A Multi-pipe Path Planning by Modified Ant Colony Optimization
CCI最小流量阀说明书-英文
®T H E V A L V E D O C T O R®S O L U T I O NThe World Leader in Severe Service Control Valves CCI designed, built and patented the fi rst DRAG ® control valve in 1967, answering the need for a valve capable of handling high-pressure liquids and gases such as water, oil, steam, natural gas, petroleum products and chemicals. DRAG ® technology is considered one of the landmark innovations in the history of the severe service control valve industry. Following that invention, CCI has continued to develop and introduce advanced product technology that has revolutionized the I’s industry leadership is the result of a proven record that focuses on performance. The knowledge gained from solving customer control valve performance problems generates high standards for quality that infl uence every step of the production process and extend into lifetime support of the valves installed in your plant.Many valve manufacturers claim to offer control valves for all service conditions, but few can provide the complete performance compatibility needed for severe service applications. CCI DRAG ® control valves are designed specifi cally to meet your individual application needs. Whatever your severe service application, there is only one intelligent choice: CCI’s DRAG ® control I’s Proven Experience CCI DRAG ® control valves have been used for more than 40 years to solve severe service control problems, continually serving the needs of the fossil power, nuclear power, oil and gas, petrochemical, combined heat and power, and pulp and paper industries.The Valve Doctor ® Approach CCI’s dedicated team of technology specialists focuses on solving control valve problems around the globe. CCI’s expertise extends beyond control valve design to actuation, noise reduction, system piping and system operation. The Valve Doctor ® utilizes his expertise to provide comprehensive solutions that enhance plant operation and result in signifi cant operational and maintenance savings. DRAG ® technology continues to play a pivotal role in providing these solutions!D R A G ®CCI severe service control valves featurepremium DRAG ® velocity control for precise, measurable performance.Since 1961, CCI has provided a uniquecombination of engineering experience andglobal resources with one goal: to exceedcustomer expectations.A typical CCI DRAG ® disk stack featuresvarying numbers of pressure-reducing stagesto ensure superior control.Improved plant performance Increased MW output and reduce leakage costs Higher reliability Lower noise.Better control.Longer intervals between maintenance Decreased maintenance costsReduced system costs DRAG®Improved plant performancencreased MW output and reduced leakag Increased MW output and reduced leakage afer plant operating conditions.Safer plant operating conditions.Safer plant operating co r plant operating conditions.ns.Safer plant operating conditions.Higher reliabHigher reliability Lower noise. control.Better control.intervals between mainten Longer intervals between maintenance Decreased maintenance costs Reduced system costs.Lower cost of ownership Lower cost of owne ower cost of ownership er co wer c Lower cost of ownership Improved plant performanceIncreased MW output and reduced leakage costs Safer plant operating conditions Higher reliability Lower noiseBetter control Longer intervals between maintenance Decreased maintenance costs Reduced system costs Lower cost of ownershipOil, Gas and Petrochemical Production, transmission and processing, including LNG and petrochemicals: Production chokes Separator-level control Gas lift/injection Injection pump recycle Overboard dump Gas regulator Surge relief Gas injection/withdrawal Metering stations (active/monitor) Compressor recycle/anti-surge Hot gas bypass Emergency depressuring/gas to fl are Amine letdown Expander bypass (JT valve) Vent to atmoshphere Feedwater regulator Feedwater pump recirculation Spraywater Steam header pressure controlPower GenerationFossil and nuclear power plants, cogeneration(CHP) facilities and other industries handling high-pressure water or steam:Reheat and superheat attemperator sprayMain and booster feedpump recirculationStartup and main feedwater regulationDeaerator-level controlCondensate booster pump recirculationAtmospheric steam dump and steam ventingTurbine bypassTurbine bypass spraySootblower controlOnce-through boiler startup (base-loaded and cycling units)System startup: B&W, CE, FW and licenseesAuxiliary steamTurbine seal pressure controlHigh-level heater drainsHP coolant injection (HPCI)Reactor core isolation cooling (RCIC)Core sprayResidual heat removal (RHR)Steam generator blowdownPressurizer PORVCVCS letdownSamplingPump test loopsThe Choice is SimpleWhen you need a complete solution to thedemanding conditions of severe service control,there’s only one choice: a custom-engineeredDRAG ® application I DRAG ® valves have been used in severe service applications worldwide. Years of research and experience in numerous applications have proven the superiority of the DRAG ® valve in critical applications.D R A G®The Need for Velocity Control High fl uid velocity through valve trim is a principal source of system control problems. System control is lost due to valves damaged by the effects of cavitation, erosion, abrasion and vibration, which can quickly destroy a valve and disrupt system operation.Even before damaging the valve, excessive noise, severe vibration, poor process control and product degradation can limit a facility’s ability to operate at maximum capacity and thereby reduce I has pioneered the effort to develop and apply the velocity control principle in control valves to offer total system control solutions for many different applications. Thousands of satisfi ed customers worldwide have benefi ted from CCI’s solutions. Velocity control criteria as published by ISA has become the industry standard in solving control valve problems.Since all plants must start up and shut down, good plant control must be available for a wide range of plant loads. CCI provides control over a full range of valve capacity by ensuring that velocity control features are in place for the entire valve travel. By designing DRAG ® disks throughout the travel to meet the unique requirements imposed by the plant transients, CCI’s solutions allow the automatic control systems to function without manual control stops to work around sensitive plantconditions.A single-stage pressure drop valve with poorcontrol presents problems like cavitation,erosion, noise and vibration.The velocity control principle: multi-stagepressure drop provides control andeliminates cavitation, erosion, noise andvibration problems. DRAG®D R A G ®The Velocity Control Challenge Until CCI introduced the DRAG ® valve, the design of control valves for handling high pressure drop liquids, gases or steam had changed little.Even today, despite other makers’ widespread attempts to copy the CCI DRAG ® solution in their modifi ed trim valves, process fl uids still fl ow through some version of a single orifi ce or multiple area orifi ces. Fluid velocity through each orifi ce is a function of the valve pressure drop or required process differential head.Fluid in the valve reaches its maximum velocity just slightly downstream of the valve trim’s orifi ce in the vena contracta or minimum fl owing area (see Figure 1). These high velocities produce cavitation, erosion and abrasion, which can quickly destroy the valve. Even before damaging the valve, excessive noise, severe vibration, poor process control and product degradation are observed in many applications without velocity control. Interestingly, these high velocities are unwanted side effects of pressure reduction through the valve and are not treated as a design criteria by other valve manufacturers until it’s too late. Many attempts to resolve the side effects simply treat the symptoms rather than the real cause of the problem.In general, poor valve performance in severe service applications is primarily due to excessive fl uid velocity. Even using harder materials in the valves to offset erosion from cavitation, or using pipe-lagging or downstream diffusers, can only marginally offset valve failure from uncontrolled velocity. Velocity must be controlled at all valve settings to maintain valve performance and reliability. Problems resulting from high velocity affect plant performance and output, resulting in effi ciency loss, unit load limitations, unscheduled plant shutdowns anddamage to other equipment.2V 1V 2V 2V 1=2gh>Figure 1: Single-stage pressure drop The evidence: high-velocity erosion damageon a single- stage cage and valve internals isobvious.DRAG ®Solution to High Velocities DRAG ® velocity control valves from CCI addressed the problems created by high velocity a generation ago. DRAG ® valves prevent the development of high fl uid velocities at all valve settings. At the same time, they satisfy the true purpose of a fi nal control element: to effectively control system pressure and fl ow rate over the valve’s full stroke. Here’s how the DRAG ® valve accomplishes what the others can only approach:The DRAG ® trim divides fl ow into many streams to minimize the mass and energy levels (Figure 2). Each fl ow passage consists of a specifi c number of right-angle turns to form a tortuous path (Figure 3) in which each turn reduces the pressure of the fl owing medium by more than one velocity head.The number of turns, N, needed to dissipate the maximum expected differential head across the trim, as illustrated in Figure 4, is found by changing the equation from:V 2 (orifi ce) = to a new equation:V 2 (DRAG ®) element = The number of turns, N, is selected to ensure a specifi c fl uid energy level exiting the channel. Applying this principle to the DRAG ® valve’s disk stack and plug is shown in Figure 5. The disk has several fl ow channels, each channel comprising multiple right-angle turns (Figure 6). Thus DRAG ® technology fully controls velocity in each passage on every disk in the stack, and the valve can operate at a controlled, predetermined velocity over its full service range.To achieve enough capacity for the valve, CCI’s solutions add disks to provide the necessary fl ow cross-section. This technology is in stark contrast to valves using multiple-orifi ce-modifi ed trims. Each orifi ce converts potential energy to kinetic energy, but with a startling increase in velocity. Therefore, multiple-orifi ce solutions do not provide the protection that the DRAG ®-type trim provides.In the DRAG ® trim, the resistance, number and area of the individual fl ow passages are custom matched to your specifi c application, and exit velocities are managed to eliminate cavitation and erosion in liquid service and vibration and noise in gas service. DRAG®V 1V 2=V 1V 2V 2=2gh/NV 1V 2=V 1V 1V 2=V 1VV2=2ghFigure 2: Multi-path pressure reductionFigure 3: Right-angle tortuous pathFigure 4: Multi-stage pressure reductionFigure 6: Multi-path, multi-stage DRAG ® disk Figure 5: DRAG ® disk stack and plug2gh 2gh/NThe Cavitation ChallengeWhen liquid pressure is reduced to its vapor pressure or lower, fl ashing and bubble formation occur. In most control valves (Figure 7), fl uid enters at pressure P 1 and velocity V 1. As the fl uid moves through the reduced area of the valve trim, it accelerates to velocity V VC as its static pressure drops suddenly to P VC – a level at or below the liquid’s vapor pressure P V . At this point, the liquid boils. Any valve using a single or multiple-orifi ce trim will cause this problem because of its uncontrolled velocities in the areas of each “vena contracta,” the narrowest central fl ow region of a jet of fl uid fl ow.As the fl uid moves out of the throat of the valve, pressure recovery begins, converting kinetic energy back to potential energy. Full recovery to downstream pressure is indicated at P 2 and velocity V 2. When the recovery pressure exceeds the fl uid’s vapor pressure P V , collapse or implosion of the just-formed bubbles takes place, resulting in cavitation. The energy thus released causes local surface stresses greater than 200,000 psi (1400 MPa), which can consume even hardened trim rapidly.Symptoms of Cavitation n Noise when liquid-handling valves modulate or shut off n Valve components showing “pitting” damage n Poor process control with the valve Cavitation is the formation and subsequentcollapse of microscopic vapor bubbles thatcan destroy trim.D R A G®Figure 7: Inter-stage cavitation damage frominsuffi cient stagingSeat ring damage caused by cavitationresults in leakage that can harm downstreamequipment.The DRAG ® Solution to CavitationThe DRAG ® valve eliminates the destructive effects brought about by uncontrolled fl uids in today’s processes. DRAG ® technology does this by fi rst splitting the fl ow into many small channels so that, if a gas bubble is formed, it is very small and does not have the energy necessary to cause stresses that would result in material failure. Secondly, DRAG ® maintains the fl uid velocity at minimum levels so that local pressures are unlikely to drop below the vapor pressure of the fl uid. Thus none of the adverse effects of bubble collapse can harm the valve as in other valve designs. In addition to many years of successfully applying the DRAG ® design principles to control valve cavitation, CCI has conducted independent tests in accordance with ISA 75.23 and verifi ed the practice. In every possible combination of test conditions, the testing confi rmed the DRAG ® design principles and the technology’s ability to solve the most diffi cult industry problems of fl uid fl ow control.In general, the damaging effects of cavitation are a typical signal that fl uid velocities are not being controlled. As previously mentioned, using harder materials, pipe-lagging or downstream orifi ces can only marginally offset valve failure from cavitation damage. High fl uid velocity and insuffi cient staging (shown in Figure 7) will result in inter-stage cavitation damage, reducing the effectiveness of the valve as a fl ow modulating device and exposing the trim to damage, which leads to a leaking valve. The solution to cavitation, therefore, is the DRAG ® velocity control valve, as illustrated in Figure 8.Fluid velocity requirements, based on the vapor pressure of the fl uid (at design temperature), is governed by the following equation: English MetricDRAG®CCI’s multi-path, multi-stage trim designsare characterized to provide optimal valveperformance at all fl ow conditions across thefull stroke of the valve plug.V = 4637 (P 2 - Pv )/ or V = 1000 (P2 - P v )/Table 1: Recommendation for Fluid Velocity to Control Cavitation*Figure 8: The DRAG ® solution eliminatescavitation.* Based on information presented in the publication “Control Valves - Practical Guides for Measurement and Control” edited by Guy Broden , Jr. and Paul G. Friedman, 1998 edition, published by ISA and other sources.A competitor’s body and trim that failed towithstand severe service conditions show signsof damage that result in poor performance andcontrol.D R A G®With the expertise of a CCI Valve Doctor ®,our DRAG ® valves are designed to yourperformance specifi cations and offer theultimate solution to noise and vibrationproblems in severe service applications.The Noise and Vibration Challenge Modern plants are subject to many complex and strict regulations dictating the allowable noise level for either the worker or for the plant neighbors. Occasionally, a system will experience signifi cant piping vibration that may eventually lead to a failure. Such vibration can also cause component damage and, in many cases, the vibration is a safety concern for both plant personnel and expensive equipment essential to plant operation. Frequently, the cause of vibration is a valve that has not been properly selected for the application. The excessive fl uid velocities and energy levels force uncontrolled pipe motion, which results in failure of pipes and supports and damage to downstream components. Noise and vibration are pervasive in applications involving throttling or venting of compressible gases. For applications where noise is signifi cant, sonic vibrations not only create hazardous health areas, but may also pose a threat to the reliability of equipment and system operation. Even if lagging, dampening or enclosing the noisy valve successfully controls audible noise leaks, the potential for costly damage and valve failure still exists. A plant may meet hearing safety requirements by insulating the valve; however, unless the source of the noise is eliminated, the risk of signifi cant damage to the valve and process remains. In addition, noise propagates through the process piping and often contributes to problems with other components in the system. Eliminating the source and mechanism of noise is the only way to mitigate these risks.Even more signifi cant than audible noise are the problems associated with high vibration levels. Signifi cant vibration in a valve can quickly lead to failure of the valve components (cage, plug, stem and accessories) and process components, the eventual failure of pipes andsupports, and damage to downstream equipment. In extreme cases, many control valves with signifi cant vibration problems often cause system trips and result in costly effi ciency and production losses.The DRAG ® Solution to Noise and Vibration In an effort to eliminate the sources of system vibration, CCI encourages the process industries to adhere to ISA guidelines for valve trim exit kinetic energy levels. The right-angle tortuous path trim approach used in the DRAG ® technology achieves the required low energy levels. The right-angle turns drop the fl uid velocity to levels that provide the expected control. Figure 9 illustrates actual fi eld results of DRAG ® technology. This fi gure shows vibration before and after application of the DRAG ® design. There is usually a 90% reduction in the peak vibration level of the valve or piping component with the application of DRAG ®. CCI can provide control valve systems that will ensure the noise levels remain below the specifi ed requirements. The DRAG ® valve approach is to prevent the creation of noise as opposed to trying to muffl e it once it is produced. CCI uses the prediction technology that forms the basis of the IEC and ISA noise prediction standards. Noise is controlled by making sure that the trim exit jets leaving the disk stack do not induce excessive acoustic levels inside the pipe. Subsequently, the noise passing through the pipe wall and sensed in the vicinity of the valve is lower than the specifi ed levels. DRAG ® technology mitigates the excessive sonic vibrations created within the valve by controlling the source of the noise, as demonstrated in the following formula:DRAG ® valves like this 28-inch (700 mm) multi-stage, pneumatic-controlled device have beeninstalled in over 2,000 plants around the worldto solve vibration and noise problems. DRAG®W= sound power = fl uid density d = characteristic dimension U = fl uid velocity C = velocity of sound fi eld d 2 U 6 C 3W Figure 9: Stem vibration velocity for aconventional valve before retrofi t (blue line)and after retrofi t with DRAG ® trim (red line)*Table 2: Recommendation for Fluid Kinetic Energy (Velocity Head) at trim Exit **S temV i b ra ti o n V elocity(mm/s,-pk )Hertz50403020100100200300400500Conventional valveCCI DRAGvalvefull open* “Multi-Stage Valve Trim Retrofi ts Eliminate Damaging Vibration”, J. R. Arnold, H.L. Miller, and R. E. Katz, Power-Gen 96 International, Orlando, Florida, Book IV, pg. 102-110, PennWell Conferences & Exhibitions, Houston, Texas, December, 1996. ** Based on information presented in the publication “Control Valves - Practical Guides for Measurement and Control” edited by Guy Broden , Jr. and Paul G. Friedman, 1998 edition, published by ISA and other sources.Note:KE =V 22g CThe Erosion ChallengeErosion of the valve trim can be caused by the washing action of a fl uid or abrasion from particles entrained in the fl uid. The erosion effect is most severe at high pressures and high concentrations of entrained material. Even very pure water can be extremely erosive.While clean dry gases usually are not a cause for concern, throttling even clean superheated steam can cause severe problems, as illustrated in Figure 10. Consider the following example: superheated steam at P 1 (inlet pressure) of 600 psia (4 MPa) and T 1 of 600°F (300°C) entering a conventional or modifi ed-trim valve is let down to 50 psia (0.3 MPa). The low pressure and high velocity inherent in fl ow through these valve trims allow the steam to expand isentropically or polytropically to point P 2. At this point, with velocity at its peak, the steam develops a moisture content between 12% and 20%. The resulting water droplets, traveling at maximum velocity, will rapidly erode the trim and damage the valve body. Pressure recovery is completed in the outlet and the temperature reaches equilibrium, resulting in superheated steam leaving the valve at P 3 (outlet pressure) of 50 psia (0.3 MPa) and T 3 of 515°F (270°C). However, while the valve has achieved its pressure drop, continuous formation of wet, high-velocity steam will soon result in severe trim damage. The same holds true in a gas handling service where hydrate (ice crystals) formed under similar circumstances can clog the conventional trim in a short time.Erosion by solids/sand is particularly tough on control valves. Materials that are readily available are quickly consumed by the sand-blasting effect of entrained solids. Controlling the velocity and the use of erosion-resistant materials adds signifi cantly to the life of the valve components handling these fl uids.As trim erodes, the valve’s C V changes and fl ow becomes diffi cult to control, inducing other symptoms like increased vibration and related high noise levels. Any time control is compromised, the risks soar. Lack of control results in a shortened life for the valve that threatens plant performance and reliability. Moreover, it means increased expense forthe plant operator.Erosion by a fl uid can alter the landscape ofvalve components over time, affecting thequality of operation.Erosion damage to a competitor’s valve plugcaused by high fl uid velocity results in poorshutoff.D R A G®One damaged part can shut a plantdown; a CCI DRAG ® valve can prevent thisunnecessary downtime and give you peaceof mind.The DRAG ® Solution to ErosionThe traditional approach to problems such as erosion include continual maintenance, brute force or both. The brute force strategy involves using harder materials where erosion is a problem, which covers up the symptoms without addressing the root cause. The rate of erosion varies as a third to fi fth-power function of fl uid velocity (V 3 to V 5). For example, if the fl uid velocity can be reduced by a factor of two, then the erosion rate will be reduced by a factor ranging between 8 and 32. To eliminate erosion, it is essential that the fl uid velocity be maintained at manageable levels. The DRAG ® design controls velocities throughout the disk so that pressure recovery does not take place. For erosion problems that result from abrasion, the DRAG ® trim operates at a controlled velocity. The inlet/outlet and trim velocities are low, so the steam expansion through the valve is isenthalpic – going from point P 1-T 1 directly to point P 3-T 3 (see Figure 10). Steam through the DRAG ® valve never has a chance to develop destructive moisture. In gas applications, controlled velocity minimizes the formation of hydrate, thus preventing the trim from clogging. CCI combines the velocity control principle and higher erosion-resistant material to solve erosion resulting from solids like sand. Choke valve applications use a multi-stage DRAG ® disk stack produced from tungsten carbide for substantially longer life compared to traditional solutions.DRAG®Figure 10: The low pressures and highfl uid velocities inherent in conventionalvalve trim (single-stage and multi-stage)result in erosion by abrasion, even in cleansuperheated steam, as water droplets areallowed to form.E n t h a l p yDRAG RTungsten carbide DRAG ® disks provide provenerosion prevention.The Leakage ChallengeLeakage through control valves can signifi cantly reduce plant effi ciency and result in higher overall operational and maintenance costs. This frequently means that millions of dollars are lost every year. This issue is overlooked by many operators who do not realize that a valve may still offer acceptable control while allowing signifi cant leakage when fully closed. In reality, the leakage past most control valves results in lost fuel, heat or system capacity, which directly impacts the economic viability of the process. In fact, the cost of leakage in a severe service control valve is always far greater than the price of the valve. In extreme cases, an entire plant may be shut down because of a single leaking valve. The costs of leakage through a control valve are signifi cant and are often manifested in the following ways:n Unscheduled plant shutdowns n Increased maintenance schedules to replace damaged valve and system components n System effi ciency losses resulting in increased fuel and power consumption n Heat rate losses and unit load limitations n Control system oscillations or outright loss of control Symptoms of Leakage n High temperature in the downstream pipe for a normally closed valve n Loss of process control, even when valve is fully closed n Steam or gas leaks through vents n Inability to hold the pressure inside the condenser nNoise produced by valve even when closed In the extreme case, a power plant shutdownmay be unavoidable because of a singleleaking valve.D R A G®Plant managers and engineers rely on CCI’sDRAG ® technology for reliable performanceto keep their facilities running trouble-free.The DRAG ® Solution to LeakageControlling leakage through a severe service control valve requires a combination of technologies and a dynamic understanding of the behavior of the fl uid as it passes through the valve. CCI customers place a premium on tight shutoff because it translates directly into operational cost savings. CCI engineers realize that tight valve shutoff is not only a function of operational closing forces, but also requires control of fl uid velocities through the valve seating area. DRAG ® technology limits the velocity of the fl uid as it enters the seating area and minimizes the erosive forces that would otherwise compromise the valve’s ability to effectively control leakage. In addition to controlling destructive fl uid velocities, CCI utilizes both high actuation forces and uniquely designed seals and seat to maintain repeatable tight shutoff. By combining the advantages of DRAG ® with CCI’s advanced actuation, sealing and seating technology, CCI severe service control valves provide repeatable tight shutoff and reliable operation to assure customers that the costs associated with system leakage are truly being controlled.Exceptional Shutoff — Repeatable Class V (or better)DRAG ® severe service control valves offer exceptional shutoff performance to withstand long periods of closure at high pressure differentials. CCI uses a uniquely designed seat that, when combined with CCI’s high actuator force, delivers tight shutoff each and every time. The high actuator force coins (leaves a circumferential impression into) the valve seat ring. The coining erases micro scratches caused by fi ne debris in the fl uid, providing reliable and repeatable long-term shutoff. In applications that need tight shutoff, CCI provides Class V or MSS-SP-61 (equivalent to a block valve) closure.DRAG®Table 3: Recommendation for Seat Load Requirements in Control Valves ** Based on information presented in the publication “Control Valves - Practical Guides for Measurement and Control” edited by Guy Broden , Jr. and Paul G. Friedman, 1998 edition, published by ISA and other sources.To ensure absolutely tight shutoff, CCIprovides a DRAG ® valve with pressurized seating as illustrated above.InletA CCI DRAG ® valve equipped withRHP ™seating technology establishes ahigher standard of valves for critical gasapplications.。
