Word Formation
Word Formation词的形成(增词法部分)
曲折变化指通过附加曲折词缀来表现语法关系。 附加词缀并不会改变被附加词的语法类。(P61-62)
Number（数）: table/ tables apple/ apples Person, finiteness and
maneating (N + V-ing)
d) Preposition compounds (介词复合词)
In + to
into
Compounds are written in different ways.
1.Some appear as a single word. (seashore) 2.Some others are joined with a hyphen “-”. (traffic-light) 3.Some others can be written with ordinary spaces between the two parts. (washing machine) The right member serves as the head.
a)
Word class changed（P62）
N V: length + en un + horse lengthen unhorse
N
Adj :
fool + ish foolish speech + less speechless
b) Word class unchanged (P63)
N N:
non + smoker ex + president V V: dis + obey disobey nonsmoker expresident
Word Formation 构词法
-ese 表示“ ……国人，……地方的人”：Chinese, Japanese, Cantonese
-ess 表示“阴性人称名词”：actress, hostess, manageress
-logist 表示“……学家，研究者”：biologist, geologist
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2.构成具有抽象名词的含义： -age 表示“状态，行为，身份及其结果，总称”：
courage, storage, marriage, percentage -al 表示“事物的动作，过程”：refusal, arrival,
八、表示“自我”： self-
self-protection, self-made, self-knowledge，self-introduction, self-defence, self-taught, self-reliance, selfawareness
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九、表示变换词类作用的前缀： bebefriend enenslave, enable, enrich, enlarge, encourage
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后缀： 一、名词后缀： 1. 具有某种职业或动作的人： -an, -ian, -ician 表示“……地方的人，精通……的
人”：American, Asian, Australian, Russian, Italian , historian, librarian, electrician, magician, technician, musician, politician, physician -ant,-ent 表示“……人”：merchant, servant, assistant, agent, student -ee 表示“动作承受者”：employee, examinee, payee, interviewee -eer 表示“从事于……人”：engineer, volunteer
word-formation
• 名词转化为动词
– 许多表示物件的名词可以转化为动词，意思也 随之有些改变：
• She had booked three seats on the plane . • The usher seated us in the front row.
– 表示身体某部位的名词也可以用作动词：
①care careful careless carefully carelessly carefulness
②courage courageous courageously encourage
5)建立清楚的词类概念，每学一个词都要知道 他的词类，并掌握与它相关的词，左引右联， 很容易形成一个词汇网，这是掌握英语的第 一步。
• 合成形容词
– 合成形容词很多有多去分词或带-ed词尾的词 构成:
• absent-minded 心不在焉的 • broken-hearted 心碎的
– 也有不少合成形容词由动词的-ing形式和另外 一词构成：
• close-fitting 紧身的 • far-reaching 深远的（影响）
– 还有一些合成词由“形容词+名词”或“名词 等+形容词”构成：
– dry cleaning
fast food
– first-aid
French fries
– high jump
high school
• 有些合成词由动词-ing形式和另一个词构成：
– dining room
drawing pin 图钉
– driving license frying pan
– sleeping bag
air raid
M4U3 Wordformation默写版
M4U3Word formation默写版1.adj.虚拟的, 实际上的adv.实际上= = =2.n.现实，事实phr. 事实上adj. 真实的，真正的adv. v.实现，意识到3.n.展示，介绍v. 介绍，赠与，提出adj. 出席的，目前的phr. 出席n. 礼物，目前phr. 目前4.v. 使惊奇adj 令人惊奇的adj感到惊奇的n. 惊奇5.adj. 被动的，消极的adv. n. adj. 主动的6.v.加，增加phr把A加到B上phr 增加，增添加起来（总计）n. adj. 额外的，附加的adv另外，而且7.adj.社交的，社会的adv n 社会，社团8.adj 巴西的n 巴西人n 巴西9.adj.制胜的，获胜的v. 赢（pt&pp) n 获胜者10.adj.自信的n. 自信心11.adj. 失望的adj. 令人失望的vt 使失望n.失望12.adj.残疾的vt. 使残疾phr使某人丧失做某事的能力n. 残疾13.n.方便adj.方便的n.不方便adj不方便的phr 在某人方便的时候14.adj.安全的，vt 使安全n. 安全15.v伤害n. 伤害adj. phr 受伤phr 伤者16.n. 生物学adj 生物学的n. 生物学家17.n. 操作人员v. 操作，经营，手术n 运转，行动，手术phr给......做手术18.n. 缺点，不利因素n.优点，，有利因素19.adj.电动的，电的adj 与电有关的，电气的adj 电子的n 电phr电动自行车，phr电气工程师，phr 电子词典20.v. 控告，谴责phr控告某人某事phr被告n. 谴责，罪状21.n. 编辑v. 编辑n.版本22.adj.连续的，不断的n 常量adv. 不断地，经常地23.n.打印机，印刷工人v.印，打印n.印刷（术）24.adj.首要的;主要的n 首领，领袖adv.主要地，首先25.n.侄子n. 侄女26.n 恐惧v 使恐惧n 恐怖主义，恐怖手段n 恐怖分子27.adj 破旧的，疲惫的phr 穿破的，疲惫的v 穿，戴（pt/pp)28.v 进化n 演变，进化（论）adj 进化的，发展的29.n 印象v 留下印象adj 给人印象深刻的adv. phr 给某人留下深刻印象。
构词法（Wordformation）
构词法（Wordformation）构词法(Word Formation)三种主要的英语构词法：合成、转化和派生，其中用得最多的是“派生”。
