Fern diversity and biomass at Chilapatta reserve forest of West Bengal Terai Duars in sub-humid
【高考生物】王玉梅托福词汇里的生物类单词总结
（生物科技行业）王玉梅托福词汇里的生物类单词总结adaptadapableadaptation--modification(以上三词都与动物进化有关) antibiotic抗菌的，抗生的antibiotics抗生素aquaticadj.水生的，水栖的aquariumn.水族馆arborealadj.树栖的，树的；乔木的arid--dryadj.干旱的semiaridadj.雨量非常少的aroman.芳香，香气aromatic--fragrantadj.芳香的fragrant--aromatica, fragrance--scentn,香味perfumen,香味，香水backbone--spinen,脊椎，中枢baldeagle秃头鹰（美国国鸟）bardn,鱼钩等的-倒勾，倒刺；bark--outercoveringn,树皮n/vi.狗叫beakn,鸟嘴polarbear北极熊grizzlybear灰熊biologistn.生物学家biologicaldiversity生物多样性bisonn.美洲或欧洲的野牛bloomn/vi.花/开花blossomn/vi.花/开花boardern,寄生者baboonn,狒狒bouquetn,花簇breed--raise,hatch,matevt,养育，繁殖n,品种crossbreedingn,异种杂交budn,芽，蓓蕾vi,发芽bulbn，球茎cannibalismn,同类相食carapacen,龟蟹等得-甲壳cardiacadj,心脏的，cardinaladj,红衣凤头鸟-一种美洲鸟，雄性有深红色羽毛carnivorousadj,食肉的caterpillarn,毛虫chimpanzeen,黑猩猩gorillan,大猩猩calmn,蚌肉clutchn,一次所孵的蛋condorn,秃鹰conifern,松类针叶树coralreef珊瑚礁carbn,蟹crawl--creepvi,爬行crown,乌鸦crustaceann，甲壳动物culturevi,培养（微生物细胞组织等）daisyn,雏菊deciduousadj,每年落叶的，decompositionn,腐烂，分解decompose--decayv,分解，使腐烂rodentn,edentaten,贫齿类动物dolphinn,海豚domesticate-cultivatevt,驯养驯化domesticated-tameadj. dormantadj,休眠的endotoxinn,内梅素endothermn,恒温动物draftanimal耕种动物（horse之类）dragonflyn,蜻蜓ecologicaladj,生态学的，生态的ecologistnecologynecologistemn生态系统embryo-completelyundevelopedformn,胚胎；embryologicaladj,胚胎学的embryonicadj,萌芽期的，endanger-threaen,jeopardizevt,危及endangeredadj,有灭绝危险的，将要绝种的evergreenadj常绿的，n,常绿植物extinctadj,动物-灭绝的；extinctionn.falconn,猎鹰falconern,养猎鹰之人faunan,动物群floran植物群floraladj,花的，植物的feedv,喂养，靠。
托福(阅读)历年真题试卷汇编4(题后含答案及解析)
托福（阅读）历年真题试卷汇编4(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 3. Reading ComprehensionSections Three：Reading ComprehensionEarly Theories of Continental DriftP1: The idea that the geography of Earth was different in the past than it is today is not new. As far back as 1620, Francis Bacon spotted that the west coast of Africa and the east coast of South America looked as if they would fit together, like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. Between then and 1912, other people identified further similarities between other continental coastlines. But because much of the early support for mobilism was based on far-flung intercontinental similarities, geologists tended to be skeptical of the fieldwork of others.P2: During the late nineteenth century, Austrian geologist Eduard Suess proposed the name “Gondwanaland”in his book The Face of the Earth (1885) and gave far greater emphasis to the evolutionary nature of the earth and he noted the similarities among the Late Paleozoic plant fossils of India, Australia, South Africa, and South America. Based upon glossopteris fern fossils in such regions, he explained that the three land masses were once connected in a supercontinent which he names Gondwanaland, and that the ocean flooded the spaces currently between those lands. Thus, in his view, the similarities of fossils on these continents could be accounted for by postulating the concept of a land bridge that existed once but subsided later.P3: Later, a number of refinements to Suess’s theory were made. The American geologist Frank Taylor published a pamphlet in 1910 presenting his concept of “horizontal displacement”. He explained the formation of mountain ranges as a result of the lateral movements of continents. With the earth’s capture of the moon, the gravitational forces between them generated a pull towards lower latitudes where they thickened and formed folded mountain belts especially in middle latitudes. Although we now know that Taylor’s explanation of continental drift is erroneous, one of his most significant contributions was his suggestion that the Mid-Atlantic Ridge—an underwater mountain range discovered by the 1872-1876 British HMS Challenger expeditions—might mark the site at which an ancient continent broke apart, forming the present-day Atlantic Ocean.P4: However, it is Alfred Wegener, a German meteorologist, who is generally credited with developing the hypothesis of continental drift. In his monumental book, The Origin of Continents and Oceans (1915), Wegener theorized that a single supercontinent he called “Pangaea”existed sometime between 350 million to 225 million years ago. Wegner portrayed his grand concept of continental movement in a series of maps showing the breakup of Pangaea and the movement of various continents to their present-day locations. What evidence did Wegener use to support his hypothesis of continental drift? First, Wegener noted that there is geographical similarity along both the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean. The opposing coasts of the Atlantic can be fitted together in the same way as two cut off pieces of wood can be refitted. Furthermore, mountain ranges and glacial deposits seem tomatch up in such a way that suggests continents could have once been a single landmass. Finally, many of the same fossils and vegetative remains are found today on widely separated continents, indicating that the continents must have been in proximity at one time. During his days, Wegener was regarded as an advocate rather than as an impartial scientific observer, appearing to ignore vast evidence unfavorable to his ideas and distort other evidence to bring it into harmony with the theory.P5: After Wegener’s death, a South African geologist Alexander Du Toit continued to assemble fossil evidence for Pangaea. He noted that fossils of the now extinct reptile “Mesosaurus”occur in rocks of the same age in both Brazil and South Africa. Because the physiology of freshwater and marine animals is completely different, it is hard to imagine how a freshwater reptile could have swum across the Atlantic Ocean and then found a freshwater environment nearly identical to its former habitat. Moreover, if Mesosaurus could have swum across the ocean, its fossil remains should be widely dispersed. It is more logical to assume that Mesosaurus lived in lakes in what were once adjacent areas of South America and Africa when it was united into a single continent. Notwithstanding all of the empirical evidence in favor of continental drift theory presented here, most geologists at the time refused to entertain the idea.P6 :The debate over continental drift has the same role and stature in the history of the earth sciences as the debate over Darwinian evolution in the history of life sciences and the debates over relativity and quantum theory in the history of physics. In the largest sense, the history of earth science, the history of biology, and the history of physics in the 20th century are all histories of the consolidation of opinion and the formation of broad consensus—that these theories were the best way to organize and advance these sciences.P5: After Wegener’s death, a South African geologist Alexander Du Toit continued to assemble fossil evidence for Pangaea.■He noted that fossils of the now extinct reptile “Mesosaurus” occur in rocks of the same age in both Brazil and South Africa.■Because the physiology of freshwater and marine animals is completely different, it is hard to imagine how a freshwater reptile could have swum across the Atlantic Ocean and then found a freshwater environment nearly identical to its former habitat. ■Moreover, if Mesosaurus could have swum across the ocean, its fossil remains should be widely dispersed. It is more logical to assume that Mesosaurus lived in lakes in what were once adjacent areas of South America and Africa when it was united into a single continent. ■Notwithstanding all of the empirical evidence in favor of continental drift theory presented here, most geologists at the time refused to entertain the idea.1．According to paragraph 2, Eduard Suess believed that similarities of plant and animal fossils on the southern continents were due toA．living in the southern climateB．crossing the land bridgesC．fossilization in the coal layersD．movements of the supercontinent正确答案：B解析：【事实信息题】题目问动植物化石的相似性是因为什么，文中提到“the similarities of fossils on these continents could be accounted for by”所以原因是之前有陆桥后来消失了，答案是B。