计算机专业英语教案Unit1[合集]
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计算机专业英语教案Unit1[合集]第一篇：计算机专业英语教案Unit 1兰州外语职业学院教案专用纸专业：科目：教师：班级：年学年度第学期授课时数：授课时段：第周Unit ONEPC Overview CLASS TYPE:TEACHING OBJECTIVE 1.Master all the professional terms in this Unit.2.Understand the definition of PC3.Understand the main function Of Smartphone Tablet and Laptop4.Develop the students’ reading abilities.TEACHING APPROACH: 1.Method of Lecture 2.TBLT（Task Based Language Teaching）3.CLTA(Communicative Language Teaching Approach)TEACHING AIDS Chalk，Blackboard, Tape-recorder，Multi-media equipment.IMPORTANT POINTS: 1.Words and terms:2.What is the structure of PC? DIFFICULT POINTS: 1.Understand the main structure of PC TIME ALLOTMENT: 1).Warm up activities(2-3minutes)2).Homework checking& review(2minutes)3).Reading and translating(100minutes)4)Summary&Homework(5minutes)5).ReflectionsTEACHING PROCEDURE:I.LEAD IN(1).Which kinds of computers do you know?(2).Which parts of computer you know? What are their functions? II.NEW WORDS AND TERMS a)virtual terminal（虚拟终端）, virtual memory（虚拟内存）b)processor（处理器）,microprocessor（微处理器）c)computerized component（计算机化组件）d)browse the web （浏览网络）, browser（浏览器）e)keyboard（键盘），mouse （鼠标）f)floppy disk（软盘）, flash memory（优盘）g)monitor （显示器）h)MP3（MP3文件格式或MP3播放器）i)GPS（全球定位系统）III.TEACHING CONTENTS 1.Background of informationPPT(Omitted)nguage points(A)Sentence translating1.Virtually every facet of our lives has some computerized component.我们生活中的几乎每个方面都有一些计算机化的成份。
水工词汇翻译
汉英水工及特种工程常用词汇A安全第一，客户至上。
Safety First and Customers First安装工艺installation technique岸壁码头quay wall,bulkhead wharf暗挖hidden excavation凹槽方块modified cubeBBOT项目build-operate-transfer(建设-经营-移交)project半开放厂房semi-open space半龙门起重机semi-Goliath crane半潜驳船semi-submersible barge半潜平台semi-submersible platform半斜坡式码头semi-sloping-faced wharf半直立式码头semi-vertical-faced wharf爆扩桩exploded blown tip pile爆填排淤法blasting-desilting-fillingmethod壁行吊cantilever crane臂架型起重机jib type crane变坡横移variable slope traversing变坡横移架variable slope traversing cradle变坡横移纵向滑道longitudinal slipway with variable slope traversing,slope-varying transversal transition(traverser)longitudinal slipway,滨水景观waterfront landscape冰储冷系统usable ice storage system,并列船坞side-by-side docks,abreast arranged docks不分级抛石防波堤breakwater ofungraded-rubble mound with run ofquarry material不停产条件下增设闸门a gate was added in parallel with a ship being built onthe slipway,to build a dock gatewithout interrupting ship constructionCCAZ钢板桩CAZ sheet pile采样孔sampling hole操作性文件operation-document侧堤断面transversal section of the side dyke叉桩braced pile,raking pile插打塑料排水板to insert plastic drainage sheets拆船量预测prediction for demolition of ships产品工时product(vessel)man-hour, man-hour of vessel construction产品数据管理product data management (PDM)产业集群industry cluster产业类历史地段historic industry area厂前区prop-area超大直径圆形薄壁地下连续墙circular thin shell diaphragm wall of superdiameter超限高层an out-of-codes tall building超重量固定吊ultra large object crane沉降和变位construction settlement and displacement沉井open caisson沉井基层sunk shaft foundation沉埋管pipe laying by embedding(method) pipeline embedment，pipe burying沉箱岸壁caisson quay wall沉箱结构caisson structure沉箱拼装assembly of caisson沉箱升浆基床围堰caisson ascending stage cement-grouted beddingcofferdam沉箱围堰caisson cofferdam成品保护production protection,assembled/fabricated productprotection成组技术group technology(GT)承台式坞墙bearing platform dock wall framework城市化urbanization程序文件procedure-document,documented procedure持力层bearing layer冲箱造波机plunger-type wavemaker/wave generator初始应力initial stress储存预分离罐storage and pre-separation tank船模水池拖车ship model towing carriage 船排(轨道式修船设备)slipway，railway drydock船排承架slipway（marine railway）cradle，longitudinal slipway of carriage船排纵向滑道railway type longitudinal launching ways(slipway)船坞泵站dock pump station船坞灌水dock flooding船坞基坑foundation pit of dock粗钢筋bar reinforcement粗拧（固定螺栓）primary tightening参见复拧(固定螺栓)secondary(final)tighteningD打夯机rammer打入式灌筑桩cast-in-situ pile-driving大跨度H型钢截面屋架large spanH-section steel roof大门entrance大头圆柱桩belled–out cylindrical pile大型钢浮箱large steel pontoon大型排水箱涵large size scupper drain tank大直径圆形单排钢板桩围堰largecircular/ringed cofferdam with steelsheet piles带缆墩mooring dolphin袋装砂井packet sand drain袋装砂井堆载预压packet sand drain with heaped-up preload单向锥形空间桁架reverse delta truss,▽-shaped truss倒挂液压系统reversal/upside downhanged hydraulic system 捣实/夯实ramming低绿化率low afforest rate底板(水闸)(water lock)under floor底板slab底舱开放式open bottom tank地方船厂local shipyard地基foundation soil地基承载力work site bearing capacity地基承载能力bearing capacity offoundation地基处理foundation soil treatment地脚螺栓(柴油机)holding-down bolt地下复式汽车库underground compound garage地下连续墙diaphragm wall,diaphragm retaining wall地下连续墙码头diaphragm retaining quay wall地下水位water table,groundwater level电加热electric heating电离方程ionization equation吊车道crane track path吊车梁系统crane beam system丁坝groin,spur dike丁顺坝spur training dike顶、埋管工程pipe(duct,tube)jacking and burying project顶管（施工法）duct(tube,pipe)-jacking顶管pipe jacking顶管穿越城市建筑和道路duct jacking underground city buildings and roads 顶管工程pipe jacking engineering顶升平台jackup platform定位栈桥Positioning dolphin and bridges 陡坡steep slope堵口围堰closure cofferdam短肢剪力墙shear-wall structure with short limb堆场stack yard堆放stack堆载预压to preload with heaped weights 对流采暖convective heating墩式结构pier configuration墩式码头berthing pillar,dolphin type pier 墩柱式码头pillar quay蹾底bottom striking钝头桩blunt pile多管段沉埋法multi section ducts sunken technology多样化diversificationE二段缺氧-好氧生化处理工艺treatment method/technique of anoxic-aerobic-anoxic-aerobic(A-O-A-O)F筏板slab方案设计tentative/conceptual design feasibility design方块防波堤concrete-block gravity wall breakwater方块浇筑pouring of concrete block方块抛填block dumping方块码头concrete block quay wall方块压载loaded by concrete blocks防波堤breakwater，mole防波堤口门breakwater entrance,breakwater gap防波堤方块breakwater block防波堤胸墙crown wall防沙堤sediment barrier,jetty防渗to prevent permeation/leakage防渗结构anti-percolation防振沟anti vibration ditch非对称线性方程nonsymmetrical linear equation非生物降解废水non-biodegradedwastewater,废水处理站wastewater treatment station 分级抛石防波堤breakwater ofgraded-rubble mound with run ofquarry material粉喷桩dry cement jet mixing pile风化岩石weathered rock风机围护结构enclosure framework of fans 浮式坞门floating dock gate 浮箱式干船坞floating caisson type dry dock浮运沉埋钢管to bury steel ducts(pipes, tubes)via floating carriage(transport)method,复合桩基complex pile foundation复拧（固定螺栓）secondary(final)tightening参见粗拧（固定螺栓）primary tightening复兴renaissance复杂砖混结构Complex masonry structure 扶壁结构counterforted wall structure, buttressed wall structure扶壁式闸墙buttress wall,counterfort wall 扶壁码头counterfort quay,buttressed quayG改扩建工程conversion and expansion project干法施工dry excavation(method)干开挖施工dry excavation construction干砌块石/灌砌块护面capping rocks(mortar free laying stone)/blanketgrouting(grouted)干砌块石mortar free laying riprap rock (stone)干容重dry unit weight，volume-weight, appearance density刚性承台rigid relieving platform supported on bearing piles钢板桩steel sheet pile钢板桩围堰sheeting cofferdam钢材加工量steel processing amount钢沉箱steel caisson钢管混凝土结构concrete filled steeltubular structure钢结构排架steel framework钢筋网bar-mat reinforcement钢壳浮箱坞口steel floating pontoon dock entrance钢壳混凝土桩基沉井结构steel casing concrete pile base well,钢料入口steel plate entrance钢柱系统steel-column system钢珠滑道steel roller slipway港池port pool,harbor basin港池码头basin type quay/wharf高低轨纵向滑道high-low railways(slide guide)longitudinal slipway高含盐浓度废水high concentrated brine wastewater高精度恒温房constant temperature room with high precision thermostat,constant temperature room forhigh-precision instruments(devices),constant temperature room forsophisticated laboratory高压旋喷加固intensification to the silt soil by means of high pressure jetgrouting method高桩板梁结构high pile plate beamstructure,open pile and plate beamconfiguration(structure)高桩承台high-level platform supported on bearing piles,high pile-supportplatform格形板桩围堰grid sheet pile cofferdam格形地下连续墙grid diaphragm wall格形地下墙grid diaphragm wall,gridding concrete retaining wall隔声noise insulation工程监理engineering supervision工程造价Project cost,工业厂房industrial building工业规划设计美学design aesthetic of industrial planning工艺处理process工艺流程process flow工艺设计technological design,technology design,process design,engineeringprocess design公用动力public utility,utility power供电可靠性power supply reliability供水water supply供应链计划supply chain planning(SCP)拱形滑道cambered ways共同作用interaction 勾头丁坝hooked groin顾客需求和期望client’s demand and expectation管理信息化系统management information system管幕工法tunnel fore poling method(TFM), pipe roofing method灌浆mortar penetration,mortar grouting, grouting灌浆帷幕grouting screen灌砌块grouted blocks过电压保护overvoltage protectionHHIVAS焊接装置(high voltage ampere and speed)welding equipment/machine 海洋工程marine engineering海洋工程水池ocean basin含氟污水fluoride wastewater含油污水oily(waste)water焊材耗量consumption of welding material 焊接工时welding man-hour焊接箱形吊车梁welded box-section crane girder行车traveling crane河床river bed河道river channel/course河底river bottom河底宽bottom width of riverbed河口river mouth,stream outlet,estuary, outfall河口宽（河床上口宽度）Upper width of riverbed河口宽度（河流入海口宽度）stream outlet width，width at the mouth of a river，核心竞争力core-competitiveness黑臭河道polluted river channels恒温房constant temperature room横向高低轨滑道side slipway with top and lower railways横向高低腿滑道side slipway with wheels of transporter in different level(横向)倾斜下水滑道canted way横向梳式滑道comb type side slipway横向下水滑道side launching way横移transversal transition/motion/traveling 横移车transition carriage横移区transition zone横移区底板基础the bottom foundation (bedding)of the transition zone横移装置traverser衡重式方块码头counterweightcross-section block quay wall虹吸断流siphon water interception虹吸式屋面雨水排水系统siphon drainage system of roof后板桩式高桩码头rear sheet-pilingplatform,relieving platform type wharfsupported on bearing piles后张法预应力混凝土桩posttentioned prestressed concrete pile弧形纵向滑道arcing/arching longitudinal slipway,curved slipway互动化interaction护岸bank revetment，bank protection, shore protection护岸丁坝shore protection groin护岸潜堤submerged protection dike护岸墙bank revetting wall护脚工程toe protection of dam,toeprotection of slope护面wall panel,wall facing护面垫层fitter layer under armor护面块石armor rock护面块体armor unit护面块体安放artificial armor placement护坡slope protection,pitched slope滑道摇架slipway cradle滑道转盘slipway turntable化学品污水chemical wastewater化学旋喷桩chemical churning pile环境影响评价environment impactassessment(EIA)换气次数air change rate回淤siltation混合堤omposite dyke混流风机mixed-flow fans火灾探测报警系统fire detection and alarmsystemJ机加工作业油雾oil-mist in machining operation机械通风mechanical ventilation基础设施infrastructure基坑foundation pit极早期探测very early detection集中计量concentrative metering,centralized measurement system挤密法compaction process计算机辅助设计computer aideddesign(CAD)计算机辅助工程computer aidedengineering(CAE)计算机辅助制造computer aidedmanufacturing(CAM)计算机集成制造系统computer integrated manufacturing system(CIMS)计算流体力学computational fluiddynamics(CFD)加工和测试设备manufacturing and testing equipment加工设备machining equipment加固consolidation加固面积consolidation area加翼振动法vibro wing method加翼桩winged pile家庭网络household network家庭自动化household automation甲供材料监理supervision of material supplied by client,supervision(control)over client-supplied material 尖头桩pointed pile减少零件变化variety reduction program (VRP)舰船保障系统ship guarantee system江海滩涂river and sea beach(strands)浆砌块石mortar laying riprap rock/stone 接长工程lengthening project节能economizing energy,energyconservation(saving),reduce energyconsumption洁净度cleanness结构筋structural reinforcement bar结构空间整体性space monolithicperformance of structure结露(dew)condensation,dewfall,井壁刃脚the lower edge(rim)of the well casing井点排水drainage by well points井格式板梁well lattice beam净化purification净化送风单元purified air supply unit境外项目overseas project静电法electrostatic method静压箱static pressure box就地灌注桩site filling pile就地灌注混凝土桩(简称“灌注桩”)cast-in-situ concrete pile,cast-in-place concrete pile巨型方块防波堤gravity breakwater with giant blocks,concrete monolithupright on rubble mound compositebreakwater巨型分段giant(hull)block均质化homogenization均质滤料uniform(filtering)mediumK开敞式港池open dock,open basin,unclosed dock开底沉箱open caisson开放系统互连参考模型open system interconnection reference model(OSIRM)开孔箱防波堤perforated concrete caisson breakwater开山石quarry rock,shot rock抗风桁架wind resistant truss抗渗性anti-permeability抗震seismic resistance靠船墩berthing dolphin可持续发展sustainable development可控夯实回填controlled compactedrefilling 空调冷冻水系统HVAC chilled watersystem空间分析法three-dimensional analysis method空间桁架spatial joist,spatial truss,space truss空气处理机组air treatment unit空气污染治理air pollution treatment空心大板码头wharf of precast hollow slab, hollow flat slab type with open pilewharf）modified cube quay wall空心方块码头hollow square quay wall, concrete cellular block quay wall孔板送风air supply with aperture board孔道灌浆grouting in hole,grouting of annular space块石riprap rock/stone宽体式码头(连片式码头)solid deck pier扩建工程（项目）expansion projectLLNG气化站LNG vaporizing station缆风绳（牵索，绷绳）guy rope雷击电磁脉冲lightning electromagnetic impulse累积误差accumulative(accumulated) error冷凝水condensate离心式空压机centrifugal air compressor 立体仓库automatic warehouse,连片式码头(宽体式码头)solid deck pier临时刚性接头temporary rigid joint临时性provisionality龙骨墩keel(middle)block（船底龙骨板下的）,docking block(船坞的)楼宇自控系统building automation(BA) system漏电（自动）开关residual current（automatic）circuit breaker露天车间open air worksite,roof-free working field滤筒法filter cartridge method螺旋桩screw pileM码头wharf,pier码头岸线water front of wharf码头沉降量settlement of wharf码头端部翼墙wing wall at quay end码头扶壁quay wall counterfout码头改扩建工程（项目）wharf conversion and extension project码头管沟quay conduit and cable trench码头回填wharf back fill码头路面quay passage pavement码头铺面quay area pavement码头胸墙parapet wall,breast wall蛮石地基(基础)boulder base(foundation, bedding)锚拉杆anchored tie rod锚拉式钢板桩anchored steel sheet pile锚链调质处理生产线anchor chainhardening and tempering productionline门式刚架door-like rigid frame建议gantry rigid frame免维护maintenance free模块造船技术module shipbuildingtechnology抹平float木丝板wood wool board,cement bondN能耗energy consumption扭工（字）体护面doloses facing(revetment)扭工字块体dolos扭王字块体aooropodeP排水drainage discharge排水泵房drainage pumping station抛石riprapping of stone,dropping of rock 抛石基床riprap bed,riprap bedding,rubble foundation,rubble base抛石斜坡堤rock-filling sloped dike,抛填开山石dumped rock-filling泡沫喷淋系统foam sprinkling system配筋reinforcement,reinforcing bar 喷射钻孔灌注桩ejector-bored grouting pile 膨润土bentonite膨胀水泥expansive cement膨胀土expansion soil,heaving clay平底四脚锥体quadripod平地建造on-ground-build,to be built on ground平顶丁坝horizontal crest groin平面分段生产线panel(block)production line平面分析法planar analysis method平面桁架plane joist平顺护岸parallel revetmentQ企业资源计划enterprise resourcesplanning(ERP)起重运输lifting and transportation气动葫芦pneumatic hoist,air hoist气动式造波机pneumatic wavemaker气水反冲air-water backwashing气压沉箱pneumatic caisson气压式防波堤pneumatic breakwater气压挖泥船(气力泵挖泥船)pneumatic pump dredger砌石坝stone masonry dam前板桩高桩承台码头front sheet piling platform强夯heavily tamped,weight tampered墙架系统wall frame system桥式起重机overhead crane取水(引水)to intake water,water intake, water-intaking圈围enclosure,dyking,embankment圈围工程cofferdam engineering,enclosure/embankment engineering 全埋式地下车库whole-buriedunderground garage全淹没式高倍数泡沫灭火系统totalflooding of high expansion foamextinguishing systemR燃气红外线辐射取暖系统gas-fired infraredradiant heating system热水地板辐射采暖hot water floor radiant heating人车分流原则vehicles divided principle 人工岛artificial island人性化humanity(employee)-oriented，人字闸门miter gate柔性制造系统flexible manufacturing system(FMS)软基处理Soft-soil foundationprocessing/consolidation软体排(塑料沉排)plastic sinking mattress 软土地基soft ground,soft soil foundationSSMW工法SMW method三级离心冷水机组3-stage centrifugal chillers三角闸门wedge gate三维有限元法three dimensional finite element method,3D FE method三柱体(斜坡堤或护岸工程的护面）tribar 砂垫层sand cushion沙垫层分离结构sand cushion separation structure砂浆板桩Sand-grouting sheet piles砂土地层sandy foundation商业空间整合commercial spaceintegration上层建筑生产中心superstructureproduction center上排up to slipway上排重量ship-landing weight上挑丁坝upward-angled spur dike蛇动式造波机snake-motion typewavemaker社会化供应socialized supply,社会化专业化生产socialized andspecialized production深厚块石地层deep-thick block rock strata 深基础工程deep foundation(excavation) project深水试验池deepwater offshore basin升船机转盘turntable of ship lift 升浆cement grout升浆管grouting riser升浆技术step-up cement grout升降机上墩下水设备ship elevation plant生产管理production management生物化学处理biochemical treatment剩余电流保护装置residual current device （RCD）施工筋Constructional reinforcement bar石油转运oil transit时间序列法time series method事前控制advanced control适应性改造adaptability conversion手拉葫芦chain block疏水阀（阻汽器）steam trap输水water delivery塑料沉排(软体排)plastic sinking mattress,塑料排水板plastic drainage sheet，plastic dewatering sheet树脂模铸型母线resin-molded bus-bar (bus-bar insulated by mold-castresin)竖管灌注混凝土concreting with tremie竖直防渗措施vertical waterproofing device, vertical watertight measure数控等离子切割机NC plasma cutting machine数控激光切割机NC laser cutting machine 数值模拟numerical simulation数值模拟计算numerical modeling双壁园形钢沉箱double wall round steel caisson双工况duplex operation双轨分节式船排小车（首车）dual-rail fore carriage,multi-section type双排钢板桩double-wall steel sheet pile, double-row steel sheet pile双曲线整流隔板hyperbola commutate clapboard建议hyperbola fairing vane(plate)双向廊道bidirectional tunnel水储冷系统usable chilled water storage system水工工程hydraulic engineering,waterfrontengineering/project水工工艺waterfront technic/technology水工混凝土hydraulic engineering concrete 水工建筑(物)hydraulic structure,hydro-structure,marine structure(construction)水工结构hydraulic configuration,waterfront structure(facilities,installations)水工结构设计maritime structure design 水工设施waterfront facilities(installations)水力回填hydraulic refilling水泥灌浆cement grouting水泥搅拌桩in-situ mixing concrete pile水泥搅拌桩加固to be reinforced with in-situ mixing concrete piles水泥土搅拌桩cement soil mixing stake,水平船台horizontal berth,horizontalbuilding berth,horizontal ship berth水平滑道horizontal launching way/slipway 水上基坑excavation pit in water area水上基坑围护法construction method of foundation pit surrounded by water水上抛填dumping and filling on water水下岸坡shoreface inshore水下沉桩driving under water水下封底bottom covering method in the pit水下基槽开挖underwater foundation trench excavation水下基层爆炸夯实blasting compaction of underwater bedding水下基床抛石underwater foundation rock filling水下浇灌混凝土subaqueous concreting水下清淤underwater desilting水下清渣underwater clearing水下施工sub-aqueous construction水下整平机underwater flattener(leveling) machine顺岸码头marginal type wharf,marginal type quay顺堤parallel dyke四脚空心方块hollow-square(?)四脚锥体tetrapod送排风系统ventilation system素混凝土垫层plain concrete cushion素土natural soil碎石垫层Crushed rock cushion隧道型全封闭声屏障roofed soundproof shied,tunnel type soundproof barrierT藤壶balanus,acorn shell梯度输送理论gradient transportation theory天然冲积堤levee天然石材natural stone统筹原理statistical principle突堤码头jetty type wharf,pier,finger pier 土坝earth dam土坝围堰earth dam cofferdam土的最大干容重maximum volume-weight of dry soil,maximum dry bulk densityof soil土方开挖earth excavation土工织物geo-textile civil engineering fabric土夯实ramming of earth，earth ramming 土沙心堤rubble mound with a loam core 土围堰earth cofferdam土压力盒pressure cells土压实rolling of earth脱硫desulphurizationW挖除污泥sullage(mud,muck,slurry) removed挖入式港池excavated basin,dig-in basin 外部围护结构设计design ofexterior-protective structure,structuredesign for exterior protection外闸首outer lock head网架reticular frame网架结构grid structure围堤embankment文克尔地基梁Wenkler grade beam稳定性分析stability analysis卧式轴流水泵horizontal axial flow pump 污水综合排放标准Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard(DB31/199-1997)屋顶自然通风器roof natural vent devices 屋架系统roof frame system,roof system 无梁楼盖non-beam flat slab无梁面板高桩码头wharf of precastreinforcement concrete slab withoutbeam flat slab type open pile wharf无声打桩机silent pile driver,hydraulic pile driver无围堰湿法施工cofferdam-free wetconstruction method无限自走推进工法Endless Self Advancing Method(ESA)坞壁结构dock wall framework水工工艺marlin engineering坞底板dock floor坞墩docking block坞口dock head(mouth),entrance of dock, dock entrance坞口砌石stone facing of dock entrance坞门dock gate,caisson坞门槽dock gate slot坞门墩dock gate block坞门槛dock threshold坞墙dock wall坞墙垂直度dock wall squareness坞墙位移dock wall displacement坞室dock chamber物流组织logistics organization物探geophysical explorationX西气东输工程West-east natural gastransportation project,west-to-eastgas delivery project舾装码头outfitting quay下水坞上坞阶upper stage of dock,下水坞下坞阶lower stage of dock下挑丁坝downward-angled spur dike先张法预应力混凝土桩pretentioning(prestressed)concrete pile,pretentioned concrete pile现场控制单元local control unit现场总线field bus现场总线控制系统field-bus control system (FCS)现代造船模式modern shipbuilding mode 箱模式Box model项目监理project supervision，project supervisor/overseer（职务）削角式防波堤chamfered gravitybreakwater消声水池sound-absorbing basin楔形架横向滑道V-shape(wedge type) cradle transversal slipway(sidelaunching way)斜架滑道inclined(frame)launching way 斜架纵向滑道inclined cradle longitudinal slipway斜坡堤inclined breakwater,sloping dyke 斜坡水池slope(water)basin泄压比值ratio of released pressure泄压面积area of released pressure信息化建设information construction信息技术information technology(IT)虚拟现实virtual reality(VR)虚墙fictitious wall旋喷基床churning(pile)bedding旋喷桩churning pileY压力灌浆pressure grouting压桩pile jacking,thrust pile driving摇板造波机rocker wave generator,paddle type wavemaker摇板造波机rocker wave-generator摇架滑轨=cradle slide guide摇架纵向滑道tiltable cradle longitudinal slipway一次泵变流量系统variable primary flow system一次泵定流量系统constant primary flow system一次性整体沉埋sink/bury the ducts as a whole(in one stroke)一字闸门(单扇旋转闸门)single revoluting gate移动点式载荷movable point-mode load异形方块码头modified cube quay wall异形块体irregualar concrete unit引桥bridge approach,approach pier引桥式码头T-head,L-shaped(п-shaped) pier,approach trestle pier引水工程river diversion works饮食业废水catering wastewater永久驳岸permanent bulkhead油码头oil terminal游泳馆natatorium有机污染物organic pollutants淤泥质土silty soil淤塞to silt up鱼道channel/opening for fish migration, fish-way,fish-pass雨淋系统water sprinkling(sprayer)system 雨水泵站rainfall pump station预装配箱式配电站preassembledcontainer-type power distributionstation(substation)运输和吊装transportation and liftingZ早强混凝土early strength concrete造波系统wave-making system造船坞dry dock,building dock造风系统wind generation system造流系统current flow generating system, current generation system噪声控制noise control噪声治理noise treatment栅栏板护面fence protective covering照度illuminance，illumination intensity照明灯具luminaires,lighting fixtures折线（变坡）滑道knuckling line slipway 枕木道砟/渣结构crosstie-ballastconfiguration(structure,construction)振冲碎石桩vibrator-impactedcrushed-rock pile振动屏障vibration shield真空预压vacuum pre-loading 整体钢浮箱integrated steel pontoon整体砌筑码头masonry quay wall整体式浮船坞single unit floating dock整体稳定monolithic stability整治工程rectification(regulation)project 支承桩end-bearing pile支持墙gate quoin支墩式靠船建筑物counterfort berthing structure直接数字（码）控制direct digital control (DDC)止滑器trigger止水墙water-proof wall止水帷幕water-proof curtain制造工艺manufacturing technicsfabrication technology制造资源计划manufacturing resources planning(MRP)智能家居intelligent residence中间类型桩friction and end-bearing pile 重大件heavy component(object)重大件吊装设备heavy lift facility重载水平船台heavy loaded shipbuilding berth轴向直流式旋风除尘器axial cyclone主桩板桩结构pile and sheet-pile主桩套板结构pile with horizontal timber 注浆管cement mortar filling pipe注水式船坞flooding dock柱帽column cap专管输送supply(deliver)gas via special designed pipeline转轮除湿机rotary dehumidifier转盘架体turning table cradle/poppet转盘纵向滑道turntable longitudinalslipway桩单元模型Pile cell model桩筏基础piles-raft foundation桩基pile foundation装配式浮囤船assembled type(floating) dummy barge装卸loading and unloading自动灭火系统automatic fire extinguishing system自动喷水-泡沫联用系统combinedfoam-sprinkling system自立式围护结构self-retaining structure自然通风natural ventilation自体抗沉floatage resisting with ownweight综合溢流系统integrated overflowingsystem总承包管理general(design andconstruction)contractingmanagement总平面布置general layout纵向船排滑道longitudinal slipway ofcarriage纵向垂直升船机longitudinal type vertical ship lifter纵向倾斜船台longitudinal inclined building berth纵向倾斜船台及滑道longitudinal inclined slipway and launching way纵向水平(下水)滑道horizontal launching longitudinal slipway阻尼隔声包扎insulation dampingenswathe组合钢板桩combined steel pile对拉结构back-to-back tie rods组合式吊车梁combined crane girder钻孔（灌注）桩bored pile作业指导书operational instructions---------。
海洋石油专业英语
海洋石油专业英语单词及短语atmospheric vent 放空阀auto—drain valve 自动排放阀backwash return pump 反冲洗循环泵blind spectacle flange 双孔盲法兰blow down vessel 排放罐boiler make-up pump 锅炉提升泵centrifugal pump 离心泵chemical seal 化学密封clean water surge tank 净化水缓冲罐close drain tank 闭式排放罐coalescer 聚集器condensate drum 冷凝液罐corrugated plate inclining separator(CPI separator) 波形斜板隔油器脱水预热器crude cooler 原油冷却器crude heat exchanger原油热交换器crude suction strainer 原油吸入滤器drilling and production platform 钻采平台deaeration tower 除氧塔dehydration preheater 脱水预热器diaphragm valve薄膜调节阀diesel storage tank 柴油罐differential pressure control valve 差压控制阀dispersed gas floater 力口气浮选器displacement oil pump 置换油泵drain pit 排放池electric desalter 电脱盐器electric hydraulic valve 电液控制阀electric submergible pump 电潜泵emergence shutdown valve 紧急关断阀fine filtration scour细滤器洗刷风机first stage separator 一级分离器flare assembly火炬燃烧总成flare pilot gas火炬点火气floater controlled valve 浮球控制阀FPSU-floating oil production andstore unit 浮式生产储油系统free water knock-out自由水分离气fresh water maker unit 淡水制造装置fuel gas heater燃料气加热器fuel gas system 燃料气加热系统fusible plug 易熔塞heat traced pipeline 伴热管线heater力口热器heater treater feed pump热处理器供液泵high pressure condensate drum 高压冷凝罐high pressure gas knock-out drum 高压燃料气分离罐high-high pressure separator 高高压分离器hose connection 软管接头hydraulic lines 液压管线hydraulic operated valve 液压控制阀hydraulic piston pump 水力活塞泵igniter 点火器insulation flange 绝缘法兰jet pump 射流泵jump hose 跨越软管LCP-local control panel 就地控制盘low pressure flare 低压燃料火炬main boiler 主锅炉main process lines 主流程管线normally open（close）valve 常开（关）阀oily water tank含油污水舱package equipment 组块设备pig launcher 清管球发射器plate attachment板间连接件pneumatic operated valve 气动控制阀sample connection 取样接头sand filter 砂滤器sans scrubber砂净化器screw pump 螺杆泵scum vessel 渣油罐solenoid operated with manual reset valve 手动复位电磁阀solenoid valve 电磁阀pneumatic operated with manual 电磁阀seawater coarse filterreset valve 手动复位气动阀position light 状态灯pressure regulation valve 压力调节阀pressure safety valve 压力安全阀production manifold 生产管汇production train shut-down panel 生产系列关断盘seawater coarse filter reset valve 海水提升泵self-contained pressure regulation valve 自给式压力调节阀service water supply system 服务水供给系统_ *1 _ 。
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Downstream diffusers
• 噪音隔离
Acoustic lagging
• 消音器
Silencers
• 围住阀门
Housing around valve
• 附加的管道结构支撑
Added piping structural support
• 持续维修
Continuous repair
© 2006. CCI – Control Components Inc. All rights reserved.
Trading company Shandong Fenghui Logistics Trade Co. Ltd H&H Engineering Limited Shanghai C&D CO.,LTD. 中文名称
Sunergy Technology Co., Ltd.