I. 合成 (Compounding)1. 合成名词的构词法1) n. + n.cowboy craftsman fantasyland(幻境) newspapernightfall salesman snowstorm steamboat2) adj. + n.backbone(脊椎) blackboard broadcast darkroom greenhouse shorthand(速记)wildlife3) v-ing + n.dining-room sitting-room sleeping-pills reading-room4) v. + n.playground postcard pickpocket(扒手)5) n. + v-inghandwriting sightseeing sunbathing6) v. + adv./prep.break-through get-together cut-in go-between(中介)7) adv./prep. + n.afternoon downfall income outbreak(爆发)by-product(副产品)8) 其他grown-up passer-by well-being(福利) outgoing(郊游)2. 合成形容词的构词法1) n. + v-edhandmade man-made sunburnt state-run2) n. + v-ingEnglish-speaking peace-loving3) n. + adj.snow-white world-famous worldwide duty-free(免税的)4) adj./num. + n-edcold-blooded good-tempered(脾气好的) noble-mined warm-hearted three-legged5) adj./adv. + v-ingeasy-going funny-looking outgoing(开朗的)hard-working far-reaching(深远的)6) adj./adv. + v-ednew-born ready-made newly-built well-known7) 其evergreen face-to-face worn-out up-to-date part-time full-time3. 合成动词的构词法1) adv. + v.overthrow overwork underline uphold(支持)2) adj. + n.blacklist(列黑名单) whitewash(粉刷)3) n. + v.sleep-walk(梦游) sunbathe typewriteII. 转化 (Conversion)1) v. – n. / n. – v.break v. 打破– break n. 休息taste v. 品尝– taste n. 味道sleep v. 睡觉– sleep n. 睡眠hand n. 手 -- hand v. (递)交step n. 脚步– step v. 走；踏【注意】以下的名词与动词的读音有所不同：present n. 礼物– present v. 赠送use n. 用途– use v. 使用increase n. 增加– increase v. 增加export n. 出口– export v. 出口import n. 进口– import v. 进口transport n. 运输– transport v. 运输2) adj. – v. (-- n.)clean adj. 清洁的– clean v. 打扫clear adj. 清楚的– clear v. 清除close adj. 近的；亲密的– close v. 关闭own adj. 自己的– own v. 拥有– own n. & pron. 自己(的东西) waste adj. 废弃的– waste v. 浪费– waste n. 废物3) adj. – n./adv.back adj. 后面的– back n. 后面；背部front adj. 前面的– front n. 前面；前线left adj. 左(边)的– left n. 左(边)deep adj. 深的– deep adv. 深hard adj. 硬的；艰苦的– hard adv. 努力；艰苦地III. 派生 (Derivation)1. 前缀 (Prefix)a) 表示否定的前缀1) dis- (+ v.) 不agree – disagree appear – disappearcover – discover like – dislike2) un- (+ adj./v.) 不able – unable fair – unfairlimited – unlimited known – unknowndo – undo 解开 tie – untie 解开3) in-/ im-/ il-/ ir- (+ adj./n.) 不/无active – inactive capable – incapable(无能的) correct – incorrect complete – incomplete balance – imbalance n. mature – immature(不成熟的) patient – impatient adj. possible – impossible legal – illegal logical – illogicalregular – irregular religious – irreligious(无宗教的) 4) non- (+ n./ adj.) 不/无/非smoker – non-smoker stop – non-stopviolence – non-violence violent – non-violentb) 其他1) mis- (+ v.) 错误地lead – mislead understand – misunderstandapply – misapply address – misaddress(寄错信件) 2) re- (+ v.) 重；再consider – reconsider cycle – recyclestudy – restudy use – reuseview – review write – rewrite3) en- (+ adj.) 使(能) …able – enable danger – endangerlarge – enlarge rich – enrich4) multi- (+ adj./n.) 多…cultural – multicultural channel – multichannel5) tele- (+ n.) 长途的/远程的phone – telephone scope – telescope(望远镜)vision – television communication – telecommunication(电讯) 6) kilo- (+ n.) 千的gram – kilogram meter – kilometer7) anti- (+ n.) 反/抗/防…的aircraft – antiaircraft(防空的) caner – anticancer(抗癌的)8) bi- /tri- (+n./ adj.) 双/三...的cycle – bicycle weekly – biweekly(双周的)angle – triangle athlete – triathlete(三项全能运动员)9) fore- (+ n./v.) 前的/先的head – forehead leg – forelegcast – forecast see – foresee10) pre- (+ n./v./ adj.) 预先的face – preface(前言/序) arrange – prearrangebuilt – prebuilt11) post- (+ n.) 后的war – post-war liberation – post-liberation12) inter- (+ adj./v./n.) 之间的/交互的American – inter-American national – internationalact – interact(互相作用) connect – interconnect(互相连接) 13) co- (+ v./n.) 联合/共同operate – cooperate(合作) star – co-star(联合主演)worker – co-worker14) sub- (+ n./v.) 下面的/次的/副的way – subway heading – subheading(副标题)edit – sub-edit(担任助理编辑)15) super- (+ n.) 超级的man – superman market – supermarket16) auto- (+ n.) 自动的/自己的mobile – automobile(汽车)graph – autograph(亲笔签名；手稿)2. 