chapter 7 图

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第七章图论

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7.1 图及相关概念
7.1.5 子图
Graphs
图论
定义7-1.8 给定图G1=<V1,E1>和G2=<V2,E2> ， (1)若V1V2 ，E1E2 ，则称G1为G2的子图。 (2)若V1=V2 ，E1E2 ，则称G1为G2的生成子图。
上图中G1和G2都是G的子图，
但只有G2是G的生成子图。
chapter7
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7.1 图及相关概念
7.1.6 图的同构
Graphs
图论
【例4】设G1,G2,G3,G4均是4阶3条边的无向简单图，则
它们之间至少有几个是同构的？解：由下图可知，4阶3条边非同构的无向简单图共有3个，因此G1,G2,G3,G4中至少有2个是同构的。
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4/16/2014 5:10 PM chapter7 10
7.1 图及相关概念
7.1.3 完全图
Graphs
图论
【例2】证明在 n（n≥2 ）个人的团体中，总有两个人在此团体中恰好有相同个数的朋友。分析 :以结点代表人，二人若是朋友，则在结点间连上一证明：用反证法。条边，这样可得无向简单图G，每个人的朋友数即该结点设 G 中各顶点的度数均不相同，则度数列为 0 ， 1 ， 2 ， …，的度数，于是问题转化为： n 阶无向简单图 G中必有两个 n-1 ，说明图中有孤立顶点，与有 n-1 度顶点相矛盾（因顶点的度数相同。为是简单图），所以必有两个顶点的度数相同。
vV1
deg(v) deg(v) deg(v) 2 | E |
vV2 vV
由于 deg( v) 是偶数之和，必为偶数，
vV1

chapter_7_种内种间关系

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⒋ Fisher的理论建立在主动选择基础上的性选择可以导致性二型特征的进化。即异性选择促进吸引异性性状的定向进化。认为雄性的某些诱惑性特征被雌性所喜爱选择，这些特征将继续进化。 For example：孔雀雄鸟的尾屏属于无用的身体构件但有利于吸引异性。
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孔雀开屏吸引雌性
狐猴，低等猴类，全夜行性
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• 高等灵长类—— 如狒狒（Papio anubis）
—— 群较大，包括若干雄狒和若干雌狒，其中有主雄。主雄在交配、取食等方面有优先权，但主雄和次雄以及次雄之间多有互助行为
狒狒的群体生活
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六、合作行为和利他行为

㈠合作行为
指个体通过相互联合，从而对彼此间有利的行为。
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⒉ 求偶行为的特点求偶过程可能相当简单，听觉的刺激即可完成。只需通过嗅觉、视觉、

求偶过程也可能相当复杂，需通过若干形式的通讯交流方能完成。凡有两性区别的动物都需要有求偶行为，其最终目的是导致子代的产生。

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⒊ 求偶行为的生态学意义 ①吸引异性。

②防止与异种个体杂交。
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⒉ 性选择理论类型性选择（sexual selection）一词首先被达尔文在1871年提出，目前在这方面已形成两大理论。
性选择理论类型
Darwin的理论
Fisher的理论
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⒊ Darwin的理论达尔文设想性选择是通过两种方式发生的：
性内选择：同性个体间的竞争
Darwin的理论
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四、集群行为

集群行为是一种特殊的群体行为，是种内关系的明显表现。对个体的生存具有较大的生态意义。

布兰查德宏观经济学第七版第7版英文版chapter (7)