Chokeflo Controls Ltd. Shanghai Resup E.M.E Co., Ltd BSI(H.K) HOLDING LTD
Compressor anti-surge
• 工艺气体降压 Process gas depressurizing • 工艺气体放空/燃料气放火炬 Gas to vent / flare • 自备电厂用阀门 Auxiliary power unit valves • 高压差（△P>80Bar） HP Application
工程热力学第三版答案【英文】第一章
1-2There is no truth to his claim. It violates the second law of thermodynamics. 1-14A gas tank is being filled with gasoline at a specified flow rate. Based on unit considerations alone, a relation is to be obtained for the filling time. Assumptions Gasoline is an incompressible substance and the flow rate is constant.Analysis The filling time depends on the volume of the tank and the discharge rate of gasoline. Also, we know that the unit of time is ‘seconds’. Therefore, the independent quantities should be arranged such that we end up with the unit of seconds. Putting the given information into perspective, we havet [s] [L], and [L/s}It is obvious that the only way to end up with the unit “s” for time is to divide the tank volume by the discharge rate. Therefore, the desired relation is Discussion Note that this approach may not work for cases that involve dimensionless (and thus unitless) quantities.1-25A process during which the temperature remains constant is called isothermal; a process during which the pressure remains constant is called isobaric; and a process during which the volume remains constant is called isochoric.1-38The change in water temperature given in F unit is to be converted to C, K and R units.Analysis Using the conversion relations between the various temperature scales,1-49The pressure in a pressurized water tank is measured by a multi-fluid manometer. The gage pressure of air in the tank is to be determined. Assumptions The air pressure in the tank is uniform (i.e., its variation with elevation is negligible due to its low density), and thus we can determine the pressure at the air-water interface.Properties The densities of mercury, water, and oil are given to be 13,600, 1000, and 850 kg/m3, respectively.Analysis Starting with the pressure at point 1 at the air-water interface, and moving along the tube by adding (as we go down) or subtracting (as we go up) th e terms until we reach point 2, and setting the result equal to P atm since the tube is open to the atmosphere givesSolving for P1,or,Noting that P1,gage = P1 - P atm and substituting,Discussion Note that jumping horizontally from one tube to the next and realizing that pressure remains the same in the same fluid simplifies the analysis greatly.1-55The pressure in chamber 1 of the two-piston cylinder shown in the figure is to be determined.Analysis Summing the forces acting on the piston in the vertical direction givesF1F2F3which when solved for P1 givessince the areas of the piston faces are given bythe above equation becomes1-63A gas contained in a vertical piston-cylinder device is pressurized by a spring and by the weight of the piston. The pressure of the gas is to be determined. Analysis Drawing the free body diagram of thepiston and balancing the vertical forces yieldF springP atmPW = mgThus,1-74Fresh and seawater flowing in parallel horizontal pipelines are connected to each other by a double U-tube manometer. The pressure difference between the two pipelines is to be determined.Assumptions 1 All the liquids areincompressible. 2 The effect of aircolumn on pressure is negligible.FreshWaterh wh seah airSeaWaterMercuryAirh HgProperties The densities of seawaterand mercury are given to be sea =1035 kg/m3 and Hg = 13,600 kg/m3.We take the density of water to be w=1000 kg/m3.Analysis Starting with the pressurein the fresh water pipe (point 1) andmoving along the tube by adding (aswe go down) or subtracting (as wego up) the terms until we reach thesea water pipe (point 2), and settingthe result equal to P2givesRearranging and neglecting the effect of air column on pressure, Substituting,Therefore, the pressure in the fresh water pipe is 3.39 kPa higher than the pressure in the sea water pipe.Discussion A 0.70-m high air column with a density of 1.2 kg/m3 corresponds to a pressure difference of 0.008 kPa. Therefore, its effect on the pressure difference between the two pipes is negligible.1-83A multi-fluid container is connected to a U-tube. For the given specific gravities and fluid column heights, the gage pressure at A and the height of a mercury column that would create the same pressure at A are to be determined.Assumptions 1 All the liquids areincompressible. 2 The multi-fluidcontainer is open to the atmosphere.A90 cm70 cm30 cm15 cmGlycerinSG=1.26OilSG=0.90Water20 cmProperties The specific gravities aregiven to be 1.26 for glycerin and 0.90for oil. We take the standard density ofwater to be w=1000 kg/m3, and thespecific gravity of mercury to be 13.6.Analysis Starting with the atmosphericpressure on the top surface of thecontainer and moving along the tube byadding (as we go down) or subtracting(as we go up) the terms until we reachpoint A, and setting the result equal toP A giveRearranging and using the definition of specific gravity,orSubstituting,The equivalent mercury column height isDiscussion Note that the high density of mercury makes it a very suitable fluid for measuring high pressures in manometers.1-109The gage pressure in a pressure cooker is maintained constant at 100 kPa by a petcock. The mass of the petcock is to be determined.Assumptions There is no blockage of the pressure release valve.W = mgP atmPAnalysis Atmospheric pressure is acting on allsurfaces of the petcock, which balances itself out.Therefore, it can be disregarded in calculations ifwe use the gage pressure as the cooker pressure. Aforce balance on the petcock (F y = 0) yields1-119A relation for the air drag exerted on a car is to be obtained in terms of on the drag coefficient, the air density, the car velocity, and the frontal area of the car.Analysis The drag force depends on a dimensionless drag coefficient, the air density, the car velocity, and the frontal area. Also, the unit of force F is newton N, which is equivalent to kgm/s2. Therefore, the independent quantities should be arranged such that we end up with the unit kgm/s2 for the drag force. Putting the given information into perspective, we haveF D [ kgm/s2] C Drag [], A front [m2],[kg/m3], and V [m/s]It is obvious that the only way to end up with the unit “kgm/s2” for drag force is to multiply mass with the square of the velocity and the fontal area, with the drag coefficient serving as the constant of proportionality. Therefore, the desired relation isDiscussion Note that this approach is not sensitive to dimensionless quantities, and thus a strong reasoning is required.。
航海英语词汇
metacenter 稳心metacentric height 稳心高metal plate path 金属板电镀槽metal worker 金属工metric unit 公制单位middle line plane 中线面midship section 舯横剖面midship section coefficient 中横剖面系数ML 物资清单，物料表model tank 船模试验水池monitoring desk of main engine operation 主机操作监视台monitoring screen of screw working condition 螺旋桨运转监视屏more shape to the shell 船壳板的形状复杂mould loft 放样间multihull vessel 多体船multi-purpose carrier 多用途船multi-ship program 多种船型建造规划mushroom ventilator 蘑菇形通风桶mutually exclusive attribute 相互排它性的属性N/C 数值控制nautical mile 海里naval architecture 造船学navigation area 航区navigation deck 航海甲板near-universal gear 准万向舵机，准万向齿轮net-load curve 静载荷曲线neutral axis 中性轴，中和轴neutral equilibrium 中性平衡non-retractable fin stabilizer 不可收放式减摇鳍normal 法向的，正交的normal operating condition 常规运作状况nose cone 螺旋桨整流帽notch 开槽，开凹口oar 橹，桨oblique bitts 斜式双柱系缆桩ocean going ship 远洋船off-center loading 偏离中心的装载offsets 型值offshore drilling 离岸钻井offshore structure 离岸工程结构物oil filler 加油点oil skimmer 浮油回收船oil-rig 钻油架on-deck girder 甲板上桁架open water 敞水optimality criterion 最优性准则ore carrier 矿砂船orthogonal 矩形的orthogonal 正交的out strake 外列板outboard motor 舷外机outboard profile 侧视图outer jib 外首帆outfit 舾装outfitter 舾装工outrigger 舷外吊杆叉头overall stability 总体稳性overhang 外悬paddle 桨paddle-wheel-propelled 明轮推进的Panama Canal 巴拿马运河panting arrangement 强胸结构，抗拍击结构panting beam 强胸横梁panting stringer 抗拍击纵材parallel middle body 平行中体partial bulkhead 局部舱壁payload 有效载荷perpendicular 柱，垂直的，正交的photogrammetry 投影照相测量法pile driving barge 打桩船pillar 支柱pin jig 限位胎架pintle 销，枢轴pipe fitter 管装工pipe laying barge 铺管驳船piston 活塞pitch 螺距pitch 纵摇plan views 设计图planning hull 滑行船体Plimsoll line 普林索尔载重线polar-exploration craft 极地考察船poop 尾楼port 左舷port call 沿途到港停靠positive righting moment 正扶正力矩power and lighting system 动力与照明系统precept 技术规则preliminary design 初步设计pressure coaming 阻力式舱口防水挡板principal dimensions 主尺度Program Evaluation and Review Technique 规划评估与复核法progressive flooding 累进进水project 探照灯propeller shaft bracket 尾轴架propeller type log 螺旋桨推进器测程仪PVC foamed plastic PVC泡沫塑料quadrant 舵柄quality assurance 质量保证quarter 居住区quarter pillar 舱内侧梁柱quartering sea 尾斜浪quasi-steady wave 准定长波quay 码头，停泊所quotation 报价单racking 倾斜，变形，船体扭转变形radiography X射线探伤rake 倾斜raked bow 前倾式船首raster 光栅refrigerated cargo ship 冷藏货物运输船Register （船舶）登录簿，船名录Registo Italiano Navade 意大利船级社regulating knob of fuel pressure 燃油压力调节钮reserve buoyancy 储备浮力residuary resistance 剩余阻力resultant 合力reverse frame 内底横骨Reynolds number 雷诺数right-handed propeller 右旋进桨righting arm 扶正力臂，恢复力臂rigid side walls 刚性侧壁rise of floor 底升riverine warfare vessel 内河舰艇rivet 铆接，铆钉roll 横摇roll-on/roll-off (Ro/Ro) 滚装rotary screw propeller 回转式螺旋推进器rounded gunwale 修圆的舷边rounded sheer strake 圆弧舷板rubber tile 橡皮瓦rudder 舵rudder bearing 舵承rudder blade 舵叶rudder control rod 操舵杆rudder gudgeon 舵钮rudder pintle 舵销rudder post 舵柱rudder spindle 舵轴rudder stock 舵杆rudder trunk 舵杆围井run 去流段sag 中垂salvage lifting vessel 救捞船scale 缩尺，尺度schedule coordination 生产规程协调schedule reviews 施工生产进度审核screen bulkhead 轻型舱壁Sea keeping performance 耐波性能sea spectra 海浪谱sea state 海况seakeeping 适航性seasickness 晕船seaworthness 适航性seaworthness 适航性section moulus 剖面模数sectiongs 剖面，横剖面self-induced 自身诱导的self-propulsion 自航semi-balanced rudder 半平衡舵semi-submersible drilling rig 半潜式钻井架shaft bossing 轴榖shaft bracket 轴支架shear 剪切，剪力shear buckling 剪切性屈曲shear curve 剪力曲线sheer 舷弧sheer aft 艉舷弧sheer drawing 剖面图sheer forward 艏舷弧sheer plane 纵剖面sheer profile 总剖线sheer profile 纵剖图shell plating 船壳板ship fitter 船舶装配工ship hydrodynamics 船舶水动力学shipway 船台shipyard 船厂shrouded screw 有套罩螺旋桨，导管螺旋桨side frame 舷边肋骨side keelson 旁内龙骨side plate 舷侧外板side stringer 甲板边板single-cylinder engine 单缸引擎sinkage 升沉six degrees of freedom 六自由度skin friction 表面摩擦力skirt （气垫船）围裙slamming 砰击sleeve 套管，套筒，套环slewing hydraulic motor 回转液压马达slice 一部分，薄片sloping shipway 有坡度船台sloping top plate of bottom side tank 底边舱斜顶板slopint bottom plate of topside tank 定边舱斜底板soft chine 圆舭sonar 声纳spade rudder 悬挂舵spectacle frame 眼睛型骨架speed-to-length ratio 速长比sponson deck 舷伸甲板springing 颤振stability 稳性stable equilibrium 稳定平衡starboard 右舷static equilibrium 静平衡steamer 汽轮船steering gear 操纵装置，舵机stem 船艏stem contour 艏柱型线stern 船艉stern barrel 尾拖网滚筒stern counter 尾突体stern ramp 尾滑道，尾跳板stern transom plate 尾封板stern wave 艉波stiffen 加劲，加强stiffener 扶强材，加劲杆straddle 跨立，外包式叶片strain 应变strake 船体列板streamline 流线streamlined casing 流线型套管strength curves 强度曲线strength deck 强力甲板stress concentration 应力集中structural instability 结构不稳定性strut 支柱，支撑构型subassembly 分部装配subdivision 分舱submerged nozzle 浸没式喷口submersible 潜期suction back of a blade 桨叶片抽吸叶背Suez Canal tonnage 苏伊士运河吨位限制summer load water line 夏季载重水线superintendent 监督管理人，总段长，车间主任superstructure 上层建筑Supervision of the Society’s surveyor船级社验船师的监造书supper cavitating propeller 超空泡螺旋桨surface nozzle 水面式喷口surface piercing 穿透水面的surface preparation and coating 表面加工处理与喷涂surge 纵荡surmount 顶上覆盖，越过swage plate 压筋板swash bulkhead 止荡舱壁SWATH (Small Waterplane Area Twin Hull) 小水线面双体船sway 横荡tail-stabilizer anchor 尾翼式锚talking paper 讨论文件tangential 切向的，正切的tangential viscous force 切向粘性力tanker 油船tee T型构件，三通管tender 交通小艇tensile stress 拉（张）应力thermal effect 热效应throttle valve 节流阀throughput 物料流量thrust 推力thruster 推力器，助推器timber carrier 木材运输船tip of a blade 桨叶叶梢tip vortex 梢涡toed towards amidships 趾部朝向船舯tonnage 吨位torpedo 鱼雷torque 扭矩torque 扭矩trailing edge 随边transom stern 方尾transverse bulkhead plating 横隔舱壁板transverse section 横剖面transverse stability 横稳性trawling 拖网trial 实船试验trim 纵倾trim by the stern/bow 艉艏倾trimaran 三体的tripping bracket 防倾肘板trough 波谷tugboat 拖船tumble home （船侧）内倾tunnel wall effect 水桶壁面效应turnable blade 可转动式桨叶turnable shrouded screw 转动导管螺旋桨tweendeck cargo space 甲板间舱tweendedk frame 甲板间肋骨two nodded frequency 双节点频率ULCC 超级大型原油轮ultrasonic 超声波的underwriter （海运）保险商unsymmetrical 非对称的upright position 正浮位置vapor pocket 气化阱ventilation and air conditioning diagram 通风与空调铺设设计图Venturi section 文丘里试验段vertical prismatic coefficient 横剖面系数vertical-axis(cycloidal)propeller 直叶（摆线）推进器vessel component vender 造船部件销售商viscosity 粘性VLCC 巨型原油轮Voith-Schneider propeller 外摆线直翼式推进器v-section v型剖面wake current 伴流，尾流water jet 喷水（推进）管water plane 水线面watertight integrity 水密完整性wave pattern 波形wave suppressor 消波器，消波板wave-making resistance 兴波阻力weather deck 露天甲板web 腹板web beam 强横梁web frame 腹肋板weler 焊工wetted surface 湿表面积winch 绞车windlass 起锚机wing shaft 侧轴wing-keel 翅龙骨（游艇）working allowance 有效使用修正量worm gear 蜗轮，蜗杆yacht 快艇yard issue 船厂开工任务发布书yards 帆桁yaw 首摇afaired set of lines 经过光顺处理的一套型线a stereo pair of photographs 一对立体投影相片abaft 朝向船体abandonment cost 船舶废置成本费用accommodation 居住（舱室）accommodation ladder 舷梯adjust valve 调节阀adjustable-pitch 可调螺距式admiralty 海军部advance coefficient 进速系数aerostatic 空气静力学的aft peak bulkhead 艉尖舱壁aft peak tank 艉尖舱aileron 副鳍air cushion vehicle 气垫船air diffuser 空气扩散器air intake 进气口aircraft carrier 航空母舰air-driven water pump 气动水泵airfoil 气翼，翼剖面，机面，方向舵alignment chock 组装校准用垫楔aluminum alloy structure 铝合金结构American Bureau of Shipping 美国船级社amidships 舯amphibious 两栖的anchor arm 锚臂anchor chain 锚链anchor crown 锚冠anchor fluke 锚爪anchor mouth 锚唇anchor recess 锚穴anchor shackle 锚卸扣anchor stock 锚杆angle bar 角钢angle of attack 攻角angle plate 角钢angled deck 斜角甲板anticipated loads encountered at sea 在波浪中遭遇到的预期载荷anti-pitching fins 减纵摇鳍antiroll fins 减摇鳍anti-rolling tank 减摇水舱appendage 附体artisan 技工assembly line 装配流水线at-sea replenishment 海上补给augment of resistance 阻力增额auxiliary systems 辅机系统auxiliary tank 调节水舱axial advance 轴向进速backing structure 垫衬结构back-up member 焊接垫板balance weight 平衡锤ball bearing 滚珠轴承ball valve 球阀ballast tank 压载水舱bar 型材bar keel 棒龙骨，方龙骨，矩形龙骨barge 驳船baseline 基线basic design 基本设计batten 压条，板条beam 船宽，梁beam bracket 横梁肘板beam knee 横梁肘板bed-plate girder 基座纵桁bending-moment curves 弯矩曲线Benoulli’s law伯努利定律berth term 停泊期bevel 折角bidder 投标人bilge 舭，舱底bilge bracket 舭肘板bilge radius 舭半径bilge sounding pipe 舭部边舱水深探管bitt 单柱系缆桩blade root 叶跟blade section 叶元剖面blast 喷丸block coefficient 方形系数blue peter 出航旗boarding deck 登艇甲板boat davit 吊艇架boat fall 吊艇索boat guy 稳艇索bobstay 首斜尾拉索body plan 横剖面图bolt 螺栓，上螺栓固定Bonjean curve 邦戎曲线boom 吊杆boss 螺旋桨轴榖bottom side girder 旁底桁bottom side tank 底边舱bottom transverse 底列板boundary layer 边界层bow line 前体纵剖线bow wave 艏波bowsprit 艏斜桅bow-thruster 艏侧推器box girder 箱桁bracket floor 框架肋板brake 制动装置brake band 制动带brake crank arm 制动曲柄brake drum 刹车卷筒brake hydraulic cylinder 制动液压缸brake hydraulic pipe 刹车液压管breadth extreme 最大宽，计算宽度breadth moulded 型宽breakbulk 件杂货breasthook 艏肘板bridge 桥楼，驾驶台bridge console stand 驾驶室集中操作台BSRA 英国船舶研究协会buckle 屈曲buffer spring 缓冲弹簧built-up plate section 组合型材bulb plate 球头扁钢bulbous bow 球状船艏，球鼻首bulk carrier 散货船bulk oil carrier 散装油轮bulkhead 舱壁bulwark 舷墙bulwark plate 舷墙板bulwark stay 舷墙支撑buoy tender 航标船buoyant 浮力的buoyant box 浮箱Bureau Veritas 法国船级社butt weld 对缝焊接butterfly screw cap 蝶形螺帽buttock 后体纵剖线by convention 按照惯例，按约定cable ship 布缆船cable winch 钢索绞车CAD(computer-aided design) 计算机辅助设计CAE(computer-aided manufacturing) 计算机辅助制造CAM(computer-aided engineering) 计算机辅助工程camber 梁拱cant beam 斜横梁cant frame 斜肋骨cantilever beam 悬臂梁capacity plan 舱容图CAPP(computer –aided process planning) 计算机辅助施工计划制定capsize 倾覆capsizing moment 倾覆力臂captain 船长captured-air-bubble vehicle 束缚气泡减阻船cargo cubic 货舱舱容，载货容积cargo handling 货物装卸carriage 拖车，拖架cast steel stem post 铸钢艏柱catamaran 高速双体船catamaran 双体的cavitation 空泡cavitation number 空泡数cavitation tunnel 空泡水筒center keelson 中内龙骨centerline bulkhead 中纵舱壁centroid 型心，重心，质心，矩心chain cable stopper 制链器chart 海图charterer 租船人chief engineer 轮机长chine 舭，舷，脊chock 导览钳CIM(computer integrated manufacturing) 计算机集成组合制造circulation theory 环流理论classification society 船级社cleat 系缆扣clipper bow 飞剪型船首clutch 离合器coastal cargo 沿海客货轮cofferdam 防撞舱壁combined cast and rolled stem 混合型艏柱commercial ship 营利用船commissary spaces 补给库舱室，粮食库common carrier 通用运输船commuter 交通船compartment 舱室compass 罗经concept design 概念设计connecting tank 连接水柜constant-pitch propeller 定螺距螺旋桨constraint condition 约束条件container 集装箱containerized 集装箱化contract design 合同设计contra-rotating propellers 对转桨controllable-pitch 可控螺距式corrosion 锈蚀，腐蚀couple 力矩，力偶crane 克令吊，起重机crank 曲柄crest (of wave) 波峰crew quarters 船员居住舱criterion 判据，准则Critical Path Method 关键路径法cross-channel automobile ferries 横越海峡车客渡轮cross-sectional area 横剖面面积crow’s nest桅杆瞭望台cruiser stern 巡洋舰尾crussing range 航程cup and ball joint 球窝关节curvature 曲率curves of form 各船形曲线cushion of air 气垫damage stability 破损稳性damper 缓冲器damping 阻尼davit arm 吊臂deadweight 总载重量de-ballast 卸除压载deck line at side 甲板边线deck longitudinal 甲板纵骨deck stringer 甲板边板deck transverse 强横梁deckhouse 舱面室，甲板室deep v hull 深v型船体delivery 交船depth 船深derrick 起重机，吊杆design margin 设计余量design spiral 设计螺旋循环方式destroyer 驱逐舰detachable shackle 散合式连接卸扣detail design 详细设计diagonal stiffener 斜置加强筋diagram 图，原理图，设计图diesel engine 柴油机dimensionless ratio 无量纲比值displacement 排水量displacement type vessel 排水型船distributed load 分布载荷division 站，划分，分隔do work 做功dock 泊靠double hook 山字钩double iteration procedure 双重迭代法double roller chock 双滚轮式导览钳double-acting steam cylinder 双向作用的蒸汽气缸down halyard 降帆索draft 吃水drag 阻力，拖拽力drainage 排水draught 吃水，草图，设计图，牵引力dredge 挖泥船drift 漂移，偏航drilling rig 钻架drillship 钻井船drive shaft 驱动器轴driving gear box 传动齿轮箱driving shaft system 传动轴系dry dock 干船坞ducted propeller 导管螺旋桨dynamic supported craft 动力支撑型船舶dynamometer 测力计，功率计e.h.p 有效马力eccentric wheel 偏心轮echo-sounder 回声探深仪eddy 漩涡eddy-making resistance 漩涡阻力efficiency 供给能力，供给量electrohydraulic 电动液压的electroplater 电镀工elevations 高度，高程，船型线图的侧面图，立视图，纵剖线图，海拔empirical formula 经验公式enclosed fabrication shop 封闭式装配车间enclosed lifeboat 封闭式救生艇end open link 末端链环end shackle 末端卸扣endurance 续航力endurance 续航力，全功率工作时间engine room frame 机舱肋骨engine room hatch end beam 机舱口端梁ensign staff 船尾旗杆entrance 进流段erection 装配，安装exhaust valve 排气阀expanded bracket 延伸肘板expansion joint 伸缩接头extrapolate 外插fair 光顺faised floor 升高肋板fan 鼓风机fatigue 疲劳feasibility study 可行性研究feathering blade 顺流变距桨叶fender 护舷ferry 渡轮，渡运航线fillet weld connection 贴角焊连接fin angle feedback set 鳍角反馈装置fine fast ship 纤细高速船fine form 瘦长船型finite element 有限元fire tube boiler 水火管锅炉fixed-pitch 固定螺距式flange 突边，法兰盘flanking rudders 侧翼舵flap-type rudder 襟翼舵flare 外飘，外张flat of keel 平板龙骨fleets of vessels 船队flexural 挠曲的floating crane 起重船floodable length curve 可进长度曲线flow of materials 物流flow pattern 流型，流线谱flush deck vessel 平甲板型船flying bridge 游艇驾驶台flying jib 艏三角帆folding batch cover 折叠式舱口盖folding retractable fin stabilizer 折叠收放式减摇鳍following edge 随边following ship 后续船foot brake 脚踏刹车fore peak 艏尖舱forged steel stem 锻钢艏柱forging 锻件，锻造forward draft mark 船首水尺forward/afer perpendicular 艏艉柱forward/after shoulder 前/后肩foundry casting 翻砂铸造frame 船肋骨，框架，桁架freeboard 干舷freeboard deck 干舷甲板freight rate 运费率fresh water loadline 淡水载重线frictional resistance 摩擦阻力Froude number 傅汝德数fuel/water supply vessel 油水供给船full form 丰满船型full scale 全尺度fullness 丰满度funnel 烟囱furnishings 内装修gaff 纵帆斜桁gaff foresail 前桅主帆gangway 舷梯gantt chart 甘特图gasketed openings 装以密封垫的开口general arrangement 总布置general cargo ship 杂货船generatrix 母线geometrically similar form 外形相似船型girder 桁梁，桁架girder of foundation 基座纵桁governmental authorities 政府当局，管理机构gradient 梯度graving dock 槽式船坞Green Book 绿皮书，19世纪英国另一船级社的船名录，现合并与劳埃德船级社，用于登录快速远洋船gross ton 长吨（1.016公吨）group technology 成祖建造技术GT 成组建造技术guided-missile cruiser 导弹巡洋舰gunwale 船舷上缘gunwale angle 舷边角钢gunwale rounded thick strake 舷边圆弧厚板guyline 定位索gypsy 链轮gyro-pilot steering indicator 自动操舵操纵台gyroscope 回转仪half breadth plan 半宽图half depth girder 半深纵骨half rounded flat plate 半圆扁钢hard chine 尖舭hatch beam sockets 舱口梁座hatch coaming 舱口围板hatch cover 舱口盖hatch cover 舱口盖板hatch cover rack 舱口盖板隔架hatch side cantilever 舱口悬臂梁hawse pipe 锚链桶hawsehole 锚链孔heave 垂荡heel 横倾heel piece 艉柱根helicoidal 螺旋面的，螺旋状的hinge 铰链hinged stern door 艉部吊门HMS 英国皇家海军舰艇hog 中拱hold 船舱homogeneous cylinder 均质柱状体hopper barge 倾卸驳horizontal stiffener 水平扶强材hub 桨毂，轴毂，套筒hull form 船型，船体外形hull girder stress 船体桁应力HVAC(heating ventilating and cooling) 取暖，通风与冷却hydraulic mechanism 液压机构hydrodynamic 水动力学的hydrofoil 水翼hydrostatic 水静力的IAGG(interactive computer graphics) 交互式计算机图像技术icebreaker 破冰船icebreaker 破冰船IMCO(Intergovernmental Maritime ConsultativeOrganization) 国际海事质询组织immerse 浸水，浸没impact load 冲击载荷imperial unit 英制单位in strake 内列板inboard profile 纵剖面图incremental plasticity 增量塑性independent tank 独立舱柜initial stability at small angle of inclination 小倾角初稳性inland waterways vessel 内河船inner bottom 内底in-plane load 面内载荷intact stability 完整稳性intercostals 肋间的，加强的International Association of Classification Society (IACS) 国际船级社联合会International Towing Tank Conference (ITTC) 国际船模试验水池会议intersection 交点，交叉，横断（切）inventory control 存货管理iterative process 迭代过程jack 船首旗jack 千斤顶joinery 细木工keel 龙骨keel laying 开始船舶建造kenter shackle 双半式连接链环Kristen-Boeing propeller 正摆线推进器landing craft 登陆艇launch 发射，下水launch 汽艇launching equipmeng （向水中）投放设备LCC 大型原油轮leading edge 导缘，导边ledge 副梁材length overall 总长leveler 调平器，矫平机life saving appliance 救生设备lifebuoy 救生圈lifejacket 救生衣lift fan 升力风扇lift offsets 量取型值light load draft 空载吃水lightening hole 减轻孔light-ship 空船limbers board 舭部污水道顶板liner trade 定期班轮营运业lines 型线lines plan 型线图Linnean hierarchical taxonomy 林式等级式分类学liquefied gas carrier 液化气运输船liquefied natural gas carrier 液化天然气船liquefied petroleum gas carrier 液化石油气船liquid bulk cargo carrier 液体散货船liquid chemical tanker 液体化学品船list 倾斜living and utility spaces 居住与公用舱室Lloyd’s Register of shipping劳埃德船级社Lloyd’s Rules劳埃德规范Load Line Convention 载重线公约load line regulations 载重线公约，规范load waterplane 载重水线面loft floor 放样台longitudinal (transverse) 纵（横）稳心高longitudinal bending 纵总弯曲longitudinal prismatic coefficient 纵向菱形系数longitudinal strength 纵总强度longitudinally framed system 纵骨架式结构luffing winch 变幅绞车machinery vendor 机械（主机）卖方magnet gantry 磁力式龙门吊maiden voyage 处女航main impeller 主推叶轮main shafting 主轴系major ship 大型船舶maneuverability 操纵性manhole 人孔margin plate 边板maritime 海事的，海运的，靠海的mark disk of speed adjusting 速度调整标度盘mast 桅杆mast clutch 桅座matrix 矩阵merchant ship 商船。
石油钻井专业词汇英语翻译