后缀 (Suffix)a) 加后缀变成的名词可表示人或仪器等1) -er/ -or/ -ee/ -ess (v./n. + ~)teach – teacher village – villagertranslate – translator interpret – interpreter(口译员) act – actor employ – employer – employeeact – actress wait – waitresscalculate – calculator erase –eraser2) -ese/ -an/ -ian/ -ish/ -ist/ -ant (n. + ~)China – Chinese Japan – Japanesemusic – musician library – librarianIndia – Indian America – AmericanBritain – British Spain – Spanishphysics – physicist social – socialistassist – assistant account -- accountantb) 加后缀变成的名词可表示行为、动作、性质、状态等1) -ance/ -ence/ -cy (adj. + ~) 表性质或状态important – importance independent – independence agent – agency2) -ment/ -tion/ -ation/ -sion (v. + ~) 表示行为或动作move – movement act – actiondecide – decision conclude – conclusioneducate – education pronounce – pronunciation3) -ness/ -ship (adj./n. + ~) 表示性质、状态、关系或身份sad – sadness sick – sicknesshard – hardship friend – friendshipcitizen – citizenship4) -ty/ -ety/ -ity (adj. + ~) 表示性质或状态safe – safety anxious – anxietyable -- ability responsible – responsibilitycurious – curiosity various – variety5) -ism (adj. + ~)主义social – socialism material – materialism(唯物主义) 6) -ing (v. + ~) 表示行为或动作act – acting feel – feeling build – building7) -dom/ -th (adj./n. + ~)表示性质或状态free – freedom wise – wisdom king – kingdomdead – death true – truth warm – warmth8) -hood/-hold (n. + ~) 表示时期、身份或关系boy – boyhood girl – girlhood child -- childhood brother – brotherhood mother – motherhood house – household(一家人；家族)9) -ful (n. + ~) 满满一…hand – handful(一把) house – houseful(满屋)mouth – mouthful plate – plateful(满盘)c) 构成形容词的后缀有1) -able/ -ible (v./n. + ~) 可以accept – acceptable respect – respectable response – responsible(负责的；可依靠的)2) -al/ -ful (n./v. + ~) 有…(性质)的/culture – cultural nation – nationalcare – careful forget – forgetful3) -less (n. + ~) 无care – careless hope – hopeless use – useless4) -ish (n. + ~) 有…(性质)的/像…的child – childish fool – foolish woman – womanish5) –ive/ -ous (n./v. + ~) 有…(性质)的act – active create – creative effect – effective(有效的) fame – famous humour – humorous6) -en/ -ent/ -y/ -ly (n./v./adj. + ~) …做的/能…的/是…的gold – golden wood – woodendepend – dependent patience – patientsalt – salty thirst – thirstyfriend – friendly lone – lonelyday – daily month – monthlyd) 构成动词的后缀有1) -fy/ -ify/ -ize/ -ise (adj./n. + ~) 使…化beauty – beautify simple – simplify apology – apologize memory – memorize real – realize modern – modernize 2) -en (adj./n. + ~) 使… 变为deep – deepen length – lengthenshort – shorten strength – strengthene) 构成副词的后缀有1) -ly (adj. + ~) … 地bad – badly lucky – luckily sweet – sweetlygentle – gently loud – loudly weak – weakly2) -ward(s) (n./prep./adv. + ~) 朝/向…back – backward(s) for – forward(s)down – downward(s) south – southward(s)。
英语构词法 Word Formation【Kevin精心整理】扩充词汇量
英语词汇构词法(Word-formation)这里暂且总结六种常用的英语构词法：派生法、合成法、转化法、截短法、混合法和首尾字母结合法。
一、【派生法-DERIVATION】 (1)二、【合成法(复合法)-COMPOUNDING】 (2)三、【转化法(转类法)-CONVERSION】 (2)四、【截短法(缩略法)-CLIPPING】 (3)五、【混合法(混成法)-BLENDING】 (3)六、【首尾字母缩略法-INITIALISM / AFFIXATION】 (3)附录： (4)1. 常见前缀 (4)2. 常见后缀 (6)一、【派生法-Derivation】英语构词法中在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀，从而构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词的方法叫做派生法。
在后文，将会在附录列出一些常见的前缀和后缀并注明其用法，以供参考。
1.前缀prefixes除少数英语前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意义，不改变词性；英语后缀一般改变词类，而不引起词义的变化。
∙(1)‘Negative prefixes’表示否定意义的前缀常用的有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等，在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。
例如（e.g.）：a- =not, without e.g.amoral adj. 非道德的；与道德无关的《a-(without 非) + moral (道德的)》dis- =apart, away e.g.discard v. 抛弃；丢掉n. 被抛弃的人或物《dis- (apart) + card (paper)》掷出无用的纸牌in- =not e.g.indecisive adj. 缺乏决心的；优柔寡断的《in- (not) + decisive (决定的)》ir- =not e.g.irremovable adj. 无法移动的《ir- (not) + removable (可移动的)》il- =not e.g.illegitimate adj. 违法的；私生的《il- (not) + legitimate (合法的)》im- =not e.g.immediate adj. 直接的；即刻的《im- (not) + mediate (middle)》没有间隔的∙(2)表示其他意义的前缀常用的有a-(多构成表语形容词), anti- (反对；抵抗), auto- (自动), co- (共同), en- (使), inter-(互相), re- (再；又), sub- (下面的；次；小), tele- (强调距离)等。
Word Formation：词汇构成 详解