伦照荣简历
伦照荣简历：1989毕业于中山大学，获理学博士学位。
加拿大国家自然科学和工程学研究委员会（NSERC）国际杰出青年科学家奖获得者（1993）；瑞士热带医学研究院（1990-92）和多伦多大学（1993-1995）博士后；香港城市大学生物和化学系研究员（1996）；加拿大国家食品检验局寄生虫学研究中心研究科学家（1997-1999）；加拿大Saskatchewan大学Research Officer （1999-2002）。
2002，6-现在，中山大学生命科学院教授，博士生导师；动物学国家重点学科（寄生虫学）学术带头人；华南寄生生物研究中心主任；国际动物健康组织（OIE/NTTAT）高级科学顾问；国际原子能机构（IAEA）辐射疫苗专家。
在PNAS（USA）, The Lancet Infectious Diseases, Trends in Parasitology, Schnizophrenia Bulletin，International Journal for Parasitology, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, Parasite Immunology,科学通报等发表论文90多篇，其中SCI论文70多篇。
主要研究方向：非洲锥虫和动物锥虫进化，寄生原虫与宿主（细胞）关系，人畜共患病原体流行病学研究项目：国家自然科学基金；国家“973”计划；美国斯丹利医学研究院；电话（Tel）：+8620-84115079；84115070传真（Fax）：+8620-84036215Email：lsslzr@Selected Publications:1.Wang T, Liu M, Gao XJ, Zhao ZJ, Chen XG, Lun ZR. (2010). Toxoplasma gondii: The effectsof infection at different stages of pregnancy on the offspring of mice. ExperimentalParasitology (In press).2.Lun, Z.R., Lai, D.H., Li, F.J., Lukeš, J., A yala, F. J. (2010). Trypanosoma brucei: two steps tospread out from Africa? Trends in Parasitology, 26:424-427i, D.H., Wang, Q.P., Li, Z., Luckins, A.K. Reid, S.A., and Lun, Z.R. (2010). Investigationsinto human serum sensitivity expressed by stocks of Trypanosoma brucei evansi.International Journal for Parasitology, 40:705-10.4.Lun, Z.R., Reid, S.A., Lai, D.L., Li, F.J., (2009). Atypical human trypanosomiasis: Aneglected disease or just an unlucky accident? T rends in Parasitology, 25：107-108.i, D.H., Hashimi, H., Lun, Z.R., Francisco J., A yala, F.J., Lukeš, J. (2008) Adaptations ofTrypanosoma brucei to gradual loss of kinetoplast DNA: T. equiperdum and T. evansi are petite mutants of T. brucei. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, USA 105:1999-2004.6.Lun, Z.R., Wang, Q.P., Chen, X.G., Li, A.X. and Zhu, X.Q. (2007). Streptococcus suis: anemerging zoonotic pathogen. The Lancet Infectious Diseases，7：201-2097.Li, F.J., Gasser, R.B., Lai, D.H., Claes, F.,Zhu, X.Q. and Lun, Z.R. (2007) PCR approach forthe detection of Trypanosoma brucei and T. equiperdum and their differentiation from T.evansi based on maxicircle kinetoplast DNA, Molecular and Cellular Probes, 21：1-78.Li, S.Q., Li, S.Q. Fung, M.C., Reid, S., Inoue. N, and Lun Z.R. (2007) Immunization withrecombinant beta-tubulin from Trypanosoma evansi induced protection against T. evansi, T.equiperdum and T. b. brucei infection in mice.Parasite Immunology, 29：191-199.9.Torrey, E.F., Bartko, J.J., Lun, Z.R. and Y olken, R.H. (2007) Antibodies to Toxoplasmagondii in patients with schizophrenia. A meta-analysis. Schnizophrenia Bulletin, 33:729-736.10.Li, F.J., Lai, D.H., Lukes, J., Chen, X.G., Lun, Z.R. (2006) Doubts about Trypanosomaequiperdum strains classed as Trypanosoma brucei or Trypanosoma evansi. Trends inParasitology, 22:55-56.11.Lun, Z.R., Chen, X.G., Zhu, X.Q., Li, X.R and Xie, M.Q. (2005) Are Tritrichomonas feotusand Tritrichomonas suis synonyms? Trends in Parasitology, 21:122-125.12.Li, F.J., Gasser, R.B., Zheng J.Y., Claes, F., Zhu, X.Q., and Lun, Z.R. (2005)Application ofmultiple DNA fingerprinting techniques to study the genetic relationships among threemembers of the subgenus Trypanozoon (Protozoa: Trypanosomatidae). Molecular andCellular Probes, 19: 400-407.13.Lun, Z.R., Gasser, R.B., Lai, D.H. Li, A.X., Zhu, X.Q., Y u, X.B. and Fang, Y.Y. (2005)Clonorchiasis: a key food-borne zoonosis in China deserving serious attention. The Lancet Infectious Diseases，5:22-33.Chapters in Books (In English):(1) Chen X.G. and Lun, Z.R.(2005). Basic Biology of Toxoplasma gondii, in V ol 4,Toxoplasmosis and Basesiosis in Asia Ed by Y ano A. et al., Published by AAA Committee and The Federation of Asian Parasitologists.(2) Wang, Q.P. and Lun, Z.R. (2008) Streptococcus suis: the threat remains. In EmergingInfections, Chapter 11, V ol 8 (Edt by W.M. Scheld, S.M. Hammer, and J.M. Hughes) ASM Press, Washington, DC. (pp. 213-228).(3) Wang, Q.P. and Lun, Z.R. (2010) Angiostrongylus cantonensis and Humanangiostrongyliasis. In Zoonoses, second edition (Edited by Stephen Palmer,Lawson Soulsby, Paul Torgerson and David Brown). Oxford Press。
英文外刊，抗击疟疾的科学家们，陷入了生物伦理学的争论
英文外刊，抗击疟疾的科学家们，陷入了生物伦理学的争论Scientists at this lab in Burkina Faso have deployed gene warfare against the parasite carrying mosquitoes that spread malaria.布基纳法索一个实验室的科学家已经对传播疟疾同时携带寄生虫的蚊子进行了基因改造。
The conventional tools at our disposal today have reached a ceiling and can't become more efficient than they are right now.我们现在使用的传统工具已经达到了极限，不能比现在的效率更高。
We have no choice but to look at complementary methods.我们别无选择，只能寻找辅助性疗法。
That is why we're using genetically modified mosquitoes.这就是我们对蚊子进行转基因的原因。
Professor Diabate runs the experiment for target malaria, a research consortium backed by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.迪亚巴特教授为目标疟疾组织(比尔和梅琳达.盖茨基金会支持的研究联盟)开展了这项实验。
The group developed an enzyme that sterilizes male mosquitoes.研究小组研发出一种可以使雄蚊绝育的酶，可以使雄蚊绝育。
The action of the enzyme continues after fertilization which means if the male copulates with a female, the embryo is dead and the female can no longer have offspring.这种酶在雌蚊子受精后继续发挥作用，这意味着如果雄蚊子与雌蚊子交配，胚胎就会死亡，雌蚊子就不能再生育后代。
211097944_欧美进口紫花苜蓿可培养种带细菌及其对动植物的致病性
第32卷第4期Vol.32，No.4161-1722023年4月草业学报ACTA PRATACULTURAE SINICA张振粉，黄荣，姚博，等.欧美进口紫花苜蓿可培养种带细菌及其对动植物的致病性.草业学报，2023，32（4）：161−172.ZHANG Zhen-fen，HUANG Rong，YAO Bo，et al.Culturable seed-borne bacteria of lucerne imported from Europe and North America and their pathogenicity to plants and animals.Acta Prataculturae Sinica，2023，32（4）：161−172.欧美进口紫花苜蓿可培养种带细菌及其对动植物的致病性张振粉1，2*，黄荣1，2，姚博1，2，张旺东3，杨成德4，陈秀蓉4（1.甘肃农业大学草业学院，甘肃兰州730070；2.草业生态系统教育部重点实验室，中-美草地畜牧业可持续发展研究中心，甘肃兰州730070；3.甘肃农业大学动物医学院，甘肃兰州730070；4.甘肃农业大学植物保护学院，甘肃兰州730070）摘要：为了探究进口紫花苜蓿种带细菌的多样性及其对动植物的致病性，本研究从北美和欧洲共收集到紫花苜蓿种子样品34份，所有样品经室内研磨稀释分离培养，共获得39株种带细菌分离物，结合常规表型特征及16S rDNA鉴定方法确定它们的分类地位；并在室内采用菌悬液皿内发芽及盆栽接种法和腹腔注射法分别测定了21株代表细菌对供试紫花苜蓿和昆明小鼠的致病性。
结果显示：1）39株细菌隶属3门15属，门分别为厚壁菌门、变形菌门和放线菌门，其中优势门为厚壁菌门；属地位的分别为芽孢杆菌属、假单胞菌属、马赛菌属、短芽孢杆菌属、欧文氏菌属、泛菌属、不动杆菌属、肠杆菌属、埃希氏肠杆菌属、假芽孢杆菌属、假节杆菌属、红球菌属、葡萄球菌属、土壤芽孢杆菌属和微杆菌属，其中优势属为芽孢杆菌属和假单胞菌属。
片段化生境中极小种群野生植物种子传播研究进展
至于无法将携带的种子散播到更远的生境ꎮ 如ꎬ Ｃａｒ￣
法ꎬ 种子 数 量 普 查ꎬ 种 子 捕 捉 器ꎬ 利 用 遗 传 学 进 行
ＤＮＡ 分子技术进行追踪ꎬ 无线电追踪ꎬ 放射性同位素
信号追踪ꎬ 动物活动模型ꎬ 遗传标记等ꎮ
ｉｎｅ Ｅｍｅｒ 等利用元网络的方法在 １６ 个新热带森林片段
中探索了 鸟 类 种 子 传 播 ( Ｂｉｒｄ Ｓｅｅｄ Ｄｉｓｐｅｒｓａｌꎬ ＢＳＤ)
碎化ꎬ 是指原本自然状态下连续的生境在受到人为干
键的生态过程ꎬ 决定了植物的更新模式ꎬ 并影响之后
扰或者自然干扰的情况下ꎬ 生境逐渐由完整发展为支
幼苗的更新生存ꎬ 因此其在生态系统和生物多样性的
离破碎的较小面积生境ꎮ 随着人类社会的不断发展ꎬ
对植物种群的持续性至关重要
[１]
持久中发挥着至关重要的作用 [２] ꎮ 其中极小种群野生
(１ 西南林业大学园林园艺学院ꎬ 云南 昆明 ６５０２２４ꎻ ２ 云南省农业科学院生物技术与种质资源研究所ꎬ 云南 昆明 ６５０２０５)
摘 要: 全球生境碎片化趋势逐渐加深ꎬ 使在碎片化生境中的野生植物受到生存威胁ꎬ 其中包含一些亟需保护的
极小种群野生植物ꎮ 本文主要通过综述片段化生境中植物种子传播过程的研究ꎬ 如片段化生境对种子传播者的影
据营养繁殖物种扩散受限ꎬ 依靠动物传播种子和依靠
程中受到了怎样的影响ꎬ 遇到了哪些困难ꎮ 一起探明
昆虫传播花粉的植物也将受到影响ꎬ 进一步对于植物
物种传播过程中的关键问题ꎬ 为保护极小种群野生植
种群的信息流、 基因流产生一定的影响ꎬ 最终影响到
物提供理论基础ꎮ
物种更新延续和发展 [５] ꎮ
收稿日期: ２０２３－１０－３０
入侵植物喜旱莲子草_生物学_生态学及管理_潘晓云
植 物 分 类 学 报 45 (6): 884–900(2007)doi:10.1360/aps06134 Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica ———————————2006-08-28收稿, 2007-03-12收修改稿。