Macroeconomics, 7e (Blanchard)Chapter 7: The Labor Market7.1 A Tour of the Labor Market1) Which of the following is considered out of the labor force?A) the unemployedB) those temporarily laid off who will soon be recalledC) those who worked full time, but in a family businessD) those individuals who have started searching for employment for the first timeE) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 1Use the information provided below to answer the following question(s).The non-institutional civilian population is 250 million, of which 100 million are employed and 10 million are unemployed.2) Based on the information above, the unemployment rate isA) 4%.B) 6.6%.C) 9.1%.D) 10%.E) 11.1%.Answer: CDiff: 23) Based on the information above, the labor force participation rate isA) 36%.B) 40%.C) 44%.D) 90.1%.E) 66%.Answer: CDiff: 24) Based on the information above, the non-employment rate isA) 4%.B) 9.1%.C) 10%.D) 60%.E) 66%.Answer: DDiff: 25) Which of the following individuals would be considered unemployed?A) an individual who works only part-timeB) an individual who works full-time in a family business, but is not paidC) an individual who is not working and is not looking for workD) all of the aboveE) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 26) Based on the data provided in the chapter, which of the following represents the largest component of the labor force?A) discouraged workersB) retired individualsC) employedD) unemployedAnswer: CDiff: 17) The labor force is defined asA) the sum of the employed and unemployed.B) the total number employed.C) the total number of working age individuals in the population.D) the sum of the number of employed, unemployed and discouraged individuals. Answer: ADiff: 18) The participation rate in the United States in 2010 was approximately equal toA) 96%.B) 90%.C) 65%.D) 26%.E) 5%.Answer: CDiff: 19) Which of the following represents the participation rate?A) the ratio of the number employed to the size of the labor forceB) the ratio of the number employed to the civilian noninstitutional populationC) the ratio of the labor force to the civilian noninstitutional populationD) the ratio of the labor force to the total number of employed and unemployed workers Answer: CDiff: 110) The average amount of time people spend unemployed is approximatelyA) 1 month.B) 6 months .C) 12 months.D) none of the aboveAnswer: DDiff: 211) The Current Population Survey interviews approximately how many households each month?A) 5,000B) 10,000C) 60,000D) 100,000Answer: CDiff: 112) In the United States, how many workers become unemployed, on average, every day?A) 5,000B) 10,000C) 50,000D) 100,000Answer: CDiff: 113) In the United States, the average length of time people spend unemployed isA) approximately one month.B) between two and three months.C) between ten and eleven months.D) greater than twelve months.Answer: BDiff: 214) A reduction in the unemployment rate will tend to cause which of the following?A) an increase in the separation rateB) a reduction in the nominal wageC) a reduction in the duration that one is unemployedD) none of the aboveAnswer: CDiff: 215) When the unemployment rate is low, we would expect thatA) the probability of losing a job is high.B) the probability of losing a job is low.C) the probability an unemployed individual will find another job is low.D) the separation rate will increase.Answer: BDiff: 216) The participation rate in the U.S. has increased steadily over time. First, explain what the participation rate represents. Second, explain why the participation rate has increased. Answer: The participation rate is the ratio of the labor force to the working age population. One of the reasons for the significant increase in the participation rate is the increasing participation of women in the labor force.Diff: 217) What effect does the existence of discouraged workers have on the ability of the official unemployment rate to provide accurate information about the extent to which labor is employed? Answer: Discouraged workers are individuals who have stopped searching for employment because, for example, they have become "discouraged" with the prospects of finding employment. Once they stop searching (after 4 weeks), they are no longer counted as unemployed and, therefore, in the labor force. Such a dynamic would cause the official unemployment to fall. Alternatively, the existence of discouraged workers implies that the official unemployment rate underestimates the extent to which labor is being is not being used. This explains why the existence of discouraged workers can cause the unemployment rate to be an imperfect measure of the utilization of labor.Diff: 218) First, provide a brief explanation of what the unemployment rate measures. Second, explain how changes in each of the components of the unemployment rate can cause changes in the unemployment rate.Answer: The unemployment rate measures the percentage of the labor force that is unemployed. The unemployment rate is based on a monthly survey of households. Individuals are classified as employed, unemployed, or out of the labor force. Individuals employed or unemployed are in the labor force. Suppose individuals decide to enter the labor force for the first time. This increase in the size of the labor force, all else fixed, would cause an increase in the unemployment rate.On the other hand, if there were an increase in the number of individuals unemployed (caused by, for example, firms laying off workers as demand for their products falls), we would observe no change in the labor force but an increase in the unemployment rate.Diff: 27.2 Movements in Unemployment1) Data on labor-force flows show thatA) almost all separations are due to death.B) almost all separations are due to serious illness.C) almost all separations are quits.D) almost all separations are layoffs.E) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 22) Data on labor-force flows show thatA) in any given month, almost none of the unemployed gets jobs.B) in any given month, almost all of the unemployed gets jobs.C) the average duration of unemployment is about 2 weeks.D) the average duration of unemployment is about 2 years.E) in any given month, about one-fourth of the unemployed get jobs.Answer: EDiff: 23) Which of the following variables is most directly determined in the labor market?A) stock pricesB) nominal wagesC) interest ratesD) all of the aboveE) none of the aboveAnswer: BDiff: 14) The two labor markets in the "dual labor market" areA) southern versus northern.B) western versus eastern.C) English speaking versus non-English speaking.D) domestic versus foreign.E) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 15) When the Current Population Survey (CPS) was introduced in 1940, it was based on a survey of approximately 8,000 households. The CPS survey is now based on a survey of how many households?A) 8,000B) 10,000C) 12,000D) 20,000E) 60,000Answer: EDiff: 26) As the unemployment rate falls,A) the proportion of the unemployed finding a job increases.B) the separation rate increases.C) the young and unskilled experience larger-than-average decreases in unemployment.D) both A and C.E) all of the aboveAnswer: DDiff: 27.3 Wage Determination1) Which of the following statements about wage setting is true?A) most workers in the U.S. have their wages set by formal contracts.B) formal contracts play a more important role in Japan and Western Europe than in the United States.C) the minimum wage in the U.S. is about 75% of the average wage.D) all of the aboveAnswer: BDiff: 12) The reservation wage isA) the wage that an employer must pay workers to reduce turnover to a reasonable level.B) the wage that ensures a laid-off individual will wait for re-hire, rather than find another job.C) the lowest wage firms are allowed by law to pay workers.D) the wage offer that will end a labor-strike.E) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 13) Efficiency wage theory suggests thatA) workers will be paid less than their reservation wage.B) productivity might drop if the wage rate is too low.C) the government can only set tax rates so high before people will prefer not to work.D) unskilled workers will have a