Word Formation：词汇构成详解Word formation is the process of constructing words from their constituent parts. It involves both the creation and alteration of existing words, which are known as morphological operations. Word formation includes the use of prefixes, suffixes, infixes, compounding, reduplication and more.Prefixes are word elements added to the beginning of a word that modify its meaning. They come from other languages, such as Latin and Greek, and have been adapted into English. Examples of common prefixes include “un-” (not), “dis-” (opposite or reverse), and “re-” (again).Suffixes are word elements added to the end of a word that modify its meaning. Examples of common suffixes in English include "-ing" (present participle), "-ed" (past tense), and "-ize" (to make).Infixes are word elements that are added within a word, usually to modify its meaning. In English, there are few true infixes; most examples are truncated versions of words, such as the informal past tense form "-ed" ("I walk-ed").Compounding is the process of combining two or more words to create a new, single word. Examples of compound words in English include "sunflower," "sunlight," and "sunshine." Reduplication is a type of word formation that involves either repeating part or all of a word. Reduplication can be used to convey emphasis or to add a humorous effect. Examples of reduplication in English include "pitter-patter" and "fancy-shmancy."Blending is another type of word formation in which two words are combined to create a new one. Commonly used blends include "chillax" (chill+relax) and "bromance" (brother+romance).Clipping is a type of word formation in which part of a word is removed. This is done to create a shorter version of the word, often for convenience or to reduce ambiguity. Examples of clipped words used in English include "fridge" (refrigerator) and "fax" (facsimile).Back-formation is a process of word formation in which a “new” word is created by removing a suffix from an existing word. Often the resulting word has a different meaning than the original. Examples of back-formation in English include "edit" (from editor) and "burgle" (from burglar).Conversion is a type of word formation in which a word changes its part of speech without any changes to its spelling or pronunciation. It involves taking a verb or noun and turning it into an adjective or adverb. Examples of conversion in English include "careless" (from "to care"), "homely" (from "home"), and "slowly" (from "slow").Word formation is an important part of language, as it allows us to expand our vocabulary and communicate more effectively. By understanding the various processes involved in word formation, we can communicate more accurately and clearly.。
Word Formation 构词法
② -or ……的人 actor visitor ③ -ess 表示女性，雌性 actress waitress ④ -ist ……家，者 artist violinist pianist
构成抽象名词＆集合名词的后缀 ① v. + ment movement ② v. + ion / sion / tion / ation action invitation decision ③ n. + ship friendship membership ④ adj. + ness kindness illness happiness
Grammar: formation of words • 转化 (conversion) • 合成 (composition) • 派生 (derivation)
平时教授单词时注意强调其词 性，词汇的学习：音，形，义 读音，发音准确 形：拼写正确 义：词义，词性，用法
3.runningwater dining room drinking water reading room 4.handwriting horse riding 5.warm-hearted cold-blooded part-time broad- minded man-made handmade 6.good-looking 7. outside inside within without
comfortable
lucky
healthy
necessary welcome common able
unfriendly unhappy uncomfortable un lucky unhealthy
“un-”
opposites
Word Formation 英语词缀总结
Word Formation: Adj. suffixes
(n.+) -ous: full of, having …
e.g. dangerous: full of danger victorious: having victory (1)It is such a voluminous report that I am tired of reading it. (2)She welcomed her guests in a gracious manner. (3)Their dining room is very spacious.
(v.) + -ible / -able: capable of being (n.) + -ible / -able: causing
e.g. reliable: capable of being relied readable: capable of being read pleasurable: causing pleasure comfortable: causing comfort (1)Heat is convertible into electricity. (2)Your dress is absolutely adorable. (3)This essay is admirable in all respects.
Word Formation: n. suf.
