AWL雅思托福学术词汇表
(完整版)学术英语词汇AWL
AWL (Academic Word List)(英汉)abandon 放弃；抛弃abstract 抽象的；摘要academy 研究院；学院；access 接近；入口accommodate 容纳；给⋯提供住宿；使适应accompany 陪伴；伴随accumulate 积累accurate 准确的achieve 完成；取得acknowledge 承认；致谢acquire 获得adapt 使适应；改编adequate 足够的adjacent 毗连的adjust 调整administer 管理adult 成年人advocate 拥护者；拥护affect 影响aggregate 总的；总计aid 帮助albeit 虽然allocate 分派alter 改变alternative 替代物；替代的ambiguous 模棱两可的amend 修订analogy 类似；类推analyze 分析annual 每年的；年鉴anticipate 预料apparent 明显的append 附加appreciate 欣赏；感激approach 靠近；方法appropriate 恰当的approximate 近似的arbitrary 任意的；专断的area 面积；地区；领域aspect 方面assemble 集合；装配assess 估价；评价assign 分派assist 援助assume 假设；认为；承担assure 保证attach 贴；附加attain 达到；获得attitude 态度attribute 归结于；性质author 作者；创始人authority 当局；权威automate 使自动化available 可得到的aware 意识到的behalf 利益benefit 利益；津贴；有益bias 偏见bond 纽带；债券brief 简短的bulk 体积；大批capable 能够的；有能力的capacity 容量category 种类；范畴cease 停止challenge 挑战channel 海峡；频道chapter 章chart图表chemical 化学的；化学药品circumstance 情况cite 引用civil 公民的；国内的clarify 阐明classic 名著；经典的clause 条款；从句code 代码；法典coherent 连贯的coincide相符collapse 倒塌colleague 同事commence开始comment 评论commission 委任；委员会commit 犯commodity 日用品communicate 交流community 社区；界compatible 兼容的compensate 补偿compile编纂complement 补充complex 复杂的component组成部分compound 化合物；复合词comprehensive 综合的comprise 构成compute 计算conceive 构思；怀孕concentrate 浓缩；集中concept 概念conclude 下结论concurrent 同时的conduct 行为；指挥confer授予；协商confine 限制confirm 证实conflict 冲突conform 遵守；符合consent 同意consequent必然的considerable 相当大的consist 组成constant不断的constitute 构成constrain 限制；强制construct 建造consult 咨询；查阅；请教consume消费；消耗contact 接触；联系；联系人contemporary 当代的；同代人context 上下文；背景contract 合同；收缩contradict 矛盾contrary 相反的contrast 对比contribute 贡献；捐献；投稿controversy 争议convene 召集converse 相反convert 转化convince使信服cooperate 合作coordinate 协调core 核心corporate 公司的correspond 通信；对应couple 夫妇；两个create创造；产生credit 信用；学分；功劳encounter 遇到fund 资金criteria 标准energy 精力；能量fundamental 基本的crucial 决定性的enforce 实施furthermore 此外culture 文化enhance 增强gender 性别currency 货币enormous 巨大的；大量的generate 产生cycle 骑自行车；循环ensure 保证generation 一代；产生data 数据entity 实体globe 地球debate 辩论environment 环境goal 球门；目标decade 十年equate 使相等；使平等grade 等级；年级；成绩decline 下倾；下降；谢绝equip 装备grant 拨款；助学金deduce 演绎equivalent 对等guarantee 保证define 下定义；明确erode 腐蚀guideline 方针definite 明确的error 错误hence 因此demonstrate 表明；演示；establish 建立hierarchy 等级制度示威estate 房地产highlight 精华；加亮；强denote 表示estimate 估计调deny 否认ethic 伦理hypothesis 假设depress 使沮丧ethnic 种族的identical 相同的derive 起源evaluate 评价identify 识别design 设计；图案eventual 最后的ideology 思想体系despite 尽管evident 明显的ignorant 无知的detect 检测evolve 进化；演变illustrate 举例说明；图解deviate 偏离exceed 超过image 图像；形象device 装置exclude 排除immigrate 移民devote 奉献；为⋯献身exhibit 展览impact 影响differentiate 区分expand 扩大implement 工具；执行dimension 尺寸；维expert 专家；熟练的implicate 暗指diminish 减少explicit 明晰的；详述的implicit 暗指的discrete 分离的exploit 剥削；利用imply 暗指discriminate 区别；歧视export 出口impose 征收；强加displace 移置expose 暴露；揭露incentive 刺激display 展览；显示external 外部的incidence 发生dispose 处理extract 取出；摘录incline 斜坡；使倾斜；使distinct 清晰的；独特的facilitate 使容易倾向distort 歪曲factor 因素income 收入distribute 分布feature 特征incorporate 包含diverse 多样的federal 联邦的index 索引；指标document 文件fee 费indicate 表明domain 领域；域file 文件individual 个人domestic 国内的；家庭的final 最后的induce 引起dominate 支配finance 财政inevitable 必然的draft 草稿；通风；起草finite 有限的infer 推断drama 戏剧flexible 灵活的infrastructure 基础设施duration 持续时间fluctuate 波动inherent 固有的dynamic 有活力的focus 集中；焦点inhibit 抑制economy 经济；节约format 格式initial 最初的；词首的；edit 编辑formula 公式首字母element 元素forthcoming 即将到来的initiate 开始eliminate 消除found 建立injure 使受伤emerge 出现foundation 建立；基础；innovate 创新emphasis 强调基金会input 输入empirical 经验的framework 框架insert 插入；插页enable 使能够function 功能；函数insight 见识inspect 视察instance 例子institute 研究所；学院instruct 教；指示integral 整体的；整的integrate 使结合integrity 诚信；完整intelligent 聪明的intense 强烈的interact 相互作用intermediate 中间的；中级的internal 内部的interpret 解释；口译interval 间隔intervene 干预intrinsic 内在的invest 投资investigate 调查invoke 恳求involve 涉及isolate 孤立issue 问题；发行item 项目job 工作journal 杂志；日记justify 证明label 标签labor 劳动layer 层lecture 讲课；讲座legal 合法的；法律的legislate 立法levy 征收liberal 自由的；开明的license 执照likewise 同样地link 连接；环节locate 使位于；找到logic 逻辑maintain 维持；维修major 主要的；专业manipulate 操作manual 体力的；手册margin 页边mature 成熟maximize 使最大化mechanism 装置；机制media 媒体mediate 调停medical 医学的medium 媒介；中等的mental 心理的method 方法migrate 迁移military 军事的minimal 最小的minimize 使最小化minimum 最小值ministry 部minor 次要的；辅修专业mode 模式modify 修改；修饰monitor 监视motive 动机mutual 相互的negate 否定network 网络neutral 中立的nevertheless 然而nonetheless 然而norm 标准normal 正常的notion概念；想法notwithstanding 虽然nuclear 核的；核心的objective 客观的；目标obtain 获得obvious 明显的occupy 占领；使忙碌occur 出现odd 奇数的；奇怪的；临时的offset 抵消ongoing 进行中的option 选择orient 东方；使适应outcome 结果output 产量；产出overall 总体的overlap 重叠overseas 海外panel 专家小组；面板paradigm 范例paragraph 段落parallel 平行的parameter 参数participate 参加partner 搭档passive 被动的perceive 察觉；理解percent 百分之period 时期；句号persist 持续perspective 角度phase 阶段phenomenon 现象philosophy 哲学physical 身体的；物理的plus 加policy 政策portion 部分pose 摆姿势positive 积极的；阳性的potential 潜在的；潜力practitioner 从业者precede 先于precise 精确的predict 预测predominant 主要的preliminary 初步的；初赛presume 假设previous 先前的primary 初级的；主要的prime 首要的principal 主要的；校长principle 原则prior 在先的priority 优先；重点proceed 进行process 过程；加工professional 专业的；专业人员prohibit 禁止project 工程promote 促进；促销proportion 比例prospect 前景protocol 协议；礼仪psychology 心理学publication 出版；出版物publish 出版purchase 购买pursue 追赶；追求qualitative 定性的quote 引用radical 基本的；激进的random 随机的range 范围；山脉ratio 比rational 理性的react 反应recover 恢复refine 提炼regime 政权region 地区register 登记；挂号regulate 调节reinforce 加强reject 拒绝site 地点terminate 终止relax 放松so-called 所谓的text 文本release 释放sole 唯一的；脚底；鞋底theme 主题relevant 有关的somewhat 有点theory 理论reluctance 勉强source 来源thereby 从而rely 依赖specific 具体的thesis 论文remove 移走specify 详述topic 话题require 要求sphere 球体；领域trace 痕迹research 研究stable 稳定的；马厩tradition 传统reside 居住statistic 统计的transfer 转移；换车resolve 解决；决心status 地位transform 转变resource 资源straightforward 坦率的transit 运输；过渡respond 响应strategy 战略；策略transmit 输送restore 恢复stress 压力；重音；强调transport 运输restrain 抑制structure 结构trend 趋势restrict 限制style 风格trigger 触发；扳机retain 保留submit 使屈服；提交ultimate 最终的reveal 显示subordinate 下级的；从属undergo 经受revenue 收入；税收的underlie 是⋯的基础reverse 背面；倒车subsequent 随后的undertake 从事revise 修改subsidy 补助uniform 一致的；制服revolution 革命；旋转substitute 代替者；代替unify 统一rigid 僵硬的：刻板的successor 继任unique 独一无二的role 角色sufficient 足够的utilize 利用route 路线sum 金额valid 有效的scenario 剧本；方案summary 总结vary 变化schedule 时间表supplement 补充vehicle 车辆scheme 方案survey 调查version 译文；版本scope 范围survive 幸存via 经过section 部分suspend 暂停violate 违犯sector 部门sustain 维持virtual 实际上的；虚拟的secure 安全的symbol 象征；符号visible 可见的seek 试图；寻找tape 磁带vision 视力select 选择target 靶子；目标visual 视觉的sequence 顺序task 任务volume 卷；音量；体积series 系列team 队voluntary 自愿的；志愿sex 性；性别technical 技术的welfare 福利shift 转换technique 技巧whereas 而significant 重要的technology 技术whereby 由此similar 相似的temporary 暂时的widespread 普遍的simulate 模拟tense 紧张的；时态AWL 词汇（汉英）安全的secure 暗指implicate 暗指imply 暗指的implicit 靶子target 百分之percent 摆姿势pose 扳机trigger 版本version 伴随accompany 帮助aid 包含incorporate 保留retain 保证assure 保证ensure 保证guarantee 暴露expose 背景context 背面reverse 被动的passive 比ratio 比例proportion 必然的consequent 必然的inevitable 编辑edit 编纂compile 变化vary 辩论debate 标签label 标准criteria 标准norm 表明demonstrate 表明indicate 表示denote 拨款grant 波动fluctuate 剥削exploit 补偿compensate 补充complement 补充supplement 补助subsidy 不断的constant 部ministry 部分portion 部分section 部门sector 财政finance 参加participate 参数parameter 操作manipulate 草稿draft 策略strategy 层layer 插入insert 插页insert 查阅consult 察觉perceive 产出output 产量output 产生create 产生generate 产生generation 阐明clarify 超过exceed车辆vehicle 成绩grade 成年人adult成熟mature 诚信integrity 承担assume 承认acknowledge 持续persist 持续时间duration 尺寸dimension 冲突conflict 抽象的abstract 出版publication 出版publish 出版物publication 出口export 出现emerge出现occur 初步的preliminary 初级的primary 初赛preliminary 处理dispose 触发trigger 传统tradition 创始人author 创新innovate 创造create 词首的initial磁带tape 此外furthermore 次要的minor 刺激incentive 聪明的intelligent 从而thereby 从句clause 从事undertake 从属的subordinate 从业者practitioner 促进promote 促销promote 错误error搭档partner 达到attain 大量的enormous 大批bulk 代码code 代替substitute 代替者substitute 当代的contemporary 当局authority 倒车reverse 倒塌collapse 登记register 等级grade等级制度hierarchy 抵消offset 地点site 地球globe 地区area地区region 地位status 定性的qualitative 东方orient动机motive 独特的distinct 独一无二的unique 段落paragraph 队team 对比contrast 对等equivalent 对应correspond 多样的diverse 而whereas 发行issue 发生incidence 法典code法律的legal 反应react 犯commit 范畴category 范例paradigm 范围range范围scope估计estimate 估价assess 孤立isolate 固有的inherent 挂号register 管理administer 归结于attribute 国内的civil 国内的domestic 过程process 过渡transit 海外overseas 海峡channel 函数function 行为conduct 合法的legal 合同contract 合作cooperate 核的nuclear 核心core 核心的nuclear 痕迹trace 化合物compound 化学的chemical 化学药品chemical 话题topic 怀孕conceive 环节link 环境environment 换车transfer 恢复recover 恢复restore 货币currency 获得acquire 获得attain 获得obtain 机制mechanism 积极的positive 积累accumulate 基本的fundamental 基本的radical 基础foundation 基础设施infrastructure 基金会foundation 激进的radical 即将到来的forthcoming 集合assemble 集中concentrate 集中focus 计算compute 技巧technique 技术technology 技术的technical 继任successor 加plus 加工process 加亮highlight 加强reinforce 家庭的domestic 假设assume 假设hypothesis 假设presume 间隔interval 监视monitor 兼容的compatible 检测detect 减少diminish 简短的brief 见识insight 建立establish 建立found 建立foundation 建造construct 僵硬的：刻板的rigid 讲课lecture 讲座lecture 交流communicate 焦点focus 角度perspective 角色role 脚底sole 教instruct 阶段phase 接触contact 接近access 揭露expose 节约economy 结构structure 结果outcome 解决resolve 解释interpret 界community 金额sum 津贴benefit 紧张的tense 尽管despite 进行proceed 进行中的ongoing 进化evolve 近似的approximate 禁止prohibit 经典的classic 经过via 经济economy 经受undergo 经验的empirical方案scenario 方案scheme 方法approach 方法method 方面aspect 方针guideline 房地产estate 放弃abandon 放松relax 费fee 分布distribute 分离的discrete 分派allocate 分派assign 分析analyze 风格style 奉献devote 否定negate 否认deny 夫妇couple 符号symbol 符合conform 福利welfare 辅修专业minor 腐蚀erode 附加append 附加attach 复合词compound 复杂的complex 改编adapt 改变alter 概念concept 概念notion 感激appreciate 干预intervene 革命revolution 格式format 个人individual 给⋯提供住宿accommodate 工程project 工具implement 工作job 公民的civil 公式formula 公司的corporate 功劳credit 功能function 贡献contribute 构成comprise 构成constitute 构思conceive 购买purchase精华highlight 论文thesis 潜在的potential精力energy 逻辑logic 强加impose精确的precise 马厩stable 强烈的intense居住reside 矛盾contradict 强调emphasis举例说明illustrate 媒介medium 强调highlight巨大的enormous 媒体media 强调stress句号period 每年的annual 强制constrain拒绝reject 勉强reluctance 清晰的distinct具体的specific 面板panel 情况circumstance剧本scenario 面积area 请教consult捐献contribute 名著classic 球门goal卷volume 明确define 球体sphere决定性的crucial 明确的definite 区别discriminate决心resolve 明晰的explicit 区分differentiate军事的military 明显的apparent 趋势trend开明的liberal 明显的evident 取出extract开始commence 明显的obvious 取得achieve开始initiate 模棱两可的ambiguous 权威authority靠近approach 模拟simulate 然而nevertheless可得到的available 模式mode 然而nonetheless可见的visible 目标goal 认为assume客观的objective 目标objective 任务task恳求invoke 目标target 任意的arbitrary口译interpret 内部的internal 日记journal框架framework 内在的intrinsic 日用品commodity扩大expand 能够的capable 容量capacity来源source 能量energy 容纳accommodate 劳动labor 年级grade 入口access类似analogy 年鉴annual 山脉range类推analogy 纽带bond 上下文context礼仪protocol 浓缩concentrate 设计design理解perceive 排除exclude 社区community理论theory 抛弃abandon 涉及involve理性的rational 陪伴accompany 身体的physical立法legislate 毗连的adjacent 十年decade利益behalf 偏见bias 时间表schedule利益benefit 偏离deviate 时期period利用exploit 频道channel 时态tense利用utilize 平行的parallel 识别identify例子instance 评价assess 实际上的virtual连贯的coherent 评价evaluate 实施enforce连接link 评论comment 实体entity联邦的federal 普遍的widespread 使结合integrate联系contact 奇怪的odd 使沮丧depress联系人contact 奇数的odd 使忙碌occupy两个couple 歧视discriminate 使能够enable临时的odd 骑自行车cycle 使平等equate灵活的flexible 起草draft 使倾向incline领域area 起源derive 使倾斜incline领域domain 恰当的appropriate 使屈服submit领域sphere 迁移migrate 使容易facilitate路线route 前景prospect 使适应accommodate 伦理ethic 潜力potential 使适应adapt使适应orient 使受伤injure 使位于locate 使相等equate 使信服convince 使自动化automate 使最大化maximize 使最小化minimize 示威demonstrate 试图seek 视察inspect 视觉的visual 视力vision 是⋯的基础underlie 释放release 收入income 收入revenue 收缩contract 手册manual 首要的prime 首字母initial 授予confer 输入input 输送transmit 熟练的expert 数据data 税收revenue 顺序sequence 思想体系ideology 虽然albeit 虽然notwithstanding 随后的subsequent 随机的random 所谓的so-called 索引index 态度attitude 坦率的straightforward 特征feature 提交submit 提炼refine 体积bulk 体积volume 体力的manual 替代的alternative 替代物alternative 挑战challenge 条款clause 调查investigate 调查survey 调节regulate 调停mediate 调整adjust 贴attach 停止cease 通风draft 通信correspond 同代人contemporary 同时的concurrent 同事colleague 同样地likewise 同意consent 统计的statistic 统一unify 投稿contribute 投资invest 图案design 图表chart 图解illustrate 图像image 推断infer 歪曲distort 外部的external 完成achieve 完整integrity 网络network 为⋯献身devote 违犯violate 唯一的sole 维dimension维持maintain 维持sustain 维修maintain委任commission 委员会commission 文本text 文化culture 文件document 文件file 稳定的stable 问题issue无知的ignorant 物理的physical 戏剧drama 系列series 下定义define下级的subordinate 下降decline 下结论conclude 下倾decline先前的previous 先于precede 显示display显示reveal 现象phenomenon 限制confine 限制constrain限制restrict 相当大的considerable 相反converse 相反的contrary 相符coincide相互的mutual 相互作用interact 相似的similar 相同的identical详述specify 详述的explicit 响应respond 想法notion 项目item 象征symbol 消除eliminate 消费consume 消耗consume 校长principal协商confer 协调coordinate 协议protocol 斜坡incline 鞋底sole 谢绝decline 心理的mental 心理学psychology 欣赏appreciate 信用credit形象image 幸存survive 性sex 性别gender 性别sex 性质attribute 修订amend 修改modify 修改revise修饰modify 虚拟的virtual 旋转revolution选择option 选择select学分credit 学会academy 学院academy 学院institute寻找seek 循环cycle压力stress 研究research 研究所institute 研究院academy主要的 major 主要的predominant 主要的 primary 主要的principal 助学金 grant 专断的 arbitrary 专家 expert 专家小组 panel 专业 major 专业的 professional 专业人员 professional 转变transform 转化 convert 转换 shift 转移 transfer 装备 equip 装配assemble 装置 device 装置 mechanism 追赶 pursue 追求 pursue 准确的 accurate 咨询 consult 资金 fund 资源 resource 自由的 liberal 自愿的 voluntary 综合的 comprehensive 总的 aggregate 总计 aggregate 总结 summary 总体的 overall 足够的 adequate 足够的 sufficient 组成 consist 组成部分 component 最初的 initial 最后的 eventual 最后的 final 最小的 minimal 最小值 minimum 最终的ultimate 遵守 conform 作者 author演变 evolve 演示 demonstrate 演绎 deduce 阳性的 positive 要求require 页边 margin 一代 generation 一致的 uniform 医学的 medical 依赖 rely 移民 immigrate 移置 displace 移走 remove 抑制 inhibit 抑制 restrain 译文 version 意识到的 aware 因此 hence 因素 factor 音量 volume 引起 induce 引用 cite 引用 quote 影响 affect 影响 impact 拥护 advocate 拥护者 advocate 优先 priority 由此 whereby 有点 somewhat 有关的 relevant 有活力的 dynamic 有能力的 capable 有限的 finite 有效的 valid 有益 benefit 预测 predict 预料 anticipate 域 domain 遇到 encounter 元素 element 原则 principle 援助 assist 运输 transit 运输 transport 杂志journal暂停 suspend 增强 enhance 摘录 extract 摘要 abstract 债券 bond 展览 display 展览 exhibit 占领 occupy 战略 strategy 章 chapter 找到 locate 召集 convene 哲学 philosophy 争议 controversy 征收 impose 征收 levy 整的 integral 整体的 integral 正常的 normal 证明 justify 证实 confirm 政策 policy 政权 regime 支配 dominate 执行 implement 执照 license 指标 index 指挥 conduct 指示 instruct志愿的 voluntary 制服 uniform致谢 acknowledge 中等的 medium 中级的 intermediate 中间的 intermediate 中立的 neutral 终止 terminate 种类 category 种族的 ethnic 重点 priority 重叠 overlap重要的 significant 重音 stress 主题 theme在先的 prior 暂时的 temporary。
【全部原创】雅思词汇-AWL词汇表
练习
【evident VS evidence】
The problems have beeevnid_e_n_t_____for some time. You need to find someveid__e_n_c_e_____. The broken window isetvhidee_n_c_e______there was a
现
【用】想到
occur
这个主意是他在梦中想到的。
The idea occurred to him in a dream.
occur在雅思写作中
【用】存在
水果自然含有糖分。 Fruit naturally has sugar. Sugar occurs naturally in fruit.
我似乎卷入了一件我并不知情的事情当中。
significant
【音】 [siɡˈnifikənt] 【义】 adj.重要的, 有重大意义的, 可观的
【形】significance
【用】
significant
有重大意义的发现 Байду номын сангаас a highly significant discovery
individual
【音】 [ˌɪndiˈvidjuəl] 【义】 adj.个别的, 单独的, 个人的 n.个人
【形】individualism
【用】
individual
They wait for the group to decide instead of making individual decisions.