lower turnover rate than skilled workers.E) firms will be more resistant to wage increases as the labor market tightens. Answer: BDiff: 24) If efficiency wage theory is valid, we would expect a relatively low premium over the reservation wage whenA) the unemployment rate is low.B) the job requires very little training.C) workers can be easily monitored.D) workers have few other options for employment in the area.E) all of the aboveAnswer: CDiff: 25) Henry Ford's experiment with efficiency wages resulted inA) a dramatic drop in productivity.B) a dramatic increase in the turnover rate.C) a reduction in the layoff rate.D) new problems with the work force, like drunkenness and reckless driving.E) no noticeable effects.Answer: CDiff: 26) In the wage-setting relation, the nominal wage tends to decrease whenA) the price level increases.B) the unemployment rate decreases.C) unemployment benefits decrease.D) the minimum wage increases.E) all of the aboveAnswer: CDiff: 17) In the wage setting relation W = P e F(u,z), the variable z does not include which of the following variables?A) the minimum wageB) unemployment benefitsC) the extent to which firms mark up prices over their marginal costD) all of the aboveE) none of the aboveAnswer: CDiff: 18) Labor productivity is represented by which of the following?A) the ratio of output to employmentB) workers per unit of capitalC) capital per workerD) the ratio of output to populationE) the ratio of output to the labor forceAnswer: ADiff: 19) Today, about ________ of U.S. workers have their wages set by collective bargaining agreements.A) 10%B) 15%C) 20%D) 25%Answer: ADiff: 210) Explain several implications and characteristics of efficiency wage theories.Answer: The efficiency wage theory suggests that firms will pay workers a wage in excess of the workers' reservation wage to minimize quits and to increase productivity. The efficiency wage theory also suggests that nominal wages will be a function of labor market conditions. As the unemployment rate falls, the nominal wage will rise.Diff: 211) Explain how an increase in the unemployment rate will affect bargaining power and nominal wages.Answer: As the unemployment rate increases, it is more difficult for individuals to find employment at other firms. So, workers' bargaining power will fall. As bargaining power falls, the nominal wage will fall.Diff: 212) First, explain what the WS relation represents. Second, explain why it has its particular shape.Answer: The WS relation illustrates the effect of changes in the unemployment rate on the real wage implied by the wage-setting behavior of firms and workers. The WS curve (or relation) is downward sloping because as the unemployment rate increases, workers have less bargaining power so the nominal wage will decrease. This decrease in W, given P, implies that the real wage will also fall. Hence, the WS curve is downward sloping.Diff: 27.4 Price Determination1) The price setting equation is represented by the following: P = (1 + m)W. When there is perfect competition, we know that m will equalA) W.B) P.C) 1.D) W/P.E) none of the aboveAnswer: CDiff: 22) Explain why nominal wages are a function of the expected price level.Answer: Workers and firms care about the real wage. Nominal wages are typically set for a period of time by contracts. Individuals will, therefore, be concerned about what the future price level will be when determining the nominal wage. When setting the nominal wage, individuals will form expectations of what the future price level will be. They will use this to help determine the nominal wage.Diff: 27.5 The Natural Rate of Unemployment1) The natural rate of unemployment is the rate of unemploymentA) that occurs when the money market is in equilibrium.B) that occurs when the markup of prices over costs is zero.C) where the markup of prices over costs is equal to its historical value.D) that occurs when both the goods and financial markets are in equilibrium.E) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 22) The natural level of output is the level of output that occurs whenA) the goods market and financial markets are in equilibrium.B) the economy is operating at the unemployment rate consistent with both the wage-setting and price-setting equations.C) the markup (m) is zero.D) the unemployment rate is zero.E) there are no discouraged workers in the economy.Answer: BDiff: 23) Suppose we wish to examine the determinants of the equilibrium real wage and equilibrium level of employment (N). In a graph with the real wage on the vertical axis, and the level of employment on the horizontal axis, the price-setting relation will now beA) a vertical line.B) a horizontal line.C) an upward sloping line.D) a downward sloping line.E) kinked at the natural rate of unemployment.Answer: BDiff: 24) Suppose we wish to examine the determinants of the equilibrium real wage and equilibrium level of employment (N). In a graph with the real wage on the vertical axis, and the level of employment on the horizontal axis, the wage-setting relation will now beA) a vertical line.B) a horizontal line.C) an upward sloping line.D) a downward sloping line.E) a curve that first slopes upward, then downward.Answer: CDiff: 25) The natural level of employment (N) will increase when which of the following occurs?A) an increase in the markup of prices over costsB) a reduction in unemployment benefitsC) an increase in the actual unemployment rateD) all of the aboveE) none of the aboveAnswer: BDiff: 26) Suppose workers and firms expect the overall price level to increase by 5%. Given this information, we would expect thatA) the nominal wage will increase by less than 5%.B) the nominal wage will increase by exactly 5%.C) the nominal wage will increase by more than 5%.D) the real wage will increase by 5%.E) the real wage will increase by less than 5%.Answer: BDiff: 27) Suppose the actual unemployment rate decreases. This will causeA) an upward shift in the WS curve.B) a downward shift in the WS curve.C) an upward shift in the PS curve.D) a downward shift in the PS curve.E) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 28) Suppose the actual unemployment rate increases. This will causeA) an upward shift in the WS curve.B) a downward shift in the WS curve.C) an upward shift in the PS curve.D) a movement along the WS and the PS curves.E) none of the aboveAnswer: DDiff: 29) With the real wage on the vertical axis and the unemployment rate on the horizontal axis, we know thatA) the WS curve is upward sloping.B) the WS curve is downward sloping.C) the PS curve is upward sloping.D) the PS curve is downward sloping.Answer: BDiff: 210) Based on wage setting behavior, we know that a reduction in the unemployment rate will causeA) no change in the real wage.B) a reduction in the real wage.C) an increase in the real wage.D) an upward shift of the WS curve.Answer: CDiff: 211) Based on price setting behavior, we know that a reduction in the unemployment rate will causeA) no change in the real wage.B) a reduction in the real wage.C) an increase in the real wage.D) an upward shift of the PS curve.Answer: ADiff: 212) Suppose the aggregate production function is given by the following: Y = AN. Given this information, we know that labor productivity is represented by which of the following?A) 1/AB) AC) 1/ND) N/YAnswer: BDiff: 213) Suppose the aggregate production function is given by the following: Y = N. Given this information, we know that labor productivity is represented by which of the following?A) 1/NB) NC) N/YD) 1Answer: DDiff: 214) A reduction in unemployment benefits will tend to cause which of the following?A) an upward shift in the WS curveB) a downward shift in the WS curveC) an upward shift in the PS curveD) a downward shift in the PS curveE) none of the aboveAnswer: BDiff: 215) An increase in the minimum wage will tend to cause which of the following?A) an upward shift in the WS curveB) a downward shift in the WS curveC) an upward shift in the PS curveD) a downward shift in the PS curveE) none of the aboveAnswer: ADiff: 216) Suppose that increased international trade makes product markets more competitive in the U.S. Given this information, we would expect to observe which of