–tion, -ation, -ition, -sion: (v. + ~ = n.) state / condition of …
(1)What she said was a useful simplification of the theory. (2) The exclusion of women from the temple made them feel sad. (3)She complained about the omission of her name from the list. (4)It's annoying to have to get authorization for spending such piddling amounts of money.
words formation—构词法
waitress
-ician
加在以-ic结尾 physician,
表 示
...(专)家， 的名词或形容 politician
词上
musician
人 -ist 从事...职业 加在名词上， artist,
的人，从事 或 –ize 结尾的 socialist
某种...文艺、动词上，或以-
学术的人 al结尾的其它
Word-formation 构词法
构 Derivation派生法 词 Compound 合成法
法 Conversion 转化法
知
简略词
识
合成词
缩略词
掌握基本的构词法知识，对 于正确地识记单词，扩大词 汇量，提高记忆速度和记忆 效果，培养自学能力，具有 非常重要的意义。
派生法 Derivation
progress, proceed,
18) sub-, suc-, suf-, sug-, sum-, sup-, sur-, sus-, 表示“在下面，下”
subway, submarine, suffix, suppress,
supplement
19) super-, sur-, 表示“在…..之上” superficial, surface,
性质
形容词上
-ance 表示动作或性质
加在动词上
-th 表示动作、度量、性 由形容词及
质、状态
少数动词构
成
-dom 表示地位、领域、集 加在名词及
体、状态、性质
少数形容词
上
抽 -age
storage, package, orphanage, marriage, luggage, postage
现代英语词汇学概论3-word-formationPPT课件
flatfoot
(a policeman)
blue blood
(the quality of being a nobleman by birth)
blue ribbon
(an honor given to the winner of the first prize)
Note: we cannot infer the meaning from the meaning of
compound? 3. The classification of compounding?
.
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What is compounding?
Compounding / composition: a wordformation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit. e.g. flowerpot= flower + pot machine-independent = machine + independent back
.
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The relative criteria of a compound
1. Orthographic criterion:
Compounds are written in three ways, that is, solid, hyphenated and open.
E.g. flowerpot
E.g. black list blackboard blue bottle
.
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3. Semantic criterion:
Semantically, compounds can be said to have a meaning which may be related to but cannot always be inferred from the meaning of its component parts.
(词汇学)Word_Formation
There are three major processes of word formation: derivation, compounding and conversion.
<Ⅰ>. Derivation: 〔派生
Derivation or affixation is generally defined as a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix, or suffix, or both, to the base.
<2> vt﹢object:
pickpocket, reading-material,haircut,letter-writing,
chopstick, pastime, <3> Subject﹢object:
gas-light〔汽灯："gas produces light," sugar-cane〔甘蔗："cane produces sugar,"
7. "time and order"prefixes <fore-, pre-, post-, ex-, > eg: forecast <v,n> 预报, foresee <v> 预见, forehead <n> 前额 preview <v> 预习, pre-read <v> 预先阅读, prepay <v> 预付, postwar <adj> 战后的, postgraduate <n> 研究生, postscript <n> 附言, ex-president <n> 前任总统, ex-monitor <n> 前任班长, ex-wife <n> 前妻,
Word formation
构词法概述语言的基本要素之一是词汇。
在语言发展的最初阶段，人们使用的是少量而简单的词汇，这些词汇只表示日常简单的事物和概念，构成语言中最基本的词，称之为原生词，也叫基本词或词根。
英语里的原生词大都是单音节的，例如：sun, man, head, foot, fish, see, run等，其数量有限。
随着社会的发展与进步，语言的扩充与融合使语言变得复杂，原有的有限的原生词已不够用，人们便创造了一些新词来表示新生的事物和概念。
按照一定的语言规则创造新词的方法，称之为构词法(word-formation or word-building)。
一、英语主要有三种构词法1. 转化(Conversion)：不用借助构词词缀，把一个单词从一种此类转化成另一种词类。
由于词类转化的结构，英语中就形成了大量外形相同但词类不同的词，即同形异类词water水n. →water浇水v. film 电影n.→film 拍电影v.2. 派生(Derivation):通过加前缀和后缀构成另一个词happy→unhappy 加前缀→happiness 加后缀3. 合成(Compounding)：由两个或更多词构成一个词black黑的+board板→blackboard黑板happy + go + lucky→happy-go-lucky无忧无虑的pick摘，挖+ pocket口袋→pickpocket 扒手二、英语还有一些次要构词法1. 截短法(Clipping)：把一个词的一部分去掉，构成一个新词bicycle→cycle2. 混合(Blending)：把两个词各取一部分，混合成一个新词motor + hotel→motel汽车旅馆3. 缩写(Abbreviation)：把几个词的首字母连在一起International Monetary Fund→IMF国际货币基金组织4. 反转构词法(Backformation)：把带词尾的名词去掉词尾构成动词editor (n.)→edit(v.)三、构词法的运用要学好英语，掌握构词法直观重要。
Word Formation
Word formation(构词法)㈠. Affixation(词缀法)词缀法(Affixation)在一个单词前面或后面加一个词缀(affix)而构成一个新词的方法叫词缀法。