钻井业专业词汇英语翻译氨基三乙酸(NTA) aminotriacetic acid胺基amino铵基ammonium安全地层safe formation安全试破safe destruction安全钻井safe drilling坳陷down warping region螯合chelation凹陷sag凹陷地层subsidence formation 奥陶系Ordovician systemAPI 模拟法API recommened methodB多靶点multiple target point白沥青white asphalt白油mineral oil白云母white mica半透膜semipermeable membrane包被絮凝剂flocculant包被envelop包被抑制性encapsulating ability饱和度saturation饱和度剖面图profile map of degree of saturation饱和盐水saturated salt water背斜anticlinal钡barium苯环benzene ring苯酚phenyl hydroxide本质区另|J essential difference泵压过高overhigh pumping pressure比表面积specific surface area比吸水量specific absorption比重瓶法density bottle method避免avoid蓖麻油ricinus oil边界摩擦boundary friction扁藻(浮游植物)algae变化趋势variation trend标准化standardization标准粘度测量standard visicosity measure表面粗糙度roughness of the surface表面电位surface electric potential表面活性剂surfactant ,surface active agent表面能interface energy表面粘度surface viscosity表面抛光sample surfaceAibbs 表面弹性Aibbs surface elasticity表面张力surface tension表明verify /reveal表皮系数(S) skin coefficient憋钻bit bouncing宾汉方程bingham equation丙三醇glycerine丙烯情acrylonitrile丙烯酸acrylic acid丙烯酸盐acrylate丙烯酰胺acrylamide薄而韧的泥饼thin,plastic and compacted mud-cake薄片flake薄弱地层weak formation泊松比poisson' s ratio剥离peel off补救remediation不分散泥浆nondispersed mud不干扰地质录井play no role in geological logging不均质储层heterogeneous reservoir不均匀uneven不可逆irreversible不同程度inordinately部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(PHPA) partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamideC参数优选parametric optimization残酸reacted acid残余饱和度residual staturation残渣gel residue , solid residue测量measure侧链side chain侧钻水平井sidetrack horizontal well层间interlayer层间距the distance between the two crystal layer, layer distance 层理bedding层流layer flow差减法minusing尝试trial柴油diesel oil长连缔合物long chain associated matter操作方法operation method超伸井high deep well超深预探井ultradeep prospecting well超声波ultrasonography超高密度泥浆extremely high density mud超细碳酸钙super-fine calcium carbonate产层production/pay zone产层亏空reservoir voidage产量production ,output沉淀precipitation沉降subside沉降速度settling rate沉砂sand setting衬套sleeve程序program成对水平井paired parallel horizontal wells成分ingredient成胶剂gelatinizing agent成膜树脂film-forming resin成岩性差poor diagenetic grade承压bearing pressure承压低lower pressure resistance承压能力loading capacity尺寸dimension斥力repulsion除硫效果sulfur limitation effect除硫剂U sulfur elimination除砂器desander触变性thixotropy触变剂U thixotropic agent垂沉sag垂直井vertical well充气钻井液aerated drilling fluid磁化magnetization次生有机阳离子聚合物secondary organic cationic polymer 冲砂sand removal冲蚀flush冲刷washing out冲洗clean冲洗效率cleaning efficiency冲洗液washing fluid从…角度from the standpoint of丛式井cluster well稠化剂gelling agent稠油区viscous oil area稠油藏high oil reservoir初步分析preliminary analysis初始稠度initial consistency初始粘度initial viscosity初探primary investigation处理剂additive ,treating-agent粗分散泥浆coarse dispersed mud粗泡沫堵漏工艺coarse-foam plugging technology促凝剂accelerating agent醋酸acetate醋酸钠sodium acetate窜流fluid channeling脆裂embrittlement crack脆性brittle/crisp fragility催化剂accelerant , catalyst萃取剂extracting agentD达西定律Darcy’ s equation大段水层thick aqueous formation大分子氢键络合作用polycomplexation of hydrogen bond大灰量mass slurry大井斜角high deviation angle大块岩样big rock sample大块钻屑massive drilling cuttings大类genera大理石marble大砾石层large gravel bed大量分析quantitative analysis大排量洗井high flow rate washover大排量循环high flow rate circulation大位移定向井extended-reach directional well大斜度钻井big inclination/angle drilling大直径井眼large hole代表性岩心representive core sample单宁酸tannate单体monomer单相关分析法analyzing method of single correlation单相关系数加权coefficient weighted method of single correlation单轴抗压强度uniaxial compressive strength氮nitrogenN-羟甲剂胺N-hydroxymethyl amine淡水fresh water单向压力暂堵剂unidirectional pressure temporary plugging additive 导向螺杆钻具stearable assemly导向器guider等温曲线isothermal curve低毒油基low toxicity oil based低返速low return-velocity低固相泥浆low solid drilling fluid低级醛low-grade aldehyde低粘土相泥浆low clay content drilling fluid狄塞尔堵漏剂diacel plugging agent滴定titration底水丰富basal water abundance底水油藏井bottom water reservoir well第二界面second contact surface缔合物associated matter地层formation地层出液量formation fluid production地层破碎straturn breaking地层倾角大higher formation clination地层水formation water地层损害formation damage地面岩心压汞surface core mercury injection test地下水groundwater , subsurface water地应力ground stress地质geology地质构造geologic structure淀粉starch电测electronic logging电导率electric conductivity电荷electricity电化学法electrochemistry method电解质electrolyte电镜分析electronic microscope photos电位potential fall己电位zeta potential电性electric property电泳法electrophoresis method电子探针electron spectrum调查census顶替过程displacing operation定量设计quantitative design定向井direction well定子stator冻胶gel动静弹性模量dynamic and static elasticity modulus动力稳定性settling stability动力学kinetics动态滤失dynamic filtration动切力yield value动塑比ratio of dynamic shear force/yield value to plastic viscosity 堵漏plugging堵塞seal堵塞比(DR) damage ratio堵塞物bulkhead堵水water shutoff毒性大high toxicity毒性污染环境toxicity ruins the environment短过渡short transition time短纤维brief fiber断层发育mature fault断裂带faulted zone对策countermeasure多产层multilayered reservoir多分支侧钻井multi-lateral sidetracking well多功能添加剂multifunction additive多孔介质porons medium多目标定向井multi-target directional well多相稳态胶体悬浮体系polynomial gel suspension system 多元醇polyatomic alcohol多元非线性回归multielement non-linesr regression多元统计multivariate statistics惰性材料inert material惰性润滑剂inert lubricantE二次沉淀secondary precipitation二叠系Permian system二甲月安dimethylamine二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride 二价阳离子bivalent ion二开second section二氧化碳（CO2）carbon dioxide二元共聚物binary polymerF发气剂gas-development发展趋势development tendency反排解堵plug removal by reverse flow范氏力van der waals force范氏粘度计fann viscosimeter返回go back to方便钻井液复合粉convenient mud compound powder方程equation芳香烃aromatic group防窜水泥anti-fluid-channeling cement防腐anti-corrosion防卡pipe-sticking prevention ,anti-sticking防漏失lost circulation prevention防气窜anti-fluid-channeling防塌机理mechanism of anti-caving防塌剂anti-caving/collapse agent , clay stabilizer防止prevent^from纺织textile放空不返loss of bit load with loss return放射性示踪剂radioactive tracer tritium非均质nonhomogeneity非离子nonionic非牛顿流体non-newtonian fluid非渗透性impervious废泥浆mud disposal沸石zeolite分布distribution分段固井技术stage cementing technology分光度法spectrophotometer分类division分散dispersion分散剂dispersant分散介质dispersion medium分析analysis分形理论fractal theory分形几何fractal geometry分子molecules分子间能量交换energy exchange between molecules分子量molecular weight分子链molecular chain分子形态shape of molecular chain粉尘dust粉煤灰fly ash粉末powder粉砂质aleuritic texture酚羟基的邻位或对位氢p-or o-hydrogen atom of phenolic group 封闭剂sealing agent封闭稳定good isolation封堵formation sealing封堵剂U formation sealant封固段interval isolation扶正器centralizer氟硼酸borofluorhydric浮力效应effect of buoyancy孵化速度incubation浮游植物floating vegetation复合combine复合离子multifunctional ionic复合离子聚合物amphiprotic/amphoteric polymers ,复合金属两性离子聚合物composite metal zwitterionic polymer复合聚合物泥浆compound-polymer mud复配方案compositional formulation复杂地层complex formation, troublesome region ,trick formation复杂度complex rate复杂时效outage time复杂情况down-hole troublesome condition腐蚀corrosion腐蚀电位corrosion potential腐蚀速率corrosion rate 腐殖酸humate ,humic acid 腐殖酸钾(KHm) potassium humic 辅料auxiliary material 负negative负压钻井underbalanced drilling 符合accord with符合率coincidence rate 副产品by-product附加密度addition mud density改善泥饼质量improvement of mud cake改性modification改性淀粉modified starch改性沥青modified asphalt改造refomation钙calcium钙矶石ettringite钙膨润土钠化sodium modified calcium betonite干混拌技术mixing technology干扰interfere with甘油glycerol锆zirconium高分子higher molecular weight高分子聚合物macromoleclar polymer高分子絮凝剂polymer flocculant高负荷high load高级脂肪醇树脂higher fatty alcohol高价金属阳离子high valent cationic高角度微裂缝high angle micro-fracture高矿化度地层水highly mineralized formation brines 高岭土kaolinite 高炉矿渣(BFS) blast furnace slag高密度钻井液high density drilling fluid高难度high challenge高粘度清扫液viscous sweeping fluid高砂比high sand ratio高温静置quiescence in high temperature高温泥浆high-temperature mud高吸水量树脂absorbent resin高温高压流变仪HTHP rheometer高效润滑剂super lubricant高压盐水层high pressured slatwater layer膏岩层gypsolyte膏质泥岩creaming mudstone膏状磺化沥青paste sulphonated asphalt隔离冲洗液spacer/flushing fluid隔离膜isolating membrane各向异性anisotropy工程engineering共聚copolymerization共聚物copolymer共聚物类降粘剂copolymer thinner狗腿dogleg构造裂缝structural fracture固化solidification固化剂hardener , curing agent固井技术cementing technology固体团块solid cake固相solid phase固相含量solid concentration固相颗粒solid particles固相颗粒侵入solid invasion固相控制技术solid control technology固相损害damage of particles固液分离技术centrifugal separation method胍胶guargum瓜尔胶guar挂片失重法weight loss method关掉电机turn off the power光谱spectroscopy硅silicone硅粉silica powder硅氟fluosilicic硅铝比ratio of silicate to aluminium硅酸钠sodium silicate硅酸盐silicate滚轮失重法roller weight loss method国内夕卜home and abroad过渡金属transitional metal过平衡压力over-balanced pressure过剩浓度residual concentration过氧化物peroxide海绿石chlorite 海上offshore 海水泥浆sea water mud 海湾bay海洋生物marine animal 含量content含水量moisture content耗氧量(COD) chemical oxygen demand 耗氧量(BOD520) biological oxygen demand 核桃壳粉walnut shell flour核磁共振(NMR) nuclear magnetic resonance 合成synthesis合成基钻井液synthetic base drilling fluid 合格eligible合理级配reasonable distribution 褐煤lignite赫巴模式Herschel-Buckley model 黑色正电胶(BPG) black positive gel 恒定滤失速率constant filtration rate 葫芦串irregular borehole 护胶齐U colloid protectingresistance 护胶作用colloid stability 互层interbeded红外光谱infrared spectrography 花岗岩granite戈U眼作业reaming operation 化学螯合剂chelating agent 化学冲洗液chemically washing solution 化学结垢(沉淀)chemical precipitation 环保型environment friendly /acceptable 环境保护environment protection 环空当量密度annular equivalent density 环空返速velocity in annular 环空压耗annular pressure lost 环氧丙烷epoxypropare环氧氯丙烷(ECH) epoxy chloropropane ,epichlorohydric 缓蚀剂U corrosion inhibitor 磺化sulfonation磺化酚醛树脂sulfomethal phenolaldehy resin 磺化剂sulfonating agent磺化类处理剂sulfonated additives磺化沥青sulfonated gilsonite磺化沥青泥浆sulfonated-asphalt mud磺甲基酚醛树脂sulfonated methypheuo formald-ehyde磺酸基团sulfonic acid group ,sulfo group灰色关联分析法gray relative analysis method灰岩limestone回归分析regressive analysis回收率recovery percent回填还耕refilling for plowland火成岩igneous rock火山喷发岩volcanic混合金属层状氢氧化物(MMLHC) mixed metal layer hydroxide compound 混合金属氢氧化物(MMH) mixed metal hydroxides混合纤维composite fiber混合盐水mixed salt活动套管moving casing活度water activity活性硅灰activated grammite活性粘土矿物active clayey mineral活性污泥法activated sludge process宏观macroscopic基液base fluid机械力mechanical机械杂质mechanical impurity机械钻速(ROP) rate of penetrate及时反出timely return极限剪切粘度high shear viscosity极限应变ultimate strain极性基团polar group极压润滑剂pressured/extreme lubricator挤堵squeeze激光多普勒测速仪(LDA) laser Doppler anemometer激光粒度仪laser particle analyzer激活剂activator技术措施technical measure技术讲座workshop for technology技术经济效果technical-economic effect技术套管intermediate casing季铵盐quaternary ammonium, anionic group车甲potassium ,kalium钾基石灰泥浆potassium base lime mud甲硅烷基化处理methylsilicane甲基methyl甲基硅油聚磺高密度钻井液methyl silicone oil polysulfonatedrilling fluid with high density甲醛formaldehyde , methanal甲酸盐formate力口量dosage力口重剂heavy weight additive加重泥浆weighted mud加重钻井液“垂沉” sag phenomenon of weighted drilling fluid 架桥粒子bridge particle价数valence监督supervision碱alkali简化泥浆处理simplify mud treatment简介brief description检查井inspection well检测U inspection/monitor减轻剂lightening admixture减阻剂U anti-friction agent , drag reducer剪切破坏shear failure剪切稀释能力shear thinning property , shearing dilution剪切应力shear stress键bond健康，安全与环境(HSE) health , safety and environment间隙clearance降解产物degradation products降粘机理thinning mechanism降粘剂thinner,visbreaker降失水剂U fluid loss agent/additive, filtration reducer胶结强度bonding/consolidation strength胶结疏松weak bonding胶囊破胶剂encapsulated gel breaker胶凝gelatify胶凝性质jellyfication胶乳latex胶体率colloid fraction胶体稳定性colloid stability胶质gum交联cross-linking交联剂cross linker交联冻胶gel cross-linking交换液exchange fluid接近concordant with结垢precipitation, scale deposit , fouling结构可瞬时形成或拆散quick formation and breaking结构强度structural strength结合refer to结晶crystallization结晶水crystal water接触角contact angle接枝共聚物grafting copolymerization解卡剂pipe free agent介质medium界面interface界面胶结interfacial cementation金属metal金属离子metal ions紧密堆积理论theory of high packing近井壁near-well zone近平衡钻井near-balanced drilling浸出液leaching agent浸酸改造acidizing经验性总结分析empirical analysis晶格lattice bond净化技术solid control井壁稳定borehole井壁稳定hole stability ,stable borehole井底downhole井底静止温度低(BHST) low borehole static temperature 井段interval/section井径well/hole gauge井径规贝U regular and consistent borehole gauge井径扩大率hole diameter enlargement rate井口wellhead井漏lost circulation井身结构wellbore configuration井下安全downhole safety井下复杂情况down hole problem井斜inclination井眼well bore ,borehole井眼轨迹well track井眼净化hole cleaning井眼缩径hole shrinkage井眼稳定hole stability井涌kick浸泡时间soak time静切力(结构力)gel strength/static shear force静损害static damage静态挂片法static weight loss method静态滤失static filtration静液柱压差hydrostatic column pressure difference静置quiescence静止消泡时间static defoaming time静置沉淀static settlement居中centralization居中度centralizer聚 a 一烯基polyalphaolifen聚丙烯青铵盐ammonium polyacryhoitril聚丙烯酰胺(PAM) polyacrylamide聚电解质poly-electrolyte聚合醇polyalcohol , polyol聚合物不分散泥浆non dispersed polymer mud聚合物降滤失水剂polymer filtration control agent聚合物三磺盐水泥浆three-sulfonated polymer salt mud 聚合物钻井液polymer drilling fluid聚合物混油钻井液poly-oil mixture drilling fluid聚磺钻井液sulphonated polymer mud聚结稳定性coagulation stability聚乙二醇(PEG) polyethyleneglycol聚乙烯醇(PVA) polyvinyl alcoholK卡森方程Casson equation卡钻pipe-sticking卡钻因子stuck-pipe factor勘探与开发exploration and development开发井development well开钻泥浆spud mud抗冲击韧性toughness抗冲击性impact resistance抗电解质potential resistance to electrolyte contamination抗钙compatibility of calcium抗裂程度rupture strength抗温抗盐heat and salinity tolerance抗压强度compressive strength抗折强度breaking strength 栲胶tannin , quebrocho 克gram 颗粒particle颗粒级配理论theory of granulartity苛亥^ rigorous可变形粒子deformation particle 可靠inerrable 可逆reversible可溶性盐soluble salt可压缩性compressibility 可用性feasibility 可钻性drillability 刻度盘dial scale 坑内密封法seal in a pit 空气湿度air humidity 孑1洞cavern孔喉pore throat孔隙pore孔隙度测井porosity log 孔隙压力pore pressure 孔隙液pore fluid 快钻剂quick drilling 矿化度mineral salt concentration , mineralization 矿石ore 矿物mineral矿物组分mineralogical composation 矿物晶体mineral crystal 矿物油mineral oil 矿渣slag 扩散diffusionL老化时间ageing time老区maturing field雷诺数Renault number类别category累计厚度gross thickness累托石rectorite沥青asphalt ,gilsonite,bitumen沥青类产品gilsonite and similar materials 离心法敏感性评价centrifugation sensitivity evaluation 离心机centrifugal machine离心机固控技术centrifugal solid control离子ionic离子形态ionic forms粒度grain grade粒度分布particles/size distribution粒度分析particles size analysis粒子particle砾石充填gravel pack连通性formation communication连续提取法continuous extraction两凝水泥浆two-stage cementing cement两性离子zwitter ionic裂缝fissure裂缝壁side of fracture plugging裂隙地层fractured formation裂隙滞后效应fracture lag-effect邻井offset/adjacent well林产forestry淋洗量wash out amount磷酸phosphate磷酸氢二铵diammonium phosphate磷酸盐phosphate salt磷酸酯organic phosphate临界点critical point临界环空流速critical annular fluid velocity临界流量critical flow velocity临界盐度critical salinity零点zero point零析水zero free water硫sulfur硫化氢hydrogen sulfide硫化物sulfide硫酸sulfate硫酸钠sodium sulphate流变参数reheological parameter流变模式reheology model流变性rheology behavior流变性能改进剂rheology conditioner流变学rheology流动度fluidity流动介质flow media流动孔喉flowing pore throat流动摩阻压力flowage friction drag流动实验flow test流动阻力flow resistance流沙层drift sand formation流态flow pattern流体力学hydromechanics theory流体输送减阻accelerating fluid feeding流型fluid type漏斗粘度funnel viscosity漏失lost circulation漏失层位location of the thief zone漏失通道porous media陆上onshore卤虫(甲壳类动物)crustacean卤水bitter(luo) chromium络合coordination ,chelate络合行为热效应thermal effect of the coordination 录井log裸眼井段barefoot interval滤饼filter cake滤失量filtration滤饼电性质electro kinetic property滤液filtrate滤液侵入filtrate invasion铝aluminum铝酸盐aluminate氯酚chlophenol氯化钙(CaCl2) calcium chloride氯化物chlorideKCl 溶液potassium chloride solutionM马来酸酐maleic anhydride埋深burial depth满足…需要meet requirement of曼尼希反应Mannick reaction芒硝层chuco毛细管吸收时间测定仪(CST) capillary suction timer 毛细管压力capillary pressure酶enzyme煤层coal bed煤层气储层coalbed methane reservoir镁magnesium门限流动压差threshold differential pressure of flow蒙脱石smectite咪错基imidazoline醚基ether密胺树脂melamine resin密闭液sealing fluid密度density密实dense幕律模式power law method敏感性sensitivity敏感性流动实验flowrate test膜film , membrane磨铳mill摩擦friction摩擦付friction couples摩擦系数friction coefficient摩阻损失friction loss末端毛细管阻力terminal capillary pressure木质素磺酸盐lignosulfonate模拟analog, simulate模式（型）model目meshN纳米材料nano-composite material纳米技术nano-tech钠sodium钠化sodium treatment钠膨润土泥浆sodium bentonite mud 囊衣capsule dressing 囊芯capsule-core内聚力cohesion内摩擦角internal frictional angle 内泥饼internal filter cake 内切圆半径inscribed circle radius 内烯烃isomerised olefins内源和夕卜源颗粒endogenous and exogenous granula 内在因素intermediate factor 能量交换energy exchange泥包bit balling泥饼mud-cake泥饼强度冲刷仪mud filter cake tester泥浆处理mud treatment泥浆是艮踪剂mud tracer泥浆配方mud formula泥浆转化为水泥浆(MTC) mud to cement泥岩mudstone , conglomerate泥页岩shale , argillutite泥质膏岩argillaceous粘度viscosity粘度极大值maximum viscosity粘度计viscosimeter粘附adhere粘附张力adhesive tension粘弹性viscoelastic粘土clay粘土分级评价法method of grading mud-making clay粘土矿物层间距(d001) crystal indices粘土矿物含量clay mineral content粘土片clay latice粘土膨胀clay swelling粘土膨胀倍数swelling ratio of clays粘土稳定性clay stability粘性流体viscous fluid柠檬酸citric acid凝固点freezing point凝析油condensate oil牛顿流体Newtonian fluid扭距torque浓度concentration浓硫酸strong sulfuric浓缩concentration排列line along排驱压力displacement pressure排水water draining剖面图profile map泡沫流体实验装置aerated fluid test simulator泡沫剂foaming agent泡沫衰变机理foam decay mechanism泡沫质量foam quality泡沫钻井液foam drilling fluid酉己方formula ,recipe ,composition配浆时间drilling fluid preparing time配位体ligand配伍性compatibility配制madeup盆地basin喷blowout喷射钻井jet drilling喷嘴粘度nozzle viscosity膨润土bentonite ,montmorillonite膨润土含量bentonite content膨胀swell膨胀剂sweller膨胀率expansion ratio膨胀性堵漏材料expandable plugging additives硼冻胶boracium gel硼砂borax硼酸盐borate偏心度excentricity偏移shift片麻岩gneiss漂珠hollow microsphere品种variety平衡线膨胀率equalibrium linear expansion value平衡压力钻井balanced drilling评价evaluation评价标准evaluation criterion评价井appraisal well平板型层流plate laminar flow平均井深average well depth平均线膨胀率average expansion rate平均直径mean diameter屏蔽环shielding zone屏蔽暂堵技术temporary shielding method ,barrier-building temporary seal incores 破胶剂gel breaker破胶性breaking property破裂压力fracture pressure破裂压力梯度fracture pressure gradient破孚1 break the emulsion 破乳剂demulsifying agent 葡萄糖glucose起至“重要作用play an important role起泡剂frothing agent起下钻阻卡blockage during tripping气液表面能gas-liquid interface energy迁移migration前置液prepad fluid铅（Pb）lead潜在因素implicit factor潜山buried hill浅高压气层shallow high pressure gas formation浅海shallow-water , neritic area浅井shallow well嵌段聚合物block polymer欠饱和盐水钻井液unsaturated salt water drilling fluid欠平衡钻井underbanlanced drilling欠压实uncompaction羟基hydroxy羟基水hydroxy water羟丙基淀粉hydroxypropul starch羟乙基纤维素hydroxyethyl cellulose强造浆软泥岩high mud making soft shale桥堵剂bridge additive切力shearing force侵入深度invasion depth侵蚀erosion亲核化学吸附nucleophyllic chemical adsorption亲水环境hydrophilic environment亲水性hydrophilcity亲油性lipophilic氢hydrogen氢氟酸hydrofluoric acid氢键hydrogen bond氢氧化钠alkali氢氧化钙calcium hydroxide清扫液sweeping fluid清水clear water清洗剂cleaning agent 蜻纶acrylon fiber 蜻纶费丝nitrilon 倾角dip angle 丘陵hill type球形胶束roundness glues 区块block屈服强度shear strength 屈服值yielding point 曲边三角形curved line trangle 取代度substituted ratio 取芯core,coring operation 取芯进尺coring footage 取芯收获率coring recovery rate 曲线curve 去除wipe off 醛aldehydeR热采井thermal production wells热分析thermoanalysis热滚hot aging热滚分散实验roller oven test , hot rolling test热力学thermodynamics热凝橡胶coagulative rubber热效应thermal effect热稳定性temperature resistance ,heat stability ,stabilityat high temperature热重法(TG) thermogravimetry人工神经网络artificial neural network韧性tenacity韧性粒子tenacity particle日产气daily gas融合amalgamation溶洞cave溶胶sol溶解氧dissolved oxygen溶蚀corrode溶蚀性孔洞solution cave溶液solution柔性棒状胶束flexibility claviform glues蠕虫状胶束vermiculate glues孚L滴聚结实验emulsion drop aggregation test孚1化emulsify ,emulsion乳化剂emulsifier乳化钻井液emulsion drilling fluid乳化作用emulsification入井液working fluid软化点沥青softening point asphalt软泥岩soft mudstone软件包software package润滑剂lubricant润滑仪lubricity tester润湿反转wetting transition , wettability reversed 润湿性wettability 弱面weak planeS塞流顶替plug-flow displacement3r/min 读值3r/m reading三高一适当(3H1S) three high and one proper三磺饱和盐水泥浆three-sulfonated-polymer-saturated-brine mud 三钾月安dimethyl amine三甲基单烯丙基氯化铵trimethyl allyl ammonium chloride三维网状结构three-dimensional network structure三乙醇月胺triethavolamine散射scatter铯cesium射孑1 perforation射孔液perforation fluidX-射线计算机层析技术(CT) computerized tomography沙砾岩glutenite砂泥岩sand shale砂岩sand ,sandstone杀菌剂U bacteriostat筛管screen pipe上泵容易easy pumpability上部地层upper formation /segment上古生界upper palaeozoic上升趋势escalating trend上下密度差difference of densities上下限top and bottom limitation上游领域upstream扫描电镜(SEM) scanning electronic microscope 设计design设计原理design principle神经网络nerve network深穿透射孔枪弹deep penetrating bullet深度depth深井钻井deep drilling深探井exploration well渗流phase flow s渗漏leakage渗透peculation '渗透率fluid permeability渗透率各向异性permeability anisotropy 渗透率恢复值return permeability 渗透水化osmotic hydration 渗透性地层permeable formation 渗析纯化purified by dialysis method声波测井sonic logging 声幅值acoustic amplitude 生产能力production capacity 生态环境ecology environment 生物处理biological treatment 生物毒性biotoxicity生物降解biological degradation生物聚合物biological polymer ,xanthan 生物流化床法biological fluid bed method 生物滤池法bio-filter process 生物转盘法biological rotary method 实验trail十八醇octadecanol失水water loss失重weightlessness, weight loss时间推移技术time delaying method石膏gypsolyte, gypsum石灰lime石蜡alpha , paraffin wax石炭系carboniferous system石英quartz石油加工oil refinery石油裂化petroleum cracking process施工作业field operation事故率failure rate湿挤压wet-extrusion室内模拟实验simulating lab test室内实验和现场lab and field室内研究laboratory study室温ambient temperature适量defined amount适应温度reaction temperature示踪分析法mud filtrate tracer analysis释放release收缩shrink疏水性hydrophobicity叔胺盐tertiary ammonium salt数据库data base数学模型mathematical model数字模拟digital analog塑料小球plastic beads树月脂resin, colophony s束缚irreducible束缚水bond water衰变decay瞬时滤失instantaneous filtration , spurt loss瞬时速度instantaneous velocity双层组合套管固井技术pipe-in-pipe casing string双电层斥力double electrode layer repulsion双分支侧钻水平井bi-lateral sidetracking horizontal well 水包油型乳化液oil-in-water fluid 水不溶物water insoluble matter水层water layer水化hydration水化膨胀分散hydrous disintegration水化抑制剂hydrate control水泥环cement sheath水泥浆cement slurry水泥石set cement水泥熟料cement clinker水泥早强剂cement hardener水解hydration水解度hydrolyzing degree水力学hydraulics水基泥浆water-base drilling fluid水敏性water sensitivity水平井段net horizontal section水平井段长extended horizontal depth水平井偏心环空horizontal eccentric annulus水平位移horizontal displacement水溶性water-soluble水溶液aqueous solution水锁water lock水眼粘度bit nozzle viscosity ,Casson high shear viscosity牟思strontium四苯硼酸钠sodium tetraphenyl borate四级固控系统four stage solid control system四球机four-ball instrument松弛测量法relaxation measurement松散地层unconsolidated formation松散吸附水adsorbed water塑性粘度plastic viscosity塑性水泥plastic cement速度场velocity field速敏speed-sensitivity速凝fast setting速凝剂accelerator酸度计滴定法acidometer titration酸酐anhydride酸碱滴定法acid-base titration酸敏acid sensitivity酸溶性acid soluble酸性条件acidic condition酸性粘土acid clay酸渣acid-slug随钻堵漏plugging while drilling顺利go smoothly缩合condensation缩合共聚condensation-copolymerization缩径hole shrinkage羧基carboxylic ,carboxyl竣甲基纤维素钠(Na-CMC) sodium salt of carboxy methyl-celluloseT塔里木盆地tarim basin 太古界archaeozoic 滩海tidal坍塌slough /cave坍塌压力collapse pressure 坍塌页岩sloughing shale 弹塑性plastoelasticity 弹性力学elastic mechanic弹性模量elastic modulus探井prospecting well碳化carbonization碳酸钙calcium carbonate碳酸氢根离子(HCO3-) bicarbonate ion碳酸盐carbonate碳质carbon羰基carboxide陶粒ceramsite套管casing套管壁casing wall套管居中casing centralization套管开窗井段window killing section套管外封隔器external casing packer特低密度ultralow density特性粘度intrinsic viscosity梯度gradient梯度多凝水泥浆gradient multi-setting cement slurry提出propose提取extraction体积分布volume distribution体积分散volume ratio体积恢复当量equivalent volume体系system天然或人造natural and synthetic填充粒子filler particle田青粉sesbania调凝剂thickening time control agent调整井adjustment well铁垢iron dirty铁矿粉hematite铁离子(Fe) ferrous ion铁离子稳定剂ferrous stability铁落木质素磺酸盐fer-rochrome lignosulfonte烃类hydro carbons通井drafting process同时simultaneously同心环空concentric annulus统计statistics统计分析statistics analysis投料比rate of charge土酸clay/mud acid钍thorium途径way 突破breakthroughW外部因素external factors夕卜源exogenous完井液completion fluid完善井improved well 完钻井深total depth 烷基化alkylate烷氧基alkoxy万能显微镜all-powerful microscope 维护简单maintenance is simple 危险区dangerous zone 微观microcosmic微晶micro-crystal 微粒迁移fine migration 微裂缝micro-fissure/fracture, microcrack 微米micron, micrometer微泡沫钻井液micro-foam drilling fluid 微膨胀minimum inflation微生物microbe尾管liner位移与垂深比displacement/vertical depth 未动用石油储藏undeveloped reservoir 文献documents published。
