduced add value in agricultural area as USD currency. In this study, we combined DEA and a regression analysis in a worldwide context. For this purpose, in the first stage, we used DEA model (output-oriented, constant return to scale model) to analyze the agricultural efficiency of countries. And in the second stage, we used Panel Data Regression Analysis to find the effects of Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI), education index, and countrytype. 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of The 8thInternational Strategic Management ConferenceKey words: Agricultural Efficiency; Governance; Data Envelopment Analysis; Panel Data Regression.1. IntroductionAgricultural productivity is one of the most important problems of the world. High food prices, climate change, civil wars, and the global financial crisis bring very serious problems such as food safety, hunger and malnutrition in the world. Due to its importance the United Nations 2015 is "fight against hunger and poverty".Available online at © 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of the 8th International StrategicManagement Conference1159 N izamettin Bayyurt and Senem Yılmaz / P rocedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 58 ( 2012 )1158 – 1165 There are lots of studies in literature concerning agricultural productivity. And also in recent years ithas begun to realiGovernance has become a hot topic on the critical role it plays in determining social welfare. In 2003,the former Secretary General of the United Nations, Kofi Annan, reflects a growing consensus when hestates that good governance is perhaps the single most important factor in eradicating poverty and promoting development. Not surprisingly, governance as a term has progressed from obscurity to widespread usage, particularly in the last decade. Governance is about the more strategic aspects of steering: the larger decisions about direction and roles. That is, governance is not only about where to go,but also about who should be involved in deciding, and in what capacity [Graham et al. (2003)].For measures of the quality of governance, the World(WGI, such as Voice and Accountability, Political Stability and Absence of Violence, Government Effectiveness, Regulatory Quality, Rule of Law, and Control of Corruption) have been produced (WorldBank, 2011). Thesix WGI are recognized by many researchers as the most effective tools for assessing the status of governance in different countries.The main aim of this study is to explain the interaction between governance and agricultural productivity and to expose the impacts of governance on agricultural productivity by an internationalcontext using 64 countries over the period 2002-2008. For 64 countries, data are gathered from the WorldBank database.2.Literature ReviewThere are some researches that have been done on Agricultural Productivity Analysis in literature insome regions such as India [Dayal, E., 1984], Spanish Region [Millan and Aldaz, 1998], European Unionand Eastern Region [Serrao, A., 2003], MENA region [Jemma and Dhif, 2005], Nigeria [Fakayode et al. 2008], Vietnam [Minh and Long, 2008], etc.Lio and Liu (2008) analyzed 118 countries, whether a relationship exist between agricultural productivity and governance indicators for the years 1996, 1998, 2000 and 2002 in their study. Theyfound that when independent variables included in the model separately, the rule of law, control of corruption and government effectiveness increase agricultural productivity. When all of the variableswere included in the model at the same time while rule of law significantly increases the agricultural efficiency, political stability and voice and accountability have emerged a significant decrease in agricultural efficiency. In that study it is concluded that countries of which citizens respect to regulatoryquality have higher efficiency in agriculture. Low agricultural efficiency has been seen in more democratic countries is one the other important finding.Studies have been conducted on farmers' production differences of rich and poor countries. Why do farmers in poor countries cannot produce as much as farmers in rich countries? Schultz (1964) argues thatthe farmers in poor countries are poor, but effective. They are able to allocate their useful resources inrational ways, but do not reach high efficiency. The reason of this condition is explained as the inadequatesupply of modern agricultural technologies.Olson (1996) argued that due to the absence specialization and adequate institutional framework,many poor countries are only wasting money and resources. Individual rational behaviors can result withsocial inefficiencies because of institutional defects.Governance affects agricultural productivity through many channels. First, bad governance affectsefficiency of production by imposing unpredictable taxes (Camposs et al, 1999). Many countries withweak regulations and protectionist policies put high indirect taxes in agriculture. Krueger et al. (1991), in-1983, determined that the market-unfriendly macro-economic policies caused indirect taxes in agriculture by more than three times that of1160N izamettin Bayyurt and Senem Yılmaz / P rocedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 58 ( 2012 )1158 – 1165 direct taxes. They also viewed that these policies have a deterrent effect in agricultural production. The governance infrastructure may affect agricultural performance in several ways. For instance, the government creates and maintains institutions that are crucial to the functioning of the market system. The protection of property rights and a judicial system administering justice and enforcing contracts strongly affect the incentives for production and investment. In addition, good governance supports a competitive and low-transaction-cost environment, which encourages agricultural innovation and stimulates the adoption of new technologies and forms of organization. The government acts as an important provider of rural infrastructure, public goods and services, and essential information for agriculture for farmers. The government also determines macroeconomic policies that affect both agricultural production and investment. In some countries, agricultural development has been seriously hindered by market-unfriendly policies that are characteristics of bad governance.The majority of individuals will lead the efforts for the protection of property in a country where the rule of law is weak. Most of the resources of a society where corruption is widespread devote to unearned incomes rather than productive activities. Agricultural Organizations, agricultural projects, irrigation units are usually encountered the most corrupted units in countries. Corruption is an obstacle on agricultural development (World Bank, 2007).However, in some cases, poor governance would cause high efficiency and good governance may result in low efficiency. The best known example for that is "Grease the Wheels" hypothesis. In countries with a slow and inefficient bureaucracy, corruption increases efficiency (Huntington, 1968). Political stability may not provide economic efficiency at all times. Because many reforms accelerating the economic efficiency, were made in times of crisis (Binswaeger and Deininger, 1997).3.Methodology3.1.Analytical TechniquesIn this study firstly, agricultural productivity as the ratio of agricultural outputs to agricultural inputs is measured by Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) which is an efficiency measurement technique.2), fertility (tons), the number of tractorsoutput is produced add value in agricultural area as USD currency. gricultural efficiencies by using DEA (output-oriented, assuming constant returns to scale technology) [Charnes et. al., 1978]stage.3.2.Data Envelopment AnalysisData Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is a linear programming based nonparametric method for measuring the relative efficiency of Decision Making Units (DMUs). DEA creates a frontier function by comparing the ratios of multiple inputs to multiple outputs of similar units taken from the measured observations (Charnes, Cooper, and Rhodes 1978). It was first proposed by Charnes et al. (1978) based on the work of Farrell (1957). Since it was first proposed with CCR model by Charnes et al (1978), some extensions of the model have been developed. Over the years this methodology has been applied across a variety of sectors. An important advantage of DEA is that it is independent of the units measuring inputs and outputs allowing great flexibility in specifying the outputs/inputs to be studied. This is very important in the context of this study as the input and output variables have different units of measurement.Two models in DEA have been largely utilized in efficiency measurements (i) input-oriented and (ii) output-oriented models. With input-oriented DEA, the linear programming model is configured to1161N izamettin Bayyurt and Senem Yılmaz / P rocedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 58 ( 2012 ) 1158 – 1165 determine how much the input use of a country could achieve the same output level. With this model, thepossible reduction in the levels of the inputs conditional to fixed outputs is found. In contrast, by output-oriented DEA, the linear programme is configured to determine a countryfixed inputs. In the context of this study, output based efficiency measures are suitable for the country level inputs in our data. It is important to use a DEA output based model to measure how much output can be produced from a given level of inputs. The envelopment surface will differ depending on the scale assumptions that describe the model. Two scale assumptions are generally employed: constant returns to scale (CRS), and variable returns to scale (VRS). The latter comprises both increasing and decreasing returns to scale. CRS reflects the fact that output will change by the same proportion as inputs are changed (e.g. doubling of all inputs will double output). VRS reflects the fact that production technology may demonstrate increasing, constant and decreasing returns to scale. In this study we use CRS model. An output oriented CCR DEA model in the literature, can be expressed below for m inputs, s outputs and n DMUs:rj i all for s s mi s x x n j s y y ts s s Max ri j i nj jijikr nj jrj krk mi si r ikk ,,0,,, (1)0,...,1,0.)(1111The DMU kkis 1. If it is less than 1, DMU k is inefficient. The efficiency frontier defined by the above CCR model reveals constant returns to scale (CRS) (Cook and Zhu, 2005). As an extension of CCR DEA model, Banker et al. (1984) referred as BCC model for variable returns to scale (VRS). 