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(30400052); 国家重点基础研究发展计划资助(2006CB403305) (Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Grant No. 30400052; National Basic Research Program of China, Grant No. 2006CB403305 )。
* 通讯作者(Author for correspondence. E-mail: jkchen@; Tel.: 86-21-65642468; Fax: 86-21-65642468)。
入侵植物喜旱莲子草——生物学、生态学及管理1潘晓云 1耿宇鹏 2Alejandro SOSA 1张文驹 1李 博 1陈家宽*1(生物多样性和生态工程教育部重点实验室, 复旦大学生物多样性科学研究所, 长江河口湿地生态系统野外科学 观测研究站 上海 200433)2(南美生物防治实验室 布宜诺斯艾利斯 1686)Invasive Alternanthera philoxeroides : biology, ecology andmanagement1PAN Xiao-Yun 1GENG Yu-Peng 2Alejandro SOSA 1ZHANG Wen-Ju 1LI Bo 1CHEN Jia-Kuan * 1(Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science & Ecological Engineering , Institute of Biodiversity Science ,Fudan University , Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of Yangtze River Estuary , Shanghai 200433, China) 2(South American Biological Control Laboratory , USDA-ARS , Hurlingham-Buenos Aires 1686, Argentina) Abstract In this review, we present a detailed account of Alternanthera philoxeroides (alligatorweed), including A. philoxeroides description, intraspecific variation from native to introduced regions, its life history strategies, invasion mechanisms, and management strategies. Alternanthera philoxeroides is a herbaceous amphibious weed of Amaranthaceae, native to South America, distributed from Buenos Aires Province (39° S) to south Brazil. It was first described by Martius in 1826, and consists of several taxa in both its native and non-native ranges. Current knowledge indicates that two forms of alligator weed exist in Argentina: A. philoxeroides f. philoxeroides in the southern range and A. philoxeroides f. angustifolia in the northern range. In Argentina, both forms set fruits and produce viable seeds. Alternanthera philoxeroides is now found as a serious weed from tropical to warm temperate regions, including the USA, China, India, South-East Asia, Australia and New Zealand. It is thought to have been brought to China during the 1930s, and later widely cultivated and spread in southern China as fodder during 1950s. The invasions of alligatorweed in China have caused considerable concerns, and now it is one of the 12 most harmful alien invasive species in China. Alligatorweed is found on stationary and slow moving water bodies, creeks, channels, riverbanks and associated areas that are occasionally flooded. It can also be found in terrestrial habitats as a pasture weed within urban environments. Alligatorweed does not produce viable seed in China and reproduces vegetatively from vegetative fragments (stems, rhizome or root tubes), which can be transported by water movement, boats, machinery and vehicles, and in hay. Movement between river catchments is common because of the human activities. Alligatorweed forms a floating mass which spreads out over the water. Its growth disrupts the ecology of banks and shallows and crowds out other plant species, restricts water flow, increases sedimentation, aggravates flooding, limits access and use by man and provides a favorable breeding area for disease vectors. We need better understanding of the biology and ecology of alligatorweed to assess the efficiency of control methods in any theoretical framework. According to the6期潘晓云等: 入侵植物喜旱莲子草——生物学、生态学及管理885 knowledge of the life history strategy of alligatorweed, we suggest that metapopulation theory is a good tool to improve management efficiency from watershed and regional perspectives. Key words alligatorweed (Alternanthera philoxeroides), biological invasion, dispersal, disturbance, intraspecific variation, life history, metapopulation, watershed management.摘要喜旱莲子草Alternanthera philoxeroides原产于南美洲, 属于苋科Amaranthaceae莲子草属Alternanthera。
细菌的英文形容词
细菌的英文形容词Captivating Characteristics of BacteriaBacteria, the microscopic organisms that inhabit our world, possess a remarkable array of characteristics that captivate and intrigue us. These ubiquitous life forms, found in the most diverse environments, from the depths of the ocean to the heights of the atmosphere, are not only essential to the functioning of our planet but also hold the key to many scientific and medical breakthroughs.One of the most striking features of bacteria is their incredible diversity. With an estimated 10 to the power of 30 individual bacteria on Earth, these microscopic marvels come in a staggering array of shapes and sizes, ranging from the rod-like Escherichia coli to the spiral-shaped Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease. This diversity is not merely aesthetic, but it reflects the remarkable adaptability of these organisms, allowing them to thrive in a wide range of habitats and fulfill a multitude of ecological roles.Another fascinating aspect of bacteria is their remarkable resilience. Capable of withstanding extreme conditions, from scorching hot springs to the freezing Antarctic ice, bacteria have evolvedmechanisms to survive in the harshest environments. Some species, such as the extremophiles, have developed specialized adaptations that enable them to thrive in environments that would be lethal to most other life forms. This resilience has not only allowed bacteria to colonize the most inhospitable regions of our planet but has also made them a subject of intense scientific study, with researchers exploring their potential applications in fields as diverse as bioremediation, energy production, and space exploration.Bacteria are also renowned for their incredible speed of reproduction. Under optimal conditions, some bacterial species can divide and multiply at astonishing rates, with some doubling their population in as little as 20 minutes. This rapid reproduction rate, combined with their genetic diversity, allows bacteria to adapt quickly to changing environmental conditions, making them formidable adversaries in the ongoing battle against infectious diseases. However, this same adaptability has also led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains, posing a significant challenge to modern medicine and highlighting the need for continued research and development of new antimicrobial strategies.Perhaps one of the most remarkable characteristics of bacteria is their remarkable ability to communicate and coordinate their behavior. Through a process known as quorum sensing, bacteria can detect the presence of other individuals of their species and adjusttheir gene expression and behavior accordingly. This allows them to collectively respond to changes in their environment, coordinate the production of certain compounds, and even engage in complex social behaviors, such as the formation of biofilms. This intricate communication system not only enhances the survival and success of bacterial communities but also provides valuable insights into the evolutionary origins of complex social interactions.Lastly, the importance of bacteria in the functioning of our planet cannot be overstated. These microscopic organisms play a crucial role in the cycling of essential nutrients, the decomposition of organic matter, and the maintenance of the delicate balance of our ecosystem. Without the tireless efforts of bacteria, the biosphere as we know it would simply cease to exist. From the nitrogen-fixing bacteria that enrich the soil to the methanogenic archaea that regulate atmospheric greenhouse gas levels, the contributions of these diverse microbes are indispensable to the continued existence of life on Earth.In conclusion, the captivating characteristics of bacteria are a testament to the remarkable adaptability, resilience, and complexity of these microscopic life forms. As we continue to unravel the mysteries of the microbial world, the insights we gain will undoubtedly lead to groundbreaking advancements in fields ranging from medicine and biotechnology to environmental sustainabilityand beyond. The study of bacteria, with its endless fascination and potential, promises to be a thrilling and fruitful endeavor for generations to come.。