the following?A) an upward shift in the WS curveB) a downward shift in the WS curveC) an upward shift in the PS curveD) a downward shift in the PS curveE) none of the aboveAnswer: CDiff: 217) With the real wage on the vertical axis and employment (N) on the horizontal axis, we know thatA) the WS curve is upward sloping.B) the WS curve is downward sloping.C) the PS curve is upward sloping.D) the PS curve is downward sloping.Answer: ADiff: 218) Based on our understanding of the labor market model presented in Chapter 6, we know that an increase in the minimum wage will causeA) an increase in the equilibrium real wage.B) a reduction in the equilibrium real wage.C) a reduction in the natural rate of unemployment.D) both B and CAnswer: ADiff: 219) Based on our understanding of the labor market model presented in Chapter 6, we know that an increase in the markup will causeA) an increase in the equilibrium real wage.B) a reduction in the equilibrium real wage.C) a reduction in the natural rate of unemployment.D) both B and CAnswer: BDiff: 220) Based on our understanding of the labor market model presented in Chapter 6, we know thata reduction in the markup will causeA) an increase in the equilibrium real wage.B) a reduction in the equilibrium real wage.C) an increase in the natural rate of unemployment.D) a reduction in the natural rate of unemployment and no change in the real wage.Answer: ADiff: 221) For this question, assume that Y = N. Based on our understanding of the labor market model presented in Chapter 6, we know that an increase in the minimum wage will causeA) an increase in the natural level of output.B) a reduction in the natural level of output.C) no change in the natural level of output.D) an increase in the natural level of employment.Answer: BDiff: 222) For this question, assume that Y = N. Based on our understanding of the labor market model presented in Chapter 6, we know that a reduction in the markup will causeA) an increase in the natural level of output.B) a reduction in the natural level of output.C) no change in the natural level of output.D) a reduction in the natural level of employment.Answer: ADiff: 223) Based on wage setting behavior, we know that an increase in the unemployment rate will causeA) no change in the real wage.B) a reduction in the real wage.C) an increase in the real wage.D) an upward shift of the WS curve.Answer: BDiff: 224) Based on price setting behavior, we know that an increase in the unemployment rate will causeA) no change in the real wage.B) a reduction in the real wage.C) an increase in the real wage.D) an upward shift of the PS curve.Answer: ADiff: 225) An increase in unemployment benefits will tend to cause which of the following?A) a downward shift in the WS curveB) an upward shift in the PS curveC) an upward shift in the WS curveD) a downward shift in the PS curveE) none of the aboveAnswer: CDiff: 226) A reduction in the minimum wage will tend to cause which of the following?A) an upward shift in the WS curveB) a downward shift in the WS curveC) an upward shift in the PS curveD) a downward shift in the PS curveE) none of the aboveAnswer: BDiff: 227) Explain what effect a reduction in the unemployment rate will have on the real wage based on: (1) the WS relation; and (2) the PS relation.Answer: A reduction in the unemployment rate will increase bargaining power, increase the nominal wage, and therefore increase the real wage based on wage setting behavior. Changes in the unemployment rate have no effect on the real wage based on price setting behavior.Diff: 228) First, explain what the PS relation represents. Second, explain why it has its particular shape. Answer: The PS relation illustrates the effect of changes in the unemployment rate on the real wage implied by the price-setting behavior of firms. Firms set prices as a markup over their marginal cost of producing goods. Given that the marginal cost is assumed to be independent of the level of employment (and, therefore, the unemployment rate), changes in u will have no effect on the price firms set and, therefore, on the real wage based on PS behavior.Diff: 229) Graphically illustrate (using the WS and PS relations) and explain the effects of an increase in the markup on the equilibrium real wage, the natural rate of unemployment, the natural level of employment, and the natural level of output.Answer: An increase in the markup will cause firms to raise the price given the nominal wage. This will cause the real wage based on price setting behavior to decrease; this is represented by a downward shift in the PS curve. This reduction in the real wage will also occur with an increase in the unemployment rate. So, the natural rate of unemployment will rise and the natural level of employment and, therefore, output will fall. The equilibrium real wage will also be lower. Diff: 230) Graphically illustrate (using the WS and PS relations) and explain the effects of an increase in the minimum wage on the equilibrium real wage, the natural rate of unemployment, the natural level of employment, and the natural level of output.Answer: An increase in the minimum wage will cause the nominal wage based on wage setting behavior to increase; this is represented as an upward shift in the WS relation. As the nominal wage increases, firms will respond by increasing the price level so we will observe no change in the equilibrium real wage. We will observe an increase in the natural rate of unemployment and a reduction in both the natural level of employment and output.Diff: 231) Based on your understanding of the labor market model presented by Blanchard (i.e., the WS and PS relations), explain what types of policies could be implemented to cause a reduction in the natural rate of unemployment.Answer: The natural rate of unemployment will change whenever either the PS or WS relations change. To reduce the natural rate, policy makers could implement polices that: (1) reduce unemployment benefits; (2) reduce the minimum wage; or (3) increase competition in product markets.Diff: 232) Explain how a reduction in the unemployment rate will affect bargaining power and nominal wages.Answer: As the unemployment rate decreases, it is easier for individuals to find employment at other firms. So, workers' bargaining power will increase. As bargaining power increases, the nominal wage will increase.Diff: 233) Graphically illustrate (using the WS and PS relations) and explain the effects of a reduction in the markup on the equilibrium real wage, the natural rate of unemployment, the natural level of employment, and the natural level of output.Answer: A reduction in the markup will cause firms to reduce the price given the nominal wage. This will cause the real wage based on price setting behavior to increase; this is represented by a upward shift in the PS curve. This increase in the real wage will also occur with an decrease in the unemployment rate. So, the natural rate of unemployment will decrease and the natural level of employment and, therefore, output will increase. The equilibrium real wage will also be higher.Diff: 234) Graphically illustrate (using the WS and PS relations) and explain the effects of a reduction in the minimum wage on the equilibrium real wage, the natural rate of unemployment, the natural level of employment, and the natural level of output.Answer: A reduction in the minimum wage will cause the nominal wage based on wage setting behavior to decrease; this is represented as an downward shift in the WS relation. As the nominal wage deceases, firms will respond by reducing the price level so we will observe no change in the equilibrium real wage. We will observe a decrease in the natural rate of unemployment and an increase in both the natural level of employment and output.Diff: 235) Explain what effect an increase in the unemployment rate will have on the real wage based on: (1) the WS relation; and (2) the PS relation.Answer: An increase in the unemployment rate will decrease bargaining power, decrease the nominal wage, and therefore decrease the real wage based on wage setting behavior. Changes in the unemployment rate have no effect on the real wage based on price setting behavior.Diff: 2。