3.3. Data and VariablesData on 64 countries over the time period of 2002 through 2008 are used in the empirical analysis. Our country selection process depends on data availability in World Bank. The variables used in the first stage for DEA analysis given below. Output:Value added: Produced add value in agricultural area as USD currency, Inputs:Agricultural land (land): It is estimated by the arable land used for farming, forestry, and production activities. It is measured in km2.Fertilizers: It refers to the sum of pure weight of nitrogen, phosphate, potash, and complex fertilizers which were used for agriculture. It is measured in tons.1162N izamettin Bayyurt and Senem Yılmaz / P rocedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 58 ( 2012 )1158 – 1165 Machinery (tractors): It is considered as capital input for the agricultural production activities such as plowing, irrigation, draining, harvesting, farm product processing, etc. It is measuredin one unit of tractor.Labor (labor): Participants in the economically active population in agriculture, i.e. employment in agriculture as a percentage of total employment.Since the 1990s, development researchers and practitioners have focused on good governance as both a means of achieving development and a development objective in itself. The World Bank has defined good governance as epitomized by predictable, open and enlightened policy making; a bureaucracy imbued with a professional ethos; an executive arm of government accountable for its actions; and a strong civil society participating in public affairs; and all behaving under the rule of law. In response to the growing demand for measures of the quality of governance, a number of aggregate governance indicators have been produced, such as the W ide Governance Indicators (WGI).The WGI rank countries with respect to six aspects of good governance: Voice and Accountability, Political Stability and Violence, Government Effectiveness, Rule of Law, Regulatory Quality, and Control of Corruption.The Worldwide Governance Indicators are based on several hundred variables produced by 25 different sources, including both public and private (commercial) data providers. The WGI cover 213 countries and territories (Thomas, 2008).The Worldwide Governance Indicators are defined as follows:Voice and accountability: captures perceptions of the extent to which a country's citizens are able to participate in selecting their government, as well as freedom of expression, freedom of association, and a free media.Political stability and absence of violence: measures the perceptions of the likelihood that the government will be destabilized or overthrown by unconstitutional or violent means, including domestic violence and terrorism.Government effectiveness: captures perceptions of the quality of public services, the quality of the civil service and the degree of its independence from political pressures, the quality of policy formulation and implementation, and the credibility of the government's commitment to such policies.Regulatory quality: captures perceptions of the ability of the government to formulate and implement sound policies and regulations that permit and promote private sector development.Rule of law: captures perceptions of the extent to which agents have confidence in and abide by the rules of society, and in particular the quality of contract enforcement, property rights, the police, and the courts, as well as the likelihood of crime and violence.Control of corruption: captures perceptions of the extent to which public power is exercised for private gain, including both petty and grand forms of corruption, as well as "capture" of the state by elites and private interests (see /governance/wgi/pdf/).primary, secondary and tertiary gross enrolment. In agricultural economics literature edon agricultural productivity have been discussed much. So we include education into our model together with the WGI., we constructed the following linear regression model: For the panel regression analysis dependent variable is country agricultural efficiency and independent variables are six governance indicators, country education index and country type (developed or developing). Analysis has been run for developing and developed countries separately as well.1163N izamettin Bayyurt and Senem Yılmaz / P rocedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 58 ( 2012 ) 1158 – 1165 18765Re 43210t Edu Edu ContCorr RuleLaw gQual GovEffec PolStab Acc Voice efficiency t t tt t t t tDurbin-Watson result (d=0,60) shows us the regression has autocorrelation, and the VIF value (VIF>10) shows us the high multicollinearity between independent variables. For this reason, we have the following modifications for all the variables in the model like 1.t Efficiency t Efficiency t EfficiencyWhere 70.02/1dSo the model tested in the study isAdditionally, a second education term is used in the model that is Edu t-2 to reflect the lagged effect of education level of a country on agriculture.4. ResultsFixed Effect panel data analysis does not analyze the country type data since it is a categorical data. So for the overall data we run random effects panel regression (tablo 1). Last column of the table shows the results of this analysis. Regulatory quality, education and country type (developed or developing) are three significant variables in the model. Regulatory quality has a positive effect on agricultural efficiency. Education has negative coefficient which shows the negative relationship between efficiency and education. The result can be interpreted as when the education level becomes high, educated people tend on their own fields and to be away from agricultural activities. On the other hand, country type has positive coefficient which shows the positive relationship between efficiency and development level of a country. It is evident that the agricultural productivity in developing countries is lagging far behind that of the developed countries. This should be a result of cross-country heterogeneity in tangible assets and technologies. In developed countries, agricultural productivity is of importance and is supported by Research and Development studies and uses technological agriculture, whereas old-type agricultural activities is commonly used in others.The analyses were repeated for developed and developing countries separately (tablo 1). Hausman test specifies random effects model for eapursue in both models. But, while there is a positive effect of regulatory qualities on agricultural efficiency in developing countries, this is not validated in developed countries. This result indicates developing countries can increase their efficiencies in agriculture by ruling regulatory qualities, permitting and promoting the development of private sectors. None of the other variables in the model were found affecting significantly agricultural efficiency of countries28)1.(7)1.(6)1.(5)1Re .(Re 4)1.(3)1.(2)1.(101.t Edut Edu t Edu t ContCorr t ContCorr t RuleLaw t RuleLaw t gQual t gQual t GovEffec t GovEffec t PolStab t PolStab t Acc Voice t Acc Voice t Efficiency t Efficiency1164N izamettin Bayyurt and Senem Yılmaz / P rocedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 58 ( 2012 )1158 – 1165Tablo1: Random-effects GLS regression resultsDeveloped Developing OverallB Z B Z B Z Constant 0.812 1.67 0.238 3.78 0.242 3.9 PolStab -0.055 -1.21 -0.007 -0.23 -0.019 -0.72 RegQual 0.046 0.93 0.095* 1.89 0.070* 1.76 RuleLaw 0.085 1.21 -0.033 -0.55 -0.044 -0.9 VoiceAcc -0.029 -0.71 -0.016 -0.34 -0.035 -0.99 Corruption 0.030 0.82 -0.071 -1.22 -0.027 -0.75 GovEffec 0.129 0.21 0.250 0.6 -0.021 -0.52Edu 0.049 1.25 -0.075 -1.58 0.250 0.73Edu t-2-0.802* -1.87 -0.242** -2.11 -0.247** -2.47 CountryType 0.082** 3.06 Number of obs 320 100 220Number of groups 64 20 44R-sq: within 0.0026 0.1689 0.0133between 0.257 0.0016 0.287overall 0.166 0.0222 0.178Wald chi2(9) 18.68 14.7 19.12Prob > chi2 0.028 0.0653 0.0142Hausman chi2 9.35 2.19prob>chi2 =0.32 Prob>chi2 =0.97**: significant at 5% , *: significant at 10%References[1] Binswanger,H.ve Deininger,K.Literature, 35, 1997, issue 4, ss.19582005, /a/aea/jeclit/v35y1997i4p1958-200August 2010.[2] Charnes, A., Cooper, W.W., Rhodes, E., (1978), Measuring the Efficiency of Decision Making Units, EJOR, Vol.2, pp.429-444.[3]Development, Vol.27, 1999, Issue:6, pp.10591067., /science/article/B6VC6-3X5H9TD-1B/2/15393eefc6f3cea1e6b5f5153c61c146, Retrieved: July 24, 2010.[4] Dayal, E.,(Mar., 1984), Agricultural Productivity in India: A Spatial Analysis, Annals of the Association of AmericanGeographers, Vol. 74, No. 1, pp. 98-123.[5]Fakayode, B.S., Omotesho, O.A., Tsoho, A.B., and Ajayi, P.D., (2008), An Economic Survey of Rural Infrastructures andAgricultural Productivity Profiles in Nigeria, European Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 158-171.1165 N izamettin Bayyurt and Senem Yılmaz / P rocedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 58 ( 2012 )1158 – 1165[6] Fare, R., Grosskopf, S., Lindgren, B., Rots, P., (1992), Productivity changes in Swedish pharmacies 1980-1989: Anonparametric Malmquist approach, J. Product. Anal, Vol: 3, pp. 85-101.[7] Graham, J., Amos, B., Plumptre, T.,(20Governance, Ottawa, Canada./jspui/bitstream/123456789/11092/1/Principles%20for%20Good%20Governance%20in%20the%2021st%20Century.pdf?1 68[8]Huntington, S.P. Political Order in Changing Societies, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1968.[9] /governance/wgi/pdf/va.pdf).[10]Jemma, M.M.B., and Dhif, M.A., (Dec 19-21, 2005), Agricultural Productivity and technological gap between MENA regionand some European countries: A Meta Frontier Approach, ERF(Economic Research Forum) 12th Annual Conference: Reform-Made to Last, Cairo,Egypt, Conference Paper No: 122005023.[11]Krueger,A., Schiff, M. ve Valdes, A., Political Economy of Agricultural Pricing Policy, Baltimore, MD: Johns HopkinsUniversity Press, 1991.[12]Lio, M. and Liu, M-C.,(2008), Governance and Agricultural Productivity: A Cross-National Analysis, Food Policy, Vol. 33, pp.504-512.[13]Governance, Vol. 6, 2004, issue 1, January, pp. 7590, /a/spr/ecogov/v6y2004i1p75-90.html[14]Millan, J.A. and Aldaz, N., (1998), Agricultural Productivity of the Spanish Regions: a Non-Parametric Malmquist Analysis,Applied Economics Vol.30, No.7, pp. 875-884.[15]Minh, N.K. and Long, G.T., (Sept., 2008), Measuring Agricultural Production Efficiency In Vietnam: An Application of DataEnvelopment Analysis (DEA), Vietnam Development Forum, Working Paper 0813,.vn/workingpapers/vdfwp0813.[16] cPerspectives, Vol.10, 1996, pp. 324, /jep/index.php[17]Serrao, A., (July 27-30, 2003), Agricultural Productivity Analysis of European Union and Eastern Regions, AmericanAgricultural Economics Association Annual Meeting, Montreal, Canada.[18]-/sebin/q/r/What%20Do%20the%20Worldwide%20Governance%20Indicators%20Measure.pdf。