几株拮抗水稻纹枯病菌东乡野生稻内生真菌的鉴定及活性分析
几株拮抗水稻纹枯病菌东乡野生稻内生真菌的鉴定及活性分析刘德;高波良;朱开明;邹宇炬;张志斌【摘要】为探究东乡野生稻内生真菌中生物活性菌株的种群分布和拮抗潜力,本文采用菌落形态观察及ITS-rDNA序列分析法分别对5株前期获得的具有抑制水稻纹枯病菌的内生真菌进行种属鉴定,菌株DX-THL3、DX-SER3、DX-THL2、DX-SES3和DX-THS2分属于帚枝霉(Sarocladium oryzae)、正青霉(Eupenicillium sp.)、黑孢霉(Nigrospora sphaerica)、小球壳孢属(Microsphaeropsis arundinis)和Saccharicola sp..菌丝生长抑制法测定结果显示,有4株菌株发酵浓缩液对水稻纹枯病菌有抑制活性,其中菌株DX-THL3和DX-SES3发酵培养8d对水稻纹枯病菌的抑制率最高,显示了良好的生物防治水稻纹枯病菌的潜力,该研究为东乡野生稻内生真菌资源在水稻病害防治中的应用奠定了基础.【期刊名称】《宜春学院学报》【年(卷),期】2015(037)009【总页数】5页(P6-10)【关键词】东乡野生稻;内生真菌;ITS序列;抑菌活性【作者】刘德;高波良;朱开明;邹宇炬;张志斌【作者单位】江西师范大学生命科学学院,江西省亚热带植物资源保护与利用重点实验室,南昌330022;江西师范大学生命科学学院,江西省亚热带植物资源保护与利用重点实验室,南昌330022;江西师范大学生命科学学院,江西省亚热带植物资源保护与利用重点实验室,南昌330022;江西省鄱阳县第一中学,江西鄱阳333100;东乡县农业技术推广中心,江西东乡 331800;江西师范大学生命科学学院,江西省亚热带植物资源保护与利用重点实验室,南昌330022【正文语种】中文【中图分类】S476.1水稻纹枯病是由立枯丝核菌 (Rhizotonia solani)引起的水稻重要病害之一，通过侵染水稻叶鞘和叶片引起枯斑，使水稻结实率降低，瘪谷率增加，减产最高可超过30%。
鸟类间的生态竞争英语作文
As a high school student with a keen interest in biology, Ive always been fascinated by the intricate dynamics of nature, especially the ecological competition among birds. This essay aims to delve into the fascinating world of avian interactions, exploring how different bird species compete for resources and coexist in the same environment.Growing up in a suburban area surrounded by lush greenery, Ive had the privilege of observing various bird species from my window. The sight of a majestic eagle soaring high in the sky, or a humble sparrow hopping around on the ground, always fills me with awe. But its not just their beauty that captivates me its the complex relationships they share with each other that truly intrigues me.One of the most evident forms of competition among birds is for food. Birds, like all living creatures, need to eat to survive, and the availability of food can be a scarce resource, especially during harsh seasons. Ive witnessed firsthand how a group of sparrows would aggressively chase away a larger bird, like a crow, from a feeder filled with seeds. This behavior is not just about survival its also about ensuring the survival of their offspring. By monopolizing a food source, these small birds increase their chances of raising healthy, strong young ones.Another form of competition is for nesting sites. Birds are not just picky about what they eat they are also very particular about where they lay their eggs. A safe and secure nesting site is crucial for the survival of their young. Ive observed how a pair of robins would defend their chosen tree hollow from other birds, even going as far as engaging in aerial battles. Thisterritorial behavior is not just about securing a home its also about ensuring the best possible start for their offspring.But competition among birds is not always a zerosum game. There are instances of cooperation and symbiosis that defy the cutthroat nature of survival. For example, some bird species, like the oxpeckers, have evolved to live in harmony with larger animals, such as buffaloes. These small birds feed on ticks and parasites found on the larger animals, providing a valuable service while also securing a meal for themselves. This mutualistic relationship is a beautiful example of how different species can coexist and thrive together.Moreover, the competition among birds can also drive evolutionary adaptations. For instance, the beak shape and size of different bird species have evolved to suit their specific feeding habits. Hummingbirds, with their long, slender beaks, are perfectly adapted to feed on nectar from flowers, while eagles, with their powerful talons, are built for hunting and catching prey. These adaptations not only help individual species survive but also contribute to the overall biodiversity of an ecosystem.However, the ecological competition among birds is not without its challenges. Human activities, such as deforestation and pollution, have disrupted the delicate balance of nature, putting many bird species at risk. The loss of habitat and food sources has forced some birds to compete more intensely for the remaining resources, leading to a decline in their populations.As a high school student, I feel a deep sense of responsibility to protect and preserve the natural world for future generations. By studying and understanding the ecological competition among birds, we can gain valuable insights into the interconnectedness of life and the importance of maintaining a healthy, balanced ecosystem.In conclusion, the ecological competition among birds is a fascinating and complex phenomenon that reflects the struggle for survival in the natural world. By observing and learning from these interactions, we can appreciate the beauty and resilience of life, as well as the importance of conservation efforts to protect our planets biodiversity. As we continue to explore and understand the intricate relationships among bird species, we can also learn valuable lessons about cooperation, adaptation, and the delicate balance of life on Earth.。
2024全国高考真题英语汇编：阅读理解D篇
2024全国高考真题英语汇编阅读理解D篇一、阅读理解（2024·浙江·高考真题）The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connection between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success.As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’re not tempted by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value — a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information. Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.1．What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel’s test?A．Take an examination alone.B．Share their treats with others.C．Delay eating for fifteen minutes.D．Show respect for the researchers.2．According to Paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between_______.A．the calorie-poor world and our good appetites B．the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needsC．the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit D．the rich food supply and our unchanged brains 3．What does the author suggest readers do?A．Be selective information consumers.B．Absorb new information readily.C．Use diverse information sources.D．Protect the information environment.4．Which of the following is the best title for the text?A．Eat Less, Read More B．The Later, the BetterC．The Marshmallow Test for Grownups D．The Bitter Truth about Early Humans（2024·全国·高考真题）In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species inan area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?”Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru.Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity?“Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”5．What do we know about the records of species collected now?A．They are becoming outdated.B．They are mostly in electronic form.C．They are limited in number.D．They are used for public exhibition.6．What does Daru’s study focus on?A．Threatened species.B．Physical specimens.C．Observational data.D．Mobile applications.7．What has led to the biases according to the study?A．Mistakes in data analysis.B．Poor quality of uploaded pictures.C．Improper way of sampling.D．