chapter7(第一课)

Shipping marks to be stenciled on the carton are as follows:
Lesson 20 Packing Instruction
G&H
GH-173 New York C/N. l – UP We hope the above requirements can be met exactly and look forward to your early confirmation by return.
Introduction and Writing Skill
1.1.2 Marks:
1.1.2.1 Shipping Mark: The shipping mark is usually divided into two parts: main mark and side mark. The main mark usually consists of the distinctive marks, destination, total number of packing and the name of original country.
packing carries no labels at all,either on the outer
packing or inner packing that indicate the country of
origin, the manufacturer or the name of the commodity
Yours faithfully, (signature) Lynd＆Malory Company
Lesson 20 Packing Instruction
Specimen Letter 2 An Acceptance to Reply to the Above Request Dear Sirs,

高分子物理chapter7粘弹性

滞后现象与哪些因素有关? a.化学结构：刚性链滞后现象小，柔性链滞后现象大. b.温度：当不变的情况下，T很高时滞后几乎不出现，温度很低，也无滞后。在Tg附近的几十度的温度范围内，链段既可运动又不太容易，此刻滞后现象严重。 c. : 外力作用频率低时，链段的运动跟的上外力的变化，滞后现象很小；外力作用频率不太高时，链段可以运动，但是不能完全跟上外力的变化，表现出明显的滞后现象。外力作用频率很高时,链段根本来不及运动,聚合物好像一块刚性的材料，滞后很小。
0 E E 'iE ' ' (cos isin ) 0
E”
实数模量是储能模量
虚数模量为能量的损耗.
E" tan E'

图13
E’
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第7章聚合物的黏弹性
④内耗的影响因素 a.结构因素: a.结构因素 b.温度 c.tan与关系
顺丁橡胶:内耗小，链上无取代基，链段运动的内摩擦阻力小，做轮胎链刚性内耗大, 链柔性内耗小. 丁苯,丁腈橡胶:内耗大，丁苯有一个苯环；丁腈有一个-CN，极性较大，链段运动时内摩擦阻力很大(吸收冲击能量很大，回弹性差)，用作吸音和消震的材料. BR＜ NR＜ SBR＜ NBR
1、蠕变Creep
在一定的温度和恒定应力（拉力，扭力或压力等）作用下，材料的形变随时间的增长而逐渐增加的现象。若除掉外力，形变随时间而减小－－称为蠕变回复。物理意义：蠕变大小反映了材料尺寸的稳定性和长期负载能力。
6
第7章聚合物的黏弹性
7
第7章聚合物的黏弹性
蠕变：一定温度、较小的恒定外力下，材料的形变随时间增加而逐渐增大
②理想交联聚合物，不存在粘流态， 3 =0， =1+2