石油工程钻井液专业词汇
钻井液常用专业词汇（A-Z)A氨基三乙酸(NTA)@aminotriacetic acid胺基@amino铵基@ammonium安全地层@safe formation安全试破@safe destruction安全钻井@safe drilling坳陷@down warping region螯合@chelation凹陷@sag凹陷地层@subsidence formation奥陶系@Ordovician systemAPI模拟法@API recommened methodB多靶点@multiple target point白沥青@white asphalt白油@mineral oil白云母@white mica半透膜@semipermeable membrane包被絮凝剂@flocculant包被@envelop包被抑制性@encapsulating ability饱和度@saturation饱和度剖面图@profile map of degree of saturation 饱和盐水@saturated salt water背斜@anticlinal钡@barium苯环@benzene ring苯酚@phenyl hydroxide本质区别@essential difference泵压过高@overhigh pumping pressure比表面积@specific surface area比吸水量@specific absorption比重瓶法@density bottle method避免@avoid蓖麻油@ricinus oil边界摩擦@boundary friction扁藻（浮游植物）@algae变化趋势@variation trend标准化@standardization标准粘度测量@standard visicosity measure表面粗糙度@roughness of the surface 表面电位@surface electric potential表面活性剂@surfactant ,surface active agent表面能@interface energy表面粘度@surface viscosity表面抛光@sample surfaceAibbs表面弹性@Aibbs surface elasticity表面张力@surface tension表明@verify /reveal表皮系数(S)@skin coefficient憋钻@bit bouncing宾汉方程@bingham equation丙三醇@glycerine丙烯情@acrylonitrile丙烯酸@acrylic acid丙烯酸盐@acrylate丙烯酰胺@acrylamide薄而韧的泥饼@thin,plastic and compacted mud-cake@薄片@flake薄弱地层@weak formation泊松比@poisson’s ratio剥离@peel off补救@remediation不分散泥浆@nondispersed mud不干扰地质录井@play no role in geological logging 不均质储层@heterogeneous reservoir不均匀@uneven不可逆@irreversible不同程度@inordinately部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(PHPA)@partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamideC参数优选@parametric optimization残酸@reacted acid残余饱和度@residual staturation残渣@gel residue , solid residue测量@measure侧链@side chain侧钻水平井@sidetrack horizontal well层间@interlayer层间距@the distance between the two crystal layer, layer dis tance层理@bedding层流@layer flow差减法@minusing尝试@trial柴油@diesel oil长连缔合物@long chain associated matter操作方法@operation method超伸井@high deep well超深预探井@ultradeep prospecting well超声波@ultrasonography超高密度泥浆@extremely high density mud超细碳酸钙@super-fine calcium carbonate产层@production/pay zone产层亏空@reservoir voidage产量@production ,output沉淀@precipitation沉降@subside沉降速度@settling rate沉砂@sand setting衬套@sleeve程序@program成对水平井@paired parallel horizontal wells成分@ingredient成胶剂@gelatinizing agent成膜树脂@film-forming resin成岩性差@poor diagenetic grade承压@bearing pressure承压低@lower pressure resistance承压能力@loading capacity尺寸@dimension斥力@repulsion除硫效果@sulfur limitation effect除硫剂@sulfur elimination除砂器@desander触变性@thixotropy触变剂@thixotropic agent垂沉@sag垂直井@vertical well充气钻井液@aerated drilling fluid磁化@magnetization次生有机阳离子聚合物@secondary organic cationic polymer冲砂@sand removal冲蚀@flush冲刷@washing out 冲洗@clean冲洗效率@cleaning efficiency冲洗液@washing fluid从…角度@from the standpoint of丛式井@cluster well稠化剂@gelling agent稠油区@viscous oil area稠油藏@high oil reservoir初步分析@preliminary analysis初始稠度@initial consistency初始粘度@initial viscosity初探@primary investigation处理剂@additive ,treating-agent粗分散泥浆@coarse dispersed mud粗泡沫堵漏工艺@coarse-foam plugging technology 促凝剂@accelerating agent醋酸@acetate醋酸钠@sodium acetate窜流@fluid channeling脆裂@embrittlement crack脆性@brittle/crisp ,fragility催化剂@accelerant , catalyst萃取剂@extracting agentD达西定律@Darcy’s equation大段水层@thick aqueous formation大分子氢键络合作用@polycomplexation of hydrogen bond大灰量@mass slurry大井斜角@high deviation angle大块岩样@big rock sample大块钻屑@massive drilling cuttings大类@genera大理石@marble大砾石层@large gravel bed大量分析@quantitative analysis大排量洗井@high flow rate washover大排量循环@high flow rate circulation大位移定向井@extended-reach directional well大斜度钻井@big inclination/angle drilling大直径井眼@large hole代表性岩心@representive core sample单宁酸@tannate单体@monomer单相关分析法@analyzing method of single correlation单相关系数加权@coefficient weighted method of single correlation 单轴抗压强度@uniaxial compressive strength氮@nitrogenN-羟甲剂胺@N-hydroxymethyl amine淡水@fresh water单向压力暂堵剂@unidirectional pressure temporary plugging additiv e导向螺杆钻具@stearable assemly导向器@guider等温曲线@isothermal curve低毒油基@low toxicity oil based低返速@low return-velocity低固相泥浆@low solid drilling fluid低级醛@low-grade aldehyde低粘土相泥浆@low clay content drilling fluid狄塞尔堵漏剂@diacel plugging agent滴定@titration底水丰富@basal water abundance底水油藏井@bottom water reservoir well第二界面@second contact surface缔合物@associated matter地层@formation地层出液量@formation fluid production地层破碎@straturn breaking地层倾角大@higher formation clination地层水@formation water地层损害@formation damage地面岩心压汞@surface core mercury injection test 地下水@groundwater , subsurface water地应力@ground stress地质@geology地质构造@geologic structure淀粉@starch电测@electronic logging电导率@electric conductivity电荷@electricity电化学法@electrochemistry method电解质@electrolyte电镜分析@electronic microscope photos电位@potential fall ξ电位@zeta potential电性@electric property电泳法@electrophoresis method电子探针@electron spectrum调查@census顶替过程@displacing operation定量设计@quantitative design定向井@direction well定子@stator冻胶@gel动静弹性模量@dynamic and static elasticity modulus动力稳定性@settling stability动力学@kinetics动态滤失@dynamic filtration动切力@yield value动塑比@ratio of dynamic shear force/yield value to plastic vi scosity堵漏@plugging堵塞@seal堵塞比(DR)@damage ratio堵塞物@bulkhead堵水@water shutoff毒性大@high toxicity毒性污染环境@toxicity ruins the environment短过渡@short transition time短纤维@brief fiber断层发育@mature fault断裂带@faulted zone对策@countermeasure多产层@multilayered reservoir多分支侧钻井@multi-lateral sidetracking well多功能添加剂@multifunction additive多孔介质@porons medium多目标定向井@multi-target directional well多相稳态胶体悬浮体系@polynomial gel suspension system多元醇@polyatomic alcohol多元非线性回归@multielement non-linesr regression多元统计@multivariate statistics惰性材料@inert material惰性润滑剂@inert lubricantE二次沉淀@secondary precipitation二叠系@Permian system二甲胺@dimethylamine二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵@dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride二价阳离子@bivalent ion二开@second section二氧化碳（CO2） carbon dioxide二元共聚物@binary polymerF发气剂@gas-development发展趋势@development tendency反排解堵@plug removal by reverse flow范氏力@van der waals force范氏粘度计@fann viscosimeter返回@go back to方便钻井液复合粉@convenient mud compound powder方程@equation芳香烃@aromatic group防窜水泥@anti-fluid-channeling cement防腐@anti-corrosion防卡@pipe-sticking prevention ,anti-sticking防漏失@lost circulation prevention防气窜@anti-fluid-channeling防塌机理@mechanism of anti-caving防塌剂@anti-caving/collapse agent , clay stabilizer 防止@prevent…from纺织@textile放空不返@loss of bit load with loss return放射性示踪剂@radioactive tracer tritium非均质@nonhomogeneity非离子@nonionic非牛顿流体@non-newtonian fluid非渗透性@impervious废泥浆@mud disposal沸石@zeolite分布@distribution分段固井技术@stage cementing technology分光度法@spectrophotometer分类@division分散@dispersion分散剂@dispersant 分散介质@dispersion medium分析@analysis分形理论@fractal theory分形几何@fractal geometry分子@molecules分子间能量交换@energy exchange between molecules分子量@molecular weight分子链@molecular chain分子形态@shape of molecular chain粉尘@dust粉煤灰@fly ash粉末@powder粉砂质@aleuritic texture酚羟基的邻位或对位氢@p-or o-hydrogen atom of phenolic group封闭剂@sealing agent封闭稳定@good isolation封堵@formation sealing封堵剂@formation sealant封固段@interval isolation扶正器@centralizer氟硼酸@borofluorhydric浮力效应@effect of buoyancy孵化速度@incubation浮游植物@floating vegetation复合@combine复合离子@multifunctional ionic复合离子聚合物@amphiprotic/amphoteric polymers ,复合金属两性离子聚合物@composite metal zwitterionic polymer复合聚合物泥浆@compound-polymer mud复配方案@compositional formulation复杂地层@complex formation, troublesome region ,trick form ation复杂度@complex rate复杂时效@outage time复杂情况@down-hole troublesome condition腐蚀@corrosion腐蚀电位@corrosion potential腐蚀速率@corrosion rate腐殖酸@humate ,humic acid腐殖酸钾(KHm)@potassium humic辅料@auxiliary material负@negative@负压钻井@underbalanced drilling符合@accord with符合率@coincidence@rate副产品@by-product附加密度@addition mud densityG改善泥饼质量@improvement of mud cake改性@modification改性淀粉@modified starch改性沥青@modified asphalt改造@refomation钙@calcium钙矾石@ettringite钙膨润土钠化@sodium modified calcium betonite@ 干混拌技术@mixing technology干扰@interfere with甘油@glycerol锆@zirconium高分子@higher molecular weight高分子聚合物@macromoleclar polymer@高分子絮凝剂@polymer flocculant高负荷@high load高级脂肪醇树脂@higher fatty alcohol高价金属阳离子@high valent cationic高角度微裂缝@high angle micro-fracture高矿化度地层水@highly mineralized formation brines高岭土@kaolinite高炉矿渣(BFS)@blast furnace slag高密度钻井液@high density drilling fluid高难度@high challenge高粘度清扫液@viscous sweeping fluid高砂比@high sand ratio高温静置@quiescence in high temperature高温泥浆@high-temperature mud高吸水量树脂@absorbent resin高温高压流变仪@HTHP rheometer高效润滑剂@super lubricant高压盐水层@high pressured slatwater layer膏岩层@gypsolyte膏质泥岩@creaming mudstone 膏状磺化沥青@paste sulphonated asphalt隔离冲洗液@spacer/flushing fluid隔离膜@isolating membrane各向异性@anisotropy工程@engineering共聚@copolymerization共聚物@copolymer共聚物类降粘剂@copolymer thinner狗腿@dogleg构造裂缝@structural fracture固化@solidification固化剂@hardener , curing agent固井技术@cementing technology固体团块@solid cake固相@solid phase固相含量@solid concentration固相颗粒@solid particles固相颗粒侵入@solid invasion固相控制技术@solid control technology固相损害@damage of particles固液分离技术@centrifugal separation method 胍胶@guargum瓜尔胶@guar挂片失重法@weight loss method@关掉电机@turn off the power光谱@spectroscopy硅@silicone硅粉@silica powder硅氟@fluosilicic硅铝比@ratio of silicate to aluminium硅酸钠@sodium silicate硅酸盐@silicate滚轮失重法@roller weight loss method国内外@home and abroad过渡金属@transitional metal过平衡压力@over-balanced pressure过剩浓度@residual concentration过氧化物@peroxideH海绿石@chlorite海上@offshore海水泥浆@sea water mud海湾@bay海洋生物@marine animal含量@content含水量@moisture content耗氧量（COD）@chemical oxygen demand耗氧量(BOD520)@biological oxygen demand核桃壳粉@walnut shell flour核磁共振（NMR）@nuclear magnetic resonance 合成@synthesis合成基钻井液@synthetic base drilling fluid合格@eligible合理级配@reasonable distribution褐煤@lignite赫巴模式@Herschel-Buckley model黑色正电胶(BPG)@black positive gel恒定滤失速率@constant filtration rate葫芦串@irregular borehole护胶剂@colloid protecting resistance护胶作用@colloid stability互层@interbeded红外光谱@infrared spectrography花岗岩@granite划眼作业@reaming operation化学螯合剂@chelating agent化学冲洗液@chemically washing solution化学结垢(沉淀)@chemical precipitation环保型@environment friendly /acceptable环境保护@environment protection环空当量密度@annular equivalent density环空返速@velocity in annular@环空压耗@annular pressure lost环氧丙烷@epoxypropare环氧氯丙烷(ECH)@epoxy chloropropane ,epichlorohydric缓蚀剂@corrosion inhibitor磺化@sulfonation磺化酚醛树脂@sulfomethal phenolaldehy resin磺化剂@sulfonating agent磺化类处理剂@sulfonated additives磺化沥青@sulfonated gilsonite磺化沥青泥浆@sulfonated-asphalt mud磺甲基酚醛树脂@sulfonated methypheuo formald-ehyde磺酸基团@sulfonic acid group ,sulfo group灰色关联分析法@gray relative analysis method灰岩@limestone 回归分析@regressive analysis回收率@recovery percent回填还耕@refilling for plowland火成岩@igneous rock火山喷发岩@volcanic混合金属层状氢氧化物(MMLHC)@mixed metal layer hydroxide compound 混合金属氢氧化物(MMH)@mixed metal hydroxides 混合纤维@composite fiber混合盐水@mixed salt活动套管@moving casing活度@water activity活性硅灰@activated grammite活性粘土矿物@active clayey mineral活性污泥法@activated sludge process宏观@macroscopicJ基液@base fluid机械力@mechanical机械杂质@mechanical impurity机械钻速(ROP)@rate of penetrate及时反出@timely return极限剪切粘度@high shear viscosity极限应变@ultimate strain极性基团@polar group极压润滑剂@pressured/extreme@lubricator挤堵@squeeze激光多普勒测速仪(LDA)@laser Doppler anemometer激光粒度仪@laser particle analyzer激活剂@activator技术措施@technical measure技术讲座@workshop for technology技术经济效果@technical-economic effect技术套管@intermediate casing季铵盐@quaternary ammonium, anionic group钾@potassium ,kalium钾基石灰泥浆@potassium base lime mud甲硅烷基化处理@methylsilicane甲基@methyl甲基硅油聚磺高密度钻井液@methyl silicone oil polysulfonatedrilling fluid with high density甲醛@formaldehyde , methanal甲酸盐@formate加量@dosage加重剂@heavy weight additive加重泥浆@weighted mud加重钻井液“垂沉”@sag phenomenon of weighted drilling fluid架桥粒子@bridge particle价数@valence监督@supervision碱@alkali简化泥浆处理@simplify mud treatment简介@brief description检查井@inspection well检测@inspection/monitor减轻剂@lightening admixture减阻剂@anti-friction agent , drag reducer剪切破坏@shear failure剪切稀释能力@shear thinning property , shearing dilution剪切应力@shear stress键@bond健康,安全与环境(HSE)@health , safety and environment间隙@clearance降解产物@degradation products降粘机理@thinning mechanism降粘剂@thinner,visbreaker降失水剂@fluid loss agent/additive, filtration reducer胶结强度 bonding/consolidation strength胶结疏松@weak bonding胶囊破胶剂@encapsulated gel breaker胶凝@gelatify胶凝性质@jellyfication胶乳@latex胶体率@colloid fraction胶体稳定性@colloid stability胶质@gum交联@cross-linking交联剂@cross linker交联冻胶@gel cross-linking交换液@exchange fluid接近@concordant with结垢@precipitation, scale deposit , fouling 结构可瞬时形成或拆散@quick formation and breaking结构强度@structural strength@结合@refer to结晶@crystallization结晶水@crystal water接触角@contact angle接枝共聚物@grafting copolymerization解卡剂@pipe free agent介质@medium界面@interface界面胶结@interfacial cementation金属@metal金属离子@metal ions紧密堆积理论@theory of high packing近井壁@near-well zone近平衡钻井@near-balanced drilling浸出液@leaching agent浸酸改造@acidizing经验性总结分析@empirical analysis晶格@lattice bond净化技术@solid control井壁稳定@borehole井壁稳定@hole stability ,stable borehole井底@downhole井底静止温度低(BHST)@low borehole static temperature井段@interval/section井径@well/hole gauge井径规则@regular and consistent borehole gauge 井径扩大率@hole diameter enlargement rate井口@wellhead井漏@lost circulation井身结构@wellbore configuration井下安全@downhole safety井下复杂情况@down hole problem井斜@inclination井眼@well bore ,borehole井眼轨迹@well track井眼净化@hole cleaning井眼缩径@hole shrinkage井眼稳定@hole stability井涌@kick浸泡时间@soak time静切力(结构力)@gel strength/static shear force静损害@static damage静态挂片法@static weight loss method静态滤失@static filtration静液柱压差@hydrostatic column pressure difference@静置@quiescence静止消泡时间@static defoaming time静置沉淀@static settlement居中@centralization居中度@centralizer聚α－烯基polyalphaolifen聚丙烯青铵盐@ammonium@polyacryhoitril聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)@polyacrylamide聚电解质@poly-electrolyte聚合醇@polyalcohol , polyol聚合物不分散泥浆@non dispersed polymer mud聚合物降滤失水剂@polymer filtration control agent 聚合物三磺盐水泥浆@three-sulfonated polymer salt mud聚合物钻井液@polymer drilling fluid聚合物混油钻井液@poly-oil mixture drilling fluid聚磺钻井液@sulphonated polymer mud聚结稳定性@coagulation stability聚乙二醇(PEG)@polyethyleneglycol聚乙烯醇(PVA)@polyvinyl alcoholK卡森方程@Casson equation卡钻@pipe-sticking卡钻因子@stuck-pipe factor勘探与开发@exploration and development开发井@development well开钻泥浆@spud mud抗冲击韧性@toughness抗冲击性@impact resistance抗电解质@potential resistance to electrolyte contamination 抗钙@compatibility of calcium抗裂程度@rupture strength抗温抗盐@heat and salinity tolerance抗压强度@compressive strength抗折强度@breaking strength栲胶@tannin , quebrocho克@gram 颗粒@particle颗粒级配理论@theory of granulartity苛刻@rigorous可变形粒子@deformation particle可靠@inerrable可逆@reversible可溶性盐@soluble salt可压缩性@compressibility可用性@feasibility可钻性@drillability刻度盘@dial scale坑内密封法@seal in a pit空气湿度@air humidity孔洞@cavern孔喉@pore throat孔隙@pore孔隙度测井@porosity log孔隙压力@pore pressure孔隙液@pore fluid快钻剂@quick drilling矿化度@mineral salt concentration , mineralization 矿石@ore矿物@mineral矿物组分@mineralogical composation矿物晶体@mineral crystal矿物油@mineral oil矿渣@slag扩散@diffusionL老化时间@ageing time老区@maturing field雷诺数@Renault number类别@category累计厚度@gross thickness累托石@rectorite沥青@asphalt ,gilsonite,bitumen沥青类产品@gilsonite and similar materials离心法敏感性评价@centrifugation sensitivity evaluation离心机@centrifugal machine离心机固控技术@centrifugal solid control离子@ionic离子形态@ionic forms粒度@grain grade粒度分布@particles/size distribution粒度分析@particles size analysis粒子@particle砾石充填@gravel pack连通性@formation communication连续提取法@continuous extraction两凝水泥浆@two-stage cementing cement 两性离子@zwitter ionic裂缝@fissure裂缝壁@side of fracture plugging裂隙地层@fractured formation裂隙滞后效应@fracture lag-effect邻井@offset/adjacent well林产@forestry淋洗量@wash out amount磷@phosphorus磷酸@phosphate磷酸氢二铵@diammonium phosphate磷酸盐@phosphate@salt磷酸酯@organic phosphate临界点@critical point临界环空流速@critical annular fluid velocity 临界流量@critical flow velocity临界盐度@critical salinity零点@zero point零析水@zero free water硫@sulfur硫化氢@hydrogen sulfide硫化物@sulfide硫酸@sulfate硫酸钠@sodium sulphate流变参数@reheological parameter流变模式@reheology model流变性@rheology behavior流变性能改进剂@rheology conditioner流变学@rheology流动度@fluidity流动介质@flow media流动孔喉@flowing pore throat流动摩阻压力@flowage friction drag流动实验@flow test流动阻力@flow resistance流沙层@drift sand formation流态@flow pattern 流体力学@hydromechanics theory流体输送减阻@accelerating fluid feeding流型@fluid type漏斗粘度@funnel viscosity漏失@lost circulation漏失层位@location of the thief zone漏失通道@porous media陆上@onshore卤虫 (甲壳类动物)@crustacean卤水@bitter(luo)@chromium络合@coordination ,chelate络合行为热效应@thermal effect of the coordination 录井@log裸眼@open well裸眼井段@barefoot interval滤饼@filter cake滤失量@filtration滤饼电性质@electro kinetic property滤液@filtrate滤液侵入@filtrate invasion铝@aluminum铝酸盐@aluminate氯酚@chlophenol氯化钙(CaCl2)@calcium chloride氯化物@chlorideKCl溶液@potassium chloride solutionM马来酸酐@maleic anhydride埋深@burial depth满足…需要@meet requirement of曼尼希反应@Mannick reaction芒硝层@chuco毛细管吸收时间测定仪(CST)@capillary suction timer毛细管压力@capillary pressure酶@enzyme煤层@coal bed煤层气储层@coalbed methane reservoir镁@magnesium门限流动压差@threshold differential pressure of flow蒙脱石@smectite咪错基@imidazoline醚基@ether密胺树脂@melamine resin密闭液@sealing fluid密度@density密实@dense幂律模式@power law method敏感性@sensitivity敏感性流动实验@flowrate test膜@film , membrane磨铣@mill摩擦@friction摩擦付@friction couples摩擦系数@friction coefficient摩阻损失@friction loss末端毛细管阻力@terminal capillary pressure木质素磺酸盐@lignosulfonate模拟@analog, simulate模式(型)@model目@meshN纳米材料@nano-composite material纳米技术@nano-tech钠@sodium钠化@sodium treatment钠膨润土泥浆@sodium bentonite mud囊衣@capsule dressing囊芯@capsule-core内聚力@cohesion内摩擦角@internal frictional angle内泥饼@internal filter cake内切圆半径 inscribed circle radius内烯烃@isomerised@olefins内源和外源颗粒@endogenous and exogenous granula内在因素@intermediate factor能量交换@energy exchange泥包@bit balling泥饼@mud-cake泥饼强度冲刷仪@mud filter cake tester泥浆处理@mud treatment泥浆跟踪剂@mud tracer泥浆配方@mud formula泥浆转化为水泥浆(MTC)@mud to cement泥岩@mudstone , conglomerate 泥页岩@shale ,@argillutite泥质膏岩@argillaceous粘度@viscosity粘度极大值@maximum viscosity粘度计@viscosimeter粘附@adhere粘附张力@adhesive tension粘弹性@viscoelastic粘土@clay粘土分级评价法@method of grading mud-making clay粘土矿物层间距(d001)@crystal@indices粘土矿物含量@clay mineral content粘土片@clay latice粘土膨胀@clay swelling粘土膨胀倍数@swelling ratio of clays粘土稳定性@clay stability粘性流体@viscous fluid柠檬酸@citric acid凝固点@freezing point凝析油@condensate oil牛顿流体@Newtonian fluid扭距@torque浓度@concentration浓硫酸@strong sulfuric浓缩@concentrationO排列@line along排驱压力@displacement pressure排水@water draining剖面图@profile map泡沫流体实验装置@aerated fluid test simulator泡沫剂@foaming agent泡沫衰变机理@foam decay mechanism泡沫质量@foam quality泡沫钻井液@foam drilling fluid配方@formula ,recipe ,composition配浆时间@drilling fluid preparing time配位体@ligand配伍性@compatibility配制@madeup盆地@basin喷@blowout喷射钻井@jet drilling喷嘴粘度@nozzle viscosity膨润土@bentonite ,montmorillonite膨润土含量@bentonite content膨胀@swell膨胀剂@sweller膨胀率@expansion ratio膨胀性堵漏材料@expandable plugging additives硼冻胶@boracium gel硼砂@borax硼酸盐@borate偏心度@excentricity偏移@shift片麻岩@gneiss漂珠@hollow microsphere品种@variety平衡线膨胀率@equalibrium linear expansion value 平衡压力钻井@balanced drilling评价@evaluation评价标准@evaluation criterion评价井@appraisal well平板型层流@plate laminar flow平均井深@average well depth平均线膨胀率@average expansion rate平均直径@mean diameter屏蔽环@shielding zone屏蔽暂堵技术@temporary shielding method ,barrier-building temp orary seal incores破胶剂@gel breaker破胶性@breaking property破裂压力@fracture pressure破裂压力梯度@fracture pressure gradient破乳@break the emulsion破乳剂@demulsifying agent葡萄糖@glucoseQ起到重要作用@play an important role起泡剂@frothing agent起下钻阻卡@blockage during tripping气液表面能@gas-liquid interface energy迁移@migration前置液@prepad fluid铅（Pb） lead潜在因素@implicit factor 潜山@buried hill浅高压气层@shallow high pressure gas formation 浅海@shallow-water , neritic area浅井@shallow well嵌段聚合物@block polymer欠饱和盐水钻井液@unsaturated salt water drilling fluid欠平衡钻井@underbanlanced drilling欠压实@uncompaction羟基@hydroxy羟基水@hydroxy water羟丙基淀粉@hydroxypropul starch羟乙基纤维素@hydroxyethyl cellulose强造浆软泥岩@high mud making soft shale桥堵剂@bridge additive切力@shearing force侵入深度@invasion depth侵蚀@erosion亲核化学吸附@nucleophyllic chemical adsorption 亲水环境@hydrophilic environment亲水性@hydrophilcity亲油性@lipophilic氢@hydrogen氢氟酸@hydrofluoric acid氢键@hydrogen bond氢氧化钠@alkali氢氧化钙@calcium hydroxide清扫液@sweeping fluid清水@clear water清洗剂@cleaning agent蜻纶@acrylon fiber蜻纶费丝@nitrilon倾角@dip angle丘陵@hill type球形胶束@roundness glues区块@block屈服强度@shear strength屈服值@yielding point曲边三角形@curved line trangle取代度@substituted ratio取芯@core,coring operation取芯进尺@coring footage取芯收获率@coring recovery rate曲线@curve去除@wipe off醛@aldehydeR热采井@thermal production wells热分析@thermoanalysis热滚@hot aging热滚分散实验@roller oven test , hot rolling test热力学@thermodynamics热凝橡胶@coagulative rubber热效应@thermal effect@热稳定性@temperature resistance ,heat stability ,stabilityat high temperature热重法(TG)@thermogravimetry人工神经网络@artificial neural network韧性@tenacity韧性粒子@tenacity particle日产气@daily gas融合@amalgamation溶洞@cave溶胶@sol溶解氧@dissolved oxygen溶蚀@corrode溶蚀性孔洞@solution cave@溶液@solution柔性棒状胶束@flexibility claviform glues蠕虫状胶束@vermiculate glues乳滴聚结实验@emulsion drop aggregation test乳化@emulsify ,emulsion乳化剂@emulsifier乳化钻井液@emulsion drilling fluid乳化作用@emulsification入井液@working fluid软化点沥青@softening point asphalt软泥岩@soft mudstone软件包@software package润滑剂@lubricant润滑仪@lubricity tester润湿反转@wetting transition , wettability reversed 润湿性@wettability弱面@weak planeS塞流顶替@plug-flow displacement3r/min读值@3r/m reading 三高一适当(3H1S)@three high and one proper三磺饱和盐水泥浆@three-sulfonated-polymer-saturated-brine mud三钾胺@dimethyl amine三甲基单烯丙基氯化铵@trimethyl allyl ammonium chloride三维网状结构@three-dimensional network structure三乙醇胺@triethavolamine散射@scatter铯@cesium射孔@perforation射孔液@perforation fluidX-射线计算机层析技术(CT)@computerized tomography沙砾岩@glutenite砂泥岩@sand shale砂岩@sand ,sandstone杀菌剂@bacteriostat筛管@screen pipe上泵容易@easy pumpability上部地层@upper formation /segment上古生界@upper palaeozoic上升趋势@escalating trend上下密度差@difference of densities上下限@top and bottom limitation上游领域@upstream扫描电镜 (SEM)@scanning electronic microscope设计@design设计原理@design principle神经网络@nerve network深穿透射孔枪弹@deep penetrating bullet深度@depth深井钻井@deep drilling深探井@exploration well渗流@phase flow s渗漏@leakage渗透@peculation `渗透率@fluid permeability渗透率各向异性@permeability anisotropy渗透率恢复值@return permeability渗透水化@osmotic hydration@渗透性地层@permeable formation渗析纯化purified by dialysis method声波测井@sonic logging声幅值@acoustic amplitude生产能力@production capacity生态环境@ecology environment生物处理@biological treatment生物毒性@biotoxicity生物降解@biological degradation生物聚合物@biological polymer ,xanthan 生物流化床法 biological fluid bed method 生物滤池法@bio-filter process生物转盘法@biological rotary method实验@trail十八醇@octadecanol失水@water loss失重@weightlessness,@weight loss时间推移技术@time delaying method石膏@gypsolyte, gypsum石灰@lime石蜡@alpha , paraffin wax石炭系@carboniferous system石英@quartz石油加工@oil refinery石油裂化@petroleum cracking process施工作业@field operation@事故率@failure rate湿挤压@wet-extrusion室内模拟实验@simulating lab test室内实验和现场@lab and field室内研究@laboratory study室温@ambient temperature适量@defined amount@适应温度@reaction temperature示踪分析法@mud filtrate tracer analysis 释放@release收缩@shrink疏水性@hydrophobicity叔胺盐@tertiary ammonium salt数据库@data base数学模型@mathematical model数字模拟@digital analog塑料小球@plastic beads树脂@resin,@colophony s束缚@irreducible束缚水@bond water 衰变@decay瞬时滤失@instantaneous filtration , spurt loss瞬时速度@instantaneous velocity双层组合套管固井技术@pipe-in-pipe casing string 双电层斥力@double electrode layer repulsion双分支侧钻水平井@bi-lateral sidetracking horizontal well水包油型乳化液@oil-in-water fluid水不溶物@water insoluble matter水层@water layer水化@hydration水化膨胀分散@hydrous disintegration水化抑制剂@hydrate control水泥环@cement sheath水泥浆@cement slurry水泥石@set cement水泥熟料@cement clinker水泥早强剂@cement hardener水解@hydration水解度@hydrolyzing degree水力学@hydraulics水基泥浆@water-base drilling fluid水敏性@water sensitivity水平井段@net horizontal section水平井段长@extended horizontal depth水平井偏心环空@horizontal eccentric annulus水平位移@horizontal displacement水溶性@water-soluble水溶液@aqueous solution水锁@water lock水眼粘度@bit nozzle viscosity ,Casson high shear viscosity锶@strontium四苯硼酸钠@sodium tetraphenyl borate四级固控系统@four stage solid control system四球机@four-ball instrument松弛测量法@relaxation measurement松散地层@unconsolidated formation松散吸附水@adsorbed water塑性粘度@plastic viscosity塑性水泥@plastic cement速度场@velocity field速敏@speed-sensitivity速凝@fast setting速凝剂@accelerator酸度计滴定法@acidometer titration酸酐@anhydride酸碱滴定法@acid-base titration酸敏@acid sensitivity酸溶性@acid soluble酸性条件@acidic condition酸性粘土@acid clay酸渣@acid-slug随钻堵漏@plugging while drilling顺利@go smoothly缩合@condensation缩合共聚@condensation-copolymerization缩径@hole shrinkage@羧基@carboxylic ,carboxyl羧甲基纤维素钠(Na-CMC)@sodium salt of carboxy methyl-cellulose T塔里木盆地@tarim basin太古界@archaeozoic滩海@tidal坍塌@slough /cave坍塌压力@collapse pressure坍塌页岩@sloughing shale弹塑性@plastoelasticity弹性力学@elastic mechanic弹性模量@elastic modulus探井@prospecting well碳化@carbonization碳酸钙@calcium carbonate碳酸氢根离子(HCO3-)@bicarbonate ion碳酸盐@carbonate碳质@carbon羰基@carboxide陶粒@ceramsite套管@casing套管壁@casing wall套管居中@casing centralization套管开窗井段@window killing section套管外封隔器@external casing packer特低密度@ultralow density@特性粘度@intrinsic viscosity梯度@gradient梯度多凝水泥浆@gradient multi-setting cement slurry提出@propose提取@extraction体积分布@volume distribution体积分散@volume ratio体积恢复当量@equivalent volume体系@system天然或人造@natural and synthetic填充粒子@filler particle田青粉@sesbania调凝剂@thickening time control agent调整井@adjustment well铁垢@iron dirty铁矿粉@hematite铁离子(Fe) ferrous ion铁离子稳定剂@ferrous stability铁落木质素磺酸盐@fer-rochrome lignosulfonte 烃类@hydro carbons通井@drafting process同时@simultaneously同心环空@concentric annulus统计@statistics统计分析@statistics analysis投料比@rate of charge土酸@clay/mud@acid钍@thorium途径@way突破@breakthroughW外部因素@external factors外源@exogenous完井液@completion fluid完善井@improved well完钻井深@total depth烷基化@alkylate烷氧基@alkoxy万能显微镜@all-powerful microscope维护简单@maintenance is simple危险区@dangerous zone微观@microcosmic微晶@micro-crystal@微粒迁移@fine migration微裂缝@micro-fissure/fracture, microcrack微米@micron, micrometer。