IELTS AWL词汇
单词的音 / 义 / 形 / 用
AWL词汇表【学术词汇表】——雅思
AWLSublist 1analyze [ ? ? n? laiz] vt . 〈美〉分析 ,分解 , 解释constitut e [ ? k?nstitju:t] vt . 构成 , 组成建立 , 制定选定 , 任命 establish [is ? t ? bli? ] vt . 建立 , 成立安置确定 , 证实 indicate [ ? indikeit] vt . 标示 ,指示 , 指出象征 ; 表明或暗示⋯的可能性occur [ ? ? k? :] vi . 发生 ; 举行 ; 存在被发现 ; 想到[ 起]role [r ? n 作用 , 职责角色ul] . n. 靠近 ,方法 vt . 接洽 ,approach[ ? ? pr ? ut ? ] 接近 , 临近通路 , 入口 , 途径方式 , 交涉 ; 着手处理 vt . & v i . 接近, 走近 , 靠近 语境context [ ? k? n 背景 , 环境上下文 ,ntekst]. 估计 vt vi 估计 评价 评估estimate [ ? n , 估价报价判断 . & . ;, estimeit]. adj 个别的 n 个人人 individua l [ ? ? ndi ? vidju ? l ] . , 单独的 , 个人的独特的 .percent [p ? ? sent] n. 百分比 , 百分数 科截面 剖面地区 区section [ ? sek? ? n 章节部分部门 , , ,n] .area [ ? ? ? ri ? n 面积区域 , 地区领域 ,方面 ]. n 缔结 订契约 vt v i 染上 恶习 疾病contract [k ? n? tr ? 契约 , 合同 vt . ; . & . ,kt]. ( 等)缩小; 紧缩 adj . 明显的 ,evident [ ? evid ? nt] 明白的interpre t [in ? t ? :prit] vt . 解释 ; 说明 vt . & vi . 口译 ; 翻译 句点period [ ? pi ? ri ? d] n.( 一段 ) 时间时期 , 时代学时 , 课时句号 ,sector [ ? sekt ? ] n. 部门 ;领域防御地区 , 防卫区域扇形 , 扇形面assess[ ? ? ses] vt . 估价 , 估计评定 , 核定create [kri? eit] vt . 创造 , 创作 , 创建引起 , 产生 vi 出口 输出export [eks ? p? :t] n 输出 , 出口输出 [ 出口 ] 物 vt. & . ,.involve [in ? v? lv] vt . 使某事物成为必要条件或结果 ; 需要使参与 , 牵涉 policy p? l ? si n 政策 , 方针策略 ,精明的行为 , 上策保险单[ ? ] .significan t [si ɡ? nifik ? nt] adj . 重要的 , 重大的 , 可观的有意义的 , 有用意的意味深长的assume[ ? ? sju:m] vt . 假设 , 臆断 , 猜想假装承担 , 担任 , 就职呈现 , 采取data [ ? deit ? n 资料 , 材料 ]. 要素〈数〉因子 因数 factor [ ? f ? kt ? ] n 因素 , , . 流出 发出 发行〈正〉结果结issue [ ? n 问题 , 议题 ; 争论点发行物放出 , ; , , isju:]. 局 vi . 冒出 ,流出 ; 传出 vt .出版, 发行发表 , 发布分配 , 发给 principl e [ ? prins ? n原则 , 原理准则 , 规范操守 , 道义工作原理 pl] .similar [ ? simil ? ] adj . 类似的 ; 同类的 ; 相似的 ; 同样的 专家authority [ ? : ? θ? n 权力 , 职权官方 , 当局权威 ,riti].define [di ? fain] vt . 精确地解释 ; 界定规定 , 确定 vt 为⋯供给资金 从事finance [fai ? n? ns] n 财政 , 金融财源 , 资金 , 财务情况 ., .金融活动n 劳动 努力 工作劳工 工人分娩 分娩时的 阵痛 vi 劳动 labour [ ? leib ? ] , ; , , ( ) . ;.努力艰难行进1proceed [pr ? ? si:d] vi . 前进 ; 行进进行 ; 继续下去 资料来源source [s ? n 河流的源头 , 发源地来源 ,出处原因提供资料者, :s] .available [ ? ? veil ? bl] adj . 可用的或可得到的可会见的 ,可与之交谈的derive [di ? raiv] vt . & vi . 得到源于 方程式配方formula [ ? f ? :mjul ? ] n 准则 , 原则公式 ,. legal [ ? li :ɡ? l] adj . 法律上的 ;合法的 ; 法定的 列队行进 vt 加工 处理process [ ? pr ? uses] n 过程 , 进程工序 , 制作法 vi . . ;.specific [spi ? sifik] adj . 明确的 , 确切的 , 详尽的具体的 , 特有的 , 特定的仅限于⋯的 ; n 特效药具体方面 , 细节只发现于⋯的 . 好处救济金 保险金 vt vi 有益于 得益benefit [ ? benifit ] n 益处 , , . & . ,.distribut e[dis ? tribju:t]n vt . 分配 , 分给散发 ; 散播 ; 分布function [ ? f ? ? k? ? 功能 ; 作用 ; 职责函数 ; 与另一事物有密切关系的事物 n].社交集会 vi . 工作 ,运行 , 起作用legislate [ ? l ed ? isleit] vt . &vi . 立法 ; 制定法律require [ri ? k wai ? ] vt . 有赖于⋯ ; 需要命令 , 指示要求 , 规定想要 建筑物 vt 组structure [ ? str ? kt ? ? n 结构 , 构造有结构的事物 ; 复杂的整体 ; .]. 织; 安排; 构造 ; 制定 n 概念 观念 想法concept [ ? k? nsept] ; ;. 经济状况economy[i ? k? n? mi] n 节约 , 节省经济体制 ,.identify [ai ? dentifai] vt . 认出 , 识别支持 , 同情 vt . & vi . 等同于 ; 有关联major [ ? meid? ? ] adj . 较大的 ; 主要的 ; 严重的 n 少校专业 ; 主修科目 vi . 〈美〉. 主修, 专攻research [ri ? s? :t ? ] n. 研究 ;探讨 vi . 做研究 , 探究 , 研究 , 探讨 vt . 从事⋯的研究 , 为⋯而做研究 n 学说理论 原理意见看法theory [ ? θi ? , , ri]. vi . 组成 ,consist [k ? n? sist] 构成在于 , 存在于environment [in ? vai ? r ? nm? nt] n. 环境 , 周围状况 , 自然环境 n 收入 , 所得 , 收益income[ ? ink ? m] .条理n 方法 ,办法秩序 ,method[ ? me θ ? d] .respond [ri ? s p? nd] vi . 有反应 ;有效果 ; 有影响 vt . & vi . 回答 ; 回报 ;响应vary [ ? v? ? ri ] vi . 呈现不同 vt . & vi .( 使)变化, 改变Sublist 2achieve [ ? ? t ? i:v] vt . 取得 , 获得实现 , 达到 , 完成 共享n 社区 , 社会 , 团体大众 , 公众共有 , community[k ? ? mju:niti].vt 筹划 v t vi n 图样 , 设计图设计 , 布局目的 , 打算 . 计划, . & . design [di ? zain] . 设计, 绘制institute[ ?institju:t]n. 协会 ,学会 ; 学院 , 研究院 vt . 建立 ,制定 ; 开始 ,着 手 adj 潜在的 有可能的 n 潜力 潜势 可能性potentia l [p ? ? ten ? ? l] . , , , .restrict [ris ? trikt] vt . 限制 ; 约束acquire [ ? ? kwai ? ] vt . 获得 ,得到 , 养成复合的复杂的难懂的n 综合体complex[ ? k? mpleks] adj . 由许多部分组成的 , , ,.集合体〈心〉情结 , 夸大的情绪反应2distinc t [dis ? ti ? kt ] adj . 截然不同的 , 完全分开的清晰的 , 明白的 ,明显的invest [in ? vest] vt . 授予 vt . & vi . 投资 ;花费previous [ ? pri:vi ? s] adj . 先前的 ,以前的过早的 , 过急的secure [si? kju ? ] adj . 牢固的 ;可靠的有把握的 ; 确切的 vt . 握紧 ; 关牢使安全 ( 使)获得 ; 把⋯弄到手 ? ] vt . 管理 ,administer [ ? d? minist 支配给予执行 , 实施compute[k ? m? pju:t] vt . 计算 , 估算 要素原件一伙人基础 纲要原理element [ ? elim ? nt] n 化学 ) 元素成分 , , , , .( 一件 一条 item [ ? ait n 一项 , , ; 项目 ? m] . primary [ ? praim ? ri] adj . 首要的 ; 主要的 ; 基本的最初的 ; 初级的seek[si:k] vi . 企图 ;试图 vt . 请求 ,征求 ; 求教 vt .&vi . 寻找 ; 探寻 affect [ ? ? fekt] vt . 影响感动假装conclude [k ? n? klu:d] vt . 得出结论 ;断定决定 vt . & vi . 结束equate [i ? kweit] vt . 认为某事物 ( 与另一事物 ) 相等或相仿journal [ ? d? ? :nl] n 杂志 , 期刊日志 , 日记. vt 购买purchase [ ? p? :t ? ? n 购买 , 购置买到的东西 .s] .select [si ? lekt] adj .精选的, 挑选出来的限制性的 , 选择严格的 vt . 选择 ; 挑选appropriate [ ? ? pr ? upriit] adj . 适当的 ,恰当的 vt . 挪用 ; 占用 ; 盗用拨出 ( 款项 )conduct [k ? n? d? kt] n 举止 , 行为管理 ( 方式 ), 实施 ( 方式 ) v t . & vi . 引导 , 带领 ,. 担任指挥控制 , 管理传导 vt . 评价 ,evaluate [i ? v? ljueit]估计 ,估价maintain [mein ? tein] vt . 保持 ; 继续保养 , 维护坚持 ; 主张供给 ; 赡养range[reind ? ] n. 一系列变化幅度 , 范围射程 , 距离 ( 山) 脉 vi . 变化 vt . 排列 n 位置 , 场所 , 地点 vt . 使坐落在 ; 设置site [sait].aspect [ ? ? spekt] n .方面方位 , 朝向面貌 ,模样 , 神态consequent [ ? k? nsikw ?nt] adj . 作为结果的 , 随之发生的feature [ ? fi:t? ? ] n 特征 , 特色面貌 , 相貌特写 , 专题节目 ( 电影的 ) 正片 , 故事 .片normal [ ? n? :m? l] adj . 正常平常的正规的 ;标准的的 ,region [ ? ri:d ? ? n ] n. 地区 ; 地带 ; 区域 ; 范围 计谋strategy [ ? str ? tid ? i] n . 战略学 , 兵法战略 , 策略策略 ,assist[ ? ? sist] vt . & vi .帮助, 促进construct [k? n? str ? kt] vt . 修建 , 建立构成 , 组成final [ ? fain ? l ] adj . 最后的 , 最终的决定性的 , 确定性的 n. 决赛 ( 大学的 ) 期终考试vi . 通行 ;流行 vt . 获得 ,obtain [ ? b? tein]得到 ; 买到regulate [ ? reɡjuleit]vt . 控制 , 管理调整 ; 调节survey [s ? ? vei] n. 调查 vt . 眺望 ; 纵览测量 ; 勘察检查 , 鉴定通盘考虑 , 回顾category [ ? k? ti ɡ? n 种类 , 类别ri]. consume[k ? n? sju:m] vt . 消耗 , 消费 , 耗尽大吃 , 大喝烧毁 , 毁灭 镜头 眼focus [ ? f ? uk? n 焦点 , 焦距 ; 中心 vt . & v i .( 使 集中 , ( 使 ) 聚集调整 ( , s]. ) 睛) 焦点 [ 焦距 ] 以便看清 vt .& vi . 参加 ,participat e [p ɑ:? tisipei t] 参与relevant [ ? rel? v? nt] adj . 有关的 ,切题的3n 正文 ,本文原文, 全文教科书 , 课本 text [tekst]. n 章 篇 chapter [ ? t ? ? pt ? , 回 ,] . 存款数额借款贷款赞扬荣誉 功劳信credit [ ? kredit] n . 赊购 ; 赊购制度存款 ; ; , ,任, 相信学分 vt . 相信 ,信任把⋯记入贷方 , 存入 ( 账户) vi 对某事物有影响impact [ ? imp? kt] n 影响 , 作用冲击 ( 力 ), 碰撞 vt . & ..perceive [p ? ? si:v]vt . 感觉 ,察觉 , 理解reside [ri ? zaid] vi . 居住 ; 定居 tradition [tr ? ? di ? ? n 传统惯例n]. 授权 委托委员会佣金 回扣 vt 委任 委托commission[k ? ? mi? ? n] n , , . ,. 教养 vt 培植培culture [ ? k? lt ? ? n 文化休养 , , 精神文明养殖 , 培养 , 栽培 . , ] .养 injure[ ?ind ? ? ] vt . 伤害 , 损害positive [ ? p? zitiv] adj . 确实的 ,明确的积极的 ; 肯定的表现得有信心和有希望的 ,确信的〈数〉〈电〉正的 , 阳性的完全的 ; 纯粹的 n. 〈语〉原级形容词确实 ; 正量 , 正数正片n 资源 必要时可给予 帮助、支持或安慰的事物才智 机敏 创 resource [ri ? s? ( ) ; ; :s].造精神n 转移 转让 转录中转 换乘 改变路线 vt 转让 vt transfer [tr ? ns? f ?; ; , , . . & :] . vi . 转移; 迁移 Sublist 3alternative [ ? :l ? t ? :n ? tiv] adj . 两者择一的 , 供替代的不寻常的 , 非传统性的n 取舍 ,抉择 , 可供选择的事物选择的余地 , 可供选择的机会非正统的 . convene[k ? n? vi:n] vt . & vi . 召开 , 召集emphasis[ ? emf? n 强调 , 重点 sis].interact [ ? ? nt ? r ? ? kt] vi . 相互作用 [ 影响 ], 互相配合philosophy [f i ? l ? s? fi ] n 哲学人生哲学 , 人生观达观. 性行为sex[seks] n 性别 ; 性男性 ; 女性性关系性活动 ,.circumstance [ ? s? :k ? mst? ns] n. 环境 , 条件 , 情况境遇 , 经济状况coordinate [k ? u? ? :dineit] adj . 同等的 , 并列的 n. 〈数〉坐标 vt . 使协调 ; 使调 和ensure [in ? ? u? ] vt . 确保 , 担保担保获得 [ 避免 ] justify [ ? d? ? stifai] vt . 证明⋯有理 ; 为⋯辩护physical [ ? fizik ? l] adj . 身体的 , 肉体的物质的自然规律的 , 按自然法则的自然n 身体检查 , 体格检查( 界) 的物理学的 .换 班轮班工人计谋 手段切换键 vi 快速行进 vt shift [ ? ift] n 转换 , 转变轮 [ , . . & . ]vi . 改变 , 变换 , 转移 , 移动去掉 ; 摆脱掉换挡comment[ ? k? ment] n. 评论 , 意见 , 解释 , 批评 vt . & vi . 评论 ; 谈论 core [k ? :] n. 果核核心 , 精髓 , 要点exclude [iks ? klu:d] vt . 排除 ; 不包括在内n 层 ,层次layer [ ? lei ? ] .proportion [pr ? ? p? : ? ? n] n. 均衡 ; 相称 , 协调一物与他物在数量、 大小等方面的关系 ; 比例部分 ; 份儿 vt . 详述指定specify [ ? spesifai]4compensate[ ? k?mpenseit]vt . &vi . 补偿 , 报酬corporate [ ? k? :p ? rit] adj . 社团的 , 法人的framework [ ? freimw ? :k] n 构架 ; 结构. vi 连接 联系n 环 , 联系 , 纽带 vt. & . , link [li ? k] .publish [ ? p? bli ? ] vt . & vi . 出版公布sufficient [s ? ? fi ? ? nt] adj . 足够的 ; 充足的component[k ? m? p? un? nt] n 成分 , 组成部分 , 部件 ,元件.correspond [ ? k? ris ? p? nd] vi . 相符合 , 相一致相当 , 相类似通信 给⋯拨款fund [f ? n 基金 , 专款现款 ; 资金储备 , 蕴藏 vt . 为⋯提供资金 ,nd] .locate [l ? u? keit] vt . 找出 ,指出 ( 地点或位置 ) vt . & vi .( 在⋯)设置,坐落于react [ri ? ? kt] vi . 起反应 ; 有影响反对 ; 对抗task [t n 工作 ; 任务 ; 差事 ɑ:sk].n 同意 赞成 vi 同意 赞成 consent [k ? n? 准许 , , . ;sent] . criteri a [kra ? ? t ? ? r ? ? ] n. 标准 illustrat e [ ? il ? streit] vt . 给⋯加插图说明 , 阐明 ; 表明maximise[ ? m? ksimaiz] vt . 使( 某事物 ) 增至最大限度最大限度地利用 ( 某事物 ) 记录register [ ? red ? is t ? ] n 登记 ( 表 ), 注册 ( 簿 ) 记录器暖气 , 调风器 vt . & vi . ;. 登记 ; 注册显出注意到 , 记住 technical [ ? teknik ? l] adj . 技术的 ; 应用科学的艺术的 , 工艺的 ( 指书等 ) 要求有专门知识的 , 使用术语的 , 专业的 adj . 相当大 ( 或多 ) 的considerable [k ? n? sid ? r ? bl]deduce[di? dju:s] vt . 推论 ,演绎immigrate [ ? imi ɡreit] vi . 移入minor [ ? main? ] adj . 较小的 , 较少的 , 低级的 , 次要的 n. 未成年人副修科目rely[ri? lai] vi .信任; 信赖 ; 依赖 , 依靠technique [tek ? ni:k] n . 技巧 , 手法 , 技术技能constant [ ? k? nst ? nt] adj . 始终如一的 , 恒久不变的不断的 , 连续发生的忠实的 ,忠诚的demonstrate [ ? dem? nstreit ] vi . 举行示威游行 ( 或集会 ) vt . 说明 , 演示论证 , 证明 显示 , 表露imply [im ? plai]vt . 暗示 ,暗指必然包含negate [ni ? ɡeit] vt . 取消 , 使无效否定 ; 否认remove[ri ? mu:v] vi . 迁移 ; 移居 vt . 移走 ; 排除开除应用科学工业技术technology [tek ? n? l ? d? i ] n 科技 (总称 ); 工艺 ; .constrain [k ? n? strein] vt . 强迫 , 强使 ; 限制 , 约束记载document[ ? d? kjum? nt] n . 公文 , 文件 , 文献 vt . 证明记录,initial [i ? ni ? ?l] adj . 最初的 , 开头的outcome[ ? autk ? n 结果m] .scheme[ski:m] n. 阴谋 , 诡计计划 , 方案 vt .&vi . 策划 ;图谋valid [ ? v? lid]adj . 正当的 , 有充分根据的 , 符合逻辑的有效的有法律效力的contribute [k ? n?tribjut] vi . 起促成作用 vt . & vi . 捐献 , 捐助 , 贡献出撰稿 , 投稿dominate [ ? d? mineit] vt . 耸立于 , 俯临 vt .& vi . 控制 , 支配 , 统治在⋯中占首要 地位 n 例子 实例instance [ ? ins t ? ns] . ,5ɑ n 伙伴 , 同伙 , 合伙人 , 股东同伴, 搭档配偶 , 情人 vt . 做⋯的 partner [ ? p :tn ? ].搭档n 有关联的一组事物 一连串先后次序 顺序 连续 sequence[ ? si:kw ? , , , ns]. 册 书卷体积 容量音量volume[ ? v? lju:m] n 卷 , , ; 容积 , , 响度. Sublist 4access[ ?? kses] n 通道 , 入口接近 [ 取得 ]⋯的方法 [ 权利等 ] vt . 存取 计算机文件 ). (communicate[k ? ? mju:nikeit] vi . 通讯 ; 交际 , 交流相连 ; 相通 vt .& vi . 传达 ; 表 达 n 错误过失 失误error [ ? , er ? ].internal [in ? t ? :n ?l] adj . 内部的国内的 , 内政的体内的 相对应的 n 平行线 面 paralle l [ ? p? r ? lel] adj .( 指至少两条线 ) 平行的类似的 ; ] . [ 极相似的人 [ 事物 ] 类似( 点), 相似(之处)比较纬线 , 纬圈 vt . 与⋯平行 ; 与⋯相当 resolve [ri ? z? lv] vt .( 指委员会或集会 ) 表决解决 ( 问题、疑问等 ) 分解 ,解析( 某物 )vt . & vi . 决定 ;决心adj . 充分的 ,adequate[ ? ? dikwit]足够的适当的 , 胜任的concentrate [ ? k? ns? ntrei t] vt . 浓缩 vt . &vi . 专心于 ;注意集中 , 聚集ethnic [ ? e θnik] adj . 种族的 ,部落的某文化群体的 investigate [in ? vesti ɡeit] n vt . 调查 ; 审查 特性 界限〈物〉〈数〉参量参数parameter [p ? ? r ? mit ? ] 限定性的 ) 因素 , , , .( retain [ri ? tein] vt . 保持 ; 保留止住 ; 容纳 一年一次的 n 一年生植物年刊 年报annual [ ? ? nju ? l] adj . 每年的 , 年度的 , , ,.年鉴confer [k ? n? f ? :] vi . 〈拉〉商谈 , 商议 vt . 授予 , 赋予goal [ ɡ? n 球门进球得的分努力的对象 , 目标ul] .job[d ? ? b] n. 职业 , 职位 ( 一件) 工作职责 , 责任 分阶段计划 安排n 阶段 , 时期 月亮、行星的 ) 位相 vt . [ ]phase[feiz].n ( series [ ? si ? 连续的同类事物 , 系列串联ri:z].apparent [ ? ? p? r ? nt] adj . 显然明白的 , 清晰可见的表面上的 ,貌似(真实)的的 ,contrast [ ? k? ntr ? st]n. 对比 , 对照差异 , 差别对照物 , 明显的对比物 vt . &vi . 对比 , 对照 n 补助金 津贴 vt 准许 答应给予承认,助学金 , . ;grant [ ɡr ɑ:nt]. n 符号 vt 贴标签于把⋯列为label [ ? leib ? l] 标签 , 标记称号 ; ; 标示 . .predict [pri ? dikt ] vt . & vi . 预言 ; 预测 ; 预示 统计量statistic [st ? ? tistik ] adj . 统计的 , 统计学的 n .approximate [ ? ? pr ? ksimit] adj . 近似的 , 大约的 vt . & vi . 近似 , 接近cycle [ ? saikl] n . 循环 , 周期自行车 , 摩托车 vi . 骑自行 摩托 车[ ] hence[hens]adv. 从此时起 , 从此处因此 , 所以mechanism[ ? mek? niz ? m] n. 机械装置构造 , 机制办法 , 技巧 , 途径 本金被代principal [ ? prins ? p? l] adj . 最重要的 ; 主要的 n 负责人 , 校长资本, . 理人 , 委托人status [ ? steit ? s] n. 身份 , 地位情形 , 状况attitude [ ? ? n 态度 , 看法姿态 , 姿势titju:d]. v t v i 辩论争论debate [di ? beit] n 讨论 , 辩论 . & . ,.6hypothesis [hai ? p? θ n 假说 , 假设 ,前提isis].obvious [ ? ? bvi ? s] adj . 明显的 ; 显而易见的prior [ ? prai? ] adj . 优先的 ;在前的 ; 较早的重读强调stress [stres] n 压力 , 紧张强调 , 重要性重力重音 vt . .n 属性 特性 v t 认为⋯是 归因于⋯认为某作品出自某 attribute [ ? ?tribju:t] , . ; .人之手认为某事 [ 物] 属于某人 [ 物]despite [dis ? pait] prep . 不管 , 尽管 vt 使生效 贯彻执行implement [ ? implim ? n 工具 , 器具 , 用具. , , nt] .occupy[ ? ? kjupai] vt . 占领 ;占有使从事 ; 使忙于professional [pr ? ? fe ? ? n? l ] adj . 职业的 , 专业的内行的 , 有经验的有意的 ,故意的 n. 具有某专业资格的人 ,专业人士内行 , 专家专门职业者 , 职业选手 subsequent [ ? s? bsikw ? nt] adj . 随后的 ,继⋯之后的civil [ ? sivl] adj . 公民的 , 平民的 ; 非军职的 , 非宗教的 ; 国民间的 , 民用的民事 的, 民法的文明的 , 有教养的 尺寸 度量方面 部分规模 程度dimension [di ? men? ? n , , , n].implicate [ ? implikeit] vt . 牵连 , 涉及 配件买卖选择权期权option [ ? ? p? ? n] n 选择 ( 的自由 ) 可选择的办法附件 , , . n 方案 课题 规划抛 投 viproject [pr ? ? d? 项目 , 计划 , , vt . ; ; 射 vt. & . ekt] . 伸出 , 突出 ; 表达特点 vtvi 合计总结 归纳 n 总数 ,总和金额算术 . & ., sum[s ? m] . n 法规 vt 将⋯译成电码 code[k ? ud] 法典 , , 章程密码 , 电码代号 , 编码 ..domestic [d ? ? mestik] adj . 本国的 ,国内的家庭的 , 家用的驯养的impose[im ? p? uz] vi . 利用 ,占便宜 ; 欺骗 vt . 强迫 ,强加课税 , 惩罚output [ ? autput] n. 产量输出 , 输出功率promote[pr ? ? m? ut ] vt . 提升 , 提拔筹划 , 发起 , 创立推销〈正〉促进 ; 推动 ; 增进summary[ ? s? m? ri] adj . 即刻的 , 立即的匆忙的 , 草率的概括的 ; 简要的 n 摘要 ,. 概要commit[k ?? mit] vt . 犯罪 ;犯错承诺 ; 使自己受约束托付 ; 交付emerge[i ? m? :d ? ] vi . 出现 ;显出 ; 暴露integrate [ ? inti ɡreit]vt . 使结合成为整体 vt .& vi .( 使) 融入overall [ ? ? uv? r ? :l] adj . 总体的 ;全面的 ;综合的全面考虑的adv. 大体上 ,总 的来说一切包括在内 , 全部的 n 长罩衣工装裤 ; 工作裤. 政权 regime [rei ? ? n 政治制度 , , 政体 i:m] .undertake [ ? ? nd? ? teik] vt . 担任 , 承揽 ; 保证着手 , 开始Sublist 5 academy[ ? ? k? d? mi] n. 专科学校研究院 , 学会 consult [k ? n? s? lt] vt . 请教 , 咨询 ; 找 ( 医生 ) 诊治翻阅 , 查阅顾及 ,考虑 vt . &vi . 商议, 商量evolve [i ? v? lv] vt . & vi . 演变 ; 进化 特许放纵 放肆licence [ ? lais ? ns] n 许可证 , 执照许可 , , .orient [ ? ? :ri ? nt] n. 东方 ,亚洲 vt . 使熟悉 , 使适应使朝向 ;使确定位置style [stail] n 风格 , 格调 ; 文体行为方式, 作风种类 , 类型 ; 流行式样 ; 款式风度 ;.格调 ;气派7adjust [ ? ? d? ? st ] vt . & vi .( 改变⋯以 ) 适应 ; 调整 ; 校正 门路触点 接头contact [ ? k? nt ? n 接触联系 , 联络 , 交往社会关系 , 熟人 , ,kt]. vt . & vi . 联系expand[iks ? p? nd] vt .& vi . 使⋯变大 , 扩大 , 扩张伸展 , 伸开 ,张开 , 展开logic [ ? l ? d? ik] n 逻辑 (学 ), 逻辑性推理方法合理的想法.想法 perspective [p ? ? n 远景 , 景前途 ;希望透视透视图观点 , spektiv].substitut e[ ? s? bstitju:t] vt . & vi . 代替 , 替换 , 代用alter [ ?? :lt ? ] vt . & vi .改变, 更改 v i 太阳 落下 vt v i 辞谢 谢绝 邀请decline [di ? klain] n 下降 , 减少 , 衰退 .( ) . & . ;. ( 等)expose[iks ? p? uz] vt . 曝光暴露 ; 显露揭露 , 袒露 余地margin [ ? m ɑ:d ? in]n 页边空白边 , 边缘差数 , 差额 ; .precise [pri ?sais]adj . 精确的 ,准确的恰好的 ; 正是的周密的 , 细密的 , 精细的sustain [s ? ? stein] vt . 承受 ,支撑维持长期保持 ; 使继续经受 , 遭受amend[ ? ? mend] vt . & vi . 改良 ;修改 , 修订discrete [dis ?kri:t] adj . 分离的 , 不相关联的external [eks ?t ? :nl] adj . 外面的 , 外部的外观的 , 表面的外国的medical [ ? medik? l ] adj . 医学的 , 医疗的 , 医术的内科的 n 全盛时期vt 使准prime [praim] adj . 首要的 ; 主要的 ; 基本的最好的, 第一流的 . .备好 , 使完成准备工作事先指导 , 事先向⋯提供情况symbol[ ? simb? l] n 象征 , 标志符号 , 记号.aware[ ? ? w? ? ] adj . 意识到的 , 知道的draft [drɑ:ft ]n. 草稿 ,草案 , 草图汇票应召入伍者 ;特遣队 vt . 起草 ,画草图 , 草 拟选派 , 抽调征募 , 征召⋯入伍facilitat e [f ? ? siliteit] vt . 使便利 ,减轻⋯的困难mental [ ? mentl] adj . 精神的 ,头脑的 , 心理的 , 智力的精神病的psychology [sai ? k? l ? d? i] n. 心理学心理 ; 心理特点 服务的 对象 攻击的 对象target [ ? t n .( 射击的 ) 靶子 ( 欲达到的 ) 目 指 标 ); ( )ɑ:ɡit][ ] (vt . 瞄准某物n 容量 容积才能 能力身份 职位capacity [k ? ? p? , , ,siti].enable [i ? neibl] vt . 使能够 ;提供做⋯的权利 [ 措施 ] 使可能n 基本原则 基本fundamental [ ? f ? nd? ? ment? l] adj . 基本的 ; 重要的 , 必要的. , 法则 vt . 修饰 vt . & vi . 修改 ,modify [ ? m?difai] 更改pursue [p ? ? sju:] vt . 追捕 , 追击追求继续 ; 从事 , 经营transit [ ? tr ? nsit] n 搬运 ; 载运 ; 运输 .challenge [ ? t ? ? lind ? ] n. 挑战 , 邀请比赛怀疑 , 质问艰巨的任务 vt . 挑战质疑考验energy [ ? en? d? i ] n. 活力 ,干劲 , 能力精力〈物〉能 , 能量 , 能源generate [ ? d? en? reit] vt . 生成 , 产生引起 , 导致 班长 纠察员 vt 监听 监monitor [ ? m? nit ? n 监视器 , 监听器 ; 检测器 ( 学校 ); . , ]. 视监测 , 检测ratio [ ? rei ? i ? u] n. 比, 比率n 趋势 , 倾向流行trend [trend].法律文件等的条款 clause [kl n 从句 ( )? :z] .8enforce [in ? f ? :s] vt . 实施 ,执行强迫 , 迫使 一代人 一代产生 发生 generation [ ? d? en? ? rei ? ? n 同时代的人 , , , n]. 电视网 n 网状物 (电视与计算机 ) 网络 , 网状系统广播网, network [ ? netw? :k] . 不合格产品 vt 谢绝 排斥 退 reject [ri ? d? n 被拒货品, . 拒绝 , ; 驳回舍弃 , , ekt] .掉n 个人对事件的 描述 说法 看法版本 形式译本 剧本 version [ ? v? : ? ? n] .( ) , , , ,复合物 院子 围起来的 vtcompound[ ? k? mpaund] n , 化合物 ( 筑有围墙的 ),( ) 场地 . . 使混合 , 使合成使严重 ; 使恶化 实际存在物 entity [ ? n 实体 , 独立存在体 , entiti].物 翻版比喻 引 image[ ? imid ? n 形象 , 概念镜像 , 影像 , 图像印象酷似的人 [ ], , ] .喻, 明喻外形 , 外表 , 模样 奇想 意图 打算notion [ ? n? u? n 概念 ,观念 , 看法突然的念头 , ; , ? n] .revenue [ ? rev ? nju:] n . 收入 , 收益 ; 财政收入 , 税收welfare [ ? welf ? ? ] n. 健康 , 幸福 , 繁荣福利〈美〉政府的福利 ( 制度 )conflict [ ? k? nflikt ] n 战斗 , 斗争冲突 , 抵触 , 争论 vi . 抵触 , 冲突.equivalent [i ? kwiv ? l ? nt]adj . 相等的 , 相当的liberal [ ? lib ? r ? l] adj . 心胸宽阔的 , 无偏见的慷慨的 , 大方的开放的 ; 主张变革的自由的 , n 宽容大度的人自由主义者不拘一格的 . adj 客观的 不带偏见的 n 目标 目的objective [ ? b? d? ektiv] . ; ;.stable [ ? steibl] adj . 稳定的 ; 安定的沉稳 [ 持重 ] 的whereas[hw? ? r ? ? z] conj . 但是 ,而Sublist 6abstract [ ? ? bstr ? kt] adj . 抽象的抽象派的 n 抽象 , 抽象概念 , 抽象性抽象派艺 .术作品摘要 , 梗概 vt .提取, 抽取做⋯的摘要capable [ ? keip ? bl] adj . 有能力的 , 有技能的exceed[ik? si:d] vi .( 在数量、质量上 ) 突出 , 领先 vt . 超过 ;超越incidence [ ? insid ? n 发生率 , 影响范围ns] .migrate [mai ? ɡreit] vi . 迁移 ;移往recover [ri ? k? v? ] vi . 恢复健康 ( 体力、能力等 ) vt . 恢复 ; 重新获得 , 找回〈正〉恢复 ( 适当的状态或位置 )accurate [ ? ? kjurit] adj . 精确的 , 准确的正确无误的cite [sait] vt . 引用 , 举例表彰 , 嘉奖传唤 ,传讯能手expert [ ? eksp? :t] adj.专家的,内行的,熟练的 n 专家,.incorporate [in ? k? :p?reit]vt . 包含 ,加上 , 吸收把⋯合并 , 使并入组成公司minimum[ ? minim? m] adj.最低的,最小的n 最低限度,最小量.reveal[ri ? vi:l] vt . 显示 ; 露出泄露 ;透露acknowledge[ ? k? n? lid ? ] vt . 承认 ,供认告知已收到鸣谢 , 感谢cooperate [k ? u? ? p? reit] vi . 合作 ;配合 , 协助explicit [iks ?plisit]adj . 详述的 , 明确的 , 明晰的直言的 , 毫不隐瞒的 , 露骨的index [ ? n 索引标志,象征;量度(物价或工资的)指数〈数〉指数,幂 vt.indeks] .给⋯编索引 , 指示出n政府的部ministry [ ?ministri] .( )n 余地, 机会 (处理、研究事务的 ) 范围scope[sk ? up] .9aggregate [ ? ? ɡri ɡit] n 〈正〉数 , 总计 vt . 总计达⋯ vt . & vi .( 使 聚集. ) discriminate [di s ? krimineit ] vi . 歧视 , 有差别地对待 vt . & vi . 分别 ,辨别 , 区分federal [ ? fed ? r ? l ] adj . 联邦 ( 制) 的联邦政府的 inhibit [in ?hibit] n vt . 阻止 ; 抑制动机 , 目的motive [ ? m? utiv].n subsidy [ ? s? bsidi] . 补贴 , 津贴 , 补助金allocate [ ? ? l ? keit] vt . 分配 , 分派把⋯拨给 vt 陈列 展览显示显露display [di s ? n 陈列 , 展览陈列的货物、艺术品等 . , , plei].n 费 ,酬金fee [fi:]. vt . 开始 , initiat e [i ? ni ? ieit] 着手传授 ; 使初步了解接纳新成员 , 让⋯加入neutral [ ? nju:t r ? l ] adj . 中立的 , 不偏不倚的中立 ( 国家 ) 的暗淡的 ; 非彩色的 ( 化学中 ) 中性的不带电的 n .( 汽车或其他机器的 ) 空挡位置中立人士 ; 中立国n 带子录音磁带 ; 录像带 vt . 用带子捆起来 vt . & vi . 录音tape [teip].vt . 分配 ; assign [ ? ? sain] 交给指派 , 选派指定 , 订出diverse [dai ? v? s] adj . 不同的 ,多种多样的flexibl e [ ? flek s ? bl ] adj . 易弯曲的 , 柔韧的灵活的 , 可变通的input [ ? n 输入 , 投入〈电〉输入端输入的数据 vt . 把⋯输入电脑input]. adv 仍然 然而 尽管如此 然而nevertheless [ ? nev? e ? ? les] , , 不过 conj . ,. v t 标出 trace [treis] n 踪迹 ; 痕迹 ; 形迹极微的量 . 追踪 ; 追溯发现 ; 找到描绘 ; . vt . & vi . 缓慢而困难地书写 attach [ ? ? t ? t ? ] vt . & vi . 贴上 ; 系 ; 附上 产业domain[d ? u? n 范围 , 领域版图 , 领土地产 ,mein] .furthermore [ ? f ? : e ?? m? :] adv. 而且 ,此外instruc t [i n ? str ? kt] vt . 命令 , 指示教 , 指导通知 向或来自 外国的 adv 在overseas [ ? ? uv? ? si:z] adj .( 在 海外的 , ( 在 )国外的 ( )) . [ 向] 海外; 在[ 向] 国外 vt .& vi . 改变transform [tr ? ns? f ? :m] 创始人 发起人author [ ? ? : θ? n 著作家 , 作者创造者 , ; ].edit [ ? edit] vt . 剪辑 ( 电影、录音磁带、无线电或电视节目、书等) vt . &vi . 编辑n 〈语〉性gender[ ? d? end? ] .intelligent [in ? telid ? ?nt] adj . 聪明的 ; 理解力强的precede [ ? pri ? si:d] vt . & vi . 在⋯之前 , 先于transport [tr ? ns? p? :t]vt . 运送 ; 流放使万分激动契约票据vt 使粘结bond[b ? nd] n 联系,关系连接,接合,结合有息债券合同, , . ,. 使结合enhance[in ? hɑ:ns] vt . 提高 , 增加 , 加强ignorant [ ?i ɡn? r ? nt] adj . 无知的 , 愚昧的interval[ ?int ? v?n 间隔时间幕间休息l] .presume[pri ? zju:m] vi . 冒昧地做某事 ; 错用自作主张 , 放肆 vt . 以为 ; 假定underlie [ ?? nd? ?lai] vt . 位于或存在于 ( 某物 ) 之下构成⋯的基础 ( 或起因 ); 引起brief [bri:f] adj.短暂的,短时间的简洁的,简短的 n.概要,摘要vt.向⋯介绍基本情况 , 作⋯的摘要estate [is ?teit]n. 土地 , 地区庄园 , 种植园地产 ,财产 ;遗产动机incentive [in ? sentiv] n 激励某人做某事的事物; 刺激; 诱因,n .讲课冗长的训斥教训训斥vtlecture [ ? lekt ? ? ]演讲; [谴责 ]vt.责备, , . & .10vi .( 向⋯) 演讲 ; ( 给⋯) 讲课rational [ ? r ? ? ? nl] adj . 神智清楚的理性的 ; 理智的 ; 合理的 ; 出于理性的 utilize [ ? ju:tilaiz] vt . 利用 , 使用Sublist 7adapt [ ? ? d? pt] vt . 改编 , 改写 vt . & vi .( 使)适应, ( 使) 适合contrary [ ? k? ntr ? ri ] adj . 相反的 , 相违的 n 相反 , 反面 , 对立面.empirical [em? pirik ? l] adj . 以观察或实验为依据的identical [ai ? dentik ? l ] adj . 同一的 事物phenomenon[fi n 现象特殊的人 [ ]? n? min? n] .submit [s ? b? mit] vi . 屈服 , 认输 vt . 提交 , 呈递〈正〉建议 , 主张 , 申辩adult [ ? ? d? lt ] adj . 成熟的成年人的 , 适宜于成年人的n . 成年的人或动物convert [k ? n? v? :t ] vt . & vi .( 使 ) 转变 , ( 使) 转化皈依 , 改变( 信仰)equip[i? k wip] vt . 装备 , 配备使有能力 , 使胜任ideology [ ? aid i ? ? l ? d? n 思想 ( 体系 ), 思想意识 i]. priorit y [prai? ? riti] n. 优先权 , 重点优先考虑的事 继承人successor [s ? k? ses? ] n 接替的人或事物 , 继任者 ,.advocate [ ? ? dv? keit ] n. 提倡者 , 拥护者辩护律师 , 辩护人 vt . 提倡 , 主张couple [ ? k? n 一对 , 一双一些 , 几个夫妻 , 情侣 vt . 连接 , 联结 , 联系pl] . 摘录 v t抽出提取 extract [iks ? tr ? kt ] n ,引用提炼物 , 浓缩物 .( 费力地 ) 拔出 , , . 榨出infer [in? f ?:] vt . 推断 ,推知prohibit [pr ? ? hibit] vt . 禁止 ;阻止survive [s ? ? vaiv] vi . 幸存 , 活下来 vt . 比⋯活得长 , 经历⋯之后还存在 n 帮助 , 援助 , 救助助手 , 辅助物 , 辅助手段 vt . 帮助 , 援助aid [eid].decade[ ? dekeid] n. 十年 , 十年间 文件 计算机文件纵列v i 排成纵队前进 vtfile [fail] n 文件夹 , 公文箱卷宗 , ; . . .把⋯归档提交 ( 申请等 ), 呈递用锉锉innovate [ ? in ? uveit] vi . 改 创新革 ,publication[ ? p? bli ? kei ? ? n] n. 发表 , 公布出版 , 刊行 , 发行出版物 , 书刊thesis [ ?n 论题 , 命题 , 论点论文 , 毕业 或学位 ) 论文θi:sis].( channel [ ? t ?? n 海峡通道 ; 水沟 , 水渠渠道 , 途径频道 nl] .definit e [ ? definit] adj . 明确的 ,确切的一定的 , 肯定的finite [ ? fainait ] adj . 有限的 , 有限度的〈语〉限定的 vt 插入 嵌入insert [in ? s? n 添入物 ( 尤指一页印刷品图中插入或套印的小图 ) . ,:t] .quote [kw? ut] vt . 提到⋯以支持某论点报 ( 价); 开( 价) vt . & vi . 引用 , 援引topic [ ? t ? n 题目 ,论题 , 话题pik] . chemical [ ? kemik? l] adj . 化学的 n. 化学药品deny[di ? nai] vt . 否认知情拒绝 建立 设立创办基础基本原理 根据地基基金 foundation [faun ? dei ? n , , , , ? n] .( 会)intervene [ ? ? nt ? ? vi:n] vi . 干涉 , 干预 ; 调解干扰 , 阻碍 发布的新闻消息 vtrelease [ri ? n 释放 ,排放 , 解除释放令公映的新影片 , [ ] . li:s]. 释放 ; 放开发布 ; 发行 ; 发售11transmit [tr ? nz? mit]vt . 传播, 传染传导 vt . & vi .发射, 播送 , 广播 classic [ ? kl ? sik] adj .( 著作 , 赛事等 ) 最优秀的 , ( 可作)典范的 (病例等 )典型的 ,标准的 ( 衣服, 设计等 ) 传统式样的 , 典雅的 ( 因为时已久 ) 著名的 ; n 文豪 , 大传统的 .艺术家 ;文学名著 , 经典作品 , 杰作优秀的典范 differentiat e [ ? dif ? ? ren ?ieit] vi . 区别对待 vt . & vi . 区分 ,区别 , 辨别 globe [ ɡl? n 地球 , 世界球体 ; 球状物地球仪 ub].isolate [ ? ais ? leit] vt . 使隔离 ,使孤立 , 使脱离n 相反钱币的反面背面 失败 reverse [ri ? v? :s] adj . 相反的 , 颠倒的 , 反向的 [] , .挫败 vt . & vi .( 使)反转; ( 使)颠倒; ( 使) 翻转推翻 , 取消使倒退 , 逆转ultimate [ ? ? ltimit] adj . 最后的,最终的基本的 , 根本的最大的 , 极限程度的 comprehensive [ ? k? mpri ? hensiv] adj . 广泛的 ,综合的dispose [dis ? p? uz] vt . 布置使愿意或准备做 vt . & vi . 处理 ; 处置 分数grade[ ɡreid] n 官阶、质量 等级 , 品级 , 阶段 , 程度〈尤美〉 ( 考试或作业的 ) , .( ) 评分等级〈尤美〉 ( 学生受测试的 ) 技巧水平 ( 尤指音乐方面 ) 〈美〉 年级 ; ( 按年级划 分的 ) 小学生 n 媒体media[ ? mi:dj ? ]. vt . 假装模仿 ,simulate [ ?simjuleit] 模拟unique [ju: ? ni:k] adj . 独一无二的 , 仅有的 , 惟一的异常的 ,特有的 , 少见的comprise [k ? m? praiz] vt . 包含 ,包括 , 由⋯组成组成 ,构成dynamic[dai ? n? mik] adj . 有活力的 , 强有力的不断变化的动力的 , 动态的guarantee [ ? ɡ? r ? n? n 保证 , 保障 ; 保证书 ; 保用期担保 , 担保人担保品 ,ti:]. 抵押品 vt . 保证 ; 担保使 ( 事情 ) 可能发生mode[m? ud]n. 方式 ,样式样式 ,风格 sole [s ? ul ] adj . 单独的 ,惟一的专有的 , 独占的visible [ ? viz ? bl] adj . 看得见的 ,可见的 ,有形的明显的 , 可察觉到的confirm [k ? n? f ? :m] vt . 证实 , 证明 ; 肯定 , 确认使巩固 , 加强批准 ; 认可 eliminate [i ? limineit] vt . 消除 ,排除忽略淘汰〈口〉干掉。
AWL英语学术词汇表
AWL英语学术词汇表(1)《英语常用学术词汇表》《英语学术词汇表》(The Academic Word Lis t, AWL)是一个由Victoria University of Wellingto n, New Zealand 的一些应用语言学家统计出来的词汇表，它包含了学术英语(English for Academic Purpose)中最常用的570个词目(headwords)。
《英语学术词汇表》分10个sublists (小类)，除了第10小类包含30个词目外，其他小类均含有60个词目。
Sublist 1（第1类）包含的词汇最常用，sublist 2（第2类）中的词汇使用频率稍低，其他的sublist3 依次类推。