英语托福试题及答案

英语托福试题及答案一、听力部分1. 问题：What is the main topic of the lecture?答案：The main topic of the lecture is the impact of industrialization on the environment.2. 问题：According to the professor, what is the primarycause of air pollution?答案：The primary cause of air pollution, according to the professor, is the burning of fossil fuels.3. 问题：What is the student's suggestion to reduce pollution?答案：The student suggests using renewable energy sourcesto reduce pollution.二、阅读部分1. 问题：What does the author argue about the role of technology in education?答案：The author argues that technology has the potentialto enhance learning experiences but also emphasizes the importance of its proper integration into the curriculum.2. 问题：What evidence does the author provide to support the benefits of technology in education?答案：The author provides evidence such as increasedstudent engagement, access to a wider range of resources, and the ability to personalize learning.3. 问题：What is the author's view on the challenges of integrating technology into education?答案：The author believes that challenges include the need for teacher training, the digital divide, and the risk of distraction.三、口语部分1. 问题：Describe a memorable event from your childhood.答案：One memorable event from my childhood was my first visit to a zoo, where I was amazed by the variety of animals and learned about their habitats.2. 问题：Why do you think it is important to learn a second language?答案：Learning a second language is important because it opens up opportunities for communication, broadens cultural understanding, and enhances cognitive abilities.3. 问题：What are some ways to improve your English speaking skills?答案：Some ways to improve English speaking skills include practicing with native speakers, joining language exchange groups, and using language learning apps.四、写作部分1. 问题：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? University education should be free for all students.答案：[Your response should be a well-organized essay that includes an introduction, body paragraphs with supporting arguments, and a conclusion.]2. 问题：Some people believe that the government should spend more on art and culture, while others think that this money should be used for other public services. Discuss both views and give your opinion.答案：[Your response should be a well-organized essay that presents the arguments for both views, provides your own opinion, and includes a conclusion.]3. 问题：Describe a person who has had a significant influence on your life and explain why this person is important to you.答案：[Your response should be a descriptive essay that outlines the person's characteristics, the impact they have had on you, and the reasons for their significance.]。

DEA方法介绍ppt课件

❖ DEA方法假定每个输入都关联到一个或者多个输出，且输入输出之间确实存在某种联系，但不必确定这种关系的显示表达式
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23
DEA主要应用领域
❖ 企业效率、银行效率、铁路运营、地区FDI引进效率、投资基金业绩、中国各地区健康生产效率、并购效率、电力改革绩效、钢铁行业能源效率、中国企业规模经济效率、科研机构规模效益、寿险公司规模效率、中国全要素生产率估算与分析、农业创新系统,各省劳动生产率、投资规划,方案评价、可持续发展能力、环境效率、能源效率、空港效率、煤炭采选效率等等
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电化学阻抗谱(eis)

电化学阻抗谱(eis)英文回答：Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a powerful technique used to characterize the electrochemical properties of materials and interfaces. It involvesapplying a small-amplitude alternating current (AC) signalto an electrochemical cell and measuring the resulting current response. The impedance of the cell is then calculated as the ratio of the AC voltage to the AC current.EIS can be used to study a wide range ofelectrochemical phenomena, including:Corrosion: EIS can be used to study the corrosion behavior of metals and other materials. By measuring the impedance of a metal sample in a corrosive environment, itis possible to determine the rate of corrosion and the mechanisms involved.Battery performance: EIS can be used to study the performance of batteries. By measuring the impedance of a battery during charging and discharging, it is possible to determine the battery's capacity, efficiency, and self-discharge rate.Fuel cell performance: EIS can be used to study the performance of fuel cells. By measuring the impedance of a fuel cell during operation, it is possible to determine the cell's efficiency and power output.Sensor development: EIS can be used to develop new sensors. By measuring the impedance of a sensor in the presence of a target analyte, it is possible to determine the sensor's sensitivity and selectivity.EIS is a versatile technique that can be used to study a wide range of electrochemical phenomena. It is a powerful tool for understanding the behavior of materials and interfaces, and it has applications in a variety of fields, including corrosion science, battery research, fuel cell development, and sensor development.中文回答：电化学阻抗谱（EIS）是一种用于表征材料和界面的电化学性质的有效技术。