构成的词叫派生词(derivation)。
词缀分两种：前缀(prefix)和后缀(suffix)。
加在单词前面的叫前缀，通常改变或添加该单词的含义；加在单词后面的叫后缀，通常改变该单词的词性。
下面列出常用的前缀和后缀。
1.常用前缀1). 表示否定的前缀：un-（不，反动作），加在形容词和分词上表示“不”，加在动词上表示“反动作”，如：unwise（不明智的）unforgiving（不宽恕的，不容忍的）unexpected（想不到的）untie（解开）in-（不）,（在l 前加il-, 在m, b, p 前加im-, 在r 前加ir-），加在形容词和名词上，如：informal（非正式的）impolite（不礼貌的）illegal（非法的）irregular（不规则的）non-（不，非），加在名词和形容词上，如：non-smoker（不吸烟者）nonsense （胡言乱语）nonviolent（非暴力的）nonstop（直达的，中途不停的）dis-（不，取消，除去），加在形容词、名词、动词上，如：dishonest（不诚实的）disagree（不同意，不一致）disobey（不服从）dislike（不喜欢）disorder（混乱）disarm（解除武装，裁减军备）anti-（反对，抵抗），加在名词、形容词上，如：antisocial（反社会的）antibody（抗体）antifreeze（防冻剂）antinuclear（反对使用核武器）counter-（反），加在动词、名词上，如：counteract（抵制）counterrevolution（反革命）mis-（错误，不好），加在动词、名词、分词上，如：mismatch（不般配）misconduct（行为不正）misunderstand（误解）mislead（引入歧途）mal-（坏，不当），加在动词、名词、分词上，如：maltreat（虐待）malformed（畸形的）malnutrition（营养不良）malfunction（失灵）2). 表示程度、大小等的前缀：co-（合作，共同），加在名词、动词上，如：cooperate（合作）co-exist（共存）co-education（男女同校）co-heir（共同继承人）super-（超级，超过），加在名词、形容词上，如：supermarket（超级市场）superman（超人）supernatural （超自然的）supersensitive（过于敏感的）sur-（过量，外加），加在名词、动词上，如：surcharge（超载）surtax（[征收]附加税）ultra-（极端，超过），加在形容词、名词上，如：ultra-conservative（极端保守的）ultra-leftist（极左分子）over-（过度，超过），加在动词、形容词、名词上，如：overeat（暴食）overestimate（估计过高）overconfident（自负的）overweight（超重）under-（低于，少于），加在动词、过去分词上，如：underestimate（过低估计）undercharge（少算价钱）underprovided（供给不足的）underdeveloped（欠发达的）micro-（微小），加在名词上，如：micro-computer（微电脑）microscope（显微镜）microfilm（缩微胶卷）microphone（麦克风）mini- （小），加在名词上，如：minibus（小公共汽车）mini-skirt（超短裙）3). 表示位置的前缀：fore-（先，前），加在名词上，如：forearm（前臂）foreleg（前腿）foresail（前桅帆）forename（教名，（在姓之前的）名）inter- （间，际，相互），加在形容词、动词、名词上，如：international （国际的）interdependent（互相依赖的）interview（会见）intermarry (intermarriage)（近亲通婚）sub-（在…下，次，再），加在名词、动词、形容词上，如：subway（地铁）subtitle（副标题）sublet （转租）subdivide（再分）subtropical（亚热带的）subnormal（低能的）super-（在上），加在名词上，如：superstructure（上层建筑）superscript（写在右上角的）trans-（横过，转移），加在形容词、动词上，如：transatlantic（横渡大西洋的）transplant（移植）4). 表示时间和顺序的前缀：ex-（前），加在名词上（ex 后要用连字号），如：ex-president（前总统）ex-serviceman（退役军人）ex-husband（前夫）ex-wife（前妻）fore-（预先），加在动词、名词上，如：foretell（预言）forewarn（预先警告）foreshadow（预兆）foreknowledge（预知）pre-（在前，事先），加在名词、形容词、动词上，如：pre-war（战前）pre-school（学前）prehistoric（史前的）premature（早熟的，早产的）pre-heat（预热）pre-cook（在烹饪之前）post-（在后），加在名词、形容词上，如：post-war（战后）post-election（大选后）posthumous （死后的）postgraduate （研究生，大学毕业后所进行的）mid-（中间），加在名词上，如：midnight（午夜）midsummer（仲夏）re-（再），加在动词、名词上，如：rebuild（重建）recycle（再循环）reappearance（再现）reanalysis（重新分析）5). 表示数量的前缀：semi-, hemi-（半），如：semicircle（半圆）semiconductor（半导体）semi-feudal（半封建的）semimonthly（每半月一次的）hemisphere（半球）hemicycle（半圆）uni-, mono- （一，单），如：unicycle（独轮车）uniform（制服）monoxide（一氧化物）monologue（独白）monotonous（单调的）monosyllabic（单音节的）bi-, di- （二），如：bicycle（自行车）bilateral（双边的）bilingual（两国语言的）dioxide（二氧化物）diatomic（二原子的）tri- （三），如：tricycle（三轮车）triangle（三角形）multi- （多），如：multimedia（多媒体）multilingual （多语言的）multi-lateral（多边的）multi-colored（多种颜色的）deci-（十分之一），centi-（百分之一），milli-（千分之一），kilo-（千），如：decigram（分克，十分之一克）decimeter（分米，十分之一米）centigram（公毫，百分之一克）centimeter （工分，厘米，百分之一米）milligram（毫克，千分之一克）millimeter（毫米，千分之一米）kilogram （公斤，千克）kilometer （公里，千米）6). 来源于希腊、拉丁语的前缀：auto-（自动，自己），加在名词、形容词上，如：automation（自动化）automatic （自动的）autonomy（自治权）autonomous（有自治权的）autobiography（自传）autograph（亲笔，签名）tele-（远），加在名词上，如：telescope（望远镜）telegram（电报）telephone（电话）television（电视）vice- （副），加在名词上，如：vice-chairman（副主席）vice-president（副总统）7). 转化词类的前缀：en-, em-（加在b, p 音前），（放入，供给，使成为），加在名词、形容词上构成动词，如：enclose（围起）endanger （危及）enrich（使丰裕）enable （使能够）encourage（鼓励）empower（授权）embed（嵌入）be-（使成为），加在名词、形容词、不及物动词上，使之变为及物动词，如：befriend（友好对待）befog（云雾笼罩）belittle（轻视）befoul（弄脏，污染）befall（使降临，发生）benumb（冻僵，失去感觉）3. 常用后缀1). 名词后缀a. 