Unreliable data collection devices.8．What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps?A．Review data from certain areas.B．Hire experts to check the records.C．Confirm the identity of the users.D．Give guidance to citizen scientists.（2024·全国·高考真题）Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革).In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) thatpowers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI.As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, AI is already super-smart and will become more capable, moving from the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence. From there, Campbell says, will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence. This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now — several decades before these developments are expected to take place. She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse.Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible for AI-the technology companies and world leaders—so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it. She explains we are at a “tipping point” in history and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity. We need to consider how we want our future with AI to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall.AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it.9．What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean?A．If read by someone poorly educated.B．If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned.C．If written by someone less competent.D．If translated by someone unacademic.10．What is a feature of AI by Design according to the text?A．It is packed with complex codes.B．It adopts a down-to-earth writing style.C．It provides step-by-step instructions.D．It is intended for AI professionals.11．What does Campbell urge people to do regarding AI development?A．Observe existing regulations on it.B．Reconsider expert opinions about it.C．Make joint efforts to keep it under control.D．Learn from prior experience to slow it down.12．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?A．To recommend a book on AI.B．To give a brief account of AI history.C．To clarify the definition of AI.D．To honor an outstanding AI expert.（2024·全国·高考真题）“I didn’t like the ending,” I said to my favorite college professor. It was my junior year of undergraduate, and I was doing an independent study on Victorian literature. I had just finished reading The Mill on the Floss by George Eliot, and I was heartbroken with the ending. Prof. Gracie, with all his patience, asked me to think about it beyond whether I liked it or not. He suggested I think about the difference between endings that I wanted for the characters and endings that were right for the characters, endings that satisfied the story even if they didn’t have a traditionally positive outcome. Of course, I would have preferred a different ending for Tom and Maggie Tulliver, but the ending they got did make the most sense for them.This was an aha moment for me, and I never thought about endings the same way again. From then on, if I wanted to read an ending guaranteed to be happy, I’d pick up a love romance. If I wanted an ending I couldn’t guess, I’d pick up a mystery (悬疑小说). One where I kind of knew what was going to happen, historical fiction. Choosingwhat to read became easier.But writing the end — that’s hard. It’s hard for writers because endings carry so much weight with readers. You have to balance creating an ending that's unpredictable, but doesn’t seem to come from nowhere, one that fits what’s right for the characters.That’s why this issue (期) of Writer’s Digest aims to help you figure out how to write the best ending for whatever kind of writing you’re doing. If it’s short stories, Peter Mountford breaks down six techniques you can try to see which one helps you stick the landing. Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters of five great novels to see what key points they include and how you can adapt them for your work.This issue won’t tell you what your ending should be — that’s up to you and the story you’re telling — but it might provide what you need to get there.13．Why did the author go to Prof. Gracie?A．To discuss a novel.B．To submit a book report.C．To argue for a writer.D．To ask for a reading list.14．What did the author realize after seeing Gracie?A．Writing is a matter of personal preferences.B．Readers are often carried away by character.C．Each type of literature has its unique end.D．A story which begins well will end well.15．What is expected of a good ending?A．It satisfies readers’ taste.B．It fits with the story development.C．It is usually positive.D．It is open for imagination.16．Why does the author mention Peter Mountford and Elizabeth Sims?A．To give examples of great novelists.B．To stress the theme of this issue.C．To encourage writing for the magazine.D．To recommend their new books.（2024·北京·高考真题）Franz Boas’s description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans. Here, norms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense.The similarity of moral virtues across cultures is striking, even though the relative ranking of the virtues may vary with a social group’s history and environment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discouraged, while cooperation, humbleness and courage are praised. These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving. Our social instincts (本能) include the intense desire to belong. The approval of others is rewarding, while their disapproval is strongly disliked. These social emotions prepare our brains to shape our behaviour according to the norms and values of our family and our community. More generally, social instincts motivate us to learn how to behave in a socially complex world.The mechanism involves a repurposed reward system originally used to develop habits important for self-care. Our brains use the system to acquire behavioural patterns regarding safe routes home, efficient food gathering and dangers to avoid. Good habits save time, energy and sometimes your life. Good social habits do something similar in a social context. We learn to tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is inconvenient. We acquire what we call a sense of right and wrong.Social benefits are accompanied by social demands: we must get along, but not put up with too much. Hence self-discipline is advantageous. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain boosts self-control, just as it boosts problem-solving skills in the social as well as the physical world. These abilities are strengthened by our capacity for language, which allows social practices to develop in extremely unobvious ways.17．What can be inferred about the forming of the Inuit’s moral code?A．Living conditions were the drive.B．Unwritten rules were the target.C．Social tradition was the basis.D．Honesty was the key.18．What can we learn from this passage?A．Inconveniences are the cause of telling lies.B．Basic human needs lead to universal norms.C．Language capacity is limited by self-control.D．Written laws have great influence on virtues. 19．Which would be the best title for this passage?A．Virtues: Bridges Across Cultures B．The Values of Self-disciplineC．Brains: Walls Against Chaos D．The Roots of Morality参考答案1．C 2．D 3．A 4．C【导语】这是一篇说明文。
丽赤壳属真菌物种多样性及致病性
桉树科技 2019,36(1):41-55________________________________丽赤壳属真菌物种多样性及致病性汪全超，陈帅飞＊(国家林业和草原局桉树研究开发中心，广东 湛江524022)摘要：丽赤壳属真菌的许多物种是重要的植物病原菌，可危害一些重要的林木、农作物和园艺类植物。
由丽赤壳属病原菌引起的叶焦枯病是我国桉树的重大病害之一。