2024年高考第二次模拟考试英语(新高考Ⅰ卷01含听力)(考试版)A4

2024年高考英语第二次模拟考试高三英语（考试时间：120分钟试卷满分：150分）注意事项：1．答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、考生号等填写在答题卡和试卷指定位置上。

2．回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡对应题目的答案标号涂黑。

如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。

回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上。

写在本试卷上无效。

3．考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

第一部分：听力（共两节，满分30 分）第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听每段对话前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。

每段对话仅读一遍。

1．What does the woman suggest doing?A．Going on a diet. B．Having some ice cream. C．Seeing a play.2．What is the man doing?A．Showing a way. B．Asking for directions. C．Making an invitation. 3．Where does the conversation take place?A．In a theater. B．In a shop. C．In a children’s park.4．Why does the man call the woman?A．To buy a plane ticket. B．To book a hotel room. C．To leave a message for someone. 5．What are the speakers talking about?A．A teacher. B．A task. C．A movie.第二节(共15小题，每小题1.5分，满分22.5分)听下面 5 段对话或独白。

The Baikal Neutrino Telescope Physics Results and Future Plans贝加尔湖中微子望远镜物理结果与未来计划

- Neutrinos from GRB
- Prompt muons and neutrinos - Exotic HE muons
Search for exotic particles
- Magnetic monopoles
Atmospheric Neutrinos
372 Neutrinos in 1038 Days (1998-2003)
* Diffuse astroph.flux BBareckmg*srsohGuoRnwdBe:rcsofrrroemlated flux
h.e. downward muons
- HE atmospheric muons Final re*jecPtrionmopftbackground by „ener*gyExcuott“ic(Nhit)
NT-200 is used to watch the
volume below for cascades.
Diffuse Neutrino Flux
NT200 (1038 days)
DIFFUSE NEUTRgI=N1.O5 FLUX
(Ф ~ E-2, 10 TeV < E < 104 T2eV)
➢ Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University, Russia.
➢ St.Petersburg State Marine University, Russia.
➢ Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia.
BAIKAL in CernCourier 7/8-2005
Outline:
Baikal
A N
N
Neutrino telescope NT200 (1998)

Increasing the Efficiency of Screen-Printed Silicon Solar Cells by Light-Induced Silver Plating

INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF SCREEN-PRINTED SILICON SOLAR CELLS BY LIGHT-INDUCEDSILVER PLATINGA. Mette1, C.Schetter1, D. Wissen2, S. Lust2, S. W. Glunz1and G. Willeke11 Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, Heidenhofstr. 2, D-79110 Freiburg,Germanyphone: +49 761 4588 5287, email: ansgar.mette@ise.fraunhofer.de2 Q-Cells AG, Guardianstraße 16, 06766 Thalheim, GermanyABSTRACTThis paper presents a method to improve the efficiency of large area screen-printed silicon solar cells by about 0.3% to 0.4% absolute. By light-induced plating (LIP) the series resistance of screen-printed solar cells is reduced. The line conductivity of the front side metal conductors is improved without increasing the shaded area. This plating technique has been optimized for years at Fraunhofer ISE and is a fast method to homo-geneously galvanize metal contacts on n-doped material.High efficiencies of 18.4% on 20x20 mm² screen-printed FZ silicon solar cells and 16.6% on 156x156mm² industrial processed mc-Si solar cells have been obtained.It is believed that the significant increase of efficiency combined with the reduction of the amount of screen-printing paste required, overcompensates the cost for this additional step at the end of the process sequence.INTRODUCTIONAs the silicon wafer is one of the main cost drivers for silicon solar cells, achieving high efficiencies at a low unit price is needed to reduce the cost per wattpeak. Achieving high efficiencies means e.g. reducing power losses in the front grid, i.e. optical losses due to reflection of incident light on the metal grid and electrical losses due to the line resistance, the metal-semiconductor contact and the emitter sheet resistance. Therefore, fine lines with a high aspect ratio (height : width) and cross section area are preferable to facilitate a high line conductivity while keeping the shading losses low.In the PV industry the standard size of processed cells grew from 100x100 mm² a few years ago to currently 156x156 mm². As the generated current is still collected by two busbars on the front side, the finger length is significantly increased. The line conductivity needs to be high, because the power loss produced by the finger resistance increases with the square of its length. In order not to increase the shaded area, a finger with a good conducting material and a high aspect ratio is preferable.Both of these requirements can be solved by light-induced plating (LIP). A layer of silver plated on top of a screen-printed contact increases the aspect ratio. The plated silver also features a lower specific material resistance than a screen-printed contact and hence the specific finger resistance is improved.LIGHT-INDUCED PLATING (LIP)Plating of solar cell contactsCreation of contacts for solar cells by plating has been investigated for years (e.g. in [1,2]). It is believed that the efficiency potential for plated contacts is higher than for screen-printed, as the contacts feature a smaller width and a higher aspect ratio and line conductivity. A well-known example for an industrial processed solar cell with plated contacts is the laser grooved buried contact cell [3,4].Instead of plating the complete contact an alternative is to plate just the conducting layer on top of a pre-deposited metal layer. This metal layer, which should have a low contact resistivity to the semiconductor surface, could be for example a thick film contact, as first published in 1980 [5]and further investigated e.g. in [6].Electroless plating techniques are usually used as the fine electrodes on the front side do not need to be contacted. Because the deposition rate for electroless solution is low, the chemical consumption is high and a good pH and temperature control needed, an electrolytic plating bath would have several advantages [7].By exploiting the photovoltaic effect of a solar cell, it is possible to utilize the advantage of the electrolytic plating solutions without the need to contact the front side metal grid. The solar cell itself generates the required current. The basic idea was published in 1979 by L. Durkee [8]and in 1981 by L. Grenon [9].Principle of light-induced platingThe principle of the light-induced plating process is illustrated in Figure 1. A solar cell is placed in an electroplating bath, electron-hole pairs are created under irradiation, the emitter is on a negative potential and attracts positively charged metal ions out of the bath; the existing metal layer is thickened by the plating process. To protect the backside against dissolution, it is connected over an external power supply to the metal anode.The significant advantage compared to ordinary electroplating processes is that no electrical contact need to be connected to the front side metal grid, as the illuminated solar cell itself generates the required current and serves as cathode. This is also the reason why this plating technique provides a very uniform silver layer on the already existing metal contacts, even when the existing metal layer is very thin. By providing anappropriate voltage to the backside of the solar cell its positive potential is neutralized, for this reason no metal from the backside dissolves.Compared to an electroless plating process, the light-induced plating rate is significantly higher and hencefeasible for an inline system.SiN Xpnanodefront contactback contactAt Fraunhofer ISE light-induced silver plating is in use since 1992. Since then it is used as a standard tool for thickening the evaporated Ti-Pd-Ag contacts of high-efficiency solar cells [10].In 2000 a semi-automated batch system was built. The plating rate is about 1 µm per minute.Characterization of light-induced plated contacts F inger conduct i v ity:The specific finger conductivity was extracted by measuring the finger resistance with the four point probe technique and its geometry with an optical profilometer. Also the conductivity of the deposited silver was deduced, by comparing the specific finger conductivity before and after the plating process. The resistivity of 1.9x 10-8W m of the plated silver is close to that of bulk silver (1.59 x 10-8W m).Contact Resi stivity:As the contact resistivity between the semiconductor surface and the screen-printed contact can not be improved by light-induced plating, it is important that it does not dominate the series resistance. This becomes even more critical when printing finer lines. The transmission line and the transfer length method were used for measuring the contact resistivity [11].Long term stab i l ity: Long term stability tests of ten months under ambient air showed no change in the I-V parameters of solar cells with plated silver contacts.Adhes i on and solder i ng:Additional to the electrical performance also the adhesion of the deposited layer to the screen-printed contact plays an important role. Plated contacts passed adhesion test performed under standard tape test conditions. Soldering of cell connectors on the silver plated busbars is comparable to soldering directly on a screen-printed busbar.Characterization methods for plated solar cellsThe following solar cell characterization methods were performed at Fraunhofer ISE, to optimize the light-induced plating parameters.Illum nated and dark I-V curve: I-V parameters were determined by measuring the illuminated and dark I-V curve using a steady state sun simulator.Ser i es Resstance:The global series resistance R s was calculated by comparing the illuminated I-V curve at the maximum power point with the shifted dark I-V curve [12]:()mppS J R mpp dark Rs,mppdark,V -V -V=(1)with ()darks mpp SC dark Rs R J J V ,,-=(2)andSCdark s J R ocsc dark,,V -V =(3)For definition of V dark,mpp and V dark,sc see Figure 2. E quation 1 is based on [13]with the correction that at V dark,mpp of the dark I-V curve, the losses due to the series resistance R s,dark can not be neglected. Thus in Dicker [13] an additional term V Rs,dark (Eq. 2) is added.The reduction in R s can be determined by comparing the illuminated I-V curve before and after the plating process.J [m A /c m ²]Figure 2: Illuminated I-V measurement before and after the plating process, dark I-V measurement shifted by J sc .Optimization of light-induced silver plating for screen-printed solar cellsA similar wafer layout as for high-efficiency cells was used to optimize the silver plating of screen printed contacts. 20x 20mm² sized solar cells were processed on four inch 0.5W cm p-doped FZ material. The process sequence was same as for our standard production solar cells: The wafers were wet chemical textured, had a POCl emitter of 55W /sq., a SiN X antireflection coating and a screen-printed aluminum backside. Fine metal lines were screen-printed on the front side using a screen with 60µm mesh openings for the fingers. Finally the wafers were co-fired in a fast firing belt furnace under ambient air.As the metal fingers with a width of about 60µm and a maximum height of 6µm were thin and flat, the line resistance and hence the series resistance were very high, limiting the fill factor to values of about 60% to 70%. The contact resistivity was measured to be in the range of 2m W cm², not increasing the series resistance significantly.After process optimization the light-induced plating step decreased the series resistance drastically. The best solar cell showed a remarkable high efficiency of 18.4% with a fill factor of 80.9% (Table 1).Table I:I-V parameter of the best 20 x 20 mm² screen-printed solar cell before and after the light-induced plating process.Process step V OC[mV]J SC[mA/cm2]FF[%]h[%]R S[W cm²]Before LIP6After LIP634.535.880.918.40.45 LIGHT-INDUCED PLATING OF LARGE AREASCREEN-PRINTED MC-SI SOLAR CELLS Standard production solar cellsFor first experiments standard production solar cells from Q-Cells having a modest material quality were used to further optimize the plating process for screen-printed contacts. The processed 156x156 mm² sized multi-crystalline cells had a low-open circuit voltage, whereas the fill factor was in the normal production range.For the optimization of the light-induced plating process, especially the backside potential needed to be adjusted. If the applied potential is too low, the backside will be on a positive potential and the metal on the rear will be dissolved. Whereas if the applied voltage is too high, the backside will have a negative potential and silver will be deposited on the rear side.After optimization the efficiency of the solar cells could be increased after a short plating time by 0.3 -0.4% absolute due to the increase of the fill factor from 76.5% before to 78.1% after plating (see Table 2). Figure 3 shows a cross section of a screen-printed contact plated with silver.Table II:I-V parameter of five 156x156mm² standard production multi-crystalline silicon solar cells before and after the light-induced plating process (LIP).Process stepV oc[mV]J sc[mA/cm2]FF[%]h[%]Before LIP6After LIP600±131.9±0.178.1±0.315.0±0.1Figure 3:Cross section of a screen-printed contact plated with silver at Fraunhofer ISE (Image –courtesy of Rohm and Haas Electronic Materials).Fine line screen-printed solar cellsIn a further experiment, solar cells were processed similarly to the standard production cells.However, the screen-printed fingers were finer, having a width of about 70µm and 90µm. The amount of fingers printed was not changed. As an effect the series resistance of these cells was high (> 1W cm²), resulting in fill factors of about 76% for the 90 µm wide fingers and 71% for the 70 µm (Table III). The contact resistivity for both types of metal grid was about 2-3 m W cm².Table III:I-V parameter of 156 x 156 mm2 mc-Si solar cells before and after the light-induced plating process.The plating time was 6to 10minutes for cells with 90µm and 8to 12 minutes for cells with 70µm finger width. ProcessstepV oc[mV]J sc[mA/cm2]Cells with 90 µm finger widthPrior LIP612±133751513378160 Cells with 70 µm finger widthPrior LIP611±133711423377150As shown in Figure 3 the maximum efficiency increase for cells with 90µm and 70µm fine fingers was reached after silver plating of about 6 to 10 minutes and 8 to 12minutes, respectively. Whereas the open-circuit voltage stays constant over the plating time, the fill factor first rises sharply and then saturates; thus the influence of the electrical losses of the front grid on the total series resistance is negligible. The remaining losses of the front grid are due to the contact resistance which can not be improved by LIP. The maximum efficiency gain is found where the sum of relative current loss and fill factor gain is maximum.plating time [min]Figure 3:Graphs showing the relative gain of the I-V parameters against the plating time for cells having 90µm (top) and 70 µm wide fingers (bottom).Highly efficient screen-printed mc-Si solar cells Screen-printed solar cells were processed with a front side grid optimized for the plating process. These cells have a high series resistance and would not be suitable for the standard cell process. Table 4 shows the I-V parameter before and after plating. Due to the rise of the fill factor from 74.3% to 77.9%, the efficiency could be increased by 0.7% absolute from 15.6% to 16.3%. The best solar cell processed, reached an efficiency of 16.6% with a fill factor of 79.2%.Table IV:I-V parameter of 156 x 156 mm² screen-printed mc-Si solar cells before and after the light-induced plating (LIP) process with an optimized grid design.Process stepV oc[mV]J sc[mA/cm2]FF[%]h[%]Before LIPBest cell612.134.674.915.9 Avg. of 9 cells610±231 After LIPBest cell613.434.179.216.6 Avg. of 9611±231CONCLUSIONThe light-induced plating process shows a great potential to reduce the series resistance of screen-printed solar cells. As an electrolytic plating bath is used, the deposition rate is high, but without the disadvantage of contacting the front side metal grid.An increase of about 0.3% to 0.4% absolute for standard production cells has been demonstrated.Cell efficiencies of 18.4% and 16.6% have been reached on mono-and mulitcrystalline screen-printed solar cells with an Al-BSF, respectively.Further improvements are under investigation as for example a bath modification to improve the geometry of the final contact.ACKNOWLDEDGEMENTThe authors would like to thank G. Allardyce, K. Bass from Rohm and Haas E lectronic Materials for cross section preparation, A. Herbolzheimer, A. Leimenstoll,D. Pysch, E. Schäffer, S. Seitz for solar cell processing and characterization.REFERENCES[1] J. R. Anderson and R. C. Petersen, "Nickel contacts for low cost solar cells", 14th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 1980, pp. 948-951.[2] K. A. Münzer, K. T. Holdermann, H. L. Mayr, R. E. Schlosser,H. J. Schmidt, "High efficiency plated contact silicon solar cells and modules", Proceed ngs of the 12th European Photovolta c Solar Energy Conference, 1994, pp. 753-756.[3] M. A. Green and S. R. Wenham, Australian Patent No. 5703309 Australia, 1984).[4] T. M. Bruton, K. C. Heasman, J. P. Nagle, D. W. Cunningham, N. B. Mason et al., "Large area high efficiency silicon solar cells made by the laser grooved buried grid process", Proceedings of the 12th European Photovoltai c Solar Energy Conference, 1994, pp. 761-765.[5] J. Lyman, "Thick film, plating cut cost of laying down solar cell contacts and conductors", Electronics53,1980, pp. 40-41.[6] J. Horzel, Dissertation Thesis, Katholieke Universiteit te Leuven, 1999.[7] J. D. Jensen, P. Moller, T. Bruton, N. Mason, R. Russell et al., "Electrochemical deposition of buried contacts in high-efficiency crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells", J. Electrochem. Soc.150, 2003, pp. G49-57.[8] L. F. Durkee, US Patent No. 4144139, Solarex Corporation, USA, 1979.[9] L. A. Grenon, US Patent No. 4251327 Motorola, USA, 1981.[10] S. W. Glunz, J. Knobloch, D. Biro, W. Wettling, "Optimized high-efficiency silicon solar cells with J sc=42 mA/cm2and h=23.3 %", Proceedings of the 14th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 1997, pp. 392-395.[11] D. K. Schroder and D. L. Meier, "Solar cell contact resistance -a review", IEEE Trans. Electron Devices ED-31,1984, pp. 637-647.[12] J. Dicker, Dissertation Thesis, Universität Konstanz, 2003.[13] A. G. Aberle, S. R. Wenham, M. A. Green, "A new method for accurate measurements of the lumped series resistance of solar cells", Proceedings of the 23rd IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 1993, pp. 133-139.。