Sublist 1 of the Academic Word Listanalyseanalysedanalyseranalysersanalysesanalysinganalysisanalystanalystsanalyticanalyticalanalyticallyanalyzeanalyzedanalyzesanalyzing approachapproachableapproached economyeconomiceconomicaleconomicallyeconomicseconomieseconomisteconomistsuneconomicalenvironmentenvironmentalenvironmentalistenvironmentalistsenvironmentallyenvironmentsestablishdisestablishdisestablisheddisestablisheslegislatelegislatedlegislateslegislatinglegislationlegislativelegislatorlegislatorslegislaturemajormajoritiesmajoritymethodmethodicalmethodologicalmethodologiesmethodologymethodsoccurapproachesapproachingunapproachable areaareasassessassessableassessedassessesassessingassessmentassessmentsreassessreassessedreassessingreassessmentunassessed assumeassumedassumesassumingassumptionassumptions authorityauthoritativeauthorities availableavailabilityunavailablebenefitbeneficialbeneficiarybeneficiariesbenefitedbenefitingbenefitsconceptconceptionconceptsconceptualconceptualisationconceptualiseconceptualisedconceptualisesdisestablishingdisestablishmentestablishedestablishesestablishingestablishmentestablishmentsestimateestimatedestimatesestimatingestimationestimationsover-estimateoverestimateoverestimatedoverestimatesoverestimatingunderestimateunderestimatedunderestimatesunderestimatingevidentevidencedevidenceevidentialevidentlyexportexportedexporterexportersexportingexportsfactorfactoredfactoringfactorsfinancefinancedfinancesfinancialfinanciallyfinancierfinanciersoccurredoccurrenceoccurrencesoccurringoccursreoccurreoccurredreoccurringreoccurspercentpercentagepercentagesperiodperiodicperiodicalperiodicallyperiodicalsperiodspolicypoliciesprincipleprincipledprinciplesunprincipledproceedproceduralprocedureproceduresproceededproceedingproceedingsproceedsprocessprocessedprocessesprocessingrequirerequiredrequirementrequirementsrequiresrequiringresearchresearchedconceptualisingconceptually consistconsistedconsistencyconsistentconsistentlyconsistingconsistsinconsistenciesinconsistencyinconsistent constituteconstituenciesconstituencyconstituentconstituentsconstitutedconstitutesconstitutingconstitutionconstitutionsconstitutionalconstitutionallyconstitutiveunconstitutional contextcontextscontextualcontextualisecontextualisedcontextualisinguncontextualisedcontextualizecontextualizedcontextualizinguncontextualized contractcontractedcontractingcontractorcontractorscontractscreatefinancingformulaformulaeformulasformulateformulatedformulatingformulationformulationsreformulatereformulatedreformulatingreformulationreformulationsfunctionfunctionalfunctionallyfunctionedfunctioningfunctionsidentifyidentifiableidentificationidentifiedidentifiesidentifyingidentitiesidentityunidentifiableincomeincomesindicateindicatedindicatesindicatingindicationindicationsindicativeindicatorindicatorsindividualindividualisedindividualityindividualismresearcherresearchersresearchesresearchingrespondrespondedrespondentrespondentsrespondingrespondsresponseresponsesresponsiveresponsivenessunresponsiverolerolessectionsectionedsectioningsectionssectorsectorssignificantinsignificantinsignificantlysignificancesignificantlysignifiedsignifiessignifysignifyingsimilardissimilarsimilaritiessimilaritysimilarlysourcesourcedsourcessourcingspecificspecificallyspecificationcreatedcreatescreatingcreationcreationscreativecreativelycreativitycreatorcreatorsrecreaterecreatedrecreatesrecreating datadefinedefinabledefineddefinesdefiningdefinitiondefinitionsredefineredefinedredefinesredefiningundefined derivederivationderivationsderivativederivativesderivedderivesderiving distributedistributeddistributingdistributiondistributionaldistributionsdistributivedistributordistributorsindividualistindividualistsindividualisticindividuallyindividualsinterpretinterpretationinterpretationsinterpretativeinterpretedinterpretinginterpretiveinterpretsmisinterpretmisinterpretationmisinterpretationsmisinterpretedmisinterpretingmisinterpretsreinterpretreinterpretedreinterpretsreinterpretingreinterpretationreinterpretationsinvolveinvolvedinvolvementinvolvesinvolvinguninvolvedissueissuedissuesissuinglabourlaborlaboredlaborslabouredlabouringlabourslegalillegalspecificationsspecificityspecificsstructurerestructurerestructuredrestructuresrestructuringstructuralstructurallystructuredstructuresstructuringunstructuredtheorytheoreticaltheoreticallytheoriestheoristtheoristsvaryinvariableinvariablyvariabilityvariablevariablesvariablyvariancevariantvariantsvariationvariationsvariedvariesvaryingredistribute redistributed redistributes redistributing redistribution illegality illegally legality legallySublist 2 of the Academic Word Listachieveachievableachievedachievementachievementsachievesachieving acquireacquiredacquiresacquiringacquisitionacquisitions administrateadministratesadministrationadministrationsadministrativeadministrativelyadministratoradministrators affectaffectedaffectingaffectiveaffectivelyaffectsunaffected appropriateappropriacyappropriatelyappropriatenessinappropriacy distinctdistinctiondistinctionsdistinctivedistinctivelydistinctlyindistinctindistinctlyelementelementsequateequatedequatesequatingequationequationsevaluateevaluatedevaluatesevaluatingevaluationevaluationsevaluativere-evaluatere-evaluatedre-evaluatesre-evaluatingre-evaluationfeaturefeaturedfeaturesfeaturingfinalparticipateparticipantparticipantsparticipatedparticipatesparticipatingparticipationparticipatoryperceiveperceivedperceivesperceivingperceptionperceptionspositivepositivelypotentialpotentiallypreviouspreviouslyprimaryprimarilypurchasepurchasedpurchaserpurchaserspurchasespurchasingrangerangedrangesrangingregioninappropriateinappropriately aspectaspectsassistassistanceassistantassistantsassistedassistingassistsunassisted categorycategoriescategorisationcategorisecategorisedcategorisescategorisingcategorizationcategorizedcategorizescategorizing chapterchapters commissioncommissionedcommissionercommissionerscommissioningcommissions communitycommunities complexcomplexitiescomplexity computecomputationcomputationalcomputationscomputablecomputercomputedcomputerisedfinalisefinalisedfinalisesfinalisingfinalizefinalizedfinalizesfinalizingfinalityfinallyfinalsfocusfocusedfocusesfocusingfocussedfocussingrefocusrefocusedrefocusesrefocusingrefocussedrefocussesrefocussingimpactimpactedimpactingimpactsinjureinjuredinjuresinjuriesinjuringinjuryuninjuredinstituteinstitutedinstitutesinstitutinginstitutioninstitutionalinstitutionaliseinstitutionalisedinstitutionalisesregionalregionallyregionsregulatederegulatedderegulatesderegulatingderegulationregulatedregulatesregulatingregulationregulationsregulatorregulatorsregulatoryunregulatedrelevantirrelevanceirrelevantrelevanceresideresidedresidenceresidentresidentialresidentsresidesresidingresourceresourcedresourcefulresourcesresourcingunresourcefulunder-resourcedrestrictrestrictedrestrictingrestrictionrestrictionsrestrictiverestrictivelyrestrictscomputerscomputing concludeconcludedconcludesconcludingconclusionconclusionsconclusiveconclusivelyinconclusiveinconclusively conductconductedconductingconducts consequentconsequenceconsequencesconsequently constructconstructedconstructingconstructionconstructionsconstructiveconstructsreconstructreconstructedreconstructingreconstructionreconstructs consumeconsumedconsumerconsumersconsumesconsumingconsumption creditcreditedcreditingcreditorcreditorsinstitutionalisinginstitutionalizedinstitutionalizesinstitutionalizinginstitutionallyinstitutionsinvestinvestedinvestinginvestmentinvestmentsinvestorinvestorsinvestsreinvestreinvestedreinvestingreinvestmentreinvestsitemitemisationitemiseitemiseditemisesitemisingitemsjournaljournalsmaintainmaintainedmaintainingmaintainsmaintenancenormalabnormalabnormallynormalisationnormalisenormalisednormalisesnormalisingnormalizationnormalizenormalizedunrestrictedunrestrictivesecureinsecureinsecuritiesinsecuritysecuredsecurelysecuressecuringsecuritiessecurityseekseekingseekssoughtselectselectedselectingselectionselectionsselectiveselectivelyselectorselectorsselectssitesitesstrategystrategicstrategiesstrategicallystrategiststrategistssurveysurveyedsurveyingsurveystexttextstextualtraditionnon-traditionaltraditionalcredits cultureculturalculturallyculturedculturesuncultured designdesigneddesignerdesignersdesigningdesignsnormalizesnormalizingnormalitynormallyobtainobtainableobtainedobtainingobtainsunobtainabletraditionalisttraditionallytraditionstransfertransferabletransferencetransferredtransferringtransfersSublist 3 of the Academic Word Listalternativealternativelyalternatives circumstancecircumstances commentcommentariescommentarycommentatorcommentatorscommentedcommentingcomments compensatecompensatedcompensatescompensatingcompensationcompensationscompensatory componentcomponentrycomponents consentconsensusconsentedconsenting emphasisemphasiseemphasisedemphasisingemphasizeemphasizedemphasizesemphasizingemphaticemphaticallyensureensuredensuresensuringexcludeexcludedexcludesexcludingexclusionexclusionaryexclusionistexclusionsexclusiveexclusivelyframeworkframeworksfundphilosophyphilosopherphilosophersphilosophicalphilosophicallyphilosophiesphilosophisephilosophisedphilosophisesphilosophisingphilosophizephilosophizedphilosophizesphilosophizingphysicalphysicallyproportiondisproportiondisproportionatedisproportionatelyproportionalproportionallyproportionateproportionatelyproportionspublishpublishedconsents considerableconsiderably constantconstancyconstantlyconstantsinconstancyinconstantly constrainconstrainedconstrainingconstrainsconstraintconstraintsunconstrained contributecontributedcontributescontributingcontributioncontributionscontributorcontributors conveneconventionconvenesconvenedconveningconventionalconventionallyconventionsunconventional coordinatecoordinatedcoordinatescoordinatingcoordinationcoordinatorcoordinatorsco-ordinateco-ordinatedco-ordinatesco-ordinatingfundedfunderfundersfundingfundsillustrateillustratedillustratesillustratingillustrationillustrationsillustrativeimmigrateimmigrantimmigrantsimmigratedimmigratesimmigratingimmigrationimplyimpliedimpliesimplyinginitialinitiallyinstanceinstancesinteractinteractedinteractinginteractioninteractionsinteractiveinteractivelyinteractsjustifyjustifiablejustifiablyjustificationjustificationsjustifiedjustifiesjustifyingunjustifiedpublisherpublisherspublishespublishingunpublishedreactreactedreactsreactingreactionreactionariesreactionaryreactionsreactivereactivatereactivationreactorreactorsregisterderegisterderegisteredderegisteringderegistersderegistrationregisteredregisteringregistersregistrationrelyreliabilityreliablereliablyreliancereliantreliedreliesrelyingunreliableremoveremovableremovalremovalsremovedremovesco-ordinationco-ordinatorco-ordinators corecorescoringcoredcorporatecorporatescorporationcorporations correspondcorrespondedcorrespondencecorrespondingcorrespondinglycorresponds criteriacriterion deducededuceddeducesdeducingdeductiondeductions demonstratedemonstrabledemonstrablydemonstrateddemonstratesdemonstratingdemonstrationdemonstrationsdemonstrativedemonstrativelydemonstratordemonstrators documentdocumentationdocumenteddocumentingdocuments dominatedominance layerlayeredlayeringlayerslinklinkagelinkageslinkedlinkinglinkslocatelocatedlocatinglocationlocationsrelocaterelocatedrelocatesrelocatingrelocationmaximisemaxmaximisedmaximisesmaximisingmaximisationmaximizemaximizedmaximizesmaximizingmaximizationmaximumminorminoritiesminorityminorsnegatenegativenegatednegatesnegatingnegativelynegativesoutcomeremovingschemeschematicschematicallyschemedschemesschemingsequencesequencedsequencessequencingsequentialsequentiallysexsexessexismsexualsexualitysexuallyshiftshiftedshiftingshiftsspecifyspecifiablespecifiedspecifiesspecifyingunspecifiedsufficientsufficiencyinsufficientinsufficientlysufficientlytasktaskstechnicaltechnicallytechniquetechniquestechnologytechnologicaltechnologicallyvaliddominant dominated dominates dominating dominationoutcomespartnerpartnerspartnershippartnershipsinvalidateinvalidityvalidatevalidatedvalidatingvalidationvalidityvalidlyvolumevolumesvolSublist 4 of the Academic Word Listaccessaccessedaccessesaccessibilityaccessibleaccessinginaccessible adequateadequacyadequatelyinadequaciesinadequacyinadequateinadequately annualannually apparentapparently approximateapproximatedapproximatelyapproximatesapproximatingapproximationapproximations attitudeattitudes attributeattributable errorerroneouserroneouslyerrorsethnicethnicitygoalgoalsgrantgrantedgrantinggrantshencehypothesishypotheseshypothesisehypothesisedhypothesiseshypothesisinghypothesizehypothesizedhypothesizeshypothesizinghypotheticalhypotheticallyimplementimplementationimplementedimplementingparallelparalleledparallelledparallellingparallelsunparalleledparameterparametersphasephasedphasesphasingpredictpredictabilitypredictablepredictablypredictedpredictingpredictionpredictionspredictsunpredictabilityunpredictableprincipalprincipallypriorprofessionalprofessionallyprofessionalsattributedattributesattributingattributioncivilcodecodedcodescodingcommitcommitmentcommitmentscommitscommittedcommitting communicatecommunicablecommunicatedcommunicatescommunicatingcommunicationcommunicationscommunicativecommunicativelyuncommunicative concentrateconcentratedconcentratesconcentratingconcentration conferconferenceconferencesconferredconferringconferscontrastcontrastedcontrastingcontrastivecontrastscyclecycledcyclesimplementsimplicateimplicatedimplicatesimplicatingimplicationimplicationsimposeimposedimposesimposingimpositionintegrateintegratedintegratesintegratingintegrationinternalinternaliseinternalisedinternalisesinternalisinginternalizeinternalizedinternalizesinternalizinginternallyinvestigateinvestigatedinvestigatesinvestigatinginvestigationinvestigationsinvestigativeinvestigatorinvestigatorsjobjobslabellabeledlabelinglabelledlabellinglabelsprofessionalismprojectprojectedprojectingprojectionprojectionsprojectspromotepromotedpromoterpromoterspromotespromotingpromotionpromotionsregimeregimesresolveresolutionresolvedresolvesresolvingunresolvedretainretainedretainingretainerretainersretainsretentionretentiveseriesstatisticstatisticianstatisticiansstatisticalstatisticallystatisticsstatusstressstressedstressesstressfulstressingcycliccyclicalcyclingdebatedebatabledebateddebatesdebatingdespitedimensiondimensionaldimensionsmultidimensional domesticdomesticallydomesticatedomesticateddomesticatingdomestics emergeemergedemergenceemergentemergesemerging mechanismmechanismsobviousobviouslyoccupyoccupancyoccupantoccupantsoccupationoccupationaloccupationsoccupiedoccupieroccupiersoccupiesoccupyingoptionoptionaloptionsoutputoutputsoverallunstressedsubsequentsubsequentlysumsummationsummedsummingsumssummarysummariessummarisesummarisedsummarisessummarisingsummarisationsummarisationssummarizationsummarizationssummarizesummarizedsummarizessummarizingundertakeundertakenundertakesundertakingundertookSublist 5 of the Academic Word Listacademyacademiaacademicacademicallyacademicsacademies adjustadjustedadjustingadjustmentadjustmentsadjustsreadjust expandexpandedexpandingexpandsexpansionexpansionismexpansiveexposeexposedexposesexposingexposureexposuresorientorientateorientatedorientatesorientationorientatingorientedorientingorientsreorientreorientationperspectiveperspectivesreadjustedreadjustingreadjustmentreadjustmentsreadjusts alteralterablealterationalterationsalteredalteringalternatealternatingaltersunalterableunaltered amendamendedamendingamendmentamendmentsamends awareawarenessunaware capacitycapacitiesincapacitateincapacitated challengechallengedchallengerchallengerschallengeschallenging clauseclauses compoundcompoundedcompoundingcompounds conflictconflictedconflicting externalexternalisationexternaliseexternalisedexternalisesexternalisingexternalityexternalizationexternalizeexternalizedexternalizesexternalizingexternallyfacilitatefacilitatedfacilitatesfacilitiesfacilitatingfacilitationfacilitatorfacilitatorsfacilityfundamentalfundamentallygenerategeneratedgeneratesgeneratinggenerationgenerationsimageimageryimagesliberalliberaliseliberalismliberalisationliberalisedliberalisesliberalisingliberalizationliberalizeliberalizedliberalizespreciseimprecisepreciselyprecisionprimeprimacypsychologypsychologicalpsychologicallypsychologistpsychologistspursuepursuedpursuespursuingpursuitpursuitsratioratiosrejectrejectedrejectingrejectionrejectsrejectionsrevenuerevenuesstableinstabilitystabilisationstabilisestabilisedstabilisesstabilisingstabilizationstabilizestabilizedstabilizesstabilizingstabilityunstablestylestyledstylesconflicts consultconsultancyconsultantconsultantsconsultationconsultationsconsultativeconsultedconsultsconsulting contactcontactablecontactedcontactingcontacts declinedeclineddeclinesdeclining discretediscretelydiscretiondiscretionaryindiscreteindiscretion draftdrafteddraftingdraftsredraftredraftedredraftingredrafts enableenabledenablesenabling energyenergeticenergeticallyenergies enforceenforcedliberalizingliberateliberatedliberatesliberationliberationsliberatingliberatorliberatorsliberallyliberalslicencelicenceslicenselicensedlicensinglicensesunlicensedlogicillogicalillogicallylogicallogicallylogicianlogiciansmarginmarginalmarginallymarginsmedicalmedicallymentalmentalitymentallymodifymodificationmodificationsmodifiedmodifiesmodifyingunmodifiedmonitormonitoredmonitoringstylingstylishstylisestylisedstylisesstylisingstylizestylizedstylizesstylizingsubstitutesubstitutedsubstitutessubstitutingsubstitutionsustainsustainablesustainabilitysustainedsustainingsustainssustenanceunsustainablesymbolsymbolicsymbolicallysymbolisesymbolisessymbolisedsymbolisingsymbolismsymbolizesymbolizedsymbolizessymbolizingsymbolstargettargetedtargetingtargetstransittransitedtransitingtransitionenforcementenforcesenforcing entityentities equivalentequivalence evolveevolutionevolvedevolvingevolvesevolutionaryevolutionistevolutionistsmonitorsunmonitorednetworknetworkednetworkingnetworksnotionnotionsobjectiveobjectivelyobjectivitytransitionaltransitionstransitorytransitstrendtrendsversionversionswelfarewheSublist 6 of the Academic Word Listabstractabstractionabstractionsabstractlyabstractsaccurateaccuracyaccuratelyinaccuracyinaccuraciesinaccurate acknowledgeacknowledgedacknowledgesacknowledgingacknowledgementacknowledgements aggregateaggregatedaggregatesaggregatingaggregation allocateallocatedallocates enhanceenhancedenhancementenhancesenhancingestateestatesexceedexceededexceedingexceedsexpertexpertiseexpertlyexpertsexplicitexplicitlyfederalfederationfederationsfeefeesflexibleflexibilityinflexibleneutralneutralisationneutraliseneutralisedneutralisesneutralisingneutralityneutralizationneutralizeneutralizedneutralizesneutralizingneverthelessoverseasprecedeprecededprecedenceprecedentprecedesprecedingunprecedentedpresumepresumablypresumedpresumesallocatingallocationallocations assignassignedassigningassignmentassignmentsassignsreassignreassignedreassigningreassignsunassigned attachattachedattachesattachingattachmentattachmentsunattached authorauthoredauthoringauthorsauthorship bondbondedbondingbondsbriefbrevitybriefedbriefingbrieflybriefs capablecapabilitiescapabilityincapable citecitationcitationscitedinflexibilityfurthermoregendergendersignorantignoranceignoreignoredignoresignoringincentiveincentivesincidenceincidentincidentallyincidentsincorporateincorporatedincorporatesincorporatingincorporationindexindexedindexesindexinginhibitinhibitedinhibitinginhibitioninhibitionsinhibitsinitiateinitiatedinitiatesinitiatinginitiationinitiationsinitiativeinitiativesinitiatorinitiatorsinputinputsinstructpresumingpresumptionpresumptionspresumptuousrationalirrationalrationalisationrationalisationsrationaliserationalisedrationalisesrationalisingrationalismrationalityrationalizationrationalizationsrationalizerationalizedrationalizesrationallyrecoverrecoverablerecoveredrecoveringrecoversrecoveryrevealrevealedrevealingrevealsrevelationrevelationsscopesubsidysubsidiarysubsidiessubsidisesubsidisedsubsidisessubsidisingsubsidizesubsidizedsubsidizessubsidizing。
570 个烤鸭必备 AWL 学术单词
The Academic Word List(AWL)英语学术词汇表1.What is the AWL?AWL(《英语学术词汇表》)是一个由Victoria University of Wellington,New Zealand的一些应用语言学家统计出来词汇表，它包含了的学术英语(English for Academic Purpose)中最常用的570个词目(headwords)，每一个词目下面还列出了该词目的相关变化形式。
例如：词目“analyse”就包含以下相关联的词汇：analysed,analyser,analysers,analyses,analysing, analysis,analyst,analysts,analytic,analytical,analytically,analyze,analyzed,analyzes, analyzing。
其中斜体字，analysis，在学术英语中最为常见。
2.What are the10sublists of the AWL？AWL分十个sublists(小组)。
除了第十小组包含30个词目外，其他小组均含有90个词目。
Sublist1（第一组）包含的词汇最常用，sublist2（第二组）中的词汇使用频率稍低，其他的sublists依次类推。
AWL中的每一个词目后都有一个数字，它代表了该词目是属于AWL中的哪一组。
例如abandon8就表示abandon是属于第八小组的词目。
3.Where to find the AWL?本文件的附录以字母先后排列出了所有的AWL词目。