IC厌氧反应器多层旋流布水与重渣排放系统研究
IC厌氧反应器多层旋流布水与重渣排放系统研究王建光;陈再良【摘要】针对IC厌氧反应器现有结构形式的布水系统存在的主要问题及反应器钙化的困扰,文章拟在对比分析UASB与IC典型布置的基础上,对布水及重渣排放进行结构优化.提出一套由多层布水管道和倒锥形导流板组成的多层旋流布水与重渣排放系统.通过对该系统进行水力计算及重渣和生物污泥运动状态分析标明,该改进系统提高了布水均匀性并有效避免布水死区,使重渣与活性颗粒污泥经此完成筛选与分离,增强了废水中有机物与生物污泥的混合度,有效强化了传质和反应过程.最后文章结合对IC反应器进行改造的工程应用实例对该系统进行了实证分析.改造后反应器运行数据及红外热像检测表明改进方案取得了预计效果,这为IC厌氧反应器布水及重渣引起的反应器钙化等问题的研究提供了新的方法.%In view of the main structure problems existing in IC anaerobic reactor's water distribution system and the trouble of reactor calcification,this article focused on optimization design for the structure of water distribution system on the basis of comparison and analysis of UASB and IC typical layout.A multihyered cyclone water distribution and heavy sludge discharge system was proposed,which was composed of multi-layer water distribution pipe and inverted cone flow guide plate.Through hydraulic calculation of the system and motion analysis of biological sludge and heavy sludge,it was found that the uniformity of water distribution was improved,avoided water distribution dead zone,achieved the separation of heavy sludge from biological sludge,and enlamced the mixing degree of waste water organics with granular sludge.This effectively strengthened the mass transfer andreaction process.Finally,this article provided an empirical analysis based on a modified IC reactor project.The operation data and infrared thermography detection showed that the modified scheme achieved expected effect.Hence this provided a new method for solving the calcification problems caused by water distribution and heavy sludge discharge for IC anaerobic reactor.【期刊名称】《中国沼气》【年(卷),期】2017(035)003【总页数】6页(P56-61)【关键词】IC厌氧反应器;旋流布水;倒锥导流板;重渣排放【作者】王建光;陈再良【作者单位】苏州大学机电工程学院,江苏苏州215021;苏州大学机电工程学院,江苏苏州215021【正文语种】中文【中图分类】S216.4IC厌氧反应器是在升流式厌氧污泥床UASB基础上发展而来的一种高效厌氧生物反应器，被认为是第三代厌氧反应器代表性工艺之一。
钻井业专业词汇英语翻译
钻井业专业词汇英语翻译更新日期：2006-1-6 出处：翻译中国作者：A氨基三乙酸(NTA) aminotriacetic acid胺基amino铵基ammonium安全地层safe formation安全试破safe destruction安全钻井safe drilling坳陷down warping region螯合chelation凹陷sag凹陷地层subsidence formation奥陶系Ordovician systemAPI模拟法API recommened methodB多靶点multiple target point白沥青white asphalt白油mineral oil白云母white mica半透膜semipermeable membrane包被絮凝剂flocculant包被envelop包被抑制性encapsulating ability饱和度saturation饱和度剖面图profile map of degree of saturation 饱和盐水saturated salt water背斜anticlinal钡barium苯环benzene ring苯酚phenyl hydroxide本质区别essential difference泵压过高overhigh pumping pressure比表面积specific surface area比吸水量specific absorption比重瓶法density bottle method避免avoid蓖麻油ricinus oil边界摩擦boundary friction扁藻（浮游植物）algae变化趋势variation trend标准化standardization标准粘度测量standard visicosity measure表面粗糙度roughness of the surface表面电位surface electric potential表面活性剂surfactant ,surface active agent表面能interface energy表面粘度surface viscosity表面抛光sample surfaceAibbs表面弹性Aibbs surface elasticity表面张力surface tension表明verify /reveal表皮系数(S) skin coefficient憋钻bit bouncing宾汉方程bingham equation丙三醇glycerine丙烯情acrylonitrile丙烯酸acrylic acid丙烯酸盐acrylate丙烯酰胺acrylamide薄而韧的泥饼thin,plastic and compacted mud-cake薄片flake薄弱地层weak formation泊松比poisson’s ratio剥离peel off补救remediation不分散泥浆nondispersed mud不干扰地质录井play no role in geological logging不均质储层heterogeneous reservoir不均匀uneven不可逆irreversible不同程度inordinately部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(PHPA) partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide C参数优选parametric optimization残酸reacted acid残余饱和度residual staturation残渣gel residue , solid residue测量measure侧链side chain侧钻水平井sidetrack horizontal well层间interlayer层间距the distance between the two crystal layer, layer distance层理bedding层流layer flow差减法minusing尝试trial柴油diesel oil长连缔合物long chain associated matter操作方法operation method超伸井high deep well超深预探井ultradeep prospecting well超声波ultrasonography超高密度泥浆extremely high density mud超细碳酸钙super-fine calcium carbonate产层production/pay zone产层亏空reservoir voidage产量production ,output沉淀precipitation沉降subside沉降速度settling rate沉砂sand setting衬套sleeve程序program成对水平井paired parallel horizontal wells成分ingredient成胶剂gelatinizing agent成膜树脂film-forming resin成岩性差poor diagenetic grade承压bearing pressure承压低lower pressure resistance承压能力loading capacity尺寸dimension斥力repulsion除硫效果sulfur limitation effect除硫剂sulfur elimination除砂器desander触变性thixotropy触变剂thixotropic agent垂沉sag垂直井vertical well充气钻井液aerated drilling fluid磁化magnetization次生有机阳离子聚合物secondary organic cationic polymer 冲砂sand removal冲蚀flush冲刷washing out冲洗clean冲洗效率cleaning efficiency冲洗液washing fluid从…角度from the standpoint of丛式井cluster well稠化剂gelling agent稠油区viscous oil area稠油藏high oil reservoir初步分析preliminary analysis初始稠度initial consistency初始粘度initial viscosity初探primary investigation处理剂additive ,treating-agent粗分散泥浆coarse dispersed mud粗泡沫堵漏工艺coarse-foam plugging technology促凝剂accelerating agent醋酸acetate醋酸钠sodium acetate窜流fluid channeling脆裂embrittlement crack脆性brittle/crisp ,fragility催化剂accelerant , catalyst萃取剂extracting agentD达西定律Darcy’s equation大段水层thick aqueous formation大分子氢键络合作用polycomplexation of hydrogen bond 大灰量mass slurry大井斜角high deviation angle大块岩样big rock sample大块钻屑massive drilling cuttings大类genera大理石marble大砾石层large gravel bed大量分析quantitative analysis大排量洗井high flow rate washover大排量循环high flow rate circulation大位移定向井extended-reach directional well大斜度钻井big inclination/angle drilling大直径井眼large hole代表性岩心representive core sample单宁酸tannate单体monomer单相关分析法analyzing method of single correlation单相关系数加权coefficient weighted method of single correlation 单轴抗压强度uniaxial compressive strength氮nitrogenN-羟甲剂胺N-hydroxymethyl amine淡水fresh water单向压力暂堵剂unidirectional pressure temporary plugging additive 导向螺杆钻具stearable assemly导向器guider等温曲线isothermal curve低毒油基low toxicity oil based低返速low return-velocity低固相泥浆low solid drilling fluid低级醛low-grade aldehyde低粘土相泥浆low clay content drilling fluid狄塞尔堵漏剂diacel plugging agent滴定titration底水丰富basal water abundance底水油藏井bottom water reservoir well第二界面second contact surface缔合物associated matter地层formation地层出液量formation fluid production地层破碎straturn breaking地层倾角大higher formation clination地层水formation water地层损害formation damage地面岩心压汞surface core mercury injection test地下水groundwater , subsurface water地应力ground stress地质geology地质构造geologic structure淀粉starch电测electronic logging电导率electric conductivity电荷electricity电化学法electrochemistry method电解质electrolyte电镜分析electronic microscope photos电位potential fallξ电位zeta potential电性electric property电泳法electrophoresis method电子探针electron spectrum调查census顶替过程displacing operation定量设计quantitative design定向井direction well定子stator冻胶gel动静弹性模量dynamic and static elasticity modulus动力稳定性settling stability动力学kinetics动态滤失dynamic filtration动切力yield value动塑比ratio of dynamic shear force/yield value to plastic viscosity 堵漏plugging堵塞seal堵塞比(DR) damage ratio堵塞物bulkhead堵水water shutoff毒性大high toxicity毒性污染环境toxicity ruins the environment短过渡short transition time短纤维brief fiber断层发育mature fault断裂带faulted zone对策countermeasure多产层multilayered reservoir多分支侧钻井multi-lateral sidetracking well多功能添加剂multifunction additive多孔介质porons medium多目标定向井multi-target directional well多相稳态胶体悬浮体系polynomial gel suspension system多元醇polyatomic alcohol多元非线性回归multielement non-linesr regression多元统计multivariate statistics惰性材料inert material惰性润滑剂inert lubricantE二次沉淀secondary precipitation二叠系Permian system二甲胺dimethylamine二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride二价阳离子bivalent ion二开second section二氧化碳（CO2）carbon dioxide二元共聚物binary polymerF发气剂gas-development发展趋势development tendency反排解堵plug removal by reverse flow范氏力van der waals force范氏粘度计fann viscosimeter返回go back to方便钻井液复合粉convenient mud compound powder 方程equation芳香烃aromatic group防窜水泥anti-fluid-channeling cement防腐anti-corrosion防卡pipe-sticking prevention ,anti-sticking防漏失lost circulation prevention防气窜anti-fluid-channeling防塌机理mechanism of anti-caving防塌剂anti-caving/collapse agent , clay stabilizer防止prevent…from纺织textile放空不返loss of bit load with loss return放射性示踪剂radioactive tracer tritium非均质nonhomogeneity非离子nonionic非牛顿流体non-newtonian fluid非渗透性impervious废泥浆mud disposal沸石zeolite分布distribution分段固井技术stage cementing technology分光度法spectrophotometer分类division分散dispersion分散剂dispersant分散介质dispersion medium分析analysis分形理论fractal theory分形几何fractal geometry分子molecules分子间能量交换energy exchange between molecules 分子量molecular weight分子链molecular chain分子形态shape of molecular chain粉尘dust粉煤灰fly ash粉末powder粉砂质aleuritic texture酚羟基的邻位或对位氢p-or o-hydrogen atom of phenolic group 封闭剂sealing agent封闭稳定good isolation封堵formation sealing封堵剂formation sealant封固段interval isolation扶正器centralizer氟硼酸borofluorhydric浮力效应effect of buoyancy孵化速度incubation浮游植物floating vegetation复合combine复合离子multifunctional ionic复合离子聚合物amphiprotic/amphoteric polymers ,复合金属两性离子聚合物composite metal zwitterionic polymer 复合聚合物泥浆compound-polymer mud复配方案compositional formulation复杂地层complex formation, troublesome region ,trick formation 复杂度complex rate复杂时效outage time复杂情况down-hole troublesome condition腐蚀corrosion腐蚀电位corrosion potential腐蚀速率corrosion rate腐殖酸humate ,humic acid腐殖酸钾(KHm) potassium humic辅料auxiliary material负negative负压钻井underbalanced drilling符合accord with符合率coincidence rate副产品by-product附加密度addition mud densityG改善泥饼质量improvement of mud cake改性modification改性淀粉modified starch改性沥青modified asphalt改造refomation钙calcium钙矾石ettringite钙膨润土钠化sodium modified calcium betonite干混拌技术mixing technology干扰interfere with甘油glycerol锆zirconium高分子higher molecular weight高分子聚合物macromoleclar polymer高分子絮凝剂polymer flocculant高负荷high load高级脂肪醇树脂higher fatty alcohol高价金属阳离子high valent cationic高角度微裂缝high angle micro-fracture高矿化度地层水highly mineralized formation brines 高岭土kaolinite高炉矿渣(BFS) blast furnace slag高密度钻井液high density drilling fluid高难度high challenge高粘度清扫液viscous sweeping fluid高砂比high sand ratio高温静置quiescence in high temperature高温泥浆high-temperature mud高吸水量树脂absorbent resin高温高压流变仪HTHP rheometer高效润滑剂super lubricant高压盐水层high pressured slatwater layer膏岩层gypsolyte膏质泥岩creaming mudstone膏状磺化沥青paste sulphonated asphalt隔离冲洗液spacer/flushing fluid隔离膜isolating membrane各向异性anisotropy工程engineering共聚copolymerization共聚物copolymer共聚物类降粘剂copolymer thinner狗腿dogleg构造裂缝structural fracture固化solidification固化剂hardener , curing agent固井技术cementing technology固体团块solid cake固相solid phase固相含量solid concentration固相颗粒solid particles固相颗粒侵入solid invasion固相控制技术solid control technology固相损害damage of particles固液分离技术centrifugal separation method胍胶guargum瓜尔胶guar挂片失重法weight loss method关掉电机turn off the power光谱spectroscopy硅silicone硅粉silica powder硅氟fluosilicic硅铝比ratio of silicate to aluminium硅酸钠sodium silicate硅酸盐silicate滚轮失重法roller weight loss method国内外home and abroad过渡金属transitional metal过平衡压力over-balanced pressure过剩浓度residual concentration过氧化物peroxide海绿石chlorite海上offshore海水泥浆sea water mud海湾bay海洋生物marine animal含量content含水量moisture content耗氧量（COD）chemical oxygen demand耗氧量(BOD520) biological oxygen demand核桃壳粉walnut shell flour核磁共振（NMR）nuclear magnetic resonance 合成synthesis合成基钻井液synthetic base drilling fluid合格eligible合理级配reasonable distribution褐煤lignite赫巴模式Herschel-Buckley model黑色正电胶(BPG) black positive gel恒定滤失速率constant filtration rate葫芦串irregular borehole护胶剂colloid protecting resistance护胶作用colloid stability互层interbeded红外光谱infrared spectrography花岗岩granite划眼作业reaming operation化学螯合剂chelating agent化学冲洗液chemically washing solution化学结垢(沉淀) chemical precipitation环保型environment friendly /acceptable环境保护environment protection环空当量密度annular equivalent density环空返速velocity in annular环空压耗annular pressure lost环氧丙烷epoxypropare环氧氯丙烷(ECH) epoxy chloropropane ,epichlorohydric缓蚀剂corrosion inhibitor磺化sulfonation磺化酚醛树脂sulfomethal phenolaldehy resin磺化剂sulfonating agent磺化类处理剂sulfonated additives磺化沥青sulfonated gilsonite磺化沥青泥浆sulfonated-asphalt mud磺甲基酚醛树脂sulfonated methypheuo formald-ehyde磺酸基团sulfonic acid group ,sulfo group灰色关联分析法gray relative analysis method灰岩limestone回归分析regressive analysis回收率recovery percent回填还耕refilling for plowland火成岩igneous rock火山喷发岩volcanic混合金属层状氢氧化物(MMLHC) mixed metal layer hydroxide compound 混合金属氢氧化物(MMH) mixed metal hydroxides混合纤维composite fiber混合盐水mixed salt活动套管moving casing活度water activity活性硅灰activated grammite活性粘土矿物active clayey mineral活性污泥法activated sludge process宏观macroscopicJ基液base fluid机械力mechanical机械杂质mechanical impurity机械钻速(ROP) rate of penetrate及时反出timely return极限剪切粘度high shear viscosity极限应变ultimate strain极性基团polar group极压润滑剂pressured/extreme lubricator挤堵squeeze激光多普勒测速仪(LDA) laser Doppler anemometer激光粒度仪laser particle analyzer激活剂activator技术措施technical measure技术讲座workshop for technology技术经济效果technical-economic effect技术套管intermediate casing季铵盐quaternary ammonium, anionic group钾potassium ,kalium钾基石灰泥浆potassium base lime mud甲硅烷基化处理methylsilicane甲基methyl甲基硅油聚磺高密度钻井液methyl silicone oil polysulfonate drilling fluid with high density甲醛formaldehyde , methanal甲酸盐formate加量dosage加重剂heavy weight additive加重泥浆weighted mud加重钻井液“垂沉”sag phenomenon of weighted drilling fluid 架桥粒子bridge particle价数valence监督supervision碱alkali简化泥浆处理simplify mud treatment简介brief description检查井inspection well检测inspection/monitor减轻剂lightening admixture减阻剂anti-friction agent , drag reducer剪切破坏shear failure剪切稀释能力shear thinning property , shearing dilution剪切应力shear stress键bond健康,安全与环境(HSE) health , safety and environment间隙clearance降解产物degradation products降粘机理thinning mechanism降粘剂thinner,visbreaker降失水剂fluid loss agent/additive, filtration reducer胶结强度bonding/consolidation strength胶结疏松weak bonding胶囊破胶剂encapsulated gel breaker胶凝gelatify胶凝性质jellyfication胶乳latex胶体率colloid fraction胶体稳定性colloid stability胶质gum交联cross-linking交联剂cross linker交联冻胶gel cross-linking交换液exchange fluid接近concordant with结垢precipitation, scale deposit , fouling结构可瞬时形成或拆散quick formation and breaking 结构强度structural strength结合refer to结晶crystallization结晶水crystal water接触角contact angle接枝共聚物grafting copolymerization解卡剂pipe free agent介质medium界面interface界面胶结interfacial cementation金属metal金属离子metal ions紧密堆积理论theory of high packing近井壁near-well zone近平衡钻井near-balanced drilling浸出液leaching agent浸酸改造acidizing经验性总结分析empirical analysis晶格lattice bond净化技术solid control井壁稳定borehole井壁稳定hole stability ,stable borehole井底downhole井底静止温度低(BHST) low borehole static temperature 井段interval/section井径well/hole gauge井径规则regular and consistent borehole gauge井径扩大率hole diameter enlargement rate井口wellhead井漏lost circulation井身结构wellbore configuration井下安全downhole safety井下复杂情况down hole problem井斜inclination井眼well bore ,borehole井眼轨迹well track井眼净化hole cleaning井眼缩径hole shrinkage井眼稳定hole stability井涌kick浸泡时间soak time静切力(结构力) gel strength/static shear force静损害static damage静态挂片法static weight loss method静态滤失static filtration静液柱压差hydrostatic column pressure difference静置quiescence静止消泡时间static defoaming time静置沉淀static settlement居中centralization居中度centralizer聚α－烯基polyalphaolifen聚丙烯青铵盐ammonium polyacryhoitril聚丙烯酰胺(PAM) polyacrylamide聚电解质poly-electrolyte聚合醇polyalcohol , polyol聚合物不分散泥浆non dispersed polymer mud聚合物降滤失水剂polymer filtration control agent聚合物三磺盐水泥浆three-sulfonated polymer salt mud 聚合物钻井液polymer drilling fluid聚合物混油钻井液poly-oil mixture drilling fluid聚磺钻井液sulphonated polymer mud聚结稳定性coagulation stability聚乙二醇(PEG) polyethyleneglycol聚乙烯醇(PV A) polyvinyl alcoholK卡森方程Casson equation卡钻pipe-sticking卡钻因子stuck-pipe factor勘探与开发exploration and development开发井development well开钻泥浆spud mud抗冲击韧性toughness抗冲击性impact resistance抗电解质potential resistance to electrolyte contamination 抗钙compatibility of calcium抗裂程度rupture strength抗温抗盐heat and salinity tolerance抗压强度compressive strength抗折强度breaking strength栲胶tannin , quebrocho克gram颗粒particle颗粒级配理论theory of granulartity苛刻rigorous可变形粒子deformation particle可靠inerrable可逆reversible可溶性盐soluble salt可压缩性compressibility可用性feasibility可钻性drillability刻度盘dial scale坑内密封法seal in a pit空气湿度air humidity孔洞cavern孔喉pore throat孔隙pore孔隙度测井porosity log孔隙压力pore pressure孔隙液pore fluid快钻剂quick drilling矿化度mineral salt concentration , mineralization矿石ore矿物mineral矿物组分mineralogical composation矿物晶体mineral crystal矿物油mineral oil矿渣slag扩散diffusionL老化时间ageing time老区maturing field雷诺数Renault number类别category累计厚度gross thickness累托石rectorite沥青asphalt ,gilsonite,bitumen沥青类产品gilsonite and similar materials离心法敏感性评价centrifugation sensitivity evaluation 离心机centrifugal machine离心机固控技术centrifugal solid control离子ionic离子形态ionic forms粒度grain grade粒度分布particles/size distribution粒度分析particles size analysis粒子particle砾石充填gravel pack连通性formation communication连续提取法continuous extraction两凝水泥浆two-stage cementing cement两性离子zwitter ionic裂缝fissure裂缝壁side of fracture plugging裂隙地层fractured formation裂隙滞后效应fracture lag-effect邻井offset/adjacent well林产forestry淋洗量wash out amount磷phosphorus磷酸phosphate磷酸氢二铵diammonium phosphate磷酸盐phosphate salt磷酸酯organic phosphate临界点critical point临界环空流速critical annular fluid velocity临界流量critical flow velocity临界盐度critical salinity零点zero point零析水zero free water硫sulfur硫化氢hydrogen sulfide硫化物sulfide硫酸sulfate硫酸钠sodium sulphate流变参数reheological parameter流变模式reheology model流变性rheology behavior流变性能改进剂rheology conditioner流变学rheology流动度fluidity流动介质flow media流动孔喉flowing pore throat流动摩阻压力flowage friction drag流动实验flow test流动阻力flow resistance流沙层drift sand formation流态flow pattern流体力学hydromechanics theory流体输送减阻accelerating fluid feeding流型fluid type漏斗粘度funnel viscosity漏失lost circulation漏失层位location of the thief zone漏失通道porous media陆上onshore卤虫(甲壳类动物) crustacean卤水bitter(luo) chromium络合coordination ,chelate络合行为热效应thermal effect of the coordination 录井log裸眼open well裸眼井段barefoot interval滤饼filter cake滤失量filtration滤饼电性质electro kinetic property滤液filtrate滤液侵入filtrate invasion铝aluminum铝酸盐aluminate氯酚chlophenol氯化钙(CaCl2) calcium chloride氯化物chlorideKCl溶液potassium chloride solutionM马来酸酐maleic anhydride埋深burial depth满足…需要meet requirement of曼尼希反应Mannick reaction芒硝层chuco毛细管吸收时间测定仪(CST) capillary suction timer毛细管压力capillary pressure酶enzyme煤层coal bed煤层气储层coalbed methane reservoir镁magnesium门限流动压差threshold differential pressure of flow 蒙脱石smectite咪错基imidazoline醚基ether密胺树脂melamine resin密闭液sealing fluid密度density密实dense幂律模式power law method敏感性sensitivity敏感性流动实验flowrate test膜film , membrane磨铣mill摩擦friction摩擦付friction couples摩擦系数friction coefficient摩阻损失friction loss末端毛细管阻力terminal capillary pressure木质素磺酸盐lignosulfonate模拟analog, simulate模式(型) model目meshN纳米材料nano-composite material纳米技术nano-tech钠sodium钠化sodium treatment钠膨润土泥浆sodium bentonite mud囊衣capsule dressing囊芯capsule-core内聚力cohesion内摩擦角internal frictional angle内泥饼internal filter cake内切圆半径inscribed circle radius内烯烃isomerised olefins内源和外源颗粒endogenous and exogenous granula 内在因素intermediate factor能量交换energy exchange泥包bit balling泥饼mud-cake泥饼强度冲刷仪mud filter cake tester泥浆处理mud treatment泥浆跟踪剂mud tracer泥浆配方mud formula泥浆转化为水泥浆(MTC) mud to cement泥岩mudstone , conglomerate泥页岩shale , argillutite泥质膏岩argillaceous粘度viscosity粘度极大值maximum viscosity粘度计viscosimeter粘附adhere粘附张力adhesive tension粘弹性viscoelastic粘土clay粘土分级评价法method of grading mud-making clay 粘土矿物层间距(d001) crystal indices粘土矿物含量clay mineral content粘土片clay latice粘土膨胀clay swelling粘土膨胀倍数swelling ratio of clays粘土稳定性clay stability粘性流体viscous fluid柠檬酸citric acid凝固点freezing point凝析油condensate oil牛顿流体Newtonian fluid扭距torque浓度concentration浓硫酸strong sulfuric浓缩concentrationO排列line along排驱压力displacement pressure排水water draining剖面图profile map泡沫流体实验装置aerated fluid test simulator泡沫剂foaming agent泡沫衰变机理foam decay mechanism泡沫质量foam quality泡沫钻井液foam drilling fluid配方formula ,recipe ,composition配浆时间drilling fluid preparing time配位体ligand配伍性compatibility配制madeup盆地basin喷blowout喷射钻井jet drilling喷嘴粘度nozzle viscosity膨润土bentonite ,montmorillonite膨润土含量bentonite content膨胀swell膨胀剂sweller膨胀率expansion ratio膨胀性堵漏材料expandable plugging additives硼冻胶boracium gel硼砂borax硼酸盐borate偏心度excentricity偏移shift片麻岩gneiss漂珠hollow microsphere品种variety平衡线膨胀率equalibrium linear expansion value平衡压力钻井balanced drilling评价evaluation评价标准evaluation criterion评价井appraisal well平板型层流plate laminar flow平均井深average well depth平均线膨胀率average expansion rate平均直径mean diameter屏蔽环shielding zone屏蔽暂堵技术temporary shielding method ,barrier-building temporary seal incores 破胶剂gel breaker破胶性breaking property破裂压力fracture pressure破裂压力梯度fracture pressure gradient破乳break the emulsion破乳剂demulsifying agent葡萄糖glucoseQ起到重要作用play an important role起泡剂frothing agent起下钻阻卡blockage during tripping气液表面能gas-liquid interface energy迁移migration前置液prepad fluid铅（Pb）lead潜在因素implicit factor潜山buried hill浅高压气层shallow high pressure gas formation浅海shallow-water , neritic area浅井shallow well嵌段聚合物block polymer欠饱和盐水钻井液unsaturated salt water drilling fluid 欠平衡钻井underbanlanced drilling欠压实uncompaction羟基hydroxy羟基水hydroxy water羟丙基淀粉hydroxypropul starch羟乙基纤维素hydroxyethyl cellulose强造浆软泥岩high mud making soft shale桥堵剂bridge additive切力shearing force侵入深度invasion depth侵蚀erosion亲核化学吸附nucleophyllic chemical adsorption亲水环境hydrophilic environment亲水性hydrophilcity亲油性lipophilic氢hydrogen氢氟酸hydrofluoric acid氢键hydrogen bond氢氧化钠alkali氢氧化钙calcium hydroxide清扫液sweeping fluid清水clear water清洗剂cleaning agent蜻纶acrylon fiber蜻纶费丝nitrilon倾角dip angle丘陵hill type球形胶束roundness glues区块block屈服强度shear strength屈服值yielding point曲边三角形curved line trangle取代度substituted ratio取芯core,coring operation取芯进尺coring footage取芯收获率coring recovery rate曲线curve去除wipe off醛aldehydeR热采井thermal production wells热分析thermoanalysis热滚hot aging热滚分散实验roller oven test , hot rolling test热力学thermodynamics热凝橡胶coagulative rubber热效应thermal effect热稳定性temperature resistance ,heat stability ,stability at high temperature热重法(TG) thermogravimetry人工神经网络artificial neural network韧性tenacity韧性粒子tenacity particle日产气daily gas融合amalgamation溶洞cave溶胶sol溶解氧dissolved oxygen溶蚀corrode溶蚀性孔洞solution cave溶液solution柔性棒状胶束flexibility claviform glues蠕虫状胶束vermiculate glues乳滴聚结实验emulsion drop aggregation test乳化emulsify ,emulsion乳化剂emulsifier乳化钻井液emulsion drilling fluid乳化作用emulsification入井液working fluid软化点沥青softening point asphalt软泥岩soft mudstone软件包software package润滑剂lubricant润滑仪lubricity tester润湿反转wetting transition , wettability reversed润湿性wettability弱面weak planeS塞流顶替plug-flow displacement3r/min读值3r/m reading三高一适当(3H1S) three high and one proper三磺饱和盐水泥浆three-sulfonated-polymer-saturated-brine mud 三钾胺dimethyl amine三甲基单烯丙基氯化铵trimethyl allyl ammonium chloride三维网状结构three-dimensional network structure三乙醇胺triethavolamine散射scatter铯cesium射孔perforation射孔液perforation fluidX-射线计算机层析技术(CT) computerized tomography沙砾岩glutenite砂泥岩sand shale砂岩sand ,sandstone杀菌剂bacteriostat筛管screen pipe上泵容易easy pumpability上部地层upper formation /segment上古生界upper palaeozoic上升趋势escalating trend上下密度差difference of densities上下限top and bottom limitation上游领域upstream扫描电镜(SEM) scanning electronic microscope设计design设计原理design principle神经网络nerve network深穿透射孔枪弹deep penetrating bullet深度depth深井钻井deep drilling深探井exploration well渗流phase flow s渗漏leakage渗透peculation `渗透率fluid permeability渗透率各向异性permeability anisotropy渗透率恢复值return permeability渗透水化osmotic hydration渗透性地层permeable formation渗析纯化purified by dialysis method声波测井sonic logging声幅值acoustic amplitude生产能力production capacity生态环境ecology environment生物处理biological treatment生物毒性biotoxicity生物降解biological degradation生物聚合物biological polymer ,xanthan生物流化床法biological fluid bed method 生物滤池法bio-filter process生物转盘法biological rotary method实验trail十八醇octadecanol失水water loss失重weightlessness, weight loss时间推移技术time delaying method石膏gypsolyte, gypsum石灰lime石蜡alpha , paraffin wax石炭系carboniferous system石英quartz石油加工oil refinery石油裂化petroleum cracking process施工作业field operation事故率failure rate湿挤压wet-extrusion室内模拟实验simulating lab test室内实验和现场lab and field室内研究laboratory study室温ambient temperature适量defined amount适应温度reaction temperature示踪分析法mud filtrate tracer analysis释放release收缩shrink疏水性hydrophobicity叔胺盐tertiary ammonium salt数据库data base数学模型mathematical model数字模拟digital analog塑料小球plastic beads树脂resin, colophony s束缚irreducible束缚水bond water衰变decay瞬时滤失instantaneous filtration , spurt loss瞬时速度instantaneous velocity双层组合套管固井技术pipe-in-pipe casing string双电层斥力double electrode layer repulsion双分支侧钻水平井bi-lateral sidetracking horizontal well 水包油型乳化液oil-in-water fluid水不溶物water insoluble matter水层water layer水化hydration水化膨胀分散hydrous disintegration水化抑制剂hydrate control水泥环cement sheath水泥浆cement slurry水泥石set cement水泥熟料cement clinker水泥早强剂cement hardener水解hydration水解度hydrolyzing degree水力学hydraulics水基泥浆water-base drilling fluid水敏性water sensitivity水平井段net horizontal section水平井段长extended horizontal depth水平井偏心环空horizontal eccentric annulus水平位移horizontal displacement水溶性water-soluble水溶液aqueous solution水锁water lock水眼粘度bit nozzle viscosity ,Casson high shear viscosity 锶strontium四苯硼酸钠sodium tetraphenyl borate四级固控系统four stage solid control system四球机four-ball instrument松弛测量法relaxation measurement松散地层unconsolidated formation松散吸附水adsorbed water塑性粘度plastic viscosity塑性水泥plastic cement速度场velocity field速敏speed-sensitivity速凝fast setting速凝剂accelerator酸度计滴定法acidometer titration酸酐anhydride酸碱滴定法acid-base titration酸敏acid sensitivity酸溶性acid soluble酸性条件acidic condition酸性粘土acid clay酸渣acid-slug随钻堵漏plugging while drilling顺利go smoothly缩合condensation缩合共聚condensation-copolymerization缩径hole shrinkage羧基carboxylic ,carboxyl羧甲基纤维素钠(Na-CMC) sodium salt of carboxy methyl-cellulose T塔里木盆地tarim basin太古界archaeozoic滩海tidal坍塌slough /cave坍塌压力collapse pressure坍塌页岩sloughing shale弹塑性plastoelasticity弹性力学elastic mechanic弹性模量elastic modulus探井prospecting well碳化carbonization碳酸钙calcium carbonate碳酸氢根离子(HCO3-) bicarbonate ion碳酸盐carbonate碳质carbon羰基carboxide陶粒ceramsite套管casing套管壁casing wall套管居中casing centralization套管开窗井段window killing section套管外封隔器external casing packer特低密度ultralow density特性粘度intrinsic viscosity梯度gradient梯度多凝水泥浆gradient multi-setting cement slurry提出propose提取extraction体积分布volume distribution体积分散volume ratio体积恢复当量equivalent volume体系system天然或人造natural and synthetic填充粒子filler particle田青粉sesbania调凝剂thickening time control agent调整井adjustment well铁垢iron dirty铁矿粉hematite铁离子(Fe) ferrous ion铁离子稳定剂ferrous stability铁落木质素磺酸盐fer-rochrome lignosulfonte 烃类hydro carbons通井drafting process同时simultaneously同心环空concentric annulus统计statistics统计分析statistics analysis投料比rate of charge土酸clay/mud acid钍thorium途径way突破breakthroughW外部因素external factors外源exogenous完井液completion fluid完善井improved well完钻井深total depth烷基化alkylate烷氧基alkoxy万能显微镜all-powerful microscope维护简单maintenance is simple危险区dangerous zone微观microcosmic微晶micro-crystal微粒迁移fine migration微裂缝micro-fissure/fracture, microcrack微米micron, micrometer微泡沫钻井液micro-foam drilling fluid微膨胀minimum inflation微生物microbe尾管liner位移与垂深比displacement/vertical depth未动用石油储藏undeveloped reservoir。
乘坐交通方式去上学英语作文
In the daily rhythm of life, the journey to and from school is an integral part of a student's routine. This crucial segment of the day not only sets the tone for academic pursuits but also influences personal development, social interactions, and environmental consciousness. The mode of transportation chosen for this commute can significantly impact these aspects, shaping the overall educational experience. This essay presents a comprehensive analysis of various means of getting to school, examining their advantages, disadvantages, and implications from multiple angles.I. Walking and Cycling: The Green OptionWalking and cycling, often hailed as the most environmentally friendly modes of transport, offer numerous benefits for students. Firstly, they promote physical activity, contributing to the recommended daily exercise quota and fostering a healthy lifestyle. Regular exercise has been shown to enhance cognitive function, improve mood, and reduce stress levels, all of which positively influence academic performance (Penedo & Dahn, 2005).Moreover, these active modes of travel foster independence and responsibility in students, as they learn to navigate their surroundings safely and manage their time effectively. They also provide opportunities for spontaneous social interactions with peers en route, fostering a sense of community and camaraderie. From an environmental perspective, walking and cycling emit no greenhouse gases, reduce traffic congestion, and minimize noise pollution, aligning well with global sustainability goals.However, the feasibility of walking or cycling to school depends largely on factors such as distance, terrain, weather conditions, and safety infrastructure. Long distances, hilly terrains, extreme weather, or inadequate pedestrian/cycling facilities can pose challenges and安全隐患, deterring students and parents from choosing these options.II. Public Transportation: A Shared ExperiencePublic transportation, including buses, trams, trains, and subways, is a popular choice for students, especially those living in urban areas. It offers several advantages, such as cost-effectiveness, reduced traffic congestion, and a smaller carbon footprint per passenger compared to private vehicles. Commuting via public transport can also be an opportunity for students to develop essential life skills, such as time management, navigation, and interpersonal communication.Furthermore, public transport fosters social inclusivity by providing equal access to education for students from diverse socio-economic backgrounds. It can also serve as a microcosm of society, where students interact with people from different age groups and walks of life, enhancing their understanding of diversity and empathy.Despite these benefits, public transportation can be subject to reliability issues, such as delays, overcrowding, and service disruptions, which may cause stress and negatively impact punctuality. Safety concerns, particularly during off-peak hours, and limited accessibility in some suburbanor rural areas, are other potential drawbacks.III. Private Vehicles: Convenience at a CostPrivate vehicles, whether driven by parents or students themselves, offer unparalleled convenience and flexibility. They provide door-to-door service, shelter from adverse weather conditions, and control over departure times, which can be particularly valuable for students juggling extracurricular activities or part-time work. Moreover, they ensure a relatively consistent and predictable commute time, reducing stress associated with potential delays.However, private vehicles come with significant environmental and societal costs. They contribute significantly to air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and traffic congestion, undermining efforts towards sustainable urban development. Additionally, the reliance on private cars can discourage physical activity and exacerbate social inequalities, as families without access to a car may face barriers in accessing schools located farther away or in areas with poor public transport connectivity.IV. Ride-Sharing and Carpooling: A CompromiseRide-sharing and carpooling initiatives represent a potential middle ground between the convenience of private vehicles and the environmental and social benefits of public transport. By sharing rides, students can reduce their individual carbon footprint, alleviate traffic congestion, and potentially save on transportation costs. Moreover, carpooling can foster a sense of community and cooperation among students who might not otherwise interact regularly.While ride-sharing holds promise, its success depends on effective organization, coordination, and commitment from participating students and their families. Challenges may include scheduling conflicts, varying pickup/drop-off requirements, and trust issues regarding driving skills and vehicle safety.V. Emerging Trends: Electric Vehicles and Micro-MobilityThe advent of electric vehicles (EVs) and micro-mobility solutions, such as e-scooters and shared bicycles, presents new possibilities for eco-friendly school commutes. EVs, though still costly, offer a cleaner alternative to traditional internal combustion engine vehicles, emitting zero tailpipe emissions and reducing overall carbon footprint. Micro-mobility options provide last-mile connectivity, filling the gaps in public transport networks and offering a fun, agile way to navigate urban environments.However, the widespread adoption of these technologies faces hurdles such as limited charging infrastructure for EVs, regulatory uncertainties surrounding micro-mobility, and concerns about user safety, particularly for younger students.Conclusion: Choosing the Right PathThe decision on the most suitable mode of transportation for a school commute is a complex one, influenced by factors such as geographical location, personal circumstances, environmental considerations, and societal norms. While each mode has its unique advantages and challenges, a multi-faceted approachthat combines various options could be the most effective strategy. For instance, promoting walkable and bike-friendly neighborhoods, improving public transport services, incentivizing ride-sharing, and integrating emerging green technologies can collectively create a more sustainable, equitable, and enjoyable commuting experience for students.Ultimately, it is essential for educators, policymakers, and parents to engage in open dialogue and collaborate on initiatives that prioritize students' well-being, environmental sustainability, and equal access to education when shaping the future of school transportation. By doing so, we can ensure that the daily journey to school becomes not just a means to an end, but a meaningful and enriching part of the learning process itself.References:Penedo, F. J., & Dahn, J. R. (2005). Exercise and well-being: a review of mental and physical health benefits associated with physical activity. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 18(2), 189-193.。
多联机冷媒管径计算公式
多联机冷媒管径计算公式English Answer:Refrigerant Pipe Sizing Calculations for Multi-Split Systems.The sizing of refrigerant pipes is a critical aspect of designing and installing a multi-split air conditioning system. Incorrect pipe sizing can lead to reduced system performance, increased energy consumption, and premature component failure.The following formula can be used to calculate the appropriate refrigerant pipe diameter for a given application:D = (Q L / (V ΔP)) ^ (1/5)。
Where:D = Pipe diameter (mm)。
Q = Cooling capacity of the system (kW)。
L = Total length of the refrigerant piping (m)。
V = Refrigerant velocity (m/s)。
ΔP = Allowable pressure drop (kPa)。
Refrigerant Velocity.The refrigerant velocity is typically between 5 and 10 m/s for residential applications and 3 to 5 m/s for commercial applications. A higher velocity will result in a smaller pipe diameter, but it can also increase the pressure drop and noise levels.Allowable Pressure Drop.The allowable pressure drop is the maximum pressure drop that can be tolerated without significantly affectingthe system performance. The allowable pressure drop is typically between 5% and 10% of the total pressure drop in the system.Pipe Sizing Example.Consider a multi-split air conditioning system with a cooling capacity of 5 kW and a total refrigerant piping length of 20 meters. The refrigerant used is R-410A.Assuming a refrigerant velocity of 7 m/s and an allowable pressure drop of 7%, we can calculate the required pipe diameter using the formula:D = (5 20 / (7 0.07)) ^ (1/5) = 13.6 mm.Therefore, the appropriate refrigerant pipe diameterfor this application would be 13.6 mm, which corresponds to a 1/2-inch copper pipe.Additional Considerations.In addition to the formula above, it is important to consider the following factors when sizing refrigerant pipes:Pipe Material: The pipe material will affect the allowable pressure drop and heat transfer. Copper is a common choice for refrigerant piping due to its high strength and thermal conductivity.Insulation: The refrigerant pipes should be properly insulated to reduce heat loss and condensation.Connections: The refrigerant pipes should be properly connected using appropriate fittings and techniques to prevent leaks.By following these guidelines, you can ensure that your multi-split air conditioning system is properly sized and installed for optimal performance and efficiency.中文回答：多联机冷媒管径计算公式。
软件测试部分中英文对照
软件测试部分中英文对照A Acceptance test ing:验收测试Acceptance Testing：可接受性测试Accessibi l i t y test:软体适用性测试actual outcome：实际结果Ad hoc test ing:随机测试Algorithm analysis:算法分析algori thm：算法Alpha test ing:α测试analysis：分析anomaly：异常applicat ion software：应用软件Applicat ion under test(AUT) :所测试的应用程序Architecture:构架Arti fact:工件AS Q：自动化软件质量（Automated Software Quality）Assertion checking :断言检查Associat ion:关联Audit:审计audit trai l：审计跟踪Automated Testing：自动化测试软件测试部分中英文对照BBackus-Naur Form：BNF范式baseline：基线Basic Block：基本块basis test set：基本测试集Behaviour:行为Bench test:基准测试benchmark：标杆/指标/基准Best practise:最佳实践Beta test ing:β测试Black Box Testing：黑盒测试Blocking bug :阻碍性错误Bottom-up test ing:自底向上测试boundary value coverage：边界值覆盖boundary value test ing：边界值测试Boundary values :边界值Boundry Value Analysis：边界值分析branch condit ion combination coverage：分支条件组合覆盖 branch condit ion combination test ing：分支条件组合测试 branch condit ion coverage：分支条件覆盖branch condit ion test ing：分支条件测试branch condit ion：分支条件Branch coverage :分支覆盖branch outcome：分支结果branch point：分支点branch test ing：分支测试branch：分支Breadth Testing：广度测试Brute force test ing:强力测试Buddy test:合伙测试Buffer:缓冲Bug:错误Bug bash :错误大扫除bug f ix:错误修正Bug report:错误报告Bug tracking system: 错误跟踪系统bug：缺陷Build:工作版本（内部小版本）Build Verficat ion tests(BVTs):版本验证测试Build-in:内置软件测试部分中英文对照CCapabil i ty Maturity Model (CM M): 能力成熟度模型Capabil i ty Maturity Model Integrat ion(CM MI):能力成熟度模型整合capture/playback tool：捕获/回放工具Capture/Replay Tool：捕获/回放工具CAS E：计算机辅助软件工程（computer aided software engineering）CAST：计算机辅助测试cause-effect graph：因果图cert i f i cat ion：证明change control：变更控制Change Manage ment :变更管理Change Request :变更请求Character Set :字符集Check In:检入Check Out :检出Closeout :收尾code audit：代码审计Code coverage :代码覆盖Code Inspection：代码检视Code page :代码页Code rule:编码规范Code sytle:编码风格Code W alkthrough：代码走读code-based test ing：基于代码的测试coding standards：编程规范Co m m o n sense :常识Co mpatibi l i t y Testing：兼容性测试complete path test ing：完全路径测试 completeness：完整性complexity：复杂性Co mponent test ing:组件测试Co mponent：组件computation data use：计算数据使用computer system security：计算机系统安全性 Concurrency user :并发用户Condit ion coverage :条件覆盖condit ion outcome:条件结果condit ion:条件configurat ion control：配置控制Configurat ion i tem :配置项configurat ion manage ment：配置管理Configurat ion test ing:配置测试conformance cri ter ion： 一致性标准Conformance Testing： 一致性测试consistency ： 一致性consistency checker： 一致性检查器Control f low graph :控制流程图control f low graph：控制流图control f low：控制流conversion test ing：转换测试Core team:核心小组correct ive maintenance：故障检修correctness ：正确性coverage ：覆盖率coverage i tem：覆盖项crash：崩溃cri t i ca l i t y analysis：关键性分析cri t i ca l i t y：关键性CR M(change request manage ment):变更需求管理Customer-focused mindset :客户为中心的理念体系Cyclomatic complexity:圈复杂度软件测试部分中英文对照D data corruption：数据污染data defini t ion C-use pair：数据定义C-use使用对 data defini t ion P-use coverage：数据定义P-use覆盖 data defini t ion P-use pair：数据定义P-use使用对 data defini t ion：数据定义data defini t ion-use coverage：数据定义使用覆盖 data defini t ion-use pair：数据定义使用对 data defini t ion-use test ing：数据定义使用测试 data dict ionary：数据字典Data Flow Analysis:数据流分析data f low analysis：数据流分析data f low coverage：数据流覆盖data f low diagram：数据流图data f low test ing：数据流测试data integri ty：数据完整性data use：数据使用data validat ion：数据确认dead code：死代码Debug:调试Debugging：调试Decision condit ion：判定条件Decision coverage :判定覆盖decision coverage：判定覆盖decision outcome：判定结果decision table：判定表decision：判定Defect:缺陷defect density:缺陷密度Defect Tracking :缺陷跟踪Deployment :部署Depth Testing：深度测试design for sustainabi l i t y:可延续性的设计 design of experiments：实验设计design-based test ing：基于设计的测试Desk checking :桌前检查desk checking：桌面检查Determine Usage Model :确定应用模型Determine Potential Risks :确定潜在风险 diagnostic：诊断DIF(decimation in frequency) :按频率抽取dirty test ing：肮脏测试disaster recovery：灾难恢复DIT （decimation in t ime）:按时间抽取 documentation test ing：文档测试 domain test ing：域测试domain：域DTP DETAIL TEST PLAN详细确认测试计划Dyna mic analysis:动态分析dynamic analysis：动态分析Dyna mic Testing：动态测试软件测试部分中英文对照E embedded software：嵌入式软件emulator：仿真End-to-End test ing：端到端测试Enhanced Request :增强请求enti ty relat ionship diagram：实体关系图 Encryption Source Code Base： 加密算法源代码库 Entry cri ter ia:准入条件entry point：入口点Envisioning Phase:构想阶段Equivalence class :等价类Equivalence Class：等价类equivalence part i t ion coverage：等价划分覆盖Equivalence part i t ion test ing:等价划分测试equivalence part i t ion test ing:参考等价划分测试equivalence part i t ion test ing：等价划分测试Equivalence Parti t ion ing：等价划分Error:错误Error guessing :错误猜测error seeding：错误播种/错误插值error：错误Event-driven :事件驱动Exception handlers:异常处理器exception：异常/例外executable statement：可执行语句Exhaustive Testing：穷尽测试exit point：出口点expected outcome：期望结果Exploratory test ing:探索性测试软件测试部分中英文对照FFailure:失效Fault:故障fault：故障feasible path：可达路径feature test ing：特性测试Field test ing:现场测试FM E A：失效模型效果分析（Failure Modes and Effects Analysis）FM E C A：失效模型效果关键性分析(Fai lure Modes and Effects Crit ical i t y Analysis) Framework :框架FTA：故障树分析(Fault Tree Analysis)functional decomposit ion：功能分解Functional Specif icat ion：功能规格说明书Functional test ing:功能测试Functional Testing：功能测试软件测试部分中英文对照GG11N(Globalizat ion):全球化Gap analysis:差距分析Garbage characters:乱码字符glass box test ing：玻璃盒测试Glass-box test ing:白箱测试或白盒测试Glossary :术语表G UI(Graphical User Interface):图形用户界面软件测试部分中英文对照H－MHard-coding :硬编码Hotfix:热补丁IGKL M NI18N(Internat ional izat ion):国际化Identi fy Exploratory Tests –识别探索性测试IEEE：美国电子与电器工程师学会（Inst i tu te of Electr ical and Electronic Engineers）Incident事故Incremental test ing:渐增测试incremental test ing：渐增测试infeasible path：不可达路径input domain：输入域Inspection :审查inspection：检视instal labi l i t y test ing：可安装性测试Instal l i ng test ing:安装测试instrumentation：插装instrumenter：插装器Integrat ion:集成Integrat ion test ing:集成测试interface :接口interface analysis：接口分析interface test ing：接口测试interface：接口inval id inputs：无效输入isolat ion test ing：孤立测试Issue :问题Iterat ion:迭代Iterat ive development:迭代开发job control language：工作控制语言Job：工作Key concepts :关键概念Key Process Area :关键过程区域Keyword driven test ing:关键字驱动测试Kick-off meeting :动会议L10N(Localizat ion):本地化Lag t ime :延迟时间LCSAJ：线性代码顺序和跳转（Linear Code Sequence And Jump）LCSAJ coverage：LCSAJ覆盖LCSAJ test ing：LCSAJ测试Lead t ime :前置时间Load test ing:负载测试Load Testing：负载测试Localizabi l i t y test ing:本地化能力测试Localizat ion test ing:本地化测试logic analysis：逻辑分析logic-coverage test ing：逻辑覆盖测试Maintainabi l i t y:可维护性maintainabi l i t y test ing：可维护性测试Maintenance :维护Master project schedule :总体项目方案Measurement :度量Me m ory leak :内存泄漏Migration test ing:迁移测试Milestone :里程碑Mock up :模型，原型modified condit ion/decision coverage：修改条件/判定覆盖 modified condit ion/decision test ing：修改条件/判定测试 modular decomposit ion:参考模块分解Module test ing:模块测试Monkey test ing:跳跃式测试Monkey Testing：跳跃式测试mouse over：鼠标在对象之上mouse leave：鼠标离开对象MTB F：平均失效间隔实际（mean t ime between fai lures）MTP M AIN TEST PLAN主确认计划MTTF：平均失效时间 （mean t ime to fai lure）MTT R：平均修复时间（mean t ime to repair）multip le condit ion coverage：多条件覆盖mutation analysis：变体分析软件测试部分中英文对照N－RN/A(Not applicable):不适用的Negative Testing :逆向测试,反向测试,负面测试negative test ing:参考负面测试Negative Testing：逆向测试/反向测试/负面测试non-functional requirements test ing:非功能需求测试nominal load:额定负载N-switch coverage：N切换覆盖N-switch test ing：N切换测试N-transit ions：N转换off by one：缓冲溢出错误Off-the-shelf software :套装软件operational test ing：可操作性测试output domain：输出域paper audit:书面审计Pair Program ming:成对编程part i t ion test ing：分类测试Path coverage :路径覆盖path coverage：路径覆盖path sensit iz ing：路径敏感性path test ing：路径测试path：路径Peer review :同行评审Performance :性能Performance indicator:性能（绩效）指标Performance test ing:性能测试Pilot:试验Pilot test ing:引导测试Portabi l i t y:可移植性portabi l i t y test ing：可移植性测试Posit ive test ing:正向测试Postcondit ion:后置条件Precondit ion:前提条件precondit ion：预置条件predicate data use：谓词数据使用predicate：谓词Prior i ty:优先权program instrumenter：程序插装progressive test ing：递进测试Prototype :原型Pseudo code :伪代码pseudo-local izat ion test ing：伪本地化测试pseudo-random：伪随机Q C：质量控制（quali ty control）Quality assurance(QA):质量保证Quality Control(QC) :质量控制Race Condit ion：竞争状态Rational Unified Process(以下简称RU P):瑞理统一工艺Recovery test ing:恢复测试recovery test ing：恢复性测试Refactoring:重构regression analysis and test ing：回归分析和测试 Regression test ing:回归测试Release :发布Release note :版本说明release：发布Reliabi l i t y:可靠性rel iabi l i t y assessment：可靠性评价rel iabi l i t y：可靠性Requirements manage ment tool:需求管理工具Requirements-based test ing:基于需求的测试Return of Investment（R OI）:投资回报率review：评审Risk assessment :风险评估risk：风险Robustness :强健性Root Cause Analysis(RCA):根本原因分析软件测试部分中英文对照S－Z safety cri t i ca l：严格的安全性safety：（生命）安全性Sanity test ing:健全测试Sanity Testing：理智测试Sche ma Repository:模式库Screen shot :抓屏、截图SDP：软件开发计划（software development plan）Security test ing:安全性测试security test ing：安全性测试security.