本文概述了丽赤壳属真菌的形态学特征，物种多样性以及分布和危害。
并介绍了丽赤壳属真菌的致病性测试方法和抗病桉树基因型选择的研究进展。
关键词：桉树；焦枯病；林木病害；病害防控中图分类号：S763.15 文献标识码：ASpecies Diversity and Pathogenicity of CalonectriaWANG Quanchao, CHEN Shuaifei(China Eucalypt Research Centre , Zhanjiang 524022, Guangdong , China )Abstract: Species of Calonectria include important pathogens of numerous important forest, agricultural and horticultural species. Eucalyptus leaf blight, caused by species of Calonectria , is considered to be one of the major threats to commercial Eucalyptus plantations in China. In this paper, the morphological characteristics, species diversity, distribution and impact of Calonectria fungi are summarized. The research progress on pathogenicity tests and selection of disease-resistant Eucalyptus genotypes is also introduced.Key words: eucalypt; leaf blight disease; forest trees disease; disease prevention and control丽赤壳属(Calonectria )真菌广泛分布于热带和亚热带地区，该属许多物种是世界性的植物重要病原菌，可对不同寄主植物造成危害，侵染约100个科的335种植物，包括一些重要林木、农作物和园艺类植物[1]。
生半夏的英文和拉丁文
生半夏的英文和拉丁文**English Content:****Introduction**Pinellia ternata, commonly known as Sheng Ban Xia in Chinese medicine, holds a significant place in thetraditional Chinese pharmacopoeia. Its use spans across various therapeutic areas, making it a versatile herb inthe hands of experienced practitioners. However, its importance extends beyond the boundaries of Chinese culture, as its scientific nomenclature and pharmacologicalproperties have garnered interest from the global medical community. This article aims to delve into the English and Latin nomenclature of Pinellia ternata, tracing itshistorical context and scientific significance.**The English Nomenclature of Pinellia ternata**In the Western pharmaceutical world, Pinellia ternatais often referred to as "Rhizoma Pinelliae Ternatae" or simply "Pinellia". This nomenclature follows theInternational Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), which governs the naming of plant species globally. The binomial nomenclature used for Pinellia ternata consists of two parts: the genus name "Pinellia" and the species name "ternata".The genus name "Pinellia" is derived from the French botanist Pierre Joseph Redoute de la Bretonne, who first described the plant in 1799. The species name "ternata" refers to the plant's characteristic leaf arrangement, which appears in three rows or tiers. This nomenclature system ensures consistency and clarity in communication among botanists and pharmacists worldwide.**The Latin Nomenclature of Pinellia ternata**In the Latin nomenclature, Pinellia ternata is referred to as "Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breitenbach". Here, "Pinellia" remains the same as in the English nomenclature, representing the genus. The species name, however, is followed by the authority citation, indicating the taxonomist who first formally described the species.Carl Peter Thunberg, a Swedish botanist, was the first to scientifically describe Pinellia ternata in his work"Flora Japonica" in 1784. Subsequently, German botanist Friedrich Breitenbach provided a more detailed taxonomic description in 1891. By citing these authorities, the Latin nomenclature acknowledges their contributions to the taxonomy of Pinellia ternata.**Pharmacological Properties and Applications**Beyond nomenclature, Pinellia ternata's pharmacological properties have garnered interest from the global medical community. It is known for its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anti-tumor activities, among others. These properties have been studied and validated through scientific research, furthering its application in modern medicine.**Conclusion**Pinellia ternata, with its rich history and diverse pharmacological properties, is not just a herb in the Chinese pharmacopoeia; it is a globally recognizedmedicinal plant. Its English and Latin nomenclature, reflecting both its botanical classification and historical context, is a testament to the plant's importance in the global pharmaceutical landscape. As research on Pinelliaternata continues, its therapeutic potential and global impact are expected to grow.**中文内容：****生半夏的英语与拉丁文探究****引言**生半夏，中药中常称为半夏，在中国药典中占据重要地位。
植物叶形态的多样性及其进化适应意义
植物叶形态的多样性及其进化适应意义张玉芬罗文韬(北京师范大学生命科学学院，生物多样性与生态工程教育部重点实验室北京100875)摘要植物的叶形态是环境因子与遗传因子共同作用的结果，为了适应复杂多变的环境，植物在叶形上演化出了丰富的多样性。
植物叶形态与其诸多功能密切相关。
综述了植物叶形多 样性及其进化的适应意义，特别是关于异形叶性和发育调控叶异形性，厘清了二者之间的概念差异。
这二者虽然都表现为叶形态的变化，但是具有不同的机制。
未来研究应建立综合遗传多样性、发育背景和环境可塑性的定量模型，以揭示叶形多样性演化发育过程及其对环境压力的响应机制，为可持续地保护生物多样性，并且为有方向、有目标地利用植物的适应性特征提供科学依据。
关键词叶形多样性异形叶性发育调控的叶异形性进化适应意义中国图书分类号：Q94 文献标识码：A叶是植物进行光合作用和蒸腾作用的主要场所，为了最有效地行使其功能，植物能精准地控制叶片的初始发育和形态变化:1]。
被子植物是陆生植物的主要类群，为了进一步适应复杂多变的陆生环境，该类群在叶形上演化出了巨大的多样性。
不仅大的分支类群间、物种间具有变化多端的叶形，物种之内也往往存在各种因素作用下的变异，其中包括单叶形态的多样性，例如，全缘、锯齿 状、不同程度（深浅）和不同式样（羽状或掌状、回数等）的裂刻等，也有单、复叶的差异，例如，广泛 分布于热带、亚热带地区的蝶形花科猪屎豆属(Crota〗aria)是被子植物最大的属之一，在全球约有700余种，其中71%的种为三出复叶或羽状复叶，仅29%的种为单叶，研究显示，其复叶类型更适应于干燥的气候，而单叶类型在潮湿气候中占据主导地位。
这可能是由于复叶与同等大小的单叶相比，空气界面层阻力更小，气体交换量更大，散热效果更好，同时，复叶通过调节单个小叶的倾斜角度，能最大限度地捕获光能[2]。
本文综述了植物叶形多样性及其进化适应意义，尤其是异形叶性（heterophylly)和发育调控叶异形性（heteroblasty),二者虽都表现为在同一植株上会生长不同形态的叶，但具有不同的机制[3]。
特殊的植物英语作文
特殊的植物英语作文英文回答：Unique plants are a diverse and fascinating group of organisms that exhibit extraordinary adaptations to survive and thrive in various environments. They possess unique morphological, physiological, or biochemicalcharacteristics that set them apart from their more common counterparts.One such unusual plant is the Welwitschia mirabilis, native to the Namib Desert in southwestern Africa. It is a bizarre-looking plant characterized by two long, strap-like leaves that grow continuously throughout its lifetime. These leaves can reach lengths of up to 6 meters and are the only two leaves the plant ever produces. Welwitschia also possesses a unique reproductive system, with male and female cones borne on separate plants.Another remarkable plant is the Rafflesia arnoldii,found in the rainforests of Southeast Asia. It is the largest flower in the world, with a single bloom measuring up to a meter in diameter and weighing up to 11 kilograms. Rafflesia has no true leaves or stems and is parasitic, obtaining nutrients from its host plant. Its flowers emit a strong odor that attracts pollinators, such as flies and beetles.The Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) is a carnivorous plant native to the southeastern United States. It has specialized leaves that form snap traps, which close quickly when an insect lands on them. The leaves then secrete digestive enzymes to break down the insect and absorb its nutrients. Venus flytraps rely on this unique trapping mechanism to supplement their nutrient intake in nitrogen-poor soils.Some plants exhibit remarkable resilience to extreme environments. The resurrection plant (Selaginella lepidophylla) is found in deserts and can survive severe dehydration by curling up into a ball. When it rains, the plant absorbs water and uncurls, returning to itsphotosynthetic state. Another example is the ghost orchid (Dendrophylax lindenii), which grows in the subtropical forests of Florida and is nearly invisible in its natural habitat due to its lack of chlorophyll. It obtainsnutrients through a symbiotic relationship with a fungus.Other plants possess unusual biochemical properties. The stinkhorn mushroom (Phallus impudicus) emits a pungent odor that mimics decaying animal flesh. This odor attracts flies and other insects that contribute to the mushroom's spore dispersal. The bloodroot plant (Sanguinaria canadensis) contains a blood-red sap that is used as a traditional remedy for various ailments and as a natural dye.In conclusion, the plant kingdom is home to an array of unique and fascinating species that have evolved extraordinary adaptations to survive and thrive in a wide range of environments. These plants showcase the immense diversity and resilience of life on Earth and continue to inspire wonder and intrigue in botanists and nature enthusiasts alike.中文回答：独特的植物是各种生物中多姿多彩且引人入胜的一类，它们表现出非凡的适应能力，以在多种环境中生存和繁荣。