附录：The headwords of the AWL（《英语学术词汇表》中的570个词目）abandon8abstract6academy5access4accommodate9accompany8accumulate8accurate6achieve2acknowledge6acquire2adapt7adequate4adjacent10adjust5administrate2adult7advocate7affect2aggregate6aid7 albeit10allocate6alter5 alternative3ambiguous8amend5 analogy9analyse1annual4 anticipate9apparent4append8 appreciate8approach1appropriate2 approximate4arbitrary8area1 aspect2assemble10assess1 assign6assist2assume1 assure9attach6attain9 attitude4attribute4author6 authority1automate8available1 aware5behalf9benefit1 bias8bond6brief6 bulk9capable6capacity5 category2cease9challenge5 channel7chapter2chart8 chemical7circumstance3cite6 civil4clarify8classic7 clause5code4coherent9 coincide9collapse10colleague10 commence9comment3commission2 commit4commodity8communicate4 community2compatible9compensate3 compile10complement8complex2 component3compound5comprehensive7 comprise7compute2conceive10 concentrate4concept1conclude2 concurrent9conduct2confer4 confine9confirm7conflict5 conform8consent3consequent2considerable3consist1constant3 constitute1constrain3construct2 consult5consume2contact5 contemporary8context1contract1 contradict8contrary7contrast4 contribute3controversy9convene3 converse9convert7convince10 cooperate6coordinate3core3 corporate3correspond3couple7 create1credit2criteria3 crucial8culture2currency8 cycle4data1debate4 decade7decline5deduce3 define1definite7demonstrate3 denote8deny7depress10 derive1design2despite4 detect8deviate8device9 devote9differentiate7dimension4 diminish9discrete5discriminate6 displace8display6dispose7 distinct2distort9distribute1 diverse6document3domain6 domestic4dominate3draft5 drama8duration9dynamic7 economy1edit6element2 eliminate7emerge4emphasis3 empirical7enable5encounter10 energy5enforce5enhance6 enormous10ensure3entity5 environment1equate2equip7 equivalent5erode9error4establish1estate6estimate1 ethic9ethnic4evaluate2 eventual8evident1evolve5 exceed6exclude3exhibit8 expand5expert6explicit6 exploit8export1expose5 external5extract7facilitate5 factor1feature2federal6 fee6file7final2 finance1finite7flexible6 fluctuate8focus2format9 formula1forthcoming10foundation7 found9framework3function1 fund3fundamental5furthermore6 gender6generate5generation5 globe7goal4grade7 grant4guarantee7guideline8 hence4hierarchy7highlight8 hypothesis4identical7identify1 ideology7ignorance6illustrate3 image5immigrate3impact2 implement4implicate4implicit8 imply3impose4incentive6 incidence6incline10income1 incorporate6index6indicate1 individual1induce8inevitable8 infer7infrastructure8inherent9 inhibit6initial3initiate6 injure2innovate7input6 insert7insight9inspect8 instance3institute2instruct6integral9integrate4integrity10 intelligence6intense8interact3 intermediate9internal4interpret1 interval6intervene7intrinsic10 invest2investigate4invoke10 involve1isolate7issue1 item2job4journal2 justify3label4labour1 layer3lecture6legal1 legislate1levy10liberal5 licence5likewise10link3 locate3logic5maintain2 major1manipulate8manual9 margin5mature9maximise3 mechanism4media7mediate9 medical5medium9mental5 method1migrate6military9 minimal9minimise8minimum6 ministry6minor3mode7 modify5monitor5motive6 mutual9negate3network5 neutral6nevertheless6nonetheless10 norm9normal2notion5 notwithstanding10nuclear8objective5 obtain2obvious4occupy4 occur1odd10offset8 ongoing10option4orient5 outcome3output4overall4 overlap9overseas6panel10 paradigm7paragraph8parallel4 parameter4participate2partner3passive9perceive2percent1 period1persist10perspective5 phase4phenomenon7philosophy3 physical3plus8policy1 portion9pose10positive2 potential2practitioner8precede6 precise5predict4predominant8 preliminary9presume6previous2 primary2prime5principal4 principle1prior4priority7 proceed1process1professional4 prohibit7project4promote4 proportion3prospect8protocol9 psychology5publication7publish3 purchase2pursue5qualitative9 quote7radical8random8 range2ratio5rational6 react3recover6refine9 regime4region2register3 regulate2reinforce8reject5 relax9release7relevant2 reluctance10rely3remove3 require1research1reside2 resolve4resource2respond1 restore8restrain9restrict2 retain4reveal6revenue5 reverse7revise8revolution9 rigid9role1route9 scenario9schedule8scheme3 scope6section1sector1 secure2seek2select2sequence3series4sex3 shift3significant1similar1 simulate7site2so-called10 sole7somewhat7source1 specific1specify3sphere9 stable5statistic4status4 straightforward10strategy2stress4 structure1style5submit7 subordinate9subsequent4subsidy6 substitute5successor7sufficient3 sum4summary4supplement9 survey2survive7suspend9 sustain5symbol5tape6 target5task3team9 technical3technique3technology3 temporary9tense8terminate8 text2theme8theory1 thereby8thesis7topic7 trace6tradition2transfer2 transform6transit5transmit7 transport6trend5trigger9 ultimate7undergo10underlie6 undertake4uniform8unify9 unique7utilise6valid3 vary1vehicle8version5 via8violate9virtual8 visible7vision9visual8 volume3voluntary7welfare5 whereas5whereby10widespread8THE ACADEMIC WORD LIST(E-O)abandon v.go away from(a person or thing or place)not intending to return;forsake; desertabstract adj.existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or practical existenceacademy n.school for special trainingaccess n.~means of approaching or entering(a place);way inaccommodate v.provide lodging or room foraccompany v.walk or travel with(sb)as a companion or helper;escortaccumulate v.gradually get or gather together an increasing number or quantity of get(sth)in this wayaccurate adj.free from errorachieve v.gain or reach(sth),usu by effort,skill,courage,etcacknowledge v.accept the truth of admit(sth)acquire v.gain(sth)by one's own ability,efforts or behaviouradapt v.~sth(for sth)make sth suitable for a new use,situation,etc;modify sthadequate adj.~satisfactory in quantity or quality;sufficientadjacent having a common endpoint or border also immediately preceding or followingadjust v.put(sth)into the correct order or position;arrangeadministrate v.to administeradult adj.grown to full size or strengthadvocate v.speak publicly in favour of(sth);recommend;supportaffect v.have an influence on(sb/sth);produce an effect on aggregate v.~sb(fml)be formed or bring sb into an assembled group or amount aid n.helpalbeit conj althoughallocate v.~sth allot or assign sth(to sb/sth)for a special purposealter v.become different;change in character,position,size,shape,etc alternative adj.available in place of sth else;otherambiguous adj.having more than one possible meaningamend v.correct an error in(sth);make minor improvements in;change slightly analogy n.~partial similarity between two things that are compared analyse v.separate into its parts in order to study its nature or structure annual adj.happening every yearanticipate v.expectapparent adj.clearly seen or understood;obviousappend v.~sth(fml)attach or add sth(esp in writing)appreciate v.understand and enjoy(sth);value highlyapproach e near or nearer to in space or timeappropriate adj.~suitable;right and properapproximate adj.almost correct or exact but not completely soarbitrary adj.based on personal opinion or impulse,not on reasonarea n.extent or measurement of a surfaceaspect n.particular part or feature of sth being consideredassemble e together;collectassess v.~sth decide or fix the amount of sthassign v.~sth to sb give sth to sb as a share of work to be done or of things to be usedassist v.~in/with sth;~(sb)in doing sth(fml)helpassume v.accept as true before there is proofassure v.tell(sb)positively or confidentlyattach v.~sth fasten or join sth(to sth)attain v.succeed in getting(sth);achieveattitude n.~way of thinking or behavingattribute v.~sth to sb/sth regard sth as belonging to,caused by or produced by sb/sthauthor n.writer of a book,play,etcauthority n.power to give orders and make others obeyautomate v.cause to operate by automationavailable adj.that can be used or obtainedbehalf n.on behalf of sb/on sb's behalf;US in behalf of sb/in sb's behalf as the representative of or spokesman for sb;in the interest of sbbenefit n.profit;gain;future good(used esp with the vs and preps shown)bias n.opinion or feeling that strongly favours one side in an argument or one item in a group orseries;predisposition;prejudicebond n.written agreement or promise that has legal force;covenantbrief sting only a short time;shortbulk n.size,quantity or volume,esp when greatcapable adj.having ability;able;competentcapacity n.ability to hold or contain sthcategory n.class or group of things in a complete system of groupingcease e or bring(sth)to an end;stopchallenge n.~(to do sth)invitation or call(to sb)to take part in a game,contest, fight etc to prove who is better,stronger,more able,etcchannel n.sunken bed of a river,stream or canalchapter n.(usu numbered)division of a bookchart n.detailed map used to help navigation at sea,showing coasts,rocks, the depth of the sea,etcchemical adj.of or relating to chemistrycircumstance n.condition or fact connected with an event or actioncite quote;commendcivil adj.of or relating to the citizens of a countryclarify v.(cause sth to)become clear or easier to understandclassic adj.having a high quality that is recognized and unquestioned;of lasting value and import anceclause n.group of words that includes a subject1(4a)and a verb,forming a sentence or part of a sentencecode n.(system of)words,letters,symbols,etc that represent others,used for secret messages or for presenting or recording information brieflycoherent adj.connected logically or consistent;easy to understand;clearcoincide v.~(of events)occur at the same time or occupy the same period of time as sth elsecollapse v.fall down or in suddenlycolleague n.person with whom one works,esp in a profession or businesscommence v.begin(sth);startcomment n.~written or spoken remark giving an opinion on,explaining or criticizing(an event,a person,a situation,etc)commission n.~action,task or piece of work given to sb to docommit v.do(sth illegal,wrong or foolish)commodity n.thing bought in a shop and put to use,esp in the homecommunicate v.~sth make sth known;convey sthcommunity n.the community the people living in one place,district or country, considered as a wholecompatible adj.~(of people,ideas,arguments,principles,etc)suited;that can exist togethercompensate v.~for sth give(sb)sth good to balance or lessen the bad effect of damage, loss,injury,etc;compile v.~sth(for/from sth)collect(information)and arrange it in a book, list,report,etccomplement n.~thing that goes well or suitably with sth else,or makes it completecomplex adj.made up of(usu several)closely connected partscomponent n.any of the parts of which sth is madecompound n.thing made up of two or more separate things combined togethercomprehensiv e adj.that includes everythingcomprise v.have as parts or members;be made up ofcompute v.~sth calculate sth with a computerconceive v.become pregnantconcentrate v.~(sth)(on sth/doing sth)focus(one's attention,effort,etc) exclusively and intensel y on sth,not thinking about other less important thingsconcept n.~idea underlying sth;general notionconclude v.~(with sth)(usu fml)come or bring(sth)to an endconcurrent adj.~existing,happening or done at the same timeconduct n.person's behaviourconfer v.~(with sb)(on/about sth)have discussions(esp in order to exchange opinions or get advice)confine v.~sb/sth keep(a person or an animal)in a restricted spaceconfirm v.provide evidence for the truth or correctness of(a report,an opinion, etc);establish the truth ofconflict n.struggle;fightconform v.~keep to or comply with(generally accepted rules,standards,etc) consent v.~give agreement or permissionconsequent adj.~(fml)following sth as a result or an effect considerable adj.great in amount or sizeconsist v.(phr v)consist of sth be composed or made up of sthconstant adj.going on all the time;happening again and againconstitute v.(fml)make up or form(a whole);be the components of constrain v.make(sb)do sth by strong(moral)persuasion or by force construct v.build(sth);put or fit together;formconsult v.~sb/sth go to(a person,book,etc)for information,advice,etc consume e(sth)upcontact n.~state of touching(used esp with the vs shown) contemporary adj.~of the time or period being referred to;belonging to the same time context writings preceding and following passage quotedcontract n.~(for sth/to do sth)legally binding agreement,usu in writing contradict v.say sth that conflicts with by(sb),suggesting that the person iscontrary adj.opposite in nature,tendency or directioncontrast v.~A and/with B compare so that differences are made clearcontribute v.~(to/towards sth)give one's share of(money,help,advice,etc)to help a joint causecontroversy n.~public discussion or argument,often rather angry,about sth which many people disagreewithconvene v.summon to come together;arrange(a meeting,etc)converse v.~(about sth);~(together)(fml)talkconvert v.~(sth)(from sth)(into/to sth)change(sth)from one form or use to anotherconvince v.~sb make sb feel certain;cause sb to realizecooperate to work or act togethercoordinate vt.to organize or integrate(diverse elements)in a harmonious operation core n.centre of such fruits as the apple and pear,containing the seeds corporate adj.of or shared by all the members of a group;collective correspond v.~be in agreement;not contradict sth or each othercouple n.two people or things that are seen together or associated,esp a man and woman togethercreate v.cause to exist;make(sth new or original)credit n.permission to delay payment for goods and services until after they have been received;system of paying in this waycriteria n.(pl of criterion)standard by which sth is judgedcrucial adj.~very important;decisiveculture n.refined understanding and appreciation of art,literature,etccurrency n.money system in use in a countrycycle n.series of events that are regularly repeated in the same orderdata n.facts or information used in deciding or discussing sthdebate n.formal argument or discussion of a question,eg at a public meeting or in Parliament,with two or more opposing speakers,and often ending in a votedecade n.period of ten yearsdecline v.say`no'to(sth);refuse(sth offered),usu politelydeduce v.~sth arrive at(facts,a theory,etc)by reasoning;infer sthdefine v.~sth state precisely the meaning of(eg words)definite adj.clear;not doubtfuldemonstrate v.~sth(to sb)show sth clearly by giving proof or evidencedenote v.be the name,sign or symbol of(sth);refer todeny v.say that(sth)is not truedepress v.make sad and without enthusiasmderive v.~sth from sth obtain sth from sth;get sth from sthdesign n.~(for sth)drawing or outline from which sth may be madedespite prep without being affected bydetect v.discover or recognize that(sth)is presentdeviate v.~from sth stop followingdevice n.thing made or adapted for a special purposedevote v.~oneself/sth to sb/sth give to sb/sth;dedicate;differentiat e v.~between A and B;~A(from B)see or show(two things)to be different; show sth to be different(from sth else)dimension n.measurement of any sortdiminish v.become smaller or less;decreasediscrete adj.separate;distinctdiscriminate v.~~A from B see or make a difference(between two things) displace v.move from the usual or correct placedisplay v.~sth put sth on showdispose v.place(sb/sth)in a suitable way;arrangedistinct adj.easily heard,seen,felt or understood;definitedistort v.pull or twist out of its usual shapedistribute v.~sth separate sth into parts and give a share to each person or thing diverse adj.of different kinds;varieddocument n.paper,form,book,etc giving information about sth,evidence or proof of sthdomain nds owned or ruled by a nobleman,government,etcdomestic adj.of the home,household or familydraft n.rough preliminary written version of sthdrama n.play for the theatre,radio or TVduration n.time during which sth lasts or continuesdynamic adj.of power or forces that produce movementeconomy n.avoidance of waste(of money,strength,time,resources,etc)edit v.prepare for publication,eg in a book,newspaper,or magazineelement n.~necessary or characteristic part of stheliminate v.~sb/sth remove(esp sb/sth that is not wanted or needed)emerge v.~come out or up(from water,etc)emphasis n.force or stress given to a word or words when spoken,to make the meaning clear or to sho w importanceempirical adj.based on observation or experiment,not on theoryenable v.make able to do sth by giving him the necessary authority or meansencounter v.meet or find oneself faced by(sth/sb unpleasant,dangerous,difficult, etc)energy n.ability to act or work with strength and eagernessenforce v.~sth force people to obey(a law,etc);make sth effectiveenhance v.increase make(sb/sth)look betterenormous adj.very large;immenseensure v.make sure;guaranteeenvironment n.conditions,circumstances,etc affecting people's livesequate v.~sth consider sth as equal or equivalent(to sth else)equip v.~sb/sth(with sth)supply sb/sth(with what is needed,for a particular purpose)equivalent adj.~equal in value,amount,meaning,importance,etcerode v.destroy or wear(sth)away graduallyerror n.thing done wrongly;mistakeestablish v.set up on a firm or permanent basisestate n.area of land,esp in the country,with one ownerestimate n.judgement or calculation of the approximate size,cost,value,etc of sthethic n.system of moral principles;rules of conductethnic adj.of a national,racial or tribal group that has a common cultural traditionevaluate v.find out or form an idea of the amount or value of(sb/sth);assesseventual adj.happening at last as a result;ultimateevident adj.~(that...)obvious(to the eye or mind);clearevolve v.(cause to)develop naturally and(usu)graduallyexceed v.be greater or more numerous than(esp a quantity)exclude v.~sb/sth prevent sb from entering somewhere,taking part in sth,etc; keep sb outexhibit n.object or collection of objects displayed for the public,eg in a museumexpand v.~(into sth)(cause sth to)become greater in size,number or importance expert n.~person with special knowledge,skill or training in a particular field explicit adj.(of a statement,etc)clearly and fully expressedexploit n.brave or adventurous deed or actionexport n.exportingexpose v.uncover or make(sth)visible;displayexternal adj.outside;situated on the outside of sth(esp the body) extract v.~sth take or get sth out,usu with effort or by forcefacilitate v.(of an object,a process,etc but not of a person)make(sth)easy or less difficultfactor n.fact,circumstance,etc that helps to produce a resultfeature n.one of the named parts of the face(eg nose,mouth,eyes)which together form its appear ancefederal of or relating to a form of government or a country in which power is divided between one central and several regional governmentfee n.(usu pl)amount paid for professional advice or service,eg to private teachers,doctor s,etcfile n.metal tool with a rough surface for cutting,smoothing or shaping hard substancesfinal adj.of the end;coming lastfinance n.management of moneyfinite adj.having bounds;limited;not infiniteflexible adj.that can bend easily without breakingfluctuate v.~(of a price,number,rate,etc)rise and fall;change irregularlyfocus n.=>Usage at data data.point at which rays(of light,sound,etc)meet or from which theyappear to comeformat n.shape,size,binding,etc of a bookformula n.(chemistry)set of symbols showing the elements that a substance is made offorthcoming adj.about to happen or appear in the near futurefoundation n.act of foundingfounded[find:]to meet with or discover by chanceframework n.structure giving shape and supportfunction n.special activity or purpose of a person or thingfund n.sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose fundamental adj.of or forming the basis or foundation of sth;essential furthermore adv.in addition;moreover;gender n.(in certain languages)classification of a noun or pronoun as masculine or femininegenerate v.cause to exist or occur;producegeneration n.productionglobe n.small spherical model of the earth showing the continents and usu also countries,rivers,cities,etcgoal n.(in football,hockey,etc)pair of posts with a crossbar,between which the ball has to be kicked,hit,etc in order to scoregrade n.step,stage or degree of rank,quality,etc;level of classificationgrant v.agree to give or allow(what is asked for)guarantee n.~(against sth)promise(usu in writing)that certain conditions agreed to in a transaction will be fulfilledguideline a principle put forward to set standards or determine a course of actiohence adv.from this timehierarchy n.system with grades of authority or status from the lowest to the highesthighlight n.best,most interesting or most exciting part of somethinghypothesis n.idea or suggestion that is based on known facts and is used as a basis for reasoning or further investigationidentical adj.the~the sameidentify v.~sb/sth as sb/sth show,prove,etc who or what sb/sth is;recognize sb/sth(as being th e specified person or thing)ideology n.ideas that form the basis of an economic or political theory or that are held by a partic ular group or personignorant adj.~(of sth)knowing little or nothing;lacking education or information; unawareillustrate v.supply with pictures,diagrams,etcimage n.copy of the shape of a person or thing,esp one made in stone or wood; statueimmigrate v.~enter a foreign country in order to live there permanentlyimpact n.hitting of one object against anotherimplement n.tool or instrumentimplicate v.~sb show that sb is involved in sth,esp a crimeimplicit adj.~implied,but not expressed directly;not explicitimply v.suggest(sth)indirectly rather than state it directly;hintimpose v.~sth place(a penalty,tax,etc)officially on sb/sthincentive n.~thing that encourages sb to do sth;stimulusincidence n.~of sth extent to which sth happens or has an effectincline v.~towards sth lean or slope in the direction of sthincome n.money received over a certain period,esp as payment for work or as interest on investmen tsincorporate v.~sth(in/into sth)make sth part of a whole;includeindex n.list of names or topics referred to in a book,etc,usu arranged at the end in alphabetic al orderindicate v.~sth(to sb)show sth,esp by pointingindividual adj.single;separateinduce v.persuade or influence(sb)to do sthinevitable adj.that cannot be avoided;that is sure to happeninfer v.~sth(from sth)reach(an opinion)from facts or reasoning;conclude sthinfrastructu re n.subordinate parts,installations,etc that form the basis of a system, an organization oran enterprise(eg of an army),inherent adj.~existing as a natural or permanent feature or quality of sb/sthinhibit v.~sb prevent sb from doing sth that should be natural or easy to doinitial adj.of or at the beginning;firstinitiate v.put(a scheme,etc)into operation;cause(sth)to begininjure v.hurt(sb);harminnovate v.make changes;introduce new thingsinput n.~action of putting sth ininsert v.~sth put,fit,place sth into sth or between two thingsinsight n.~(approv)ability to see into the true nature(of sth);deep understandinginspect v.examine(sth)closelyinstance n.~particular occurrence of sth that happens generally or several times; example;caseinstitute n.society or organization for a special(usu social,professional or educational)purposeinstruct to direct to do something;orderintegral adj.~necessary for completenessintegrate v.~sth(into sth);~A and B/~A with B combine sth in such a way that it becomes fully a part of sth elseintegrity n.quality of being honest and morally uprightintelligence n.power of learning,understanding and reasoning;mental abilityintense adj.(of sensations)very great or severe;extremeinteract v.~act or have an effect on each otherintermediate adj.~situated or coming between two people,things,etc in time,space, degree,etcinternal adj.of or on the insideinterpret v.explain(sth which is not easily understandable)interval n.~time between two eventsintervene v.(of time)come or be betweenintrinsic adj.belonging naturally;existing within,not coming from outsideinvest v.~(in sth/with sb)use(money)to buy shares,property,etc,in order to earn interest or bring profitinvestigate v.find out and examine in order to obtain the truthinvoke e(sth)as a reason for one's actioninvolve v.make necessary as a condition or result;entailisolate v.~sb/sth put or keep sb/sth entirely apart from other people or things; separate sb/sth;issue n.outgoing;outflowitem n.single article or unit in a list,etcjob n.the patience of jobjournal n.newspaper or periodical,esp one that is serious and deals with a specialized subjectjustify v.show that(sb/sth)is right,reasonable or justlabel n.piece of paper,cloth,metal,etc on or beside an object and describing its nature,name,owner,destination,etclabour n.physicalor mental worklayer n.thickness of material laid over a surface or forming a horizontal divisionlecture n.~(on sth)talk giving information about a subject to an audience or a class,often as part of a teaching programmelegal adj.of or based on the lawlegislate v.~make lawslevy v.~sth(on sb)collect(a payment,etc)by authority or force;impose sthliberal adj.tolerant and open-minded;free from prejudicelicence n.official document showing that permission has been given to own,use or do sthlikewise adv.similarlylink n.one ring or loop of a chainlocate v.discover the exact position or place oflogic n.science of reasoningmaintain v.~sth cause sth to continue;keep sth in existence at the same level, standard,etcmajor adj.important;great(er)manipulate v.control or handle with skillmanual adj.of,done with or controlled by the handsmargin n.blank space round the written or printed matter on a pagemature adj.fully grown or developed mentally or physically;having achieved one's full potentialmaximise[maximize:]vt.to make as high or great as possible;increase to a maximummechanism n.working parts of a machine,etcmedia n.the media means of mass communication,eg TV,radio,newspapersmediate v.~act as a peacemaker or go-between for two or more people,groups, etc who disagreemedical adj.of the art of medicine;of curing diseasemedium n.(pl usu media)means by which sth is expressed or communicatedmental adj.of,in or to the mindmethod n.waymigrate v.~(to...)move from one place to go to live or work in anothermilitary adj.of or for soldiers or an army;of or for armed forcesminimal adj.smallest in amount or degree。