表示个体名词的后缀：-er 如：teacher, worker, Londoner, southerner（南方人）-or 如：actor, visitor instructor-ee 如：addressee（收信人）, refugee（难民）, employee （雇员）-eer 如：engineer, mountaineer（登山运动员）-ant 如：assistant, inhabitant（居民）-ist 如：typist, communist, leftist（左翼的人）-ian, -an 如：musician, physician, republican（共和主义者）-ess（表示阴性），如：actress, waitress, lioness, tigressb. 表示抽象名词的后缀：-ness 如：carefulness, happiness, goodness-ment 如：argument, movement, punishment-ure 如：failure, pressure, departure-ing 如：feeling, building, opening-al 如：arrival, refusal, approval-age 如：marriage, shortage, baggage-ism 如：communism, socialism, heroism（英雄主义）-ship 如：friendship, leadership, hardship-dom 如：freedom, wisdom, kingdom-hood 如：childhood, neighborhood, boyhood（少年）-(i)ty 如：activity, equality, safety-y 如：honesty, difficulty, discovery, delivery-th 如：truth, warmth, death-(a)tion, -sion 如：action, modernization, discussion-ance, -ence 如：appearance, assistance, reference, difference2). 动词后缀-en 如：shorten, sharpen, lengthen-ify 如：beautify, purify, simplify-ize 如：realize, modernize3). 形容词后缀-able 如：comfortable, unbreakable, drinkable-al 如：natural, professional, original-ful 如：awful, beautiful, careful-ic, -ical 如：organic, Pacific, physical-less 如：stainless, careless, useless-ish 如：childish, bookish, foolish-y 如：snowy, sleepy, curly-ous 如：dangerous, famous, courageous-ive 如：active, collective, impressive-en 如：golden, wooden, earthen-ed 如：gifted, colored, cultured-like 如：manlike, womanlike, homelike4). 副词后缀-ly 如：slowly, quickly, heavily-ward(s) 如：backward(s), downward(s), eastward(s) ㈡. Conversion(转化法)一个单词由一种词类转用为另一种词类，这种构词方法叫转化法。
构词法简介Word Formation
构词法简介Word Formation构词法(Word Formation)1. 派生(Derivation)2. 转化(Conversion)3. 合成(Compounding)4. 混合(Blends)5.其他构词法1.派生(Derivation)通过加前缀或后缀构成另一个词1). 后缀(suffix)*名词后缀-or actor sailor-ist scientist-ment achievement movement-(a)tion preparation exception-y difficulty discovery*形容词后缀-ful useful cheerful-able comfortable enjoyable-ed manned cultured-less careless fearless-ive active decisive-an European Indian*动词后缀-ize realize modernize-en widen strengthen*副词后缀-ly really extremely-ward backward eastward*数词后缀-teen fourteen fifteen-ty forty fifty-th ninth twelfth2). 前缀(prefix)一般不造成词类的转变，只是引起意思的变化e.g. un-(不,或做相反动作) unhappy undoim-(不) impossible impolitere-(重新) retell rewritemis-(错误的) misunderstand misspell个别前缀会引起词类的变化e.g. en-(使得…) endanger enlargea- asleep awake2. 转化(conversion)一般拼写不变，但是词类发生了变化，有时发音也变化e.g. water n. 水---- water v. 浇水record n. 记录，唱片---- record v. 记录，录音dirty adj. 脏的---- dirty v. 弄脏3. 合成(Compounding)由两个或更多的词合成一个词e.g. wood(木)＋cut(刻)＝woodcut(木刻)man(人)＋kind(种类)＝mankind(人类)air(空气，空中)＋sick(恶心的，晕的)＝airsick(晕机的)broad(宽的)＋band(波段)＝broadband(宽频的，波带宽的) 4. 混合词(blends)把两个词取一部分合在一起，构成新词e.g. hi-tech=high+technologye-school=electronic+schoolsmog(烟雾)=smoke+fogbrunch=breakfast+lunch 5.其他构词法如：缩写IT=information technology ad= advertisement。
人教高中英语必修4Unit5 Word Formation (共18张PPT)
(11)数词+名词 如：first-class 一流的 second-hand 二手的
one-way单向的
(12)动词+副词 takeaway 外卖的 dressed-up精心打扮的
5. 复合副词的主要构成方式：
(1)名词+名词 如：sideways向旁边 (2)名词+副词 如：headfirst头朝下 (3)形容词+名词 如：meanwhile同时 (4)介词+名词 如：beforehand事先 (5)副词+名词 如：downstairs 楼下 upstairs 楼上
(2)某些不定代词+body/ thing / one 如: nobody没有人 everything一切事情
someone有人
4.复合形容词的主要构成方式：
(1)名词+形容词 如：colour-blind色盲的 sea-sick晕船的
(2)名词+分词 如：hand-made手工制作的 trouble-making 捣乱的 heart-broken 伤心的 peace-loving热爱和平的 English-speaking说英语的
1.合成名词
成
2.合成形容词
法
3.合成动词
4.合成代词
5.合成副词
1. 复合名词的主要构成方式有：
(1)名词+名词
如：newspaper报纸 teamwork 协作 (2)形容词+名词 如：blackboard 黑板 highway 公路 (3)副词+名词 如：overcoat大衣 underground 地铁 (4)名词+介词短语 如：father-in-law岳父 mother-in-law 岳母 (5)名词+动词 如：snowfall下雪 haircut剪发 headache头疼
Word Formation 英语构词法
Conversion(zero-derivation)转类构词法
Definition:Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.This process of creating new words without adding any affixes is so called zero-derivation. Conversion is usually found in words containing one morpheme.