对鸡蛋花的感受英语作文
对鸡蛋花的感受英语作文In the realm of tropical flora, there lies acaptivating bloom that embodies both ethereal beauty and cultural significance: the frangipani. With its delicate petals and intoxicating fragrance, this flower has captivated the hearts and senses of countless individuals throughout history, earning a cherished place in gardens, homes, and hearts alike.Originating from the tropical regions of Central and South America, the frangipani is a member of the Apocynaceae family, boasting a genus of over 150 species. Its captivating beauty has rendered it a beloved ornamental plant, adorning gardens and parks around the world. The frangipani's growth habit typically manifests in the form of a small tree or shrub, exhibiting a graceful silhouette that often serves as a focal point in any landscape.The defining characteristic of the frangipani lies in its exquisite blossoms. These mesmerizing blooms unfurl ina symphony of colors, ranging from pristine white and soft pink to vibrant yellow and deep crimson. The flowers typically consist of five delicate petals, arranged in a symmetrical pattern that exudes an air of elegance and refinement.Beyond its visual appeal, the frangipani is renowned for its heady fragrance. The flowers emit a sweet, intoxicating scent that permeates the air, capturing the senses and evoking feelings of tranquility and well-being. This captivating aroma has made the frangipani a popular ingredient in perfumes, cosmetics, and traditional medicinal practices.The frangipani's cultural significance extends beyond its aesthetic and aromatic charms. In many cultures, the flower holds deep spiritual and symbolic meanings. In Hinduism, the frangipani is associated with the goddess Lakshmi, the embodiment of beauty, wealth, and prosperity. The flowers are often used in religious ceremonies and offerings, representing purity and divine blessings.In Buddhism, the frangipani is revered as a sacred flower, representing impermanence and the cycle of life and death. The flowers are often used in meditation practices and adorn temples and shrines, symbolizing the transient nature of existence.In Southeast Asia, the frangipani is closelyintertwined with cultural traditions and folklore. In Thailand, the flower is known as "Dok Champa" and is revered as a symbol of love and fidelity. The flowers are often used in traditional weddings and courtship rituals, representing the enduring bonds between lovers.In the Philippines, the frangipani is known as "Kalachuchi" and is associated with mysticism and thespirit world. The flowers are believed to possess healing properties and are often used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of ailments.The frangipani's rich cultural heritage has also found expression in art and literature. In traditional paintings and carvings, the flower is often depicted as a symbol ofbeauty, grace, and spirituality. In literature, the frangipani's intoxicating fragrance has served as inspiration for countless poets and writers, capturing the essence of love, desire, and the ephemeral nature of life.In contemporary society, the frangipani continues to captivate hearts and minds. Its beauty and fragrance have made it a popular choice for weddings, special occasions, and home décor. The flower's versatility extends beyond its ornamental uses; it is also employed in the production of essential oils, fragrances, and medicinal preparations.The cultivation of frangipanis is a rewarding endeavor that can bring a touch of tropical paradise to any environment. These plants thrive in warm climates with ample sunlight and well-drained soil. With proper care and attention, frangipanis will reward their caretakers with a profusion of exquisite blooms for many years to come.Whether encountered in a garden, glimpsed in a work of art, or experienced through its captivating fragrance, the frangipani holds an enduring fascination that transcendscultural and temporal boundaries. Its beauty, fragrance, and cultural significance have made it a beloved and enduring symbol of love, spirituality, and the enduring power of nature.。
可是它离不开土地的滋养作文
可是它离不开土地的滋养作文英文回答：The human body, like the earth, is a complex system of interconnected parts that rely on a delicate balance of nutrients and resources to function optimally. Just as the earth requires the nourishment of water, sunlight, and minerals to sustain its ecosystems, the human body depends on a constant supply of nutrients from food to maintain its cellular processes, repair tissues, and generate energy.The relationship between the human body and food is so fundamental that it has shaped the course of human evolution. From the earliest hunter-gatherer societies, where individuals relied on foraging for sustenance, to the development of agriculture and the domestication of plants and animals, humans have consistently prioritized the acquisition and consumption of food as a means of survival and well-being.The nutrients that we obtain from food play a vitalrole in supporting the numerous biochemical reactions that occur within our bodies. Carbohydrates, for example,provide the primary source of energy for our cells, while proteins are essential for building and repairing tissues. Fats, on the other hand, serve as a source of energystorage and support the absorption of vitamins and minerals. In addition to these macronutrients, our bodies alsorequire a wide range of micronutrients, including vitamins and minerals, which are involved in a multitude of bodily functions, such as metabolism, immunity, and nerve function.The absence or deficiency of certain nutrients can have detrimental effects on our health. Insufficient intake of carbohydrates, for instance, can lead to fatigue and impaired cognitive function, while a lack of protein can result in muscle loss and weakness. Similarly, deficiencies in vitamins and minerals can cause a range of health problems, including anemia, osteoporosis, and scurvy.It is important to note that the relationship betweenthe human body and food is not solely unidirectional. Whileour bodies rely on food for nourishment, the food we consume is also influenced by the unique characteristics of our bodies. Individual differences in metabolism, genetics, and lifestyle can affect the way our bodies process and utilize nutrients. For example, some individuals may have a higher requirement for certain nutrients due to increased physical activity or underlying health conditions.Furthermore, the way we prepare and consume food can also impact its nutritional value. Cooking methods, such as boiling, roasting, or grilling, can affect the availability of nutrients, while the addition of salt, sugar, and other additives can alter the overall nutrient composition of a dish.In conclusion, the human body and food are inextricably linked. Just as the earth relies on the nourishment of nature to thrive, our bodies depend on a constant supply of nutrients from food to maintain optimal function. By understanding the importance of nutrition and making informed choices about the foods we eat, we can support our health and well-being for a lifetime.中文回答：人體就像地球一樣，是一個由相互聯繫的部分組成的複雜系統，這些部分依賴於營養物質和資源的微妙平衡才能發揮最佳功能。