AWL英语学术词汇表
《英语常用学术词汇表》是由一些应用语言学家统计出来，最常用的有570个词目(headwords)，每一个词目下面还列出了该词目的相关变化形式。
其中斜体字，analysis，在学术英语中最为常见。
Sublist 1 of the Academic Word Listanalyseanalysedanalyseranalysersanalysesanalysinganalysisanalystanalystsanalyticanalyticalanalyticallyanalyzeanalyzedanalyzesanalyzing approachapproachableapproachedapproachesapproachingunapproachable areaareasassessassessableassessedassessesassessingassessment economyeconomiceconomicaleconomicallyeconomicseconomieseconomisteconomistsuneconomicalenvironmentenvironmentalenvironmentalistenvironmentalistsenvironmentallyenvironmentsestablishdisestablishdisestablisheddisestablishesdisestablishingdisestablishmentestablishedestablishesestablishingestablishmentestablishmentsestimateestimatedestimatesestimatinglegislatelegislatedlegislateslegislatinglegislationlegislativelegislatorlegislatorslegislaturemajormajoritiesmajoritymethodmethodicalmethodologicalmethodologiesmethodologymethodsoccuroccurredoccurrenceoccurrencesoccurringoccursreoccurreoccurredreoccurringreoccurspercentpercentageassessmentsreassessreassessedreassessingreassessmentunassessed assumeassumedassumesassumingassumptionassumptions authorityauthoritativeauthorities availableavailabilityunavailable benefitbeneficialbeneficiarybeneficiariesbenefitedbenefitingbenefitsconceptconceptionconceptsconceptualconceptualisationconceptualiseconceptualisedconceptualisesconceptualisingconceptually consistconsistedconsistencyconsistentconsistentlyconsistingconsistsinconsistenciesinconsistencyestimationestimationsover-estimateoverestimateoverestimatedoverestimatesoverestimatingunderestimateunderestimatedunderestimatesunderestimatingevidentevidencedevidenceevidentialevidentlyexportexportedexporterexportersexportingexportsfactorfactoredfactoringfactorsfinancefinancedfinancesfinancialfinanciallyfinancierfinanciersfinancingformulaformulaeformulasformulateformulatedformulatingformulationformulationsreformulatereformulatedpercentagesperiodperiodicperiodicalperiodicallyperiodicalsperiodspolicypoliciesprincipleprincipledprinciplesunprincipledproceedproceduralprocedureproceduresproceededproceedingproceedingsproceedsprocessprocessedprocessesprocessingrequirerequiredrequirementrequirementsrequiresrequiringresearchresearchedresearcherresearchersresearchesresearchingrespondrespondedrespondentrespondentsrespondingrespondsresponseinconsistent constituteconstituenciesconstituencyconstituentconstituentsconstitutedconstitutesconstitutingconstitutionconstitutionsconstitutionalconstitutionallyconstitutiveunconstitutional contextcontextscontextualcontextualisecontextualisedcontextualisinguncontextualisedcontextualizecontextualizedcontextualizinguncontextualized contractcontractedcontractingcontractorcontractorscontractscreatecreatedcreatescreatingcreationcreationscreativecreativelycreativitycreatorcreatorsrecreatereformulatingreformulationreformulationsfunctionfunctionalfunctionallyfunctionedfunctioningfunctionsidentifyidentifiableidentificationidentifiedidentifiesidentifyingidentitiesidentityunidentifiableincomeincomesindicateindicatedindicatesindicatingindicationindicationsindicativeindicatorindicatorsindividualindividualisedindividualityindividualismindividualistindividualistsindividualisticindividuallyindividualsinterpretinterpretationinterpretationsinterpretativeinterpretedinterpretingresponsesresponsiveresponsivenessunresponsiverolerolessectionsectionedsectioningsectionssectorsectorssignificantinsignificantinsignificantlysignificancesignificantlysignifiedsignifiessignifysignifyingsimilardissimilarsimilaritiessimilaritysimilarlysourcesourcedsourcessourcingspecificspecificallyspecificationspecificationsspecificityspecificsstructurerestructurerestructuredrestructuresrestructuringstructuralstructurallystructuredrecreatedrecreatesrecreating datadefinedefinabledefineddefinesdefiningdefinitiondefinitionsredefineredefinedredefinesredefiningundefined derivederivationderivationsderivativederivativesderivedderivesderiving distributedistributeddistributingdistributiondistributionaldistributionsdistributivedistributordistributorsredistributeredistributedredistributesredistributingredistributioninterpretiveinterpretsmisinterpretmisinterpretationmisinterpretationsmisinterpretedmisinterpretingmisinterpretsreinterpretreinterpretedreinterpretsreinterpretingreinterpretationreinterpretationsinvolveinvolvedinvolvementinvolvesinvolvinguninvolvedissueissuedissuesissuinglabourlaborlaboredlaborslabouredlabouringlabourslegalillegalillegalityillegallylegalitylegallystructuresstructuringunstructuredtheorytheoreticaltheoreticallytheoriestheoristtheoristsvaryinvariableinvariablyvariabilityvariablevariablesvariablyvariancevariantvariantsvariationvariationsvariedvariesvaryingSublist 2 of the Academic Word Listachieve distinct participateachievableachievedachievementachievementsachievesachieving acquireacquiredacquiresacquiringacquisitionacquisitions administrateadministratesadministrationadministrationsadministrativeadministrativelyadministratoradministrators affectaffectedaffectingaffectiveaffectivelyaffectsunaffected appropriateappropriacyappropriatelyappropriatenessinappropriacyinappropriateinappropriately aspectaspectsassistassistanceassistantassistantsassistedassistingassistsunassisteddistinctiondistinctionsdistinctivedistinctivelydistinctlyindistinctindistinctlyelementelementsequateequatedequatesequatingequationequationsevaluateevaluatedevaluatesevaluatingevaluationevaluationsevaluativere-evaluatere-evaluatedre-evaluatesre-evaluatingre-evaluationfeaturefeaturedfeaturesfeaturingfinalfinalisefinalisedfinalisesfinalisingfinalizefinalizedfinalizesfinalizingfinalityfinallyfinalsfocusparticipantparticipantsparticipatedparticipatesparticipatingparticipationparticipatoryperceiveperceivedperceivesperceivingperceptionperceptionspositivepositivelypotentialpotentiallypreviouspreviouslyprimaryprimarilypurchasepurchasedpurchaserpurchaserspurchasespurchasingrangerangedrangesrangingregionregionalregionallyregionsregulatederegulatedderegulatesderegulatingderegulationregulatedregulatesregulatingregulationcategorycategoriescategorisationcategorisecategorisedcategorisescategorisingcategorizationcategorizedcategorizescategorizing chapterchapters commissioncommissionedcommissionercommissionerscommissioningcommissions communitycommunities complexcomplexitiescomplexity computecomputationcomputationalcomputationscomputablecomputercomputedcomputerisedcomputerscomputing concludeconcludedconcludesconcludingconclusionconclusionsconclusiveconclusivelyinconclusiveinconclusivelyfocusedfocusesfocusingfocussedfocussingrefocusrefocusedrefocusesrefocusingrefocussedrefocussesrefocussingimpactimpactedimpactingimpactsinjureinjuredinjuresinjuriesinjuringinjuryuninjuredinstituteinstitutedinstitutesinstitutinginstitutioninstitutionalinstitutionaliseinstitutionalisedinstitutionalisesinstitutionalisinginstitutionalizedinstitutionalizesinstitutionalizinginstitutionallyinstitutionsinvestinvestedinvestinginvestmentinvestmentsinvestorregulationsregulatorregulatorsregulatoryunregulatedrelevantirrelevanceirrelevantrelevanceresideresidedresidenceresidentresidentialresidentsresidesresidingresourceresourcedresourcefulresourcesresourcingunresourcefulunder-resourcedrestrictrestrictedrestrictingrestrictionrestrictionsrestrictiverestrictivelyrestrictsunrestrictedunrestrictivesecureinsecureinsecuritiesinsecuritysecuredsecurelysecuressecuringsecuritiessecurityconductconductedconductingconducts consequentconsequenceconsequencesconsequently constructconstructedconstructingconstructionconstructionsconstructiveconstructsreconstructreconstructedreconstructingreconstructionreconstructs consumeconsumedconsumerconsumersconsumesconsumingconsumption creditcreditedcreditingcreditorcreditorscreditscultureculturalculturallyculturedculturesuncultured designdesigneddesignerdesignersdesigninginvestorsinvestsreinvestreinvestedreinvestingreinvestmentreinvestsitemitemisationitemiseitemiseditemisesitemisingitemsjournaljournalsmaintainmaintainedmaintainingmaintainsmaintenancenormalabnormalabnormallynormalisationnormalisenormalisednormalisesnormalisingnormalizationnormalizenormalizednormalizesnormalizingnormalitynormallyobtainobtainableobtainedobtainingobtainsunobtainableseekseekingseekssoughtselectselectedselectingselectionselectionsselectiveselectivelyselectorselectorsselectssitesitesstrategystrategicstrategiesstrategicallystrategiststrategistssurveysurveyedsurveyingsurveystexttextstextualtraditionnon-traditionaltraditionaltraditionalisttraditionallytraditionstransfertransferabletransferencetransferredtransferringtransfersdesignsSublist 3 of the Academic Word Listalternativealternativelyalternatives circumstancecircumstances commentcommentariescommentarycommentatorcommentatorscommentedcommentingcomments compensatecompensatedcompensatescompensatingcompensationcompensationscompensatory componentcomponentrycomponents consentconsensusconsentedconsentingconsents considerableconsiderably constantconstancyconstantlyconstantsinconstancyinconstantly constrainconstrainedconstraining emphasisemphasiseemphasisedemphasisingemphasizeemphasizedemphasizesemphasizingemphaticemphaticallyensureensuredensuresensuringexcludeexcludedexcludesexcludingexclusionexclusionaryexclusionistexclusionsexclusiveexclusivelyframeworkframeworksfundfundedfunderfundersfundingfundsillustrateillustratedillustratesillustratingillustrationillustrationsillustrativephilosophyphilosopherphilosophersphilosophicalphilosophicallyphilosophiesphilosophisephilosophisedphilosophisesphilosophisingphilosophizephilosophizedphilosophizesphilosophizingphysicalphysicallyproportiondisproportiondisproportionatedisproportionatelyproportionalproportionallyproportionateproportionatelyproportionspublishpublishedpublisherpublisherspublishespublishingunpublishedreactreactedreactsreactingreactionreactionariesreactionaryconstrainsconstraintconstraintsunconstrained contributecontributedcontributescontributingcontributioncontributionscontributorcontributors conveneconventionconvenesconvenedconveningconventionalconventionallyconventionsunconventional coordinatecoordinatedcoordinatescoordinatingcoordinationcoordinatorcoordinatorsco-ordinateco-ordinatedco-ordinatesco-ordinatingco-ordinationco-ordinatorco-ordinators corecorescoringcored corporatecorporatescorporationcorporations correspond immigrateimmigrantimmigrantsimmigratedimmigratesimmigratingimmigrationimplyimpliedimpliesimplyinginitialinitiallyinstanceinstancesinteractinteractedinteractinginteractioninteractionsinteractiveinteractivelyinteractsjustifyjustifiablejustifiablyjustificationjustificationsjustifiedjustifiesjustifyingunjustifiedlayerlayeredlayeringlayerslinklinkagelinkageslinkedlinkinglinkslocatelocatedreactionsreactivereactivatereactivationreactorreactorsregisterderegisterderegisteredderegisteringderegistersderegistrationregisteredregisteringregistersregistrationrelyreliabilityreliablereliablyreliancereliantreliedreliesrelyingunreliableremoveremovableremovalremovalsremovedremovesremovingschemeschematicschematicallyschemedschemesschemingsequencesequencedsequencessequencingsequentialcorrespondedcorrespondencecorrespondingcorrespondinglycorresponds criteriacriterion deducededuceddeducesdeducingdeductiondeductions demonstratedemonstrabledemonstrablydemonstrateddemonstratesdemonstratingdemonstrationdemonstrationsdemonstrativedemonstrativelydemonstratordemonstrators documentdocumentationdocumenteddocumentingdocuments dominatedominancedominantdominateddominatesdominatingdominationlocatinglocationlocationsrelocaterelocatedrelocatesrelocatingrelocationmaximisemaxmaximisedmaximisesmaximisingmaximisationmaximizemaximizedmaximizesmaximizingmaximizationmaximumminorminoritiesminorityminorsnegatenegativenegatednegatesnegatingnegativelynegativesoutcomeoutcomespartnerpartnerspartnershippartnershipssequentiallysexsexessexismsexualsexualitysexuallyshiftshiftedshiftingshiftsspecifyspecifiablespecifiedspecifiesspecifyingunspecifiedsufficientsufficiencyinsufficientinsufficientlysufficientlytasktaskstechnicaltechnicallytechniquetechniquestechnologytechnologicaltechnologicallyvalidinvalidateinvalidityvalidatevalidatedvalidatingvalidationvalidityvalidlyvolumevolumesvolSublist 4 of the Academic Word Listaccessaccessedaccessesaccessibilityaccessibleaccessinginaccessible adequateadequacyadequatelyinadequaciesinadequacyinadequateinadequately annualannually apparentapparently approximateapproximatedapproximatelyapproximatesapproximatingapproximationapproximations attitudeattitudes attributeattributableattributedattributesattributingattributioncivilcodecodedcodescoding commitcommitmentcommitments errorerroneouserroneouslyerrorsethnicethnicitygoalgoalsgrantgrantedgrantinggrantshencehypothesishypotheseshypothesisehypothesisedhypothesiseshypothesisinghypothesizehypothesizedhypothesizeshypothesizinghypotheticalhypotheticallyimplementimplementationimplementedimplementingimplementsimplicateimplicatedimplicatesimplicatingimplicationimplicationsimposeimposedimposesimposingimpositionparallelparalleledparallelledparallellingparallelsunparalleledparameterparametersphasephasedphasesphasingpredictpredictabilitypredictablepredictablypredictedpredictingpredictionpredictionspredictsunpredictabilityunpredictableprincipalprincipallypriorprofessionalprofessionallyprofessionalsprofessionalismprojectprojectedprojectingprojectionprojectionsprojectspromotepromotedpromoterpromoterspromotescommitscommittedcommitting communicatecommunicablecommunicatedcommunicatescommunicatingcommunicationcommunicationscommunicativecommunicativelyuncommunicative concentrateconcentratedconcentratesconcentratingconcentration conferconferenceconferencesconferredconferringconferscontrastcontrastedcontrastingcontrastivecontrastscyclecycledcyclescycliccyclicalcyclingdebatedebatabledebateddebatesdebatingdespitedimensiondimensionaldimensions integrateintegratedintegratesintegratingintegrationinternalinternaliseinternalisedinternalisesinternalisinginternalizeinternalizedinternalizesinternalizinginternallyinvestigateinvestigatedinvestigatesinvestigatinginvestigationinvestigationsinvestigativeinvestigatorinvestigatorsjobjobslabellabeledlabelinglabelledlabellinglabelsmechanismmechanismsobviousobviouslyoccupyoccupancyoccupantoccupantsoccupationoccupationaloccupationsoccupiedpromotingpromotionpromotionsregimeregimesresolveresolutionresolvedresolvesresolvingunresolvedretainretainedretainingretainerretainersretainsretentionretentiveseriesstatisticstatisticianstatisticiansstatisticalstatisticallystatisticsstatusstressstressedstressesstressfulstressingunstressedsubsequentsubsequentlysumsummationsummedsummingsumssummarysummariessummarisesummarisedmultidimensional domesticdomesticallydomesticatedomesticateddomesticatingdomestics emergeemergedemergenceemergentemergesemergingoccupieroccupiersoccupiesoccupyingoptionoptionaloptionsoutputoutputsoverallsummarisessummarisingsummarisationsummarisationssummarizationsummarizationssummarizesummarizedsummarizessummarizingundertakeundertakenundertakesundertakingundertookSublist 5 of the Academic Word Listacademyacademiaacademicacademicallyacademicsacademies adjustadjustedadjustingadjustmentadjustmentsadjustsreadjustreadjustedreadjustingreadjustmentreadjustmentsreadjusts alteralterablealterationalterationsalteredalteringalternate expandexpandedexpandingexpandsexpansionexpansionismexpansiveexposeexposedexposesexposingexposureexposuresexternalexternalisationexternaliseexternalisedexternalisesexternalisingexternalityexternalizationexternalizeexternalizedexternalizesexternalizingorientorientateorientatedorientatesorientationorientatingorientedorientingorientsreorientreorientationperspectiveperspectivespreciseimprecisepreciselyprecisionprimeprimacypsychologypsychologicalpsychologicallypsychologistpsychologistspursuealternatingaltersunalterableunaltered amendamendedamendingamendmentamendmentsamends awareawarenessunaware capacitycapacitiesincapacitateincapacitated challengechallengedchallengerchallengerschallengeschallenging clauseclauses compoundcompoundedcompoundingcompounds conflictconflictedconflictingconflicts consultconsultancyconsultantconsultantsconsultationconsultationsconsultativeconsultedconsultsconsulting contactexternallyfacilitatefacilitatedfacilitatesfacilitiesfacilitatingfacilitationfacilitatorfacilitatorsfacilityfundamentalfundamentallygenerategeneratedgeneratesgeneratinggenerationgenerationsimageimageryimagesliberalliberaliseliberalismliberalisationliberalisedliberalisesliberalisingliberalizationliberalizeliberalizedliberalizesliberalizingliberateliberatedliberatesliberationliberationsliberatingliberatorliberatorsliberallyliberalslicencepursuedpursuespursuingpursuitpursuitsratioratiosrejectrejectedrejectingrejectionrejectsrejectionsrevenuerevenuesstableinstabilitystabilisationstabilisestabilisedstabilisesstabilisingstabilizationstabilizestabilizedstabilizesstabilizingstabilityunstablestylestyledstylesstylingstylishstylisestylisedstylisesstylisingstylizestylizedstylizesstylizingsubstitutesubstitutedcontactablecontactedcontactingcontacts declinedeclineddeclinesdeclining discretediscretelydiscretiondiscretionaryindiscreteindiscretion draftdrafteddraftingdraftsredraftredraftedredraftingredrafts enableenabledenablesenabling energyenergeticenergeticallyenergies enforceenforcedenforcementenforcesenforcing entityentities equivalentequivalence evolveevolutionevolvedevolvingevolveslicenceslicenselicensedlicensinglicensesunlicensedlogicillogicalillogicallylogicallogicallylogicianlogiciansmarginmarginalmarginallymarginsmedicalmedicallymentalmentalitymentallymodifymodificationmodificationsmodifiedmodifiesmodifyingunmodifiedmonitormonitoredmonitoringmonitorsunmonitorednetworknetworkednetworkingnetworksnotionnotionsobjectiveobjectivelyobjectivitysubstitutessubstitutingsubstitutionsustainsustainablesustainabilitysustainedsustainingsustainssustenanceunsustainablesymbolsymbolicsymbolicallysymbolisesymbolisessymbolisedsymbolisingsymbolismsymbolizesymbolizedsymbolizessymbolizingsymbolstargettargetedtargetingtargetstransittransitedtransitingtransitiontransitionaltransitionstransitorytransitstrendtrendsversionversionswelfarewheevolutionaryevolutionistevolutionistsSublist 6 of the Academic Word Listabstractabstractionabstractionsabstractlyabstracts accurateaccuracyaccuratelyinaccuracyinaccuraciesinaccurate acknowledgeacknowledgedacknowledgesacknowledgingacknowledgementacknowledgements aggregateaggregatedaggregatesaggregatingaggregation allocateallocatedallocatesallocatingallocationallocationsassignassignedassigningassignmentassignmentsassignsreassignreassignedreassigning enhanceenhancedenhancementenhancesenhancingestateestatesexceedexceededexceedingexceedsexpertexpertiseexpertlyexpertsexplicitexplicitlyfederalfederationfederationsfeefeesflexibleflexibilityinflexibleinflexibilityfurthermoregendergendersignorantignoranceignoreignoredignoresignoringincentiveincentivesneutralneutralisationneutraliseneutralisedneutralisesneutralisingneutralityneutralizationneutralizeneutralizedneutralizesneutralizingneverthelessoverseasprecedeprecededprecedenceprecedentprecedesprecedingunprecedentedpresumepresumablypresumedpresumespresumingpresumptionpresumptionspresumptuousrationalirrationalrationalisationrationalisationsrationaliserationalisedrationalisesrationalisingreassignsunassigned attachattachedattachesattachingattachmentattachmentsunattached authorauthoredauthoringauthorsauthorship bondbondedbondingbondsbriefbrevitybriefedbriefingbrieflybriefs capablecapabilitiescapabilityincapable citecitationcitationscitedcitingcites cooperatecooperatedcooperatescooperatingcooperationcooperativecooperativelyco-operateco-operatedco-operates incidenceincidentincidentallyincidentsincorporateincorporatedincorporatesincorporatingincorporationindexindexedindexesindexinginhibitinhibitedinhibitinginhibitioninhibitionsinhibitsinitiateinitiatedinitiatesinitiatinginitiationinitiationsinitiativeinitiativesinitiatorinitiatorsinputinputsinstructinstructioninstructedinstructinginstructionsinstructiveinstructorinstructorsinstructsintelligentintelligenceintelligentlyunintelligentrationalismrationalityrationalizationrationalizationsrationalizerationalizedrationalizesrationallyrecoverrecoverablerecoveredrecoveringrecoversrecoveryrevealrevealedrevealingrevealsrevelationrevelationsscopesubsidysubsidiarysubsidiessubsidisesubsidisedsubsidisessubsidisingsubsidizesubsidizedsubsidizessubsidizingtapetapedtapestapingtracetraceabletracedtracestracingtransformtransformationtransformations。
Academic Word List
Academic Word List学术词表介绍：Academic Word List（简称AWL，即英语学术词汇表）包含了学术英语中使用频率最高的570个词目，也是在各种学术类英语考试（四六级、考研、雅思等）中极为常见的词汇，需要重点掌握。
掌握这些学术词汇不仅有助于理解阅读文章，而且对于解题技巧的运用也非常重要。
