跨文化

跨文化
1.Nature of culture:
♦ 1. Culture is like an iceberg.
♦ 2. Culture is our software.
♦ 3. Culture is like the water a fish swims in.
♦ 4. Culture is the grammar of our behavior.
2. Characteristic:
1. Culture Is Learned: not born with
2. Culture Is Dynamic
3. Culture Is Pervasive: Like the air we breathe, culture penetrates into every aspect of our life and influences the way we think, the way we talk, and the way we behave.
4. Culture Is transmitted from generation to generation
5. Culture Is Adaptive
6.culture is ethnocentric
Component of communication:
Sender/Source（信息源）
A sender/source is the person who transmits a message.
Message （信息）
A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver.
Encoding （编码）
Encoding refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message.
Channel /Medium（渠道）
Channel/Medium is the method used to deliver a
message.
Receiver （信息接收者）
A receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message. Decoding （解码）
Decoding is the activity during which the receiver attaches meaning to the words or symbols he/she has received.
Feedback （反馈）
The response of a receiver to a sender’s message is called
feedback.
Noise （干扰）
Noise is a term used for factors that interfere with the exchange
of messages, including external noise ，physiological noise,
psychological noise and semantic noise. Noise is inevitable.
Context:
4.elements of intercultural communication:
(1)perception
{1}cultural values{2}world view {3}social organizations
(2)verbal processes
oral and written
Language is not only a form of preserving culture
but also a means of sharing culture.
different cultures have different symbols and different responses.
carder干部
associate professor
vice-chairman
deputy director
pee poo damn it
(3)nonverbal processes
cry smile
bodily behavior-----------bodylanguage
eye contact
smile
touch
concept of time----------plan
use of space.------------
5.major social cultural elements:
1}cultural values
what is worth dying for?
what is wrong protecting?
what frightens people?
individualism collectiveness
materialism spiritualism
competition cooperation
work leisure
equality g ender roles
time
silence
formality and informality
assertiveness restraint
interpersonal harmony
{2}world view
diverse concepts produce different choices and behaviors------gods {3}social organizations
family is important.
self -reliance,
obedience
sex role,
aggression
loyalty
age roles
social skills
6.5 different verbal communication style?
1.Direct and Indirect Verbal Interaction Styles
➢In the direct verbal style, statements clearly reveal
the speaker’s intentions.
Eg. U.S. Americans tend to use a straightforward form of request.
➢In the indirect verbal style, on the other hand, verbal
statements tend to hide the speaker’s actual intentions.
Eg. Chinese tend to ask for a favor in a more roundabout and implicit way.
2. Self-Enhancement and Self-Effacement V erbal Styles
➢The self-enhancement verbal style emphasizes the
importance of boasting about one’s accomplishments and abilities.
Eg. In the classified ads, American ad might begin with, “A handsome, athletic male with a good sense of humor seeks a fun-loving partner…”
➢The self-effacement verbal style, on the other hand,
emphasizes the importance of humbling oneself via
verbal restraints, hesitations and modest talk.
Eg. In the classified ads, Japanese ad might read, “Although I am not ve ry good-looking, I’m willing to try my best.”
3. Elaborate, Exacting and Succinct Styles
➢An elaborate style emphasizes flashy and embellished
language. This style of communication can be seen in
many Arab, Middle Eastern, and Afro-American cultures.
➢An exacting style, where persons say no more or less than is needed, is used by Americans.
➢ A succinct style is characterized by the use of concise
statements, understatements, and even silence. A succinct style can be found in Japan, China, and some Native American cultures
4. Personal and Contextual Style
➢The personal communication style emphasizes the individual identity of the speaker.
Eg. English has only one form for the second person, that is, you.
➢The contextual style highlights one’s ro le identity and status.
Eg. Chinese, German and French, for example, have informal and formal forms of the pronoun you (你/您; du/Sie; tu/vous).
5. Instrumental and Affective Style
➢An instrumental verbal style is sender-based and goal-outcome based.
The instrumental speaker uses communication to achieve some goal or outcome. The burden of understanding often rests with the speaker.
➢An affective communication style is receiver and process oriented. The affective speaker is concerned not so much with the outcome of the communication, but with the process. The responsibility of understanding rests with both the speaker and the listener.
7.categories of nonverbal language:
1. paralanguage(副语言)
a. voice set
the context in which the speaker is speaking:
the situation gender
mood age
person’s culture
b. voice qualities
volume pitch
tempo rhythm
articulation resonance
nasality accent
c. vocalization:
characterizers qualifiers
segregates
2. silence (沉默)
Silence is a form of nonverbal communication that may be interpreted in various ways depending upon the situation, the duration of the silence, and the culture. The use of silence in communication is also important. Silence can communicate agreement, apathy (冷漠), awe (敬畏), confusion, contemplation (沉思), disagreement, embarrassment, obligation, regret, repressed hostility, respect, sadness, thoughtfulness, or any number of meanings.
Time and Space
1. chronemics(时间行为)Chronemics is the study of how people perceive and use time.
2. proxemics (空间行为)
Proxemics refers to the study of spatial relations. The study of proxemics includes three aspects of space: (a) fixed features of space. (b) semifixed features of space, and (c) personal space
8.functions of nonverbal language:
a. Repeating
People use nonverbal communication to repeat, clarify, and empasize their point of view.