Business Statistics

Business StatisticsBusiness statistics is a branch of statistics that deals with the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data that is relevant to business. It provides a framework for decision-making that is based on data-driven insights rather than gut instincts or the guesses of business owners and managers. Business statistics is used to answer questions like what customers want, how to price a product, how to market it, and how to optimize operations for efficiency and profitability.Types of Business StatisticsBusiness statistics can be divided into two main categories: descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics are used to summarize and describe data, while inferential statistics are used to make inferences about a population based on a sample.Descriptive StatisticsDescriptive statistics can be used to describe central tendency (mean, median, and mode), dispersion (range, variance, and standard deviation), and skewness (symmetry or asymmetry) of data. Some common descriptive statistics used in business are:- Frequency distributions: Used to categorize data into intervals or classes, and show how frequently each interval appears in the data. - Measures of central tendency: Used to describe the location of the data, including the mean, median, and mode.- Measures of dispersion: Used to describe the spread of the data, including the range, variance, and standard deviation.- Skewness: Used to describe whether the data is symmetric (normal distribution) or skewed (non-normal distribution). Inferential StatisticsInferential statistics are used to make predictions or generalizations about a population based on a sample. Inferential statistics can be used to test hypotheses, estimate parameters, and calculate confidence intervals. Some common inferential statistics used in business are:- Hypothesis testing: Used to determine whether there is a significant difference between two groups or whether an observed correlation is statistically significant.- Confidence intervals: Used to estimate the range of values that a population parameter is likely to fall within.- Regression analysis: Used to model relationships between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. Applications of Business StatisticsBusiness statistics has numerous applications in business, and is used to help companies make data-driven decisions. Some of the most common applications of business statistics include:1. Market ResearchBusinesses use market research to better understand their customers and their competitors. By collecting and analyzing data on customer behavior, preferences, and buying habits, companiescan make informed decisions about their products, pricing, and marketing strategies. Business statistics can be used to analyze data from surveys, focus groups, and other research methods.2. Financial ForecastingBusinesses use financial forecasting to predict future revenue, expenses, and profits. By analyzing historical data and forecasting future trends, companies can make informed decisions about investments, acquisitions, and other financial decisions. Business statistics can be used to develop financial models and analyze trends in financial data.3. Operations ManagementBusinesses use operations management to optimize their production processes and reduce costs. By collecting and analyzing data on operations, businesses can make informed decisions about how to improve efficiency, reduce waste, and increase productivity. Business statistics can be used to develop models for forecasting demand, optimizing inventory levels, and measuring efficiency.4. Quality ControlBusinesses use quality control to ensure that their products and services meet customer expectations. By collecting and analyzing data on product quality, businesses can make informed decisions about how to improve their products and reduce defects. Business statistics can be used to analyze data from quality control inspections, customer feedback, and other sources.ConclusionIn conclusion, business statistics is a powerful tool that enables businesses to make data-driven decisions. By collecting and analyzing data, businesses can gain insights into customer behavior, market trends, and operational efficiency. Business statistics can be used to improve product quality, increase efficiency, reduce costs, and optimize profits. Whether you are a small business owner or a Fortune 500 executive, business statistics can help you make informed decisions and achieve your business goals.5. Human Resources ManagementBusinesses use human resources management to recruit, train, and retain employees. By collecting and analyzing data on employee performance, satisfaction, and turnover, companies can make informed decisions about how to manage their workforce. Business statistics can be used to develop models for predicting employee turnover, measuring employee performance, and identifying areas for improvement in training programs.6. Risk ManagementBusinesses use risk management to identify and mitigate potential risks that could negatively impact their operations. By collecting and analyzing data on potential risks, businesses can make informed decisions about how to reduce their exposure to those risks. Business statistics can be used to develop models for predicting risks, measuring their likelihood and impact, and developing strategies for managing them.7. Sales and Marketing OptimizationBusinesses use sales and marketing optimization to improve their customer acquisition and retention rates. By collecting and analyzing data on customer behavior, campaign performance, and sales data, businesses can make informed decisions about how to optimize their sales and marketing strategies. Business statistics can be used to develop models for predicting customer behavior, measuring campaign effectiveness, and identifying areas for improvement in sales and marketing programs.8. Customer Service ImprovementBusinesses use customer service improvement to improve customer satisfaction and retention. By collecting and analyzing data on customer feedback, complaints, and satisfaction ratings, businesses can make informed decisions about how to improve their customer service offerings. Business statistics can be used to develop models for predicting customer satisfaction, measuring the impact of customer service initiatives, and identifying areas for improvement in customer service programs.9. Supply Chain ManagementBusinesses use supply chain management to optimize their supply chain operations and reduce costs. By collecting and analyzing data on inventory levels, lead times, and supplier performance, companies can make informed decisions about how to improve their supply chain efficiency. Business statistics can be used todevelop models for forecasting demand, optimizing inventory levels, and measuring supplier performance.10. Competitive AnalysisBusinesses use competitive analysis to understand their competitors and identify areas for improvement in their own operations. By collecting and analyzing data on competitor pricing, product offerings, and marketing strategies, businesses can make informed decisions about how to compete more effectively. Business statistics can be used to develop models for analyzing market share, measuring customer preferences, and predicting competitor behavior.In summary, business statistics is a crucial tool for businesses of all sizes and industries. By collecting and analyzing data, companies can make informed decisions about how to improve profitability, efficiency, customer satisfaction, and competitive advantage. Whether you are a small business owner or a Fortune 500 executive, business statistics can help you gain valuable insights into your operations and make data-driven decisions that lead to success.。