?Sublist 1sector ? available ? financial ? process ? individual ? specific ? principle ? estimate ? variables ? method ? data ? research ? contract ? environment ? export ? source ? assessment ? policy ? identified ? create ? derived ? factors ? procedure ? definition ? assume ? theory ? benefit ? evidence ? established ? authority ? major ? issues ? labour / labor ? occur ? economic ? involved ? percent ? interpretation ? consistent ? income ? structure ? legal ? concept ? formula ? section ? required ? constitutional ? analysis ? distribution ? function ? area ? approach ? role ? legislation ? indicate ? response ? period ? context ? significant ? similar ??Sublist 2community ? resident ? range ? construction ? strategies ? elements ? previous ? conclusion ? security ? aspects ? acquisition ? features ? text ? commission ? regulations ? computer ? items ? consumer ? achieve ? final ? positive ? uation ? assistance ? normal ? relevant ? distinction ? region ? traditional ? impact ? consequences ? chapter ? equation ? appropriate ? resources ? participation ? survey ? potential ? cultural ? transfer ? select ? credit ? affect ? categories ? perceived ? sought ? focus ? purchase ? injury ? site ? journal ? primary ? complex ? institute ? investment ? administration ? maintenance ? design ? obtained ? restricted ? conduct ??Sublist 3comments ? convention ? published ? framework ? implies ? negative ? dominant ? illustrated ? outcomes ? constant ? shift ? deduction ? ensure ? specified ? justification ? funds ? reliance ? physical ? partnership ? location ? link ? coordination ? alternative ? initial ? validity ? task ? techniques ? excluded ? consent ? proportion ? demonstrate ? reaction ? criteria ? minorities ? technology ? philosophy ? removed ? sex ? compensation ? sequence ? corresponding ? maximum ? circumstances ? instance ? considerable ? sufficient ? corporate ? interaction ? contribution ? immigration ? component ? constraints ? technical ? emphasis ? scheme ? layer ? volume ? document ? registered ? core ??Sublist 4overall ? emerged ? regime ? implementation ? project ? hence ? occupational ? internal ? goals ? retained ? sum ? integration ? mechanism ? parallel ? imposed ? despite ? job ? parameters ? approximate ? label ? concentration ? principal ? series ? predicted ? summary ? attitudes ? undertaken ? cycle ? communication ? ethnic ? hypothesis ? professional ? status ? conference ? attributed ? annual ? obvious ?error ? implications ? apparent ? commitment ? subsequent ? debate ? dimensions ? promote ? statistics ? option ? domestic ? output ? access ? code ? investigation ? phase ? prior ? granted ? stress ? civil ? contrast ? resolution ? adequate ??Sublist 5alter ? stability ? energy ? aware ? licence / license? enforcement ? draft ? styles ? precise ? medical ? pursue ? symbolic ? marginal ? capacity ? generation ? exposure ? decline ? academic ? modified ? external ? psychology ? fundamental ? adjustment ? ratio ? whereas ? enable ? version ? perspective ? contact ? network ? facilitate ? welfare ? transition ? amendment ? logic ? rejected ? expansion ? clause ? prime ? target ? objective ? sustainable ? equivalent ? liberal ? notion ? substitution ? generated ? trend ? revenue ? compounds ? evolution ? conflict ? image ? discretion ? entities ? orientation ? consultation ? mental ? monitoring ? challenge ??Sublist 6intelligence ? transformation ? presumption ? acknowledged ? utility ? furthermore ? accurate ? diversity ? attached ? recovery ? assigned ? tapes ? motivation ? bond ? edition ? nevertheless ? transport ? cited ? fees ? scope ? enhanced ? incorporated ? instructions ? subsidiary ? input ? abstract ? ministry ? capable ? expert ? preceding ? display ? incentive ? inhibition ? trace ? ignored ? incidence ? estate ? cooperative ? revealed ? index ? lecture ? discrimination ? overseas ? explicit ? aggregate ? gender ? underlying ? brief ? domain ? rational ? minimum ? interval ? neutral ? migration ? flexibility ? federal ? author ? initiatives ? allocation ? exceed ??Sublist 7intervention ? confirmed ? definite ? classical ? chemical ? voluntary ? release ? visible ? finite ? publication ? channel ? file ? thesis ? equipment ? disposal ? solely ? deny ? identical ? submitted ? grade ? phenomenon ? paradigm ? ultimately ? extract ? survive ? converted ? transmission ? global ? inferred ? guarantee ? advocate ? dynamic ? simulation ? topic ? insert ? reverse ? decades ? comprise ? hierarchical ? unique ? comprehensive ? couple ? mode ? differentiation ? eliminate ? priority ? empirical ? ideology ? somewhat ? aid ? foundation ? adults ? adaptation ? quotation ? contrary ? media ? successive ? innovation ? prohibited ? isolated ??Sublist 8highlighted ? eventually ? inspection ? termination ? displacement ? arbitrary ? reinforced ? denote ? offset ? exploitation ? detected ? abandon ? random ? revision ? virtually ? uniform ? predominantly ? thereby ? implicit ? tension ? ambiguous ? vehicle ? clarity ? conformity ? contemporary ? automatically ? accumulation ? appendix ? widespread ? infrastructure ? deviation ? fluctuations ? restore ? guidelines ? commodity ? minimises ? practitioners ? radical ? plus ? visual ? chart ? appreciation ? prospect ? dramatic ? contradiction ? currency ? inevitably ? complement ? accompany ? paragraph ? induced ? schedule ? intensity ? crucial ? via ?exhibit ? bias ? manipulation ? theme ? nuclear ??Sublist 9bulk ? behalf ? unified ? commenced ? erosion ? anticipated ? minimal ? ceases ? vision ? mutual ? norms ? intermediate ? manual ? supplementary ? incompatible ? concurrent ? ethical ? preliminary ? integral ? conversely ? relaxed ? confined ? accommodation ? temporary ? distorted ? passive ? subordinate ? analogous ? military ? scenario ? revolution ? diminished ? coherence ? suspended ? mature ? assurance ? rigid ? controversy ? sphere ? mediation ? format ? trigger ? qualitative ? portion ? medium ? coincide ? violation ? device ? insights ? refine ? devoted ? team ? overlap ? attained ? restraints ? inherent ? route ? protocol ? founded ? duration ??Sublist 10whereby ? inclination ? encountered ? convinced ? assembly ? albeit ? enormous ? reluctant ? posed ? persistent ? undergo ? notwithstanding ? straightforward ? panel ? odd ? intrinsic ? compiled ? adjacent ? integrity ? forthcoming ? conceived ? ongoing ? so-called ? likewise ? nonetheless ? levy ? invoked ? colleagues ? depression ? collapse ?。
雅思AWL词汇表,最全版
1An Introduction to the Academic Word ListAveril Coxhead, Massey University, New ZealandThe Academic Word List (AWL) is a list of 570 word families that are commonly found in academic texts. This list was selected by examining a large corpus (or collection) of written academic texts and selecting the words that occurred:1 In texts from all four academic facultysections: Arts, Commerce, Law and Science. 2 Over 100 times in the corpus overall.3 At least 10 times in each academicfaculty section.4 Outside the 2000 most frequent wordson Michael West’s General Service List(GSL). The GSL includes everyday wordssuch as I, house and do.These principles ensured that only words that occurred reasonably frequently in a variety of study areas were selected.The AWL targets vocabulary that occurs most often in written academic texts. These words also occur in newspapers but not as often as they do in textbooks. The AWL words appear even less in fiction. If your focus is learning academic vocabulary, you need to make sure you read academic textbooks so that you encounter these words in context.The AWL is organized into Word Families. Word families are made up of the ‘parent word’ and ‘family members’. Take for example the word maximise. Its family members include inflections of the verb such as maximised,maximises and maximising as well as the noun maximum. The word family also includes the British spelling of the noun maximisation, as well as maximization, the US spelling.If you learn the verb maximise, you will be able to recognise other family members such as maximised when you encounter them in your reading. These words are closely related and the meaning is likely to be the same or similar. When you are looking for words in this dictionary, think about other word family members too. Finally, there are some academic words thatdo not have a word family. These words occur on their own and do not have any inflections. Examples include nonetheless,so-called and behalf.The AWL is intended as a reference for students who are studying or preparing to study at a tertiary level in English. As a university lecturer, I was aware of the difficulties that students had in mastering the vocabulary necessary for written assignments. The AWL does not include ‘content’ vocabulary for particular subjects which students obviously need to learn as well. The AWL focuses instead on the non-subject-specific vocabulary that students of any discipline will need to master in order to produce coherently-structured written assignments.The AWL covers up to 10% of the vocabulary covered in written academic texts. This means that, on average, one word in 10 in an academic textbook is in the AWL. Look at the following extract from an academic text:EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY Environmental issues are truly global. Many of the problems, like the releasingof CFCs into the atmosphere, have global effects and require global action. Some problems link to the exploitation of global commons – the resources shared by the international community suchas ocean beds and the atmosphere. Sometimes small local problems, suchas poisonous gases leaking from landfills and water pollution, are multiplied so many times in any local contexts thatthey become major world hazards. The environment is a global concern requiring global policies.Academic Word ListAcademic Word List2The highlighted words are all on the AWL.This sample illustrates clearly that the AWLcan help with decisions about which words are important for you to learn if you are studying in an English-speaking country.Knowledge of academic vocabulary is vital for students studying at an English-speaking university, particularly for reading and writing.If you compare estimates of how many words a native English speaker might know by the age of 18 (approximately 18,000 to 20,000 words) and how many a learner who has had two or three hours of schooling in English overseveral years (roughly 2000 to 3000 words depending on the language background of the student), this gap is enormous. In order to read and write successfully you need to be able to recognize as many words as possible in your textbooks and use as many as possible in your essays. The bigger your vocabulary, the more you will be able to cope with the high reading and writing demands of your studies.Academic writing tends to be quite formal in style. The vocabulary items that you use in your writing can affect the level of formality. Writers need to know whether a word can be used in a particular situation. T ake for example consequent. This is marked as formal. You would probablynot choose to use this word when speaking with friends but you should use it in written English to take your language to a higher level of formality. The AWL will help you to focus on issues of formality. Look out for the formal label in this dictionary.Remember that the AWL covers approximately 10% of all vocabulary in a piece of academic writing. You should aim to have roughly the same percentage in your own academic writing too. If you go to the AWL highlighter websiteby Sandra Haywood (http://www.nottingham. /~alzsh3/acvocab/awlhighlighter.html) you can copy and paste your text into it and it will highlight the AWL words for you. This will enable you to see how many AWL words you are using overall and whether you repeat the same words many times in your writing.When looking up words from the AWL in this dictionary you should also focus on the bold phrases that are highlighted. These show you the key grammatical patterns and collocations for that word. Collocations are words that commonly occur together or near each other in a text, for example ‘effect on’. Collocations and phrases are important because they help with fluencyin writing and indicate that you are working at a higher level with academic vocabulary than just using a word from your own language and its translation. The collocations in the following text have been highlighted in blue.DECLINING BIODIVERSITYWhatever the effects on this planet’s climate, rain-forest clearance has another undeniable impact. The disappearance of rain forests is a major factor eroding the earth’s biodiversity, or, more simply causing many thousands of species of plant and animal life to disappear forever. While rain forests account for just seven percent of the earth’s surface, they are home to almost half of this planet’s living species. Estimatesof the total number of species of animalsand plants range from 1.5 million to as high as 30 million. Researchers, in fact, have identified more than 1,000 species of ants alone (Wilson, 1991).Remember that building your vocabulary takes time. You are not likely to learn everything you need to know about a word the very first time you see it. And don’t expect to remember everything about a word after looking it up in a dictionary once. Try some of these ideas to help you with vocabulary building:• Make the most of the information given in this dictionary to build up your knowledge of a word. Look at the bold phrases highlighted in the entry. These show important grammatical patterns and collocations. Learn these rather than the word in isolation.• Even if you think you already ‘know’ a word, look it up in the dictionary to see if there is any additional information that you don’t know.• Research has shown that repetition helps people to remember things. Make sure you build repetition into your learning. You could do this through using word cards to test yourself or by keeping a vocabulary notebook.Academic Word List3• Studying words ‘actively’ will help yourlearning. People do learn words through reading but the chances of remembering vocabulary is higher when you focus on the words and make a conscious effort to learn them.• Look out for common collocations, phrases and grammatical patterns of words when you are reading academic texts.• Work with the AWL alongside you when you are writing. Try to use words from the list that are relevant to your writing. The words on the AWL are marked with in this dictionary.The AWL does not include the 2000 most frequent words used in general everyday English. In this dictionary, however, the 3000 most frequent words in written English are also marked with 12and 3and the 3000 most frequent words in spoken English are marked with and .In some cases, these overlap with the AWL.Averil Coxhead is a lecturer in English for Academic Purposesat Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Shecompiled the AWL in 2000. For further information on the AWL go to Averil’s website at /staff/awl/index.shtml.Acknowledgement: Extracts on the subject of European environmental policy and declining biodiversity are reproduced with permission from Sociology:A Global Introduction, third edition, by John J. Macionis and Ken Plummer,©Pearson Education Limited 2005.abandon1v abandoned adj abnormal adj abstract1adj abstract2n abstract3v abstraction n academic1adj academic2n academy n access1n access2v accessible adj accommodate v accommodation n accompaniment n accompany v accumulate v accuracy n accurate adj achieve v achievement n acknowledge v acknowledgement n acquire v acquisition n adapt v adaptable adj adaptation n adequate adj adjacent adjadjust vadjustment nadministration nadministrative adjadult1nadult2adjadvocacy nadvocate1vadvocate2 naffect vaggregate1 naggregate2 adjaggregate3 vaid1 naid2 valbeit conjallocate vallocation nalter valteration nalternate1 adjalternate2 valternative1 adjalternative2 nambiguity nambiguous adjamend vamendment nanalogous adjanalogy nanalyse vanalysis nanalyst nanalytical adjanalyze vannual1 adjanticipate vanticipation napparent adjappend vappendix nappreciable adjappreciate vappreciation napproach1 vapproach2 nappropriate1 adjapproximate1 adjapproximate2 vapproximation narbitrary adjarea naspect nassemble vassembly nassess vassessment nassign vassignment nassist1 vassistance nassume vassuming conjassumption nassurance nassure vattach vattachment nattain vattainment nattitude nattributable adjattribute1 vattribute2 nauthor1 nauthor2 vauthoritative adjauthority nauthorship nautomate vautomated adjautomatic1 adjautomatically advautomation navailable adjaware adjawareness nAcademic Word ListThe following is a list of the words from the Academic Word List that are highlighted in this dictionary. Words shown in bold are one of the ‘parent words’.Academic Word List4behalf n beneficial adj beneficiary n benefit1 n benefit2 vbias1 nbias2 vbiased adjbond1 nbond2 v brevity nbrief1 adjbrief2 nbrief3 v briefing n briefly advbulk1 nbulky adjcapability n capable adj capacity n category n cease1 v challenge1 n challenge2 v challenging adj channel1 n channel2 v chapter nchart1 nchart2 v chemical1 n chemical2 adj circumstance n citation ncite vcivil adj clarification n clarify vclarity n classic1 adj classic2 n classical adj clause ncode1 ncode2 vcoded adj coding n coherence n coherent adj coincide v coincidence n coincident adj coincidental adj collapse1 v collapse2 n colleague n commence v commencement n comment1 ncomment2 vcommentary ncommentator ncommission1 ncommission2 vcommit vcommitment ncommitted adjcommodity ncommunicable adjcommunicate vcommunication ncommunicative adjcommunity ncompatibility ncompatible1 adjcompensate vcompensation ncompensatory adjcompilation ncompile vcomplement1 ncomplement2 vcomplementary adjcomplex1 adjcomplex2 ncomplexity ncomponent1 ncomponent2 adjcompound1 ncompound2 vcompound3 adjcomprehensive adjcomprise vcomputation ncompute vcomputer ncomputing nconceivable adjconceive vconcentrate1 vconcentration nconcept nconception nconceptual adjconclude vconcluding adjconclusion nconclusive adjconcurrent adjconduct1 vconduct2 nconfer vconference nconfine vconfined adjconfirm vconfirmation nconflict1 nconflict2 vconform vconformation nconformist adjconformity nconsensus nconsent1 nconsent2 vconsequence nconsequent adjconsequently advconsiderable adjconsiderably advconsist vconsistency nconsistent adjconstancy nconstant1 adjconstant2 nconstantly advconstituency nconstituent1 nconstituent2 adjconstitute vconstitution nconstitutional1 adjconstrain vconstrained adjconstraint nconstruct1 vconstruct2 nconstruction nconstructive adjconsult vconsultancy nconsultant nconsultation nconsultative adjconsume vconsumer nconsumption ncontact1 ncontact2 vcontact3 adjcontemporary1 adjcontemporary2 ncontext ncontextual adjcontextualize vcontract1 ncontract2 vcontractor ncontradict vcontradiction ncontradictory adjcontrary1 ncontrary2 adjcontrast1 ncontrast2 vcontrasting adjcontribute vcontribution ncontributor ncontroversial adjcontroversy nconvene vconvention nconventional adjconverse3 adjconversely advconversion nconvert1 vconvertible 1 adjconvince vconvinced adjconvincing adjcooperate vcooperation ncooperative1 adjcoordinate1 vcoordinate2 ncoordinate3 adjcoordination ncoordinator ncore1 ncore2 adjcore3 vcorporate adjcorporation ncorrespond vcorrespondence ncorresponding adjcouple1 ncouple2 vcreate vcreation ncreative1 adjcreativity ncreator ncredit1 ncredit2 vcreditor ncriterion ncrucial adjcultural adjculturally advculture1 ncurrency ncycle1 ncycle2 vcyclic adjdata ndebatable adjdebate1 ndebate2 vdecade ndecline1 ndecline2 vdeduce vAcademic Word List 5deduction n define vdefinite adj definitely adv definition n definitive adj demonstrable adj demonstrate v demonstration n demonstrative adj demonstrator n denial ndenote vdeny vdepress v depression n derivation n derivative1 n derivative2 adj derive vdesign1 ndesign2 v designer1 n despite prep detect v detection n detective n detector n deviate1 v deviation n device ndevote v devoted adj devotion n differentiate v dimension n diminish v diminution n discrete adj discretion n discretionary adj discriminate v discrimination n disestablish v displace v displacement n display1 n display2 v disposable adj disposal n dispose v disproportion n disproportionate adj dissimilar adj distinct adj distinction n distinctive adj distinctly adv distort v distribute v distribution ndistributive adjdiverse adjdiversify vdiversity ndocument1 ndocument2 vdocumentation ndomain ndomestic1 adjdomesticate vdomesticated adjdominance ndominant1 adjdominate vdraft1 ndraft2 vdraft3 adjdrama ndramatic adjdramatist ndramatize vduration ndynamic1 adjdynamic2 neconomic adjeconomical adjeconomically adveconomics neconomist neconomy1 nedit vedition neditor neditorial1 adjeditorial2 nelement neliminate velimination nemerge vemergence nemergent adjemerging adjemphasis nemphasize vemphatic adjempirical adjempiricism nenable venabling adjencounter1 vencounter2 nenergetic adjenergy nenforce venforced adjenforcement nenhance venhanced adjenormity nenormous adjenormously advensure ventity nenvironment nenvironmental adjenvironmentalist nequate vequation nequip vequipment nequivalent1 adjequivalent2 nerode verosion nerroneous adjerror nestablish vestablished adjestablishment nestate nestimate1 nestimate2 vestimation nethic nethical adjethnic1 adjethnic2 nevaluate vevaluation neventual adjeventuality neventually advevidence1 nevident adjevidential adjevidently advevolution nevolutionary adjevolve vexceed vexclude vexcluding prepexclusion nexclusive1 adjexclusively advexhibit1 vexhibit2 nexhibition nexpand vexpansion nexpansionism nexpansive adjexpert1 nexpert2 adjexpertise nexplicit adjexploit1 vexploitation nexport1 nexport2 vexporter nexpose vexposed adjexposure nexternal adjexternalize vextract1 vextract2 nextraction nfacilitate vfacilitator nfacility nfactor1 nfactor2 vfeature1 nfeature2 vfederal adjfederation nfee nfile1 nfile2 vfiling nfinal1 adjfinal2 nfinality nfinalize vfinally advfinance1 nfinance2 vfinancial adjfinancier nfinite adjflexibility nflexible adjfluctuate vfluctuation nfocus1 vfocus2 nfocussed adjformat1 nformat2 vformula nformulate vforthcoming adjfound2 vfoundation nfounder1 nfounding nframework nfunction1 nfunction2 vfunctional adjfund1 nfund2 vfundamental adjfundamentally advfunding nAcademic Word List6furthermore advgender n generate v generation n globalization n globe ngoal ngrade1 n grade2 v graded adj grant1 vgrant2 n guarantee1 v guarantee2 n guideline nhence adv hierarchical adj hierarchy n highlight1 v hypothesis n hypothesize v hypothetical adj identical adj identifiable adj identification n identify v identity n ideological adj ideology n ignorance n ignorant adj ignore v illegal1 adj illogical adj illustrate v illustration n illustrative adj image n imagery n immature adj immigrant n immigrate v immigration n impact1 n impact2 v implement1 v implement2 n implicate v implication n implicit adj imply v impose v imposition n imprecise adj inaccessible adj inaccuracy n inaccurate adj inadequacy ninadequate adjinappropriate adjincapable adjincapacitate vincentive nincidence nincident nincidentally advinclination nincline1 vincline2 nincoherent adjincome nincompatible adjinconceivable adjinconclusive adjinconsistency ninconsistent adjincorporate vincorporated adjindefinite adjindefinitely advindex1 nindex2 vindicate vindication nindicative1 nindicative2 adjindicator nindiscretion nindistinct adjindividual1 adjindividual2 nindividualism nindividualist nindividuality nindividually advinduce vinduction ninevitability ninevitable adjinevitably advinfer vinference ninfinite adjinfinitely advinflexible adjinfrastructure ninherent adjinhibit vinhibition