Chapter_07

Willy Sansen
10-05
0710
Symmetrical CMOS OTA
M7 1: M9 :1
VDD
M8 4
Differential pair 3 Current mirrors
5
M1 2
3
+
M2 1
vOUT
CL
Symmetrical : Node 1 = Node 2 Rail-to-rail output swing
fnd = ≈
gm3 2π Cn1 fT3NPN 3
2
1
M10
M11
VSS
Higher !
Willy Sansen
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Folded cascode OTA: input to Vss rail
M9 M5 7 M7 5 M6 6 M8 4
VDD
M1
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3
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M2
vOUT
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VT = 0.7 V VGS1-VT = 0.2 V VGS10-VT = 0.5 V V+ = 1.5 V VGS3-VT = 0.2 V
Willy Sansen 0723
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Folded cascode CMOS OTA : DC
M9
VDD
50
M2
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DC current flow
-
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50 50 100 100
M11
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Willy Sansen
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节点的度数

第14讲图的有关概念, 节点的度数

主要内容: 1.图的有关概念. 2.节点的度数. 3.子图与图的同构.

Chapter 7 图论

图论的创始人是瑞士数学家L. Euler，他于1736 年首次建立“图”模型解决了Köningsberg七桥问题. 图论的应用领域非常广泛，它已经渗透到诸如语言学、逻辑学、物理学、化学、电信工程、信息论、控制论、经济管理等各个领域，特别是在计算机科学中的数据结构、计算机网络、计算

(a)节点又可以称为点、顶点或结点,常用一个实心点或空心点表示,但在实际应用中还可以用诸如方形、圆形、菱形等符号,为了方便可以在这些符号的旁边或内部写上表意名称. (计算机学科中常称节点.) (b)边及其的表示.
• 无向边? b3 = AB = BA ={A, B}(可重). • 有向边(弧)? e8 (v2 , v3 ) v2 , v3 .

所有边都是无向边的图称为无向图(graph, undirected graph),所有边都是有向边的图称为有向图(digraph, directed graph).

(c)图的拓扑不变性质. 需要注意的是,我们讨论的图不但与节点位置无关,而且与边的形状和长短也无关. 有n个节点的图称为n阶(order)图,有n个节点 m条边的图称为(n, m)图. 在图G = (V, E)中, 称V = 的图为空图 (empty graph), 记为, 若 V 但E = 的图称为零图(discrete graph), n阶零图可记为Nn, 仅一个节点的零图称为平凡图(trivial graph).

语言学教程Chapter 7. Language, Culture, and Society(课堂PPT)

2
Anthropological linguistics
A branch of linguistics which studies the relationship between language and culture in a community, e.g. its tradition, beliefs, and family structure. 语言学的一个分支，研究一个社团的语言和文化之间的关系，如传统、信仰和家庭结构。
22
Prediction
Linguistic studies in the new century will become more fruitful if an evolutionary, cognitive, and interdisciplinary perspective is taken in its theoretic pursuit.
Paved the way for a cultural, rather, a contextual study of language use in Britain.
10
His influence
Under his anthropological view of language and being fully aware of the importance of the context in the study of language use, Firth, a leading figure in a linguistic tradition later known as the London school, tried to set up a model for illustrating the close relationships between language use and its co-occurrent factors. He developed

运筹学-第7章-图与网络优化

(v1 , v2 , v3 , v6 , v7)是一条初等链 (v4 , v1 , v2 , v3 , v5 , v7, v6 , v3 , v4)是一个简单圈 (v1 , v2 , v3 , v4 , v1)是一个初等圈
20/139
连通图、子图、支撑子图、基础图
• 连通图图G中，若任何两个点之间，至少有一条链，称为连通图。否则称为不连通图。
• 奇点次为奇数的点, 如 v5
18/139
链，圈，初等链，初等圈，简单链（圈）
• 链：由两两相邻的点及其相关联的边构成的点边序列, 如:
（v0 ,e1 ,v1 ,e2 ,v2 ,e3 ,v3 ,…,vn-1 ,en , vn ）; 其中v0 ，vn分别为链的起点和终点， v1 ,v2 ,…,vn-1称为中间点； • 圈：起点与终点重合的链； • 简单链（圈）：链（圈）中所含的边均不相同； • 初等链（圈）：链（圈）中所含的点均不相同,也称通路；
v2
a8
v5
a10
a4 a6
a9
a7
a5
v4
v7 a11 v6
•路 • 初等路 • 回路
(v1, a2 , v3 , a4 , v4 , a7 , v6 )是从v1到v6的路。也是一条初等路。在上图中,(v3 , a3 , v2 , a5 , v4 , a6 , v5 , a8 , v3 )是一个回路。
vV1
vV2
vV
2m为偶数，且偶点的次之和 d(v)也为偶数，所以 d(v) 必为偶
数，即奇数点的个数必为偶数vV。2
vV1
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第二节树
本节主要内容： • 树的概念 • 构造生成树的方法 • 最小生成树问题