劳动力利用程度指标计划拟定

劳动力利用程度指标计划拟定英文版Labor Utilization Index PlanLabor utilization index is a key indicator in measuring the efficiency of labor force in an organization. It helps in determining how effectively the available workforce is being utilized to achieve the organization's goals and objectives. In order to plan and set the labor utilization index, several factors need to be taken into consideration.Firstly, the organization needs to analyze the current workforce and determine the number of employees available for work. This includes assessing the skill sets, experience, and qualifications of each employee to understand their capabilities and limitations. By having a clear understanding of the workforce, the organization can allocate tasks and responsibilities accordingly to ensure optimal utilization of labor.Secondly, the organization needs to assess the workload and demand for labor. This involves analyzing the volume of work, the complexity of tasks, and the time required to complete each task. By understanding the workload, the organization can determine the number of employees needed to efficiently complete the work within the given timeframe.Thirdly, the organization needs to monitor and evaluate the performance of the workforce. This includes tracking the productivity, efficiency, and effectiveness of each employee in completing their tasks. By measuring the performance of the workforce, the organization can identify areas for improvement and take necessary actions to enhance the overall labor utilization.In conclusion, the labor utilization index plan is essential for organizations to effectively utilize their workforce and achieve their goals. By considering factors such as workforce analysis, workload assessment, and performance evaluation, organizations can plan and set the labor utilization index to optimize the efficiency of their labor force.劳动力利用程度指标计划拟定劳动力利用指数是衡量组织中劳动力效率的关键指标。

英语作文评价维度

英语作文评价维度Title: Evaluation Dimensions。

Introduction:Evaluation is an important process in measuring the effectiveness and success of any project, program, or activity. It involves collecting and analyzing data to determine whether the goals and objectives have been met, and to identify areas for improvement. In this article, we will discuss some of the key evaluation dimensions that are commonly used in various fields.1. Relevance:Relevance refers to the extent to which the project, program, or activity is aligned with the needs andpriorities of the target audience. It is important to ensure that the goals and objectives are relevant to the needs and expectations of the stakeholders. This can beachieved by conducting needs assessments and engaging with the target audience in the planning and implementation stages.2. Effectiveness:Effectiveness measures the extent to which the project, program, or activity has achieved its intended outcomes and objectives. This can be assessed by comparing the actual results with the expected results, and by analyzing the factors that contributed to the success or failure of the project. It is important to use reliable and valid measures to evaluate effectiveness.3. Efficiency:Efficiency measures the extent to which the project, program, or activity has been implemented in a cost-effective and resource-efficient manner. This can be assessed by comparing the costs and resources used with the results achieved, and by identifying ways to optimize the use of resources.4. Impact:Impact measures the broader and long-term effects ofthe project, program, or activity on the target audienceand the community. This can be assessed by analyzing the changes in behavior, attitudes, and social norms, as wellas the economic, environmental, and social outcomes. It is important to use appropriate indicators and methods to evaluate impact.5. Sustainability:Sustainability measures the extent to which the project, program, or activity can be continued and maintained over time, and whether it has contributed to the development of the target audience and the community. This can be assessed by analyzing the factors that support or hinder sustainability, and by developing strategies to enhance sustainability.Conclusion:Evaluation is a critical component of any project, program, or activity, as it provides valuable feedback on the effectiveness, efficiency, and impact of the intervention. By using the appropriate evaluation dimensions, stakeholders can make informed decisions about the future direction of the project, program, or activity, and ensure that it meets the needs and expectations of the target audience.。

环境保护英语作文大学

Environmental protection is a critical issue that demands the attention and action of every individual,especially in todays world where the consequences of industrialization and urbanization are increasingly evident.Here are some key points to consider when writing an essay on environmental protection in a university context:1.Introduction to Environmental Issues:Begin your essay by introducing the concept of environmental protection and its importance.Discuss the various environmental challenges faced by the world today,such as climate change,deforestation,pollution,and loss of biodiversity.2.The Role of Education:Highlight the role of universities in promoting environmental awareness.Discuss how higher education institutions can integrate environmental studies into their curricula and encourage research on sustainable practices.3.Campus Sustainability Initiatives:Describe specific initiatives that universities can undertake to reduce their environmental footprint.This could include implementing recycling programs,using renewable energy sources,creating green spaces,and promoting the use of public transportation or carpooling.4.Student Involvement:Emphasize the importance of student involvement in environmental protection efforts.Discuss how students can participate in campus green initiatives,join or form environmental clubs,and organize awareness campaigns.5.Research and Innovation:Universities are hubs for research and innovation.Discuss how research in fields such as renewable energy,sustainable agriculture,and environmental science can contribute to solving environmental problems.6.Policy and Legislation:Examine the role of policy and legislation in environmental protection.Discuss how universities can influence policymaking by providing expert advice and conducting studies that inform environmental regulations.munity Outreach:Universities can also play a role in educating the wider community about environmental issues.Discuss how universities can engage with local schools,businesses,and community organizations to promote environmental awareness and sustainable practices.8.International Collaboration:Given that environmental issues are global in nature, discuss the importance of international collaboration in addressing environmental challenges.Universities can facilitate exchange programs,joint research projects,and international conferences on environmental topics.9.Personal Responsibility:Conclude your essay by emphasizing the personal responsibility of each individual,including university students and staff,to contribute to environmental protection.Discuss simple lifestyle changes that can make a difference, such as reducing waste,conserving energy,and supporting ecofriendly products.10.Conclusion:Summarize the main points of your essay and reiterate the importance of environmental protection.End with a call to action,encouraging readers to take steps towards a more sustainable future.Remember to use clear and concise language,provide evidence to support your arguments,and cite any sources you reference.Writing an essay on environmental protection is an opportunity to demonstrate your understanding of this vital issue and to advocate for positive change.。

一种车辆车轮拖滞力矩的测量方法

一种车辆车轮拖滞力矩的测量方法Measuring the drag torque of a vehicle's wheel is crucial in understanding its performance and efficiency. 车辆车轮拖滞力矩的测量对于了解其性能和效率至关重要。

Drag torque, also known as rolling resistance, is the force required to overcome the friction between the tire and the road surface while the vehicle is in motion. 拖滞力矩，又称滚动阻力，是车辆行驶过程中克服轮胎和路面摩擦所需的力量。

This measurement helps in evaluating the overall energy consumption and fuel efficiency of a vehicle. 这种测量有助于评估车辆的综合能耗和燃油效率。

Additionally, it is essential in designing and developing tires and other vehicle components to reduce energy loss and improve overall performance. 此外，它对于设计和开发轮胎以及其他车辆部件，减少能量损失，提高整体性能也很重要。

There are several methods to measure the drag torque of a vehicle's wheel. 有几种方法可以测量车辆车轮的拖滞力矩。

One common approach is to use a dynamometer, which is a device that measures the torque and rotational speed of the wheel. 其中一种常见的方法是使用万用表，它是一种用于测量车轮扭矩和转速的设备。

空扼流阻抗测试方法

空扼流阻抗测试方法Impedance testing is an essential process in the field of electrical engineering. It plays a critical role in determining the ability of a circuit or device to impede the flow of electrical current. 测试方法对于测定电路或设备阻碍电流流动的能力至关重要。

One common type of impedance testing is the method used to measure the impedance of an empty duct. This process involves applying a known voltage to the duct and measuring the resulting current. 一种常见的阻抗测试类型是测量空管道阻抗的方法。