：（信息）安全性serviceabil i t y test ing：可服务性测试Severity:严重性Shipment :发布simple subpath：简单子路径Simulation:模拟Simulator:模拟器SLA(Service level agreement):服务级别协议SLA：服务级别协议（service level agreement）S moke test ing:冒烟测试Software development plan(SDP):软件开发计划Software development process:软件开发过程software development process：软件开发过程 software diversi ty：软件多样性software element：软件元素software engineering environment：软件工程环境software engineering：软件工程Software l i fe cycle :软件生命周期source code：源代码source statement：源语句Specif icat ion:规格说明书specif ied input：指定的输入spiral model ：螺旋模型SQ A P SOFT W A R E QU ALITY ASS U R E N C E PLAN软件质量保证计划SQL：结构化查询语句（structured query language）Staged Delivery：分布交付方法state diagram：状态图state transit ion test ing：状态转换测试 state transit ion：状态转换state：状态Statement coverage :语句覆盖statement test ing：语句测试statement：语句Static Analysis：静态分析Static Analyzer：静态分析器Static Testing：静态测试stat is t i ca l test ing：统计测试Stepwise ref inement :逐步优化storage test ing：存储测试Stress Testing :压力测试structural coverage：结构化覆盖structural test case design：结构化测试用例设计structural test ing：结构化测试structured basis test ing：结构化的基础测试structured design：结构化设计structured program ming：结构化编程structured walkthrough：结构化走读stub：桩sub-area：子域Su m m ary： 总结SVV P SOFT W A R E Vevif icat ion&Validat ion PLAN： 软件验证和确认计划symbolic evaluation：符号评价symbolic execution:参考符号执行symbolic execution：符号执行symbolic trace：符号轨迹Synchronizat ion:同步Syntax test ing:语法分析system analysis：系统分析System design :系统设计system integrat ion：系统集成System Testing :系统测试TC TEST CAS E测试用例TCS TEST CAS E SPE CIFICATIO N测试用例规格说明TDS TEST DESIG N SPE CIFICATION测试设计规格说明书technical requirements test ing：技术需求测试Test :测试test automation：测试自动化Test case :测试用例test case design technique：测试用例设计技术test case suite：测试用例套test comparator：测试比较器test completion cri ter ion：测试完成标准test coverage:测试覆盖Test design :测试设计Test driver:测试驱动test environment:测试环境test execution technique:测试执行技术test execution:测试执行test generator:测试生成器test harness:测试用具Test infrastructure:测试基础建设test log:测试日志test measurement technique:测试度量技术Test Metrics:测试度量test procedure:测试规程test records:测试记录test report:测试报告Test scenario:测试场景Test Script:测试脚本Test Specif icat ion:测试规格Test strategy :测试策略test suite:测试套Test target:测试目标Test ware :测试工具Testabil i t y:可测试性testabi l i t y:可测试性Testing bed :测试平台Testing coverage :测试覆盖Testing environment :测试环境Testing i tem :测试项Testing plan :测试计划Testing procedure :测试过程Thread test ing:线程测试t ime sharing:时间共享t ime-boxed :固定时间TIR test incident report测试事故报告ToolTip:控件提示或说明top-down test ing:自顶向下测试TPS TEST PE O C E S S SPE CIFICATIO N测试步骤规格说明Traceabil i t y:可跟踪性traceabil i t y analysis:跟踪性分析 traceabil i t y matrix:跟踪矩阵Trade-off:平衡transaction:事务/处理transaction volume：交易量transform analysis:事务分析trojan horse:特洛伊木马truth table:真值表TST TEST SU M M A R Y REP O R T测试总结报告Tune System:调试系统T W TEST W A R E:测试件Unit Testing :单元测试Usabil i ty Testing:可用性测试Usage scenario:使用场景User acceptance Test :用户验收测试User database :用户数据库User interface(UI):用户界面User profi le:用户信息User scenario:用户场景V&V(Verif icat ion&Validat ion):验证&确认validat ion:确认veri f icat ion:验证version :版本Virtual user :虚拟用户volume test ing:容量测试VSS（visual source safe） ：VTP Verif icat ion TEST PLAN验证测试计划VTR Verif icat ion TEST REP O R T验证测试报告W alkthrough :走读W aterfal l model :瀑布模型W eb test ing:网站测试W hite box test ing:白盒测试W ork breakdown structure(WBS):任务分解结构。
Multi-level multi-pipe hanger
专利名称：Multi-level multi-pipe hanger 发明人：Charles F. Vangreen申请号：US05/930508申请日：19780803公开号：US04245806A公开日：19810120专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：A multi-pipe hanger comprising a support assembly extending generally horizontally, first and second downwardly depending sections attached to respective ends of said support assembly, a first pipe receiving module which is concave on its upper side, connecting means connecting ends of the first pipe-receiving module to downwardly depending sections respectively. One or more other pipe-receiving modules also having upwardly facing concave surfaces for receiving pipes, said one or more other modules forming portions of one of the connecting means connecting ends of said first module to said support assembly. The support assembly comprising a pair of attachment sections disposed one above another, and an anchor shaft extending through openings in said attachment sections and secured to said attachment sections.< P>A gang pipe hanger comprising a plurality of multi-pipe hangers disposed one above the other on the same ceiling rod anchor and shaped and positioned so that horizontally extending T-pipe sections can extend outward in either direction from a pipe received in any one of the modules of the gang pipe hanger without interference with any other of the multi-pipe hangers in the gang hanger.申请人：VANGREEN; CHARLES F.代理人：Hiram A. Sturges 更多信息请下载全文后查看。
Trane 多管热水系统产品介绍说明书
Trane Engineering NewsMulti-pipe unit for heating and cooling buildingsToday, it is common to find buildings with traditional heating and cooling systems working simultaneously to satisfy the comfort of the occupants. These systems work well but neglect the energy saving potential.New multipurpose equipment, able to satisfy simultaneous heating and cooling needs in buildings while recovering energy, has recently been introduced to the HVAC market. The goal of this white paper is to show the potential benefits of a multi-pipe unit for heating and cooling a building and the impact it can have on energy running costs.ContextTo reduce the European total energy consumption and lower CO 2 emissions, the EU has adopted measures to improve energy efficiency in Europe.The 2012 Energy Efficiency Directive establishes a set of binding measures to help the EU to reach its 20% energy efficiency target by 2020.An update to the Energy Efficiency Directive, including a new 30% energy efficiency target for 2030, was approved in April 2018 by the European Parliament. In the coming months, the member states will have to transpose the new elements of the Directive into national law. In Europe, buildings are responsible for 41% of energy consumption and 36% of CO 2 emissions. Of all the end-use sectors, buildings represent the largest sector, followed by 27%14%25%32%2%Residen Transporta Non-Residen Agriculture IndustryTOTAL ENERGYHeating and coolingThe thermal energy consumption (heating and cooling) in buildings and industry accounts for approximately, half of the EU’s energy consumption.For the building sectors, space heating is the largest thermal energy user.For the tertiary sector in aggregate, space heating accounts for 62% of this energy consumed, cooling for 19%, hot water for 14% and process heating for 5% (2).Figure 2: Thermal Energy Consumption per user in the tertiary sector62%14%5%9%10%Space hea Hot WaterProcess Hea Space CoolingProcess CoolingGiven this context, higher energy efficiency and a lower use of fossil energy in existing and new buildings will be required to achieve the objectives set by the EU.In many cases, space heating, cooling and sanitary hot water can be provided by heat pump units. When simultaneous demands for heating and cooling exist, energy can be saved and CO 2 emission reduced using multi-pipe units.Achieving the energy savings in a building is a complex process and requires a meaningful understanding of several characteristics of the building.With heat pumps or multi-pipe units, the demand profiles for heating and cooling are obviously important, but the heating and cooling system design temperatures greatly influence the choice of equipment and the efficiency of the solution.What is the difference between a traditional heat pump and a multi-pipe unit?A traditional heat pump can either cool or heat and is a two-pipe unit using one water heat exchanger to provide chilled water or hot water to the building.A multi-pipe unit can be defined as an electrical heat pump able to simultaneously satisfy cooling and heating demands on a 4-pipe system at the highest efficiency possible.The 4-pipe unit has three main heat exchangers: a condenser that heats the water for space heating, an evaporator that cools the water for space cooling and a balancing air coil. The balancing coil works either as a condenser in a cooling mode or an evaporator in a heating mode to balance the difference between the heating and cooling demands.Figure 3: Example of a 4-pipe unitThe operation of the unit is based on the principle to transfer heat from the ambient to cool, or to the ambient to heat. Figure 4: 4-pipe unit principleUsing the chilled water instead of ambient air as heat source when the outside air temperature becomes lower often allows higher evaporating temperatures in the unit and helps in efficiency. Moreover, as long as you use chilled water as heat source, there is no need to defrost.This unique combination of heating, cooling and recovery operating modes generates a total efficiency which is far higher than the COP or the EER of the traditional heat pumps and makes these units an effective alternative to the traditional combination of a chiller associated with a boiler in 4-pipe plants, as they save installation and operation costs.Case studyThe following case study compares the energy costs of two different systems.The base system is traditional, consisting of a condensing gas boiler and a high efficiency air-cooled chiller. The alternative system consists of a 4-pipe unit which can produce hot and chilled water either simultaneously or independently. Both systems operate to satisfy the same building’s loads.For the simulation, we have considered a “low energy” office building including individual offices, open spaces, meeting rooms, IT room, sanitary, small warehouse, and cafeteria.The building is occupied from 07:00 to 19:00 during the week and unoccupied during the week-end.The HVAC system for heating and cooling the space is a traditional 4-pipe system and consists of a low temperature heating system and chilled ceilings. Fresh air requirements are managed by AHUs employing energy recovery.The design conditions (for Brussels) are the following:• Chilled water temperatures: 10°C - 17°C• Hot water temperatures: 32°C - 40°C• Peak cooling demand: 270 kW @ 34°C Outdoor Air Temperature• Peak heating demand: 200 kW @ -10°C Outdoor Air TemperatureFor achieving our comparison, we used the Trane Cooling and Heating Plant Analyzer tool (THPA) and the load profiles shown below.Figure 5: Heating and cooling load profilesT o show the impact of different climatic conditions, the simulation was run in 4 different locations (Brussels, Pau (South of France), Bremen (North of Germany) and London) and considered energy costs in the different countries.The energy running costs and CO2 emissions have been evaluated for the different locations and taking into account that theheating and cooling peak demands vary according to the outside air temperature.THPA estimated running costs for different locations.Figure 6: Estimated running cost for different locationsThe simulation shows that, whatever the location, the 4-pipe unit satisfies the heating and cooling requirements throughout the year at lower operating cost. The efficiency of the 4-pipe unit, in cooling and heating modes, depends on the outside air temperature and water temperatures produced. The 4-pipe unit has significant advantage when there is a simultaneous heating and cooling demand in the building. During such times, the unit runs in heat recovery mode and has a greaterefficiency. The efficiency in this mode is measured in terms of Total Efficiency Ratio (TER), is unitless and defined as follows:Total Efficiency Ratio (TER) = (Cooling + Heating Capacities)/(Power Input)Depending on the conditions the TER can reach values of 7 or 8.This high efficiency provides better system performances compared to a traditional system with a boiler and air-cooled chiller for which heat recovery is not possible.For the simulation, we have considered constant heating and cooling temperature set points. Additional savings could be achieved by optimizing the heating and cooling set points of the unit. Lowering the hot water temperature produced and/or increasing the chilled water produced, when possible, has a positive impact on the efficiency of the unit, but may increase pump energy.Result for the CO 2 emissionsThe 4-pipe unit solution also reduces CO 2 emissions. The CO 2 savings depend on the way electricity is produced in the different countries. For the above mentioned conditions, the savings have been estimated to 25 tons of CO 2 per year for Brussels and similar for other countries.InstallationThe installation costs of a 4-pipe unit are certainly not higher than those of a traditional system with a boiler and a cooler. At contrary, the installation is generally simpler and faster and does not require additional space for the boiler. The primary heating and cooling pumps can usually be integrated in the unit, which makes the installation even easier for the HVAC contractor.It’s nevertheless important to note that, like for any heat pump and chiller, the minimum loop volumes recommended by the manufacturer (4) must be respected to ensure the proper operation of this type of unit. These water volumes depend on the unit characteristics and the fluctuations of temperatures tolerated on the water sides. The required water volume on the heating side is usually more important and mainly due to the defrost cycles in heat pump mode.For buildings located in mild or temperate climates with the heating system designed for low water temperatures, simulations show that a system with a multi-purpose unit for 4-pipe systems can satisfy cooling and heating demands, at much higher efficiency levels than the traditional solution (chiller + boiler).The simulations also demonstrate that it is not necessary to have a presence of a significant number of simultaneous heating and cooling loads to make this solution attractive.The most temperate months (April, May, September and October) are usually characterized by the favorable balancing of loads (highest average simultaneousness factor). This is the situation in which a multi-purpose unit achieves the highest efficiencies and savings.Figure 7: Example of typical heating and cooling load profilesThe results show that a 4-pipe unit running in heat recovery mode only 25% of its total running time remains more efficient than the solution with a condensing boiler and a high efficiency chiller.The energy running cost savings depends on the price of energy in the different countries, but even in countries where the difference between the price of electricity and gas is less favorable, the multi-pipe unit remains advantageous. ConclusionsOnly a detailed study and analysis can quantify the potential savings but multi-pipe units are a valid and cost effective option to traditional systems.Over a year, if the simultaneous heating and cooling demands occur, using a multi-pipe unit enables substantial energy savings.If there are not simultaneous heating and cooling loads, a traditional reversible heat pump is a very viable techno-economical choice.The case study is based on a real building and available equipment. We did not have all the data necessary to validatethe model. Some assumptions were made and although we took the greatest care for the system simulations, the results remain theoretical. But data collected from other projects tend to correlate the findings.(1) Source: Eurostathttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat(2) Source: EU Strategy on Heating and Cooling documenthttps://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/energy-efficiency/heating-and-cooling(3) Source: Energy prices (gas and electricity): Eurostat 2015http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/main/home(4) Installation, Operation and maintenance manual CG-SVX042Awww.trane.euIngersoll Rand (NYSE:IR) is a world leader in creating and sustaining safe, comfortable and efficient environments in commercial, residential and industrial markets. Our people and our family of brands—including Club Car®, Ingersoll Rand®, Thermo King® and Trane®—work together to enhance the quality and comfort of air in homes and buildings, transport and protect food and perishables, and increase industrial productivity and efficiency. We are committed to sustainable business practices within our company and for our customers.© 2018 Trane All rights reservedBAS-APN07A-GB Aug 2018 。
(全篇)监控系统无缝集成的策略英文版
(全篇)监控系统无缝集成的策略英文版Seamless Integration Strategies for Monitoring SystemsIn today's fast-paced technological world, the need for seamless integration of monitoring systems is more critical than ever. Organizations rely on these systems to ensure the smooth operation of their networks, applications, and infrastructure.To achieve successful integration, it is essential to first assess the specific requirements and goals of the organization. This includes identifying the key stakeholders involved in the monitoring process and understanding their needs.Next, it is important to select a monitoring system that is flexible and compatible with the existing infrastructure. The chosen system should be able to easily integrate with other tools and platforms used within the organization.Implementing a phased approach to integration can help minimize disruptions and ensure a smooth transition. This involves setting clear objectives, establishing a timeline, and regularly monitoring progress.Regular communication and collaboration between the IT team, management, and other stakeholders is crucial for the success of the integration process. This helps ensure that everyone is on the same page and that any issues or challenges are addressed in a timely manner.Testing and validation are also key components of a successful integration strategy. It is important to thoroughly test the monitoring system in a controlled environment before rolling it out to production. This helps identify any potential issues or conflicts early on and allows for adjustments to be made as needed.Continuous monitoring and optimization are essential for maintaining the effectiveness of the integrated system. Regularly reviewing performance metrics and making necessary adjustments will help ensure that the system continues to meet the organization's needs.In conclusion, implementing a seamless integration strategy for monitoring systems requires careful planning, clear communication, and ongoing collaboration. By following these simple yet effective strategies, organizations can ensure the successful integration of their monitoring systems and improve the overall efficiency of their operations.。
基于最小生成树路由的电力线载波通信数据融合算法
第 21 卷 第 8 期2023 年 8 月太赫兹科学与电子信息学报Journal of Terahertz Science and Electronic Information TechnologyVol.21，No.8Aug.，2023基于最小生成树路由的电力线载波通信数据融合算法申洪涛，李飞，史轮，王鸿玺，高波(国网河北省电力有限公司营销服务中心，河北石家庄050000)摘要：电力线载波通信技术利用现有的电力传输网络进行数据传输，具有建设成本低，部署快速灵活等特点，被广泛用于局域网本地通信中。
但当节点数过多或传输数据量过高时，如每个节点单独将数据传到调控中心，将会给整个通信系统带来巨大的数据量，同时降低通信效率，甚至造成通信拥塞。
为降低传输数据量，节省通信传输资源，提升电力线载波接入网络的传输能力，本文提出了基于最小生成树传输路径的电力线载波通信数据融合算法。
将所提算法与未使用融合算法带来的数据量进行对比，证明了所提算法的有效性。
关键词：电力线载波通信；最小生成树；数据融合中图分类号：TN915 文献标志码：A doi：10.11805/TKYDA2021193A data fusion algorithm of power line carrier communication based onminimum spanning tree routingSHEN Hongtao，LI Fei，SHI Lun，WANG Hongxi，GAO Bo(Marketing Service Center of State Grid Hebei Electric Power Co.，Ltd，Shijiazhuang Hebei 050000，China)AbstractAbstract：：Power line carrier communication technology utilizes existing power transmission networks for data transmission, which has the characteristics of low construction cost, fast and flexibledeployment, and is widely used in local communication in local area networks. However, when thenumber of nodes is too large or the acquisition frequency is too high, each node will transmit data to theroot node alone, which will bring huge amount of data to the entire communication system, and reduce thecommunication efficiency, affecting the real-time monitoring of the photovoltaic system. For this reason,aiming at the huge amount of data generated in the process of power line carrier communication, a datafusion algorithm of power line carrier communication based on minimum spanning tree transmission pathis proposed to reduce the amount of transmission data and save the communication transmissionresources, thus enhancing the transmission capacity of power line carrier access network. Finally, theproposed algorithm is proved to be effective by comparing the amount of data brought about by the fusionalgorithm and the non-fusion algorithm.KeywordsKeywords：：power line carrier communication；minimum spanning tree；data fusion 电力线载波通信技术利用现有的电力传输线为载波信号的传输媒介进行通信。
战略管理-策略eaiprinciples 精品
in a sense, methodologies are like coaches —they don’t magically guarantee success, but they do provide principles and practices that can lead to the best solutions. Over the next few months, this column will dig into Enterprise Application Integration (EAI) methodologies, examining 10 principles based on the five EAI laws (see the July 20XX issue of eAI Journal):从某种意义上说，方法论的角色就像教练一样，它不一定能保证成功，但它所提供的准则和实践指导着最佳实践。
下面将论述的10条准则源于五条EAI原理。
• The whole is greater than the sum of the parts.整体的作用远大于个体作用的简单聚合• Th ere is no end-state.事物的发展永远没有终点• There are no universal standards.没有适用一切事物的规律• Information adapts to meet local needs.信息需要契合实践需要• All details are relevant.所有的现象都存在千丝万缕的关联The 10 principles include lessons learned from both the study of other scientific disciplines and practical experiences gained from applied system integration activities over many years. They’re neither plete nor universal. Experienced practitioners must decide which of the principles apply in a given situation, how to modify them, and when new ones are needed. This month we’ll start with the first two principles.这10条准则源于对其它科学规律的研究和应用整合的实践活动。