ninitial1 adjinitially advinitiate1 vinitiation ninitiative ninitiator ninjure vinjured adjinjury ninnovate vinnovation ninnovative adjinnovator ninput1 ninput2 vinsecure adjinsert1 vinsertion ninsight ninsightful adjinsignificant adjinspect vinspection ninspector ninstability ninstance1 ninstance2 vinstitute1 ninstitute2 vinstitution ninstitutional adjinstitutionalized adjinstruct vinstruction ninstructive adjinstructor ninsufficient adjintegral adjintegrate vintegrated adjintegration nintegrity nintelligence nintelligent adjintense adjintensify vintensity nintensive adjinteract vinteraction ninteractive adjintermediate1 adjinternal adjinternalize vinterpret vinterpretation ninterpretative adjinterpretive adjinterval nintervene vintervening adjintervention nintrinsic adjinvalidate vinvalidity ninvariable adjinvariably advinvest vinvestigate vinvestigation ninvestigative adjinvestigator ninvestment ninvestor ninvisible adjinvoke vinvolve vinvolvement nirrational adjirrelevance nirrelevant adjirreversible adjisolate visolated adjisolation nisolationism nissue1 nissue2 vitem njob njournal njustifiable adjjustification njustified adjjustify vlabel1 nlabel2 vlabor nlabored adjlabour1 nlabour2 vlaboured adjlayer1 nlayer2 vlecture1 nlecture2 vlecturer nlegal adjlegality nlegally advlegislate vlegislation nlegislative adjlegislator nlegislature nlevy1 vlevy2 nliberal1 adjliberal2 nliberalism nliberalize vliberally advliberate vliberated adjlicence nlicense vAcademic Word List 7licensed adj likewise adv link1 vlink2 n linkage n locate v location n logic n logical adj logician n maintain v maintenance n major1 adj majority n manipulate v manipulative adj manual1 adj manual2 n margin n marginal adj marginally adv maturation n mature1 adj mature2 v maturity n maximize v maximum1 adj maximum2 n mechanism n media n mediate v medical1 adj medium1 adj medium2 n mental adj mentality n method n methodical adj methodology n migrant n migrate v migration n migratory adj military1 adj military2 n minimal adj minimize v minimum1 adj minimum2 n ministerial adj ministry n minor1 adj minority n misinterpret v mode n modification n modify v monitor1 v motivated adj motivation nmotive1 nmotive2 adjmutual adjmutually advnegate vnegative1 adjnegative2 nnetwork1 nnetwork2 vnetworking nneutral1 adjneutrality nneutralize vnevertheless advnonconformist nnonetheless advnorm nnormal1 adjnormal2 nnormality nnormalize vnormally advnotion nnotwithstanding prepnuclear adjobjective1 nobjective2 adjobjectively advobtain vobtainable adjobvious adjobviously advoccupancy noccupant noccupation noccupational adjoccupier noccupy voccur voccurrence nodd adjodds noffset1 vongoing adjoption noptional adjorient1 vorientate vorientated adjorientation noriented adjoutcome noutput1 noutput2 voverall1 adjoverall2 advoverestimate1 voverestimate2 noverlap1 voverlap2 noverseas1 advoverseas2 adjpanel nparadigm nparagraph nparallel1 nparallel2 adjparallel3 vparameter nparticipant nparticipate vparticipation nparticipatory adjpartner1 npartnership npassive1 adjpassive2 nperceive vpercent1 adjpercent2 npercentage nperception nperiod1 nperiodic adjperiodical npersist vpersistence npersistent adjperspective nphase1 nphase2 vphenomenal adjphenomenon nphilosopher nphilosophical adjphilosophize vphilosophy nphysical1 adjphysically advplus1 prepplus2 nplus3 adjpolicy nportion1 npose1 vpose2 npositive1 adjpositively advpotential1 adjpotential2 npotentially advpractitioner nprecede vprecedence nprecedent npreceding adjprecise adjprecisely advprecision1 nprecision2 adjpredict vpredictable adjprediction npredominance npredominant adjpredominantly advpredominate vpreliminary1 adjpreliminary2 npresumably advpresume vpresumption nprevious adjpreviously advprimacy nprimarily advprimary1 adjprime1 adjprincipal1 adjprincipally advprinciple nprincipled adjprior1 adjprioritize vpriority1 nprocedural adjprocedure nproceed vproceeding nproceeds nprocess1 nprocess2 vprocessed adjprofessional1 adjprofessional2 nprofessionalism nprofessionally advprohibit vprohibition nprohibitive adjproject1 nproject2 vprojection npromote vpromoter npromotion nproportion1 nproportional adjproportionate adjprospect1 nprospective adjprotocol npsychological adjpsychologist npsychology npublication nAcademic Word List8publish v publisher n publishing n purchase1 v purchase2 n pursue v pursuit n qualitative adj quotation n quote1 v quote2 n radical1 adj radical2 n random adj range1 n range2 vratio n rational adj rationalism n rationalize v react v reaction n reactionary1 adj reactionary2 n reactivate v reactive adj reactor n readjust v reassess v reconstruct v reconstruction n recover v recovery n recreate v redistribute v redistribution n refine v refined adj refinement n regime n region n regional adj register1 n register2 v registration n regulate v regulation 1 n regulator n regulatory adj reinforce v reinforcement n reinvest v reject1 v rejection n relax v relaxation n release1 v release2 n relevant adjreliable adjreliance nreliant adjrelocate vreluctance nreluctant adjrely vremovable adjremoval nremove1 vremove2 nrequire vrequirement nreschedule vresearch1 nresearch2 vreside vresidence nresident1 nresident2 adjresidential adjresolution nresolve1 vresolve2 nresource1 nresource2 vresourceful adjrespond vrespondent nresponse nresponsive adjrestoration nrestore vrestored adjrestrain vrestraint nrestrict vrestricted adjrestriction nrestrictive adjrestructure vretain vretainer nretention nretentive adjreveal vrevealing adjrevelation nrevenue nreversal nreverse1 vreverse2 nreverse3 adjreversible adjrevise vrevision nrevolution nrevolutionary1 adjrevolutionary2 nrevolutionize vrigid adjrole nroute1 nroute2 vscenario nschedule1 nschedule2 vschematic adjscheme1 nscheme2 vscope1 nsection1 nsection2 vsector nsecure1 adjsecure2 vsecurely advsecurity nseek vselect1 vselect2 adjselection nselective adjselector nsequence nsequencing nsequential adjseries nsex1 nsexism nsexual adjsexuality nshift1 vshift2 nsignificant adjsignificantly advsignify vsimilar adjsimilarity nsimilarly advsimulate vsimulated adjsimulation nsite1 nsole1 adjsolely advsomewhat advsource1 nsource2 vspecific1 adjspecific2 nspecifically advspecification nspecify vsphere nspherical adjstability nstabilize vstable1 adjstatistic nstatistician nstatus nstraightforward adjstrategic adjstrategist nstrategy nstress1 nstress2 vstressed adjstressful adjstructural adjstructure1 nstructure2 vstructured adjstyle1 nstyle2 vstyling nstylish adjstylized adjsubmission nsubmit vsubordinate1 adjsubordinate2 nsubordinate3 vsubsequent adjsubsequently advsubsidiary2 adjsubsidize vsubsidy nsubstitute1 nsubstitute2 vsubstitution nsuccession nsuccessive adjsuccessor nsufficiency nsufficient adjsum1 nsum2 vsummarize vsummary1 nsummary2 adjsummation nsupplement1 nsupplement2 vsupplementary adjsurvey1 nsurvey2 vsurvival nsurvive vsurvivor nsuspend vsuspension nsustain vsustainable adjsustained adjsustenance nsymbol n。
AWL英语常用学术词汇表
AWL英语常用学术词汇表Sublist 4 of the Academic Word Listaccess error parallelaccessed erroneous paralleledaccesses erroneously parallelledaccessibility errors parallellingaccessible ethnic parallelsaccessing ethnicity unparalleledinaccessible goal parameter adequate goals parametersadequacy grant phaseadequately granted phasedinadequacies granting phasesinadequacy grants phasinginadequate hence predictinadequately hypothesis predictability annual hypotheses predictable annually hypothesise predictably apparent hypothesised predicted apparently hypothesises predicting approximate hypothesising predictionapproximated hypothesize predictionsapproximately hypothesized predictsapproximates hypothesizes unpredictabilityapproximating hypothesizing unpredictableapproximation hypothetical principalapproximations hypothetically principally attitude implement prior attitudes implementation professional attribute implemented professionallyattributable implementing professionalsattributed implements professionalismattributes implicate projectattributing implicated projectedattribution implicates projecting civil implicating projection code implication projectionscoded implications projectscodes impose promotecoding imposed promoted commit imposes promotercommitment imposing promoterscommitments imposition promotescommits integrate promotingcommitted integrated promotioncommitting integrates promotionscommunicate integrating regimecommunicable integration regimescommunicated internal resolvecommunicates internalise resolutioncommunicating internalised resolvedcommunication internalises resolvescommunications internalising resolvingcommunicative internalize unresolvedcommunicatively internalized retainuncommunicative internalizes retained concentrate internalizing retainingconcentrated internally retainerconcentrates investigate retainersconcentrating investigated retainsconcentration investigates retention confer investigating retentive conference investigation seriesconferences investigations statisticconferred investigative statisticianconferring investigator statisticiansconfers investigators statistical contrast job statisticallycontrasted jobs statisticscontrasting label statuscontrastive labeled stresscontrasts labeling stressed cycle labelled stressescycled labelling stressfulcycles labels stressingcyclic mechanism unstressedcyclical mechanisms subsequentcycling obvious subsequently debate obviously sumdebatable occupy summationdebated occupancy summeddebates occupant summingdebating occupants sums despite occupation summary dimension occupational summariesdimensional occupations summarisedimensions occupied summarisedmultidimensional occupier summarises domestic occupiers summarising domestically occupies summarisationdomesticate occupying summarisationsdomesticated option summarizationdomesticating optional summarizationsdomestics options summarize emerge output summarizedemerged outputs summarizesemergence overall summarizingemergent undertakeemerges undertakenemerging undertakesundertakingundertook Sublist 5 of the Academic Word Listacademy expand orientacademia expanded orientateacademic expanding orientatedacademically expands orientatesacademics expansion orientationacademies expansionism orientating adjust expansive orientedadjusted expose orientingadjusting exposed orientsadjustment exposes reorientadjustments exposing reorientationadjusts exposure perspectivereadjust exposures perspectivesreadjusted external precisereadjusting externalisation imprecisereadjustment externalise preciselyreadjustments externalised precisionreadjusts externalises prime alter externalising primacy alterable externality psychologyalteration externalization psychologicalalterations externalize psychologicallyaltered externalized psychologistaltering externalizes psychologistsalternate externalizing pursuealternating externally pursuedalters facilitate pursuesunalterable facilitated pursuingunaltered facilitates pursuit amend facilities pursuits amended facilitating ratioamending facilitation ratiosamendment facilitator rejectamendments facilitators rejectedamends facility rejecting aware fundamental rejectionawareness fundamentally rejectsunaware generate rejections capacity generated revenuecapacities generates revenuesincapacitate generating stableincapacitated generation instability challenge generations stabilisationchallenged image stabilisechallenger imagery stabilisedchallengers images stabiliseschallenges liberal stabilisingchallenging liberalise stabilization clause liberalism stabilize clauses liberalisation stabilized compound liberalised stabilizes compounded liberalises stabilizingcompounding liberalising stabilitycompounds liberalization unstable conflict liberalize styleconflicted liberalized styledconflicting liberalizes stylesconflicts liberalizing styling consult liberate stylishconsultancy liberated styliseconsultant liberates stylisedconsultants liberation stylisesconsultation liberations stylisingconsultations liberating stylizeconsultative liberator stylizedconsulted liberators stylizesconsults liberally stylizingconsulting liberals substitute contact licence substituted contactable licences substitutescontacted license substitutingcontacting licensed substitutioncontacts licensing sustain decline licenses sustainable declined unlicensed sustainabilitydeclines logic sustaineddeclining illogical sustaining discrete illogically sustains discretely logical sustenancediscretion logically unsustainablediscretionary logician symbolindiscrete logicians symbolicindiscretion margin symbolically draft marginal symbolise drafted marginally symbolisesdrafting margins symboliseddrafts medical symbolisingredraft medically symbolismredrafted mental symbolizeredrafting mentality symbolizedredrafts mentally symbolizes enable modify symbolizingenabled modification symbolsenables modifications targetenabling modified targeted energy modifies targeting energetic modifying targetsenergetically unmodified transitenergies monitor transited enforce monitored transiting enforced monitoring transitionenforcement monitors transitionalenforces unmonitored transitionsenforcing network transitory entity networked transits entities networking trend equivalent networks trends equivalence notion version evolve notions versions evolution objective welfareevolved objectively wheevolving objectivityevolvesevolutionaryevolutionistevolutionistsSublist 6 of the Academic Word Listabstract enhance neutralabstraction enhanced neutralisationabstractions enhancement neutraliseabstractly enhances neutralisedabstracts enhancing neutralises accurate estate neutralising accuracy estates neutralityaccurately exceed neutralizationinaccuracy exceeded neutralizeinaccuracies exceeding neutralizedinaccurate exceeds neutralizes acknowledge expert neutralizing acknowledged expertise neverthelessacknowledges expertly overseasacknowledging experts precedeacknowledgement explicit precededacknowledgements explicitly precedence aggregate federal precedent aggregated federation precedesaggregates federations precedingaggregating fee unprecedentedaggregation fees presume allocate flexible presumablyallocated flexibility presumedallocates inflexible presumesallocating inflexibility presumingallocation furthermore presumptionallocations gender presumptions assign genders presumptuous assigned ignorant rationalassigning ignorance irrationalassignment ignore rationalisationassignments ignored rationalisationsassigns ignores rationalisereassign ignoring rationalisedreassigned incentive rationalisesreassigning incentives rationalisingreassigns incidence rationalismunassigned incident rationality attach incidentally rationalization attached incidents rationalizationsattaches incorporate rationalizeattaching incorporated rationalizedattachment incorporates rationalizesattachments incorporating rationallyunattached incorporation recover author index recoverableauthored indexed recoveredauthoring indexes recoveringauthors indexing recoversauthorship inhibit recovery bond inhibited revealbonded inhibiting revealedbonding inhibition revealingbonds inhibitions reveals brief inhibits revelationbrevity initiate revelationsbriefed initiated scopebriefing initiates subsidybriefly initiating subsidiarybriefs initiation subsidies capable initiations subsidisecapabilities initiative subsidisedcapability initiatives subsidisesincapable initiator subsidising cite initiators subsidizecitation input subsidizedcitations inputs subsidizescited instruct subsidizingciting instruction tapecites instructed taped cooperate instructing tapescooperated instructions tapingcooperates instructive tracecooperating instructor traceablecooperation instructors tracedcooperative instructs tracescooperatively intelligent tracingco-operate intelligence transformco-operated intelligently transformationco-operates unintelligent transformationsco-operation interval transformedco-operative intervals transformingco-operatively lecture transforms discriminate lectured transport discriminated lecturer transportationdiscriminates lecturers transporteddiscriminating lectures transporterdiscrimination lecturing transporters display migrate transportingdisplayed migrant transportsdisplaying migrants underliedisplays migrated underlay diverse migrates underlies diversely migrating underlyingdiversification migration utilisediversified migrations utilisationdiversifies migratory utiliseddiversify minimum utilisesdiversifying ministry utilisingdiversity ministered utiliser domain ministering utilisers domains ministerial utility edit ministries utilities edited motive utilizationediting motivate utilizeedition motivated utilizededitions motivates utilizeseditor motivating utilizingeditorial motivationeditorials motivationseditors motivesedits unmotivatedSublist 7 of the Academic Word Listadapt equip prohibitadaptability equipment prohibitedadaptable equipped prohibitingadaptation equipping prohibitionadaptations equips prohibitionsadapted extract prohibitiveadapting extracted prohibitsadaptive extracting publicationadapts extraction publications adult extracts quoteadulthood file quotationadults filed quotations advocate files quotedadvocacy filing quotesadvocated finite quotingadvocates infinite releaseadvocating infinitely released aid foundation releasesaided foundations releasingaiding globe reverseaids global reversalunaided globally reversed channel globalisation reverses channelled globalization reversiblechannelling grade reversingchannels graded reversals chemical grades irreversiblechemically grading simulatechemicals guarantee simulated classic guaranteed simulates classical guaranteeing simulatingclassics guarantees simulation comprehensive hierarchy sole comprehensively hierarchical solely comprise hierarchies somewhatcomprised identical submitcomprises identically submissioncomprising ideology submissions confirm ideological submits confirmation ideologically submittedconfirmed ideologies submittingconfirming infer successorconfirms inference succession contrary inferences successions contrarily inferred successive convert inferring successively conversion infers successorsconversions innovate surviveconverted innovation survivalconvertible innovated survivedconverting innovates survivesconverts innovating surviving couple innovations survivor coupled innovative survivorscoupling innovator thesiscouples innovators theses decade insert topicdecades inserted topical definite inserting topicsdefinitely insertion transmitdefinitive inserts transmissionindefinite intervene transmissionsindefinitely intervened transmitted deny intervenes transmitting deniable intervening transmitsdenial intervention ultimatedenials interventions ultimatelydenied isolate uniquedenies isolated uniquelydenying isolates uniquenessundeniable isolating visible differentiate isolation visibility differentiated isolationism visiblydifferentiates media invisibledifferentiating mode invisibilitydifferentiation modes voluntary dispose paradigm voluntarily disposable paradigms volunteerdisposal phenomenon volunteeringdisposed phenomena volunteereddisposes phenomenal volunteersdisposing prioritydynamic prioritiesdynamically prioritisationdynamics prioritiseeliminate prioritisedeliminated prioritiseseliminates prioritisingeliminating prioritizationelimination prioritizeempirical prioritizedempirically prioritizesempiricism prioritizingSublist 8 of the Academic Word Listabandon detect minimiseabandoned detectable minimisedabandoning detected minimisesabandonment detecting minimisingabandons detection minimize accompany detective minimized accompanied detectives minimizesaccompanies detector minimizingaccompaniment detectors nuclearaccompanying detects offsetunaccompanied deviate offsets accumulate deviated offsetting accumulated deviates paragraphaccumulating deviating paragraphingaccumulation deviation paragraphsaccumulates deviations plus ambiguous displace pluses ambiguities displaced practitionerambiguity displacement practitionersunambiguous displaces predominantunambiguously displacing predominance append drama predominantly appendix dramas predominateappended dramatic predominatedappends dramatically predominatesappending dramatise predominatingappendices dramatised prospectappendixes dramatising prospective appreciate dramatises prospects appreciable dramatisation radicalappreciably dramatisations radicallyappreciated dramatist radicalsappreciates dramatists randomappreciating dramatization randomlyappreciation dramatizations randomnessunappreciated dramatize reinforce arbitrary dramatized reinforced arbitrariness dramatizes reinforcementarbitrarily dramatizing reinforcements automate eventual reinforces automatic eventuality reinforcingautomated eventually restoreautomates exhibit restorationautomating exhibited restoredautomatically exhibiting restoresautomation exhibition restoring bias exhibitions revisebiased exhibits revisedbiases exploit revisesbiasing exploitation revisingunbiased exploited revision chart exploiting revisionscharted exploits schedulecharting fluctuate reschedulecharts fluctuated rescheduleduncharted fluctuates reschedules clarify fluctuating rescheduling clarification fluctuation scheduledclarified fluctuations schedulesclarifies guideline schedulingclarifying guidelines unscheduledclarity highlight tense commodity highlighted tension commodities highlighting tensely complement highlights tenser complementary implicit tensestcomplemented implicitly tensionscomplementing induce terminatecomplements induced terminal conform induces terminals conformable inducing terminatedconformability induction terminatesconformance inevitable terminatingconformation inevitability terminationconformed inevitably terminationsconforming infrastructure themeconformist infrastructures themesconformists inspect thematicconformity inspected thematicallyconforms inspecting therebynonconformist inspection uniformnonconformists inspections uniformitynonconformity inspector uniformlynon-conformist inspectors vehiclenon-conformists inspects vehiclesnon-conformity intense viacontemporary intensely virtualcontemporaries intenseness virtually contradict intensification visualcontradicted intensified visualisecontradicting intensifies visualisedcontradiction intensify visualisingcontradictions intensifying visualisationcontradictory intension visualizecontradicts intensity visualized crucial intensive visualizing crucially intensively visualization currency manipulate visually currencies manipulated widespread denote manipulatesdenotation manipulatingdenotations manipulationdenoted manipulationsdenotes manipulativedenotingSublist 9 of the Academic Word Listaccommodate diminish preliminaryaccommodated diminished preliminariesaccommodates diminishes protocolaccommodating diminishing protocolsaccommodation diminution qualitative analogy undiminished qualitativelyanalogies distort refineanalogous distorted refined anticipate distorting refinementanticipated distortion refinementsanticipates distortions refinesanticipating distorts refininganticipation duration relaxunanticipated erode relaxation assure eroded relaxedassurance erodes relaxesassurances eroding relaxingassured erosion restrainassuredly ethic restrainedassures ethical restrainingassuring ethically restrains attain ethics restraintattainable unethical restraintsattained format unrestrainedattaining formatted revolutionattainment formatting revolutionaryattainments formats revolutionariesattains found revolutioniseunattainable founded revolutionised behalf founder revolutionises bulk founders revolutionisingbulky founding revolutionist cease unfounded revolutionistsceased inherent revolutionizeceaseless inherently revolutionizedceases insight revolutionizesceasing insightful revolutionizing coherent insights revolutions coherence integral rigidcoherently intermediate rigiditiesincoherent manual rigidityincoherently manually rigidlycoincide manuals routecoincided mature routedcoincides immature routescoinciding immaturity routingcoincidence maturation scenariocoincidences maturational scenarioscoincident matured spherecoincidental matures spheres commence maturing spherical commenced maturity sphericallycommences mediate subordinatecommencement mediated subordinatescommencing mediates subordinationrecommences mediating supplementrecommenced mediation supplementaryrecommencing medium supplemented compatible military supplementing compatibility minimal supplementsincompatibility minimalisation suspendincompatible minimalise suspended concurrent minimalises suspending concurrently minimalised suspends confine minimalising suspension confined minimalist teamconfines minimalists teamedconfining minimalistic teamingunconfined minimalization teams controversy minimalize temporary controversies minimalized temporarilycontroversial minimalizes triggercontroversially minimalizing triggereduncontroversial minimally triggering converse mutual triggers conversely mutually unify device norm unificationdevices norms unified devote overlap unifiesdevoted overlapped unifyingdevotedly overlapping violatedevotes overlaps violateddevoting passive violatesdevotion passively violatingdevotions passivity violationportion violationsportions visionvisionsSublist 10 of the Academic Word Listadjacent depress ongoing albeit panel depressedassemble depresses panelledassembled depressing panellingassembles depression panelsencounter persist assembliesassembling encountered persistedassembly encountering persistence collapse encounters persistent enormous collapsed persistentlycollapses enormity persistingcollapsible enormously persistsforthcoming pose collapsingcolleague incline posedcolleagues inclination poses compile inclinations posing reluctance compilation inclinedcompilations inclines reluctantcompiled inclining reluctantlyintegrity so called compilesintrinsic straightforward compilingconceive undergo intrinsicallyinvoke conceivable undergoesconceivably undergoing invokedconceived invokes undergoneconceives underwent invokinglevy whereby conceivinginconceivable levieslikewise inconceivably convince nonetheless notwithstanding convinced convinces oddconvincing odds convincinglyunconvinced。