Chapt 7 Facial Expression of Emotions Psychology of Emotions情绪心理学教学课件

– ERP study: anger/ fear/ happy faces elicit different ERP potentials in children(Nelson, etal, 1997).
Fall Semester, 2008
Psychology of Emotions
10
损伤研究
• Affex (Izard, 1980): A system for identifying affect expression by holistic judgment(表情辨别整体判断系统).
• EEBCS (Gross, 1996): Emotional expressive behavior coding system。
3. Individual differences in facial expression
Fall Semester, 2008
Psychology of Emotions
8
是否存在情绪特异的面部表情行为?
两方面的研究依据: • 对特异情绪的表达行为的识别存在不同层
次的生理心理机制; • 不同表情与不同的情绪体验连结; • 不同情绪反应出现情绪特异的表情行为;
目标: 量化表情(情绪).
Fall Semester, 2008
Psychology of Emotions
21
How to practice the scoring
• Three sections
– Appearance changes of face – How to do the Action Unit – Intensity scoring for the AUs.
Fall Semester, 2008

工程流体力学 chapter7 缝隙流动HIT版

NQ
pqV
p( b 3 12
p l
b 2
U ) pb( 3 12
p l
U) 2
由于运动平板作用于边界流体上的剪切摩擦力F为
F bl bl du dz z0
F b(Ul p) 2
由剪切摩擦力F引起的功率损失NF为
NF
FU
bU(Ul
p ) 2
总功率损失N为
N
NQ
NF
b( p 23 12l
b l
ux u
uy uz 0
由连续性方程，可得 u 0
x
组成缝隙的平板y向的尺寸较大，u
的，可以忽略不计。
y
则是很小
对于不可压缩流体，忽略质量力时，N-S 方程可简化为
1
p x
2u z 2
0
1
p y
0
1
p z
0
由后两式可看出压力p仅沿x方向变化，并且u仅是z的函数，由于平板缝隙大小沿x方向是不变的，因此p在x方向
h AB OB OA r2 (r1 e cos ) 0 e cos 0 (1 cos )
我们在任意角处取一微小圆弧CB，它对应的圆弧角为d，则CB＝r1 d，由于CB为一个微小长度，因而这段缝隙中的流动可近似
看作为平行平板间的缝隙流动，所以流过偏心圆柱环形缝隙的总流量为
qV
【例】一活塞式阻尼器如图所示，活塞直径为D，长为L，活塞与壳体间半径间隙为，设活塞与壳体内径均无锥度，当活塞杆上作用F力，活塞将向下以 U速度运动，求F力，设油液粘度为，并认为无偏心。
这个流量应为活塞下行排挤下腔的流量
Q D 2 U 4
即
D( p3 U) D 2 U

chap7需求分析-用例图

An Introduction to Use-Case Modeling 简介 • 传统的建方法：
– Data and process models
– Prototypes
– requirement specifications.
• 问题：设计者理解而用户不理解
– Leads to scope creep（范围蔓延）, schedule creep （进度蔓延）, cost overruns（成本超支）.
– The stakeholder that directly interfaces with the system to initiate or trigger the business or system event. – e.g. the bank teller entering deposit information
User-Centered Development
• User-centered development – a process of systems development based on understanding the needs of the stakeholders and the reasons why the system should be developed.
用例图——描述系统与外部系统或用户之间的交互图
• Use-case narrative – a textual description of the business even and how the user will interact with the system to accomplish the task. 用例说明——针对用例执行过程的文本说明

图样的特殊表示方法(chapter_7_A)

图样特殊表示法是指不以真实投影为基础的表示法。

目的是为了减少设计绘图的工作量，对于一些标准件、常用件和某些常用结构的表示法作特殊规定。

它包括规定的简化画法和标注表示法。

用特殊表示法表达螺纹紧固件、键、销、齿轮等常用零部件，可大大减少绘图工作量。

2牙顶牙底牙底牙顶大径D、d小径D1、d1中径D2、d2螺纹的中径：一个假想圆柱的直径。

该圆柱的母线通过牙型上沟槽和凸起宽度相等的地方。

外螺纹内螺纹⑶螺纹的线数n沿一条螺旋线形成的螺纹叫做单线螺纹；沿两条或两条以上在轴向等距分布的螺旋线所形成的螺纹叫做多线螺纹。

单线螺纹双线螺纹联接螺纹传动螺纹MGTrB粗牙细牙螺纹管螺纹梯形螺纹锯齿形螺纹普通是最常用的联接螺纹用于细小的精密或薄壁零件用于水管、油管、气管等薄壁管子上，用于管路的联接。

用于各种机床的丝杠，做传动用。

只能传递单方向的动力。

螺纹种类特征代号外形图用途常用的几种螺纹的特征代号及用途三、螺纹的规定画法★牙顶用粗实线表示(外螺纹的大径线，内螺纹的小径线)。

★牙底用细实线表示(外螺纹的小径线，内螺纹的大径线)。

★在投影为圆的视图上，表示牙底的细实线圆只画约3/4圈。

★螺纹终止线用粗实线表示。

★不论是内螺纹还是外螺纹，其剖视图或断面图上的剖面线都必须画到粗实线。

★当需要表示螺纹收尾时，螺尾部分的牙底线与轴线成30°。

（二）螺纹的规定画法螺纹牙型上每一点的轨迹都是螺旋线，如果按正投影法绘制，则每一根螺旋线的投影都是正弦曲线，这虽比较形象而且易懂，但绘图十分麻烦。

我国现行的螺纹及螺纹紧固件表示法的标准是GB/T 4459.1—1995，该标准的规定中不仅有画法，同时还有标注方法的内容。

使用者要想把螺纹及螺纹紧固件表示好，必须还要掌握螺纹原理及其相关标准方面的知识。

1.外螺纹的画法螺纹小径的细实线画入倒角螺纹小径的细实线画入倒角大径画粗实线大径画粗实线圆螺纹终止线画粗实线小径画细实线内径画3/4圈细实线圆不画倒角圆一般近似地取小径=0.85大径，但当螺纹直径较大时,可取稍大于0.85的数值绘制。