Noun Compounds
Verb compounds
Adjective Compounds
其他复合词的构成
Derivation
Another major way of word formation is derivation, which is done by adding affixes to other words or morphemes. Darivational affixes can be discribed in terms of their function or meaning.Derivational processes may change the grammatical potential of a word.
Clipping(截短构词法)
Definition:Clipping are those created by clipping part of a word, leaving only a piece of the old word. Clipping is often found in casual
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W ord Formation&MorphologyThe study of the original and history of a word is known as its etymology.One of the least common processed of word formation in English is coinage, that is the invention of totally new terms. The most typical sources are invented trade names for commercial products. New products and concepts and new activities are the usual source of coinage. New words based on the name of a person or a place are called eponyms. Some eponyms are technical terms, based on the names of those who first discovered or invented things, such as watt, volt and fahrenheit.One of the most common source of new words in English is the process simply labeled borrowing, that is the taking over of words from other languages. Throughout its history, the English language has adopted a vast number of loan-words from other languages. Other languages, of course, borrow terms from English. A special type of borrowing is described as loan-translation, or calque. In this process, there is a direct translation of the elements of a word into the borrowing language.The process of joining of two or more separate words to separate words to produce a single form, such as Lehn and Wort are combined to produce Lehnwort in German, is known as compounding. It is very common in German and English but not in French and Spanish.Blending is also a combination of two separated forms to produce a single mew term, but it is typically accomplished by taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of the other word, such as “breakfast+lunch=brunch”.The element of reduction which is noticeable in blending is even more apparent in the process described as clipping. It occurs when a word of more than one syllable is reduced to a short form, often in a casual speech. English speakers also like to clip each other …s names and the words about teaching and school. A particular type of reduction produces forms technically known as hypocorisms. In this process, a longer word is reduced to a single syllable, then -y or -ie is added to the end.A very specialized type of reduction process is known as backformation. Typically, a word of one type (usually a noun) is reduced to form another word of a different type(usually a verb). One very regular source of backformed verbs in English is based on the common pattern: worker-work.A change in the function of a word , as for example when a noun comes to be used as a verb, without any reduction, is generally known as conversion. Other labels for this very common process are “category change” and “functional shift.”Acronyms are new words formed from the initial letters of a set of other words. More typically, acronyms are pronounced as new single words. Names for organizations are often designed to have their acronyms represent an appropriate term.The most common word-formation process to be found in the production of new English words is called derivation. It is accomplished by means of a larges number of small “bits” of the English language which are not usually given separate listings in dictionaries. These small “bits” are called affixes. Some affixes have to be added to the beginning of the word. It is called prefixes. Other affixes have to be added to the end of the word and are called suffixes. Infix is an affix that is incorporated inside another word.Morphology is the study of investigating forms in language. It was originally used in biology and has also been used to describe the type of investigating that analyzes all those basic “elements”used in a language. These elements are technically know as morphemes. The definition of a morpheme is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.There are two kinds of morphemes, free morphemes and bound morphemes. Free morphemes can stand by themselves as single words. The first category is that set of ordinary nouns, adjectives and verbs which we think of as the words which carry the “content” of message we convey. These free morphemes are called lexical morphemes. The other group of free morphemes are called functional morphemes. This set consists largely of the functional words in the language sch as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns.Bound morphemes are those forms that cannot normally stand alone and are typically attached to another form. The set of affixes that make up the category of bound morphemes can also be divided into two types. One is derivational morphemes. It refers to the morphemes which are used to make new words in the language and are often used to make words of a different grammatical category from the stem. The second set of bound morphemes contains what we are called inflectional morphemes. These are not used to produce new words in the English language, but rather to indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word.。