For example, nod as saying "yes".
b. Complementing
Nonverbal communication cues can add to or complement a verbal message. For example, scratch head.
c. Substituting
Nonverbal messages may substitute
verbal ones in certain settings.
There are situations in which words
cannot be used. In a very noisy street, for
example, police officer might use hand
gestures to replace spoken messages.
d. Regulating
Nonverbal behaviors can help control verbal interactions by regulating them, such as turn-taking signals (hand raised) in conversations
e. Contradicting
Certain nonverbal behaviors can contradict spoken words.
ponments of cultural patterns:
Beliefs : A belief is an idea that people assume to be true about the world.
.values: Values involve what a culture regards as good or bad, right or wrong, fair or unfair, just or unjust, beautiful or ugly, clean or dirty, valuable or worthless, appropriate or inappropriate, and kind or cruel.
social practice: Social practices are the predictable behavior patterns that members of a culture typically follow. Thus, social practices are the outward manifestations of beliefs, values, and norms.
Norms: Norms are the socially shared expectations of appropriate behaviors. Norms may change over a period of time, whereas beliefs and values tend to be much more enduring.
10.3 theories of cultural patterns:
Edward T. Hall’s Context-culture theory
Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck’s value orientation
Hofstede’s cultural dimensions
11.5 dimensions of culture:
They individually are power distance index(PDI), individualism (IDV), masculinity (MAS), uncertainty avoidance index (UAL), long-term orientation (LTO).PDI that is the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions (like the family) accept and expect that power is distributed unequally.IDV on the one side versus its opposite, collectivism, that is the degree to which individuals are integrated into groups.MAS versus its opposite, femininity, refers to the distribution of roles between the genders which is another fundamental issue for any society to which a range of solutions are found.UAI deals with a society's tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity; it ultimately refers to man's search for Truth.LTO versus short-term orientation：Values associated with Long Term Orientation are thrift and perseverance; values associated with Short Term Orientation are respect for tradition, fulfilling social obligations, and protecting one's 'face'.
12.3 assumptions of communication:
Communication is rule governed:People expect culturally determined patterns of behavior or rules to govern their interactions
Contexts specify the appropriate rules:Contexts as a classroom, bank, church, hospital, courtroom, wedding, or funeral determine which communication rules apply
Rules are culturally diverse:Although cultures have many of the same social settings or contexts, they may employ different rules. Consequently, concepts of dress, time, language, manners, nonverbal behavior, and control of the communication flow can differ significantly among cultures. .
13.Modes of acculturation
a. Assimilation 同化
is a process in which members of an ethnic group are absorbed into the dominant culture, losing their culture in the process.
b. Integration 融合
is a process of desiring a high level of interaction with the host culture while maintaining identity with their native culture.
c. Separation and segregation分离和隔离
Separation is when individuals prefer low levels of interaction with the host culture and associated microcultural groups while desiring a close connection with, and reaffirmation of, their native culture. If such separation is initiated and enforced by the dominant society, this is called segregation
d. Marginalization (边缘化)
Marginalization occurs when the individual chooses not to identify with his or her
native culture or with the host culture.
14.Definitions and Symptoms of culture shock
It refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture.
a. physical symptoms:Physical symptoms are over-concern about cleanliness of food, bedding, and dishes, extreme stress on health and safety; fear or physical contact with anyone in the new country; great concern over minor pains and skin eruptions; craving “home cooking”; use of alcohol and drugs; and a decline in work quality.
b.psychological symptoms:Psychological symptoms are insomnia, fatigue, isolation and loneliness, disorientation, frustration, criticism of new country, depression, nervousness, self-doubt, irritability, anger, and emotional and intellectual withdrawal.
15.Stages of Intercultural Adaptation
U-curve Pattern
➢Honeymoon Period
➢Crisis Period
➢Adjustment Period
➢Biculturalism Period
W-curve Pattern
16.Strategies for Avoiding Culture Shock and Engaging in Intercultural Adaptation
a. Study the host culture
b. Study the local environment
c. Learn basic verbal and nonverbal language skills
d. Develop intercultural relationships
e. Maintain an intimate social network
f. Assume the principle of difference/Remember your perceptual context
g. Anticipate failure events
17.Factors underlying Intercultural Communication Competence
1.Significance of Competent Intercultural Communication
2. The Imperative for Intercultural Competence
a. The Economic Imperative for Intercultural Competence
b. The Technological Imperative for Intercultural Competence
c. The Demographic Imperative for Intercultural Competence
d. The Social Justice Imperative for Intercultural Competence
18.The Components of Intercultural Competence
The Components of Intercultural Competence
➢Individual Components of Intercultural Competence :
Individual components usually include motivation, knowledge, attitudes, behaviors and skills.
➢Contextual Components of Intercultural Competence
19.The Dimensions of Intercultural Competence
•The Knowledge Dimension
•The Affective Dimension
•The Psychomotor Dimension
•The Situational Features Dimension
20.Strategies and Skills for Improving Intercultural Competence
a. Ethnocentrism
b. Cognitive Complexity
c. Self-esteem and Confidence
d. Innovativeness
e. Trust in People
f. Acculturation Motivation。