介绍河马的英语作文
Hippos:The Gentle Giants of African WatersHippopotamuses,commonly known as hippos,are among the most fascinating and unique creatures found in Africa.Known for their massive size,semi-aquatic lifestyle,and distinctive features,hippos play a crucial role in their ecosystems.This essay will explore the characteristics,behavior,habitat,and ecological importance of hippos, as well as their interactions with humans.Characteristics of HipposHippos belong to the family Hippopotamidae and have several distinctive features:Physical Appearance:Hippos are large,barrel-shaped mammals with short legs,a massive head,and a broad mouth.Their skin is thick and hairless,with a grayish-brown color that helps them blend into their muddy habitats.Hippos are known for their large mouths and powerful jaws,which can open up to150degrees.Size and Lifespan:Hippos are among the largest land mammals,with adult males(known as bulls)weighing between3,000to4,000pounds and females(known as cows)weighing slightly less.They can reach lengths of up to16feet and stand about5feet tall at the shoulder. Hippos can live for several decades,with some individuals reaching up to 40-50years in the wild.Adaptations:Hippos have several adaptations that make them well-suited to their semi-aquatic lifestyle.Their eyes,ears,and nostrils are positioned on the top of their heads,allowing them to see,hear,and breathe while mostly submerged in water.Their skin secretes a natural sunscreen,often referred to as"blood sweat,"which protects them from the sun and has antibacterial properties.Hippos are also excellent swimmers and can hold their breath underwater for up to five minutes.Behavior and Social StructureHippos exhibit a range of interesting behaviors and social structures:Diet and Foraging:Despite their massive size and fearsome appearance, hippos are herbivores and primarily feed on grasses.They graze on land at night,consuming up to88pounds of vegetation in a single night. During the day,they spend most of their time in water to keep cool and protect their sensitive skin from the sun.Nesting and Breeding:Hippos are social animals and live in groups called pods,which can consist of10to30individuals.These pods are usually led by a dominant male who defends his territory from rivals.Breeding typically occurs in water,and after a gestation period of about8months, females give birth to a single calf.Calves are born underwater and can swim almost immediately.They stay close to their mothers for protection and nourishment,nursing underwater for the first few months of their lives.Territorial Behavior:Male hippos are highly territorial and will aggressively defend their stretch of river or lake from intruders.They use vocalizations,displays of their large teeth,and physical confrontations to establish dominance.Despite their aggressive behavior in water,hippos are generally more tolerant of each other on land while grazing.Habitat and DistributionHippos are found in a variety of freshwater habitats across sub-Saharan Africa:Geographic Range:Hippos are distributed throughout sub-Saharan Africa,with significant populations in countries such as Tanzania, Uganda,Zambia,and South Africa.They are most commonly found in rivers,lakes,and swamps.Preferred Habitats:Hippos inhabit freshwater environments with abundant water and nearby grasslands for grazing.They prefer areas with slow-moving or stagnant water,where they can submerge themselves to stay cool and avoid predators.Hippos also require access to grazing areas within a short distance from their aquatic habitats.Ecological ImportanceHippos play a crucial role in their ecosystems:Ecosystem Engineers:As large herbivores,hippos help shape their environment by grazing on grasses and creating pathways through vegetation.Their movement between water and land can create channels that improve water flow and provide habitats for other aquatic species.Nutrient Cycling:Hippos contribute to nutrient cycling in their ecosystems through their dung,which enriches the water with organic matter.This process supports the growth of aquatic plants and provides food for fish and other aquatic organisms.Biodiversity Support:By maintaining open areas in grasslands and creating habitats in water bodies,hippos support a diverse range of plant and animal species.Their presence helps maintain the balance of their ecosystems and supports overall biodiversity.Interactions with HumansThe relationship between hippos and humans is complex and multifaceted:Conservation and Threats:Hippos face threats from habitat loss, poaching,and human-wildlife conflict.Agricultural expansion, urbanization,and dam construction can reduce their available habitatsand disrupt their natural behaviors.Poaching for their ivory-like teeth and meat also poses a significant threat.Conservation efforts focus on protecting critical habitats,reducing human-wildlife conflict,and enforcing anti-poaching measures to ensure the survival of hippo populations.Human-Wildlife Conflict:Hippos are responsible for more human fatalities in Africa than any other large animal.Their aggressive behavior and territorial nature can lead to dangerous encounters with humans, particularly when people encroach on their habitats or come too close to their water sources.Efforts to reduce conflict include creating buffer zones,educating local communities,and implementing measures to keep hippos and humans safely separated.Ecotourism and Education:Hippos are popular attractions for tourists and wildlife enthusiasts.Responsible ecotourism can raise awareness about hippo conservation and generate funding for conservation cational programs in nature reserves,wildlife sanctuaries, and schools also play a vital role in promoting hippo conservation and the importance of healthy ecosystems.ConclusionHippos are remarkable animals that play a vital role in the health and balance of African freshwater ecosystems.Their unique characteristics, social behavior,and ecological importance make them key components of the world's biodiversity.Understanding and appreciating hippos is essential for the preservation of natural environments and the continued coexistence of humans and wildlife.By fostering a deeper appreciation for hippos and supporting conservation efforts,we can ensure that these gentle giants of African waters continue to thrive and inspire future generations.Protecting hippos means safeguarding the rich and diverse ecosystems they inhabit, ultimately benefiting all forms of life on our planet.。
猪毛蒿天然提取物被发现可增强人类寿命
猪毛蒿天然提取物被发现可增强人类寿命一项关于猪毛蒿（学名：Artemisia scoparia）的一种特殊天然植物提取物研究中，发现该提取物可以通过增强新陈代谢，可以潜在增强人类的寿命。
由助理教授 Adam Bohnert 领导的路易斯安那州立大学生物科学系的一个研究小组发表了一项具有里程碑意义的研究，通过天然植物提取物将代谢健康和C. elegans（俗称蛔虫）的寿命延长联系起来。
尽管蠕虫和人类似乎没有太多的共同点，但研究人员说，有充分的理由认为这些结果可以在人身上复制，因为这项研究建立在以前的小鼠代谢健康工作的基础上，这些工作是在杰奎琳·斯蒂芬斯（Jacqueline Stephens）教授领导的路易斯安那州立大学潘宁顿生物医学研究中心进行的。
来自路易斯安那州立大学的学生、该研究报告的主要作者Bhaswati Ghosh 说：“这项研究之所以在蠕虫身上做得如此有意义，是因为蠕虫只活了大约三周，所以在一两个月内，我们就有了明确的结果”。
Bohnert 和Stephens 的研究团队对研究猪毛蒿的效果很感兴趣，猪毛蒿是一种原产于亚洲的特殊艾草的天然植物提取物。
该提取物由其叶子制成，在Bohnert 的实验室中以不同的剂量喂给蠕虫。
接受最高和第二高剂量治疗的蠕虫显示出它们的代谢健康几乎立即得到改善。
接受治疗的蠕虫不仅比未接受治疗的对照组多活了40%--它们还长得很胖，而且速度有点慢，因为它们增加的身体质量使它们更难走动。
但是，这些蠕虫也变得更健康、更有弹性。
接受治疗的蠕虫更容易处理压力。
此外，研究人员发现，猪毛蒿有助于将体内不健康的脂肪储存转化为健康的脂肪储存。
这项研究补充了Bohnert和LSU助理教授Alyssa Johnson以前关于饮食变化在细胞水平上影响衰老的方式的工作。
现在，猪毛蒿似乎也能激活体内许多有利于长寿的途径，并有效地开启参与寿命调节过程的多个基因。