这个过程包括将已知电压应用于管道并测量产生的电流。

The impedance of an empty duct is an important parameter that can provide valuable information about the transmission properties of the duct. By measuring the impedance, engineers can assess the efficiency of the duct in carrying electrical signals and identify any potential issues that may affect its performance. 空管道的阻抗是一个重要参数，可以提供有关管道传输特性的宝贵信息。

永磁同步电机电感的测量方法

永磁同步电机电感的测量方法Measuring the inductance of a permanent magnet synchronous motor can be a crucial step in ensuring optimal performance and efficiency. Accurate measurement of the motor's inductance is essential for proper control and operation in a variety of applications. There are a few different methods available for measuring the inductance of a permanent magnet synchronous motor, each with its own advantages and disadvantages.在永磁同步电机中测量电感可以是确保其性能和效率最佳的关键步骤。

对电机电感的准确测量对于各种应用中的正确控制和操作至关重要。

有一些不同的方法可用于测量永磁同步电机的电感，每种方法都有其优点和缺点。

One common method for measuring the inductance of a permanent magnet synchronous motor is the pulse-width modulation (PWM) method. This method involves applying a series of pulses of varying widths to the motor windings and measuring the resulting currents. By analyzing the relationship between the applied voltage and resulting current, the inductance of the motor can be accuratelycalculated. However, this method can be time-consuming and may not be suitable for all types of motors.一个常用的测量永磁同步电机电感的方法是脉宽调制(PWM)方法。

汽轮机油酸值的测定

汽轮机油酸值的测定The determination of acidity in turbine oil is acrucial aspect of maintaining the efficiency and longevityof turbine machinery. The acidity level of turbine oil isan indicator of its degradation and can provide valuable insights into the condition of the machine. In this discussion, we will explore the importance of measuring turbine oil acidity, the methods used for its determination, the significance of accurate measurements, and the implications of high acidity levels on turbine performance.Firstly, it is essential to understand why measuringthe acidity of turbine oil is necessary. Turbine oil is subjected to high temperatures and oxidative stress during its operation, which can lead to the formation of acidic compounds. These compounds can cause corrosion, reduce lubrication effectiveness, and accelerate the degradationof the oil. By regularly monitoring the acidity level, maintenance personnel can assess the condition of the oil and take appropriate actions to prevent potential damage tothe turbine.Several methods are available for the determination of turbine oil acidity. One widely used technique is the Total Acid Number (TAN) test. TAN is a measure of the quantity of acidic compounds present in the oil and is determined by titration with a standardized alkaline solution. Another method is the Neutralization Number (NN) test, which measures the amount of alkaline additive required to neutralize the acid present in the oil. Both methodsprovide valuable information about the oil's acidity level and can assist in determining the need for oil replacementor reconditioning.Accurate measurements of turbine oil acidity are vital for making informed decisions regarding maintenance and oil replacement. Regular monitoring allows for the early detection of abnormal acidity levels, which can indicate potential issues such as increased oxidation, contamination, or inadequate lubrication. By addressing these problems promptly, maintenance personnel can prevent costly repairs, unplanned downtime, and even catastrophic failures.Furthermore, accurate measurements help in evaluating the effectiveness of preventive maintenance measures and the performance of the oil purification system.High acidity levels in turbine oil can have severe implications on turbine performance. Acidic compounds can corrode metal surfaces, leading to the formation of deposits and wear particles. This corrosion can degrade the efficiency of the turbine, reduce power output, and increase fuel consumption. Additionally, acidic oil can cause damage to seals, bearings, and other critical components, resulting in increased maintenance costs and decreased reliability. Therefore, it is crucial to maintain the acidity of turbine oil within acceptable limits to ensure optimal turbine performance and longevity.In conclusion, the determination of acidity in turbine oil is an essential aspect of turbine maintenance. Accurate measurements using techniques such as TAN or NN tests provide valuable insights into the condition of the oil and the turbine machinery. Regular monitoring of acidity levels allows for proactive maintenance, preventing potentialdamage and ensuring optimal turbine performance. By understanding the importance of measuring turbine oil acidity, maintenance personnel can take the necessary steps to maintain the integrity and efficiency of turbine systems.。

功放负载牵引trl

功放负载牵引trl英文回答：The load pull technique is a widely used method in the design and optimization of power amplifiers. It involves varying the impedance at the output of the power amplifier and measuring the corresponding changes in the amplifier's performance. This allows engineers to determine the optimal load impedance for maximum power transfer and efficiency.Load pull is particularly important in the design of power amplifiers for wireless communication systems, where efficiency and linearity are critical. By adjusting the load impedance, engineers can achieve the desired trade-off between power output, linearity, and efficiency.For example, let's say I am designing a power amplifier for a cellular base station. I want to maximize the power output while maintaining good linearity and efficiency. I can use load pull measurements to determine the optimalload impedance that achieves this goal. By varying the load impedance and measuring the resulting changes in power output, distortion, and efficiency, I can find the load impedance that provides the best overall performance.Load pull measurements can also help identify potential issues with the power amplifier design. For instance, if the amplifier exhibits poor linearity or efficiency at certain load impedances, load pull measurements can reveal this and help engineers understand the underlying causes. This information can then be used to make design improvements and optimize the amplifier's performance.In addition to its use in power amplifier design, load pull is also employed in other applications, such as the characterization of active devices and the design of matching networks. It is a versatile technique that provides valuable insights into the behavior of RF and microwave circuits.中文回答：负载牵引技术是功放设计和优化中广泛使用的一种方法。

单位工业增加值能耗强度系数

单位工业增加值能耗强度系数英文回答：The energy intensity coefficient of industrial added value is an important indicator for measuring the energy efficiency of industrial development. It reflects the amount of energy consumed per unit of industrial added value. A lower energy intensity coefficient indicates higher energy efficiency, and vice versa.The energy intensity coefficient of industrial added value can be calculated using the following formula:Energy intensity coefficient = Energy consumption / Industrial added value.Where:Energy consumption is the total amount of energy consumed by the industrial sector, including electricity,coal, oil, natural gas, and other forms of energy.Industrial added value is the total value of goods and services produced by the industrial sector, minus the cost of raw materials and other inputs.The energy intensity coefficient of industrial added value can be used to compare the energy efficiency of different countries, regions, or industries. It can also be used to track the progress of energy efficiency improvements over time.There are a number of factors that can affect the energy intensity coefficient of industrial added value, including:The structure of the industrial sector.The energy efficiency of industrial processes.The availability of renewable energy sources.The price of energy.中文回答：单位工业增加值能耗强度系数。

港口年度考核量化测评标准

港口年度考核量化测评标准Port annual assessment quantification evaluation criteria play a vital role in measuring the overall performance and efficiency of ports. 港口年度考核的量化测评标准对于衡量港口的整体表现和效率起着至关重要的作用。

It provides a framework for assessing key performance indicators, such as throughput capacity, operational efficiency, safety measures, environmental compliance, and customer satisfaction. 这为评估关键绩效指标，如吞吐能力、运营效率、安全措施、环境合规和客户满意度提供了一个框架。

One of the main challenges in setting up quantification evaluation criteria for port assessments is determining the appropriate metrics to measure success. 制定港口评估的量化测评标准面临的主要挑战之一是确定衡量成功的适当指标。

These metrics should be aligned with the overall goals and objectives of the port, reflecting its performance efficiency and effectiveness. 这些指标应与港口的整体目标和目标保持一致，反映其绩效效率和有效性。

The criteria should be realistic, measurable, and relevant to the specific needs and challenges faced by the port. 标准应当是现实的、可度量的，并且与港口面临的具体需求和挑战相关。