心理学专业英语PPT-Chapter 7 Emotion and Motivation

• Grice highlighted this by an appeal to his framework of the Cooperative Principle and its Conversational Maxims, which are plausibly assumed by conversational participants and provide mechanisms for the ways in which speakers can “conversationally implicate” something beyond the literal meaning of what they say, and for how hearers can recover those “implicatures.’” Grice’s enduring influence on these topics helped found the burgeoning discipline in philosophy of language and linguistics now known as “pragmatics” .
• Grice’s maxims of conversation are a set of observations that describe how people communicate when they want to be properly understood by others; you can use these maxims as guiding principles to make your communication as effective as possible.
• Herbert Paul Grice (b. 1913–d. 1988) was a British philosopher and linguist, and one of the pivotal figures in philosophy during the 20th century. He wrote in many areas of philosophy, including the metaphysics of personal identity, logical paradoxes, the analytic/synthetic distinction, the philosophy of perception, philosophical psychology, and ethics.

Chapter_07

Bond prices and market interest rates move in opposite directions. • If YTM = coupon rate, then par value = bond price • If YTM > coupon rate, then par value > bond price——Why?
Chapter
7
•Interest Rates and Bond Valuation
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Key Concepts and Skills
1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14%
Bond Price
Yield-to-maturity
7-10
Bond Prices: Relationship Between Coupon and Yield
1 1 - (1 r)t Bond Value C r
F t (1 r)
7-18
YTM with Annual Coupons
• Consider a bond with a 10% annual coupon rate, 15 years to maturity and a par value of $1000. The current price is $928.09.
Discount Rate
When the YTM > coupon, the bond trades at a discount.

InDesign平面设计案例教程-从设计到印刷 Chapter 07 招贴设计

7.4.1 渐变颜色的添加与设置
Step 01：启用 InDesign CS6 程序，打开随书光盘 \ 素材 \07\01.indd 标志素材图像，选择工具箱中的“矩形工具”，沿页面边缘绘制一个矩形，如右图所示。
Step 02 ：双击工具箱中的“渐变色板工具”按钮，打开“渐变” 面板，单击“渐变”面板中的任意位置，如下图所示，在“渐变” 面板中显示渐变色标，此时可以看到图像窗口中矩形填充上了黑、白渐变效果，如左图所示。
1．画面大
招贴作为户外广告，其画面比各平面广告大，插图大、字体也大，十分引人注目。
2．远视性强
招贴设计的主要功能是为户外远距离、行动着的人们传达信息，所以招贴设计作品更为强调画面的远视效果。
3．内容广
招贴宣传的面非常广泛，它既可用于各种公共类的活动选举、运动、交通、运输、安全、环保等方面，也可用于商业类的产品推广、企业宣传、文化旅游、服务等方面，并且可以广泛地发挥其宣传作用。
InDesign平面设计案例教程 ——从设计到印刷
招贴也称为“海报”，是指在公共场所，以张贴或散发形式发放的一种印刷品广告，它具有发布时间短、时效强、印刷精美等诸多特点。招贴设计是最能张扬个性的一种设计艺术形式，它是视觉传达与文字说明的有机结合，通过设计过程将主体创意图形和文字生动地组织在一起，彰显设计个性，突出表达内容，从而达到商业或其他设计的要求。
除此之外，招贴按其形式分类，又可以分为具象型招贴、抽象型招贴、文字型招贴、综合型招贴，如下 4 幅图像分别展示了 4 种不同类型的招贴作品。
7.2 招贴的构成要素及主要特征
招贴是现代广告中使用最频繁、最广泛、最便利、最快捷和最经济的传播手段之一，不但具有传播实用的价值，还具极高的艺术欣赏性和收藏性。招贴一般必须包含主题、标语、插画、方案、广告主 5 个基本要素。

chapter 7 图

第七章 图论

chapter_7_种内种间关系

布兰查德宏观经济学第七版第7版英文版chapter (7)

chapter7(第一课)

高分子物理chapter7粘弹性

Chapter_07

节点的度数

语言学教程Chapter 7. Language, Culture, and Society(课堂PPT)

运筹学-第7章-图与网络优化

Chapt 7 Facial Expression of Emotions Psychology of Emotions情绪心理学教学课件

工程流体力学 chapter7 缝隙流动HIT版

chap7需求分析-用例图

图样的特殊表示方法(chapter_7_A)

心理学专业英语PPT-Chapter 7 Emotion and Motivation

Chapter_07

InDesign平面设计案例教程-从设计到印刷 Chapter 07 招贴设计

第七章图论