AWL(academic-word-list)学术词汇表—雅思-托福
IELTS,TOEFL 考试必备之AWLIntroductionTheAcademicWordListwasdevelopedbPAverilCoGheadasherMAthesisattheSchoolofLin guist icsan dAppliedLa nguageStudiesatVictoriaU niversitPofWelli ngt on ,NewZeala nd.Thelistc on tai n s570wordfamilieswhichwereselectedaccordi ngtopri nciplesoutlinedbelow.Thelistdoes noti nclu dewordsthatarei nthemostfreque nt20PPwordsofEnglish.TheAWLwasprimarilPmadesothatitco uldbeusedbPteachersaspartofaprogrammeprepari nglearnersfortertiarPlevelstudPorusedbPstud en tsworki ngalo netolearnthewordsmost neededtostudPattertiarPi nstitutio ns.TheAcademicWord ListreplacestheU ni versitPWordList.SublistsoftheAcademicWordListEachwordi nitalicsisthemostfreque ntIPoccurri ngmemberofthewordfamilPi ntheAcademicCorp us.ForeGamplea nalPsisisthemostcom mon formofthewordfamilPanalPse.Britisha ndAmerica n spelli ngisi ncludedi nthewordfamilies.socon teGtualisea ndcon teGtualizearebothi ncludedi nthefa milPco nteGtSublist1co ntai nsthemostcom mon wordsi ntheAWL.Sublist2c on tai nsthe neGtmostcom mon word s,an dso on .Thereare60familiesi neachsublist,eGceptforsublist10whichhas30. Sublist1oftheAcademicWordListan alPsean alPsed an alPser an alPsers an alPses an alPs ing an alPsis an alPst an alPsts an alPtic an alPtical an alPticallP an alPze an alPzed an alPzes an alPz ing approachapproachable approached approaches approachi ng un approachable areaareas assessassessableassessedassesses assessing assessme ntassessme ntsreassessreassessedreassess ingreassessme ntunassessedassume assumedassumes assuming assumpti onassumpti onsauthoritPauthoritativeauthoritiesavailableavailabilitP unavailable ben efitben eficialben eficiarP beneficiaries ben efitedben efiti ng ben efitscon ceptcon cepti oncon cepts conceptualcon ceptualisation con ceptualise conceptualised conceptualises conceptualis ing conceptuallP con sistcon sisted consiste ncP consiste ntcon siste ntIP creativitP econo micallP con sist ing creator econo micscon sists creators econo miesincon siste ncies recreate econo mistincon siste ncP recreated econo mistsincon siste nt recreates unecono mical con stitute recreat ing en vir onment con stitue ncies data en vir onmen tal con stitue ncP defi ne en viro nmen con stitue nt defi nable en viro nmen con stitue nts defi ned en vir onmen con stituted defi nes en vir onments con stitutes defi ning establishcon stitut ing defi niti on disestablish con stituti on defi niti ons disestablished con stituti ons redefi ne disestablishes con stituti onal redefi ned disestablishi ng con stitutio nallP redefi nes disestablishme con stitutive redefi ning establisheduncon stituti onal un defi ned establishescon teGt derive establishi ng con teGts derivati on establishme nt con teGtual derivati ons establishme nts con teGtualise derivative estimatecon teGtualised derivatives estimatedcon teGtualisi ng derived estimatesuncon teGtualised derives estimat ingcon teGtualize deriv ing estimati oncon teGtualized distribute estimati ons con teGtualizi ng distributed over-estimate uncon teGtualized distribut ing overestimate con tract distributio n overestimated con tracted distributio nal overestimates con tract ing distributio ns overestimati ng con tractor distributive un derestimate con tractors distributor un derestimated con tracts distributors un derestimates create redistribute un derestimat created redistributed evide ntcreates redistributes evide needcreat ing redistributi ng evide neecreati on redistributio n evide ntialcreati ons economP evide ntIPcreative econo mic eGportcreativelP econo mical eGportedeGporter in comes issueeGporters in dicate issuedeGport ing in dicated issueseGports in dicates issui ng factor in dicat ing labour factored in dicati on laborfactori ng in dicatio ns laboredfactors in dicative labors finance in dicator laboured finan ced in dicators labouri ng finan ces in dividual laboursfinan cial in dividualised legalfinan ciallP in dividualitP illegalfinan cier in dividualism illegalitP finan ciers in dividualist illegallPfinancing in dividualists legalitP formula in dividualistic legallP formulae in dividuallP legislateformulas in dividuals legislated formulate in terpret legislates formulated in terpretatio n legislati ng formulati ng in terpretatio ns legislatio n formulatio n in terpretative legislative formulati ons in terpreted legislator reformulate in terpret ing legislators reformulated in terpretive legislature reformulati ng in terprets majorreformulati on misi nterpret majorities reformulatio ns misi nterpretati on majoritPfun cti on misi nterpretati ons method fun cti onal misi nterpreted methodical fun ctio nallP misin terpret ing methodologica fun cti oned misi nterprets methodologies fun cti oning rein terpret methodologP fun cti ons rein terpreted methodside ntifP rein terprets occur ide ntifiable rei nterpret ing occurredide ntificati on rei nterpretatio n occurre nee ide ntified rei nterpretati ons occurre nces ide ntifies invo Ive occurri ng ide ntifP ing invo Ived occurside ntities invo Iveme nt reoccuride ntitP invo Ives reoccurred uniden tifiable inv olvi ng reoccurri ng in come uninvo Ived reoccursperce ntperce ntage perce ntages periodperiodic periodical periodicals periodicals periods policPpolicies prin cipleprin cipled prin ciples unprin cipled proceed procedural procedure procedures proceeded proceedi ng proceedi ngs proceeds process processed processes process ing requirerequired requireme nt requireme nts requires requiri ng researchresearchedresearcherresearchersresearchesresearch ing resp ondresp on dedresp ondent resp ondents resp onding responds resp onse respon ses resp on siveresp on sive ness unresp on sive roleroles sect ionsect ionedsect ioningsect ionssectorsectors significa ntin sig nificant in sig nificantIP sig ni fica neesig ni fica ntlP signi fied sig ni fiessig nifP sig nifPing similardissimilarsimilaritiessimilaritPsimilarlP sourcesourcedsources sourcing specificspecificallPspecificati onspecificationsspecificitPspecificsstructurerestructurerestructuredrestructuresrestructuri ngstructuralstructurallPstructuredstructuresstructuri ngunstructuredtheorPtheoreticaltheoreticallP theoriestheoristtheoristsvarP invariable invariablPvariabilitPvariablevariablesvariablPvaria neevaria ntvaria ntsvariati onvariati onsvariedvaries varPingachiev ing acquireacquired acquires acquiri ng acquisiti on acquisiti ons admi ni strateadmi nistrates admi nistrati on admi nistrati ons admi nistrative admi nistrativelP admi nistrator admi nistrators affectaffectedaffecti ng affective affectivelPaffects un affected appropriate appropriacP appropriatelP appropriate ness in appropriacP in appropriate in appropriatelP aspectaspects assistassista neeassista ntassista ntsassistedassisti ngassistsun assistedcategorPcategoriescategorisati oncategorisecategorisedcategorisescategoris ingcategorizati oncategorizedcategorizescategoriz ingchapterchapterscommissi oncommissi onedcommissi onercommissi onerscommissi oningcommissi ons communitPcom mun itiescompleGcompleGitiescompleGitP computecomputati oncomputati onalcomputati onscomputablecomputer computedcomputerisedcomputers computing con cludecon cluded concludes concludi ng conclusi on conclusi ons conclusive conclusivelPincon clusiveinconclusivelP con ductcon ducted conduct ing con ductscon seque ntconsequeneeconsequences conseque ntIP constructcon structedcon struct ing construct ion construct ions constructive constructs rec onstruct reconstructed reconstructi ng reconstructio n reconstructs con sumecon sumedcon sumer consumers con sumesconsuming consumpti on creditcreditedcredit ing creditorcreditors creditscultureculturalculturallPcultured culturesun cultured desig ndesig ned designer desig nersSublist2oftheAcademicWordList achieveachievable achievedachieveme nt achieveme ntsachievesdesig ning fin als inv estor desig ns focus inv estors dist inct focused inv ests disti nctio n focuses reinv est disti nctio ns focus ing reinv ested disti nctive focussed reinv est ing disti nctivelP focuss ing reinv estme dist in ctlP refocus rei nv ests in disti net refocused itemin disti nctlP refocuses itemisati on eleme nt refocus ing itemise eleme nts refocussed itemised equate refocusses itemises equated refocuss ing itemisi ng equates impact itemsequati ng impacted journalequati on impacti ng journalsequati ons impacts main tai n evaluate injure main tai ned evaluated injured mai ntai ning evaluates injures main tai ns evaluat ing injuries maintenance evaluati on injuri ng no rmalevaluati ons injurP abno rmal evaluative uni njured abno rmallP re-evaluate in stitute no rmalisati re-evaluated in stituted no rmalise re-evaluates in stitutes no rmalised re-evaluat ing in stituti ng no rmalises re-evaluati on in stitutio n no rmalisi ng feature in stituti onal no rmalizati featured in stitutio nalise no rmalize features in stitutio nalised no rmalized featuri ng in stitutio nalises no rmalizes final in stitutio nalis ing no rmalizi ng fin alise in stitutio nalized no rmalitP fin alised in stitutio nalizes no rmallP fin alises in stitutio naliz ing obtai nfin alisi ng in stitutio nallP obta in able fin alize in stituti ons obta ined fin alized inv est obta ining fin alizes inv ested obta insfin alizi ng inv esti ng un obta inable fin alitP inv estme nt participatefin allP inv estme nts participa ntregulators regulatorP un regulated releva nt irreleva nee irreleva nt releva nee resideresided reside nee reside nt reside ntial reside nts resides residi ng resourceresourced resourceful resources resourci ng un resourceful un der-resourced restrictrestricted restricti ng restrictio n restrictio ns restrictive restrictivelP restricts un restricted un restrictive secure in securein securities in securitP secured securelP secures securi ngsecurities securitP seekseek ingseekssought select selected select ing selecti on selecti ons selective selectivelP selector selectors selectssite sites strategP strategic strategies strategicallP strategist strategists surveP survePed surveP ing survePs teGt teGts teGtualtraditi onnon-traditional traditional traditi onalist traditionallP traditionstran sfertran sferabletran sfere neetran sferredtran sferri ngtran sfersparticipa nts participated participates participat ing participati on participatorP perceiveperceived perceives percei ving perceptio n perceptio ns positivepositivelP pote ntialpote ntiallP previouspreviouslP primarPprimarilP purchasepurchased purchaser purchasers purchases purchas ing rangeran ged ran ges ranging regi onregi onal regio nallP regi ons regulate deregulated deregulates deregulat ing deregulati on regulated regulates regulat ing regulati on regulatio ns regulatorcon tributed con tributes con tribut ing con tributi on con tributio ns con tributor con tributors conveneconven ti on convenes convened convening conventio nal conven ti on allP conven tio ns unconven ti onal coord in atecoord in ated coord in ates coord in at ing coord in ati on coord in ator coord in atorsco-ord in ate co-ord in ated co-ord in ates co-ord in at ing co-ord in ati on co-ord in atorco-ordi nators core cores cori ng cored corporatecorporates corporati on corporati ons corresp ondcorresp on dedcorresp ondencecorresp ondingcorresp ondinglP corresponds criteriacriteri ondeduce deduceddeduces deduci ng deduct ion deduct ions dem on strate dem on strable dem on strablP dem on strated dem on strates dem on strat ing dem on strati on dem on strati ons dem on strative dem on strativelP dem on strator dem on strators docume nt docume ntati on docume nted docume nting docume nts domin ate dominance dominant domin ated domin ates domin at ing domin ati on emphasis emphasise emphasised emphasis ing emphasize emphasized emphasizes emphasiz ing emphatic emphaticallP en sure en suredSublist3ofAcademicWordList alter nativealter nativelPalter natives circumsta neecircumsta nces comme ntcomme ntariescomme ntarPcomme ntatorcomme ntatorscomme ntedcomme ntingcomme ntscompe nsatecompe nsatedcompe nsatescompe nsat ingcompe nsati oncompe nsati onscompe nsatorP comp onentcomp onentrPcomp onents consentconsensusconsen tedconsenting consents con siderablecon siderablPcon sta ntcon sta ncPcon sta ntIPcon sta ntsincon sta ncPincon sta ntIP con straincon stra inedcon strai ningcon stra inscon stra intcon strai ntsuncon stra ined con tributeen sures in teractio n maGimumen suri ng in teract ions minoreGclude in teractive mino rities eGcluded in teractivelP minoritPeGcludes in teracts minorseGcludi ng justifP n egateeGclusio n justifiable n egativeeGclusio narP justifiablP n egatedeGclusio nist justificati on n egateseGclusi ons justificati ons n egati ngeGclusive justified n egativelPeGclusivelP justifies n egatives framework justifP ing outcome frameworks un justified outcomesfund laPer part ner fun ded laPered part nersfun der laPeri ng part nership fun ders laPers part nerships funding li nk philosophPfun ds li nkage philosopher illustrate lin kages philosophers illustrated lin ked philosophical illustrates lin ki ng philosophicallP illustrati ng links philosophies illustrati on locate philosophise illustrati ons located philosophised illustrative locati ng philosophises immigrate locati on philosophis ing immigra nt locati ons philosophize immigra nts relocate philosophized immigrated relocated philosophizes immigrates relocates philosophiz ing immigrat ing relocat ing phPsicalimmigratio n relocati on phPsicallPimplP maGimise proportio n implied maG disproporti on implies maGimised disproporti on implPi ng maGimises disproporti onin itial maGimisi ng proporti onal in itiallP maGimisati on proporti on allP in sta nee maGimize proporti on ate in sta nces maGimized proporti on atelP in teract maGimizes proporti ons in teracted maGimizi ng publishin teract ing maGimizati on publishedpublisher publishers publishes publish ing un published reactreacted reacts react ing reacti on reacti on aries reacti onarPreacti ons reactive reactivate reactivati on reactor reactors register deregister deregistered deregisteri ng deregisters deregistratio n registered registeri ng registers registrati on relP reliabilitP reliable reliablP relia nee relia nt relied reliesrelPi ng un reliable removeremovableremovalremovalsremovedremovesremoving schemeschematic schematicallP schemed schemes schem ing sequeneesequeneedsequencesseque ncing sequential sequentiallP seGseGes seGismseGual seGualitPseGuallP shiftshiftedshifti ngshifts specifPspecifiablespecifiedspecifies specifPing un specifiedsufficie ntsufficie ncPin sufficie nt insufficie ntIPsufficie ntIP tasktaskstech ni caltech ni callPtech niquetech niq uestech no logPtech nologicaltech nologicallP validinv alidateinv aliditPvalidatevalidatedvalidat ingvalidati onvaliditPvalidlPvolumevolumesvol。
学术英语词汇AWL
AWL(AcademicWordLis（t)英汉）abandon放弃；抛弃abstract抽象的；摘要a ttach贴；附加attain达到；获得c ompound化合物；复合词academy研究院；学院；学会a ttitude态度attribute归结于；性质c omprehensive综合的comprise构成access接近；入口author作者；创始人compute计算accommodate容纳；给⋯authority当局；权威c onceive构思；怀孕提供住宿；使适应automate使自动化concentrate浓缩；集中accompany陪伴；伴随available可得到的concept概念accumulate积累a ware意识到的conclude下结论accurate准确的behalf利益concurrent同时的achieve完成；取得benefit利益；津贴；有益conduct行为；指挥acknowledge承认；致谢bias偏见c onfer授予；协商acquire获得adapt使适应；改编b ond纽带；债券brief简短的c onfine限制confirm证实adequate足够的adjacent毗连的b ulk体积；大批capable能够的；有能力的c onflict冲突conform遵守；符合adjust调整administer管理c apacity容量category种类；范畴c onsent同意consequent必然的adult成年人advocate拥护者；拥护c ease停止challenge挑战c onsiderable相当大的consist组成affect影响channel海峡；频道c onstant不断的aggregate总的；总计chapter章constitute构成aid帮助chart图表c onstrain限制；强制albeit虽然chemical化学的；化学药c onstruct 建造allocate分派consult咨询；查阅；请教品alter改变c ircumstance情况consume消费；消耗alternative替代物；替代的c ite引用civil公民的；国内的c ontact接触；联系；联系人ambiguous模棱两可的amend修订c larify阐明classic名著；经典的c ontemporary当代的；同代人analogy类似；类推c lause条款；从句context上下文；背景analyze分析code代码；法典contract合同；收缩annual每年的；年鉴c oherent连贯的contradict矛盾anticipate预料c oincide相符contrary相反的apparent明显的collapse倒塌contrast对比append附加appreciate欣赏；感激c olleague同事commence开始c ontribute贡献；捐献；投稿approach靠近；方法comment评论c ontroversy争议appropriate恰当的commission委任；委员会convene召集approximate近似的commit犯converse相反arbitrary任意的；专断的commodity日用品convert转化area面积；地区；领域communicate交流convince使信服aspect方面community社区；界cooperate合作assemble集合；装配compatible兼容的coordinate协调assess估价；评价compensate补偿c ore核心assign分派compile编纂c orporate公司的assist援助complement补充c orrespond通信；对应assume假设；认为；承担complex复杂的couple夫妇；两个assure保证c omponent组成部分create创造；产生1credit信用；学分；功劳e ncounter遇到fund资金criteria标准e nergy精力；能量fundamental基本的crucial决定性的enforce实施f urthermore此外culture文化enhance增强gender性别currency货币enormous巨大的；大量的generate产生cycle骑自行车；循环ensure保证g eneration一代；产生data数据debate辩论e ntity实体environment环境g lobe地球goal球门；目标decade十年decline下倾；下降；谢绝e quate使相等；使平等equip装备g rade等级；年级；成绩grant拨款；助学金deduce演绎e quivalent对等guarantee保证define下定义；明确definite明确的e rode腐蚀error错误g uideline方针hence因此demonstrate表明；演示；establish建立hierarchy等级制度示威estate房地产highlight精华；加亮；强denote表示deny否认e stimate估计ethic伦理调hypothesis假设depress使沮丧derive起源e thnic种族的evaluate评价i dentical相同的identify识别design设计；图案e ventual最后的ideology思想体系despite尽管evident明显的ignorant无知的detect检测evolve进化；演变i llustrate举例说明；图解deviate偏离exceed超过i mage图像；形象device装置exclude排除immigrate移民devote奉献；为⋯献身exhibit展览impact影响differentiate区分expand扩大implement工具；执行dimension尺寸；维e xpert专家；熟练的implicate暗指diminish减少explicit明晰的；详述的implicit暗指的discrete分离的exploit剥削；利用imply暗指discriminate区别；歧视export出口impose征收；强加displace移置expose暴露；揭露incentive刺激display展览；显示external外部的incidence发生dispose处理distinct清晰的；独特的e xtract取出；摘录facilitate使容易i ncline斜坡；使倾斜；使倾向distort歪曲factor因素income收入distribute分布feature特征incorporate包含diverse多样的federal联邦的index索引；指标document文件fee费i ndicate表明domain领域；域file文件individual个人domestic国内的；家庭的final最后的induce引起dominate支配finance财政i nevitable必然的draft草稿；通风；起草finite有限的infer推断drama戏剧flexible灵活的infrastructure基础设施duration持续时间f luctuate波动i nherent固有的dynamic有活力的focus集中；焦点inhibit抑制economy经济；节约edit编辑f ormat格式formula公式i nitial最初的；词首的；首字母element元素forthcoming即将到来的initiate开始eliminate消除found建立injure使受伤emerge出现emphasis强调f oundation建立；基础；基金会i nnovate创新input输入empirical经验的enable使能够f ramework框架function功能；函数i nsert插入；插页insight见识2inspect视察method方法phenomenon现象instance例子migrate迁移philosophy哲学institute研究所；学院military军事的physical身体的；物理的instruct教；指示minimal最小的plus加integral整体的；整的minimize使最小化policy政策integrate使结合minimum最小值portion部分integrity诚信；完整intelligent聪明的m inistry部minor次要的；辅修专业p ose摆姿势positive积极的；阳性的intense强烈的interact相互作用m ode模式modify修改；修饰p otential潜在的；潜力practitioner从业者intermediate中间的；中monitor监视precede先于级的internal内部的m otive动机mutual相互的p recise精确的predict预测interpret解释；口译negate否定predominant主要的interval间隔network网络preliminary初步的；初赛intervene干预intrinsic内在的n eutral中立的nevertheless然而p resume假设previous先前的invest投资investigate调查n onetheless然而norm标准p rimary初级的；主要的prime首要的invoke恳求normal正常的principal主要的；校长involve涉及notion概念；想法principle原则isolate孤立notwithstanding虽然prior在先的issue问题；发行nuclear核的；核心的priority优先；重点item项目objective客观的；目标proceed进行job工作obtain获得process过程；加工journal杂志；日记obvious明显的professional专业的；专业justify证明occupy占领；使忙碌人员label标签occur出现prohibit禁止labor劳动odd奇数的；奇怪的；临project工程layer层时的promote促进；促销lecture讲课；讲座offset抵消proportion比例legal合法的；法律的ongoing进行中的prospect前景legislate立法option选择protocol协议；礼仪levy征收orient东方；使适应psychology心理学liberal自由的；开明的outcome结果publication出版；出版物license执照output产量；产出publish出版likewise同样地overall总体的purchase购买link连接；环节overlap重叠pursue追赶；追求locate使位于；找到overseas海外qualitative定性的logic逻辑panel专家小组；面板quote引用maintain维持；维修paradigm范例radical基本的；激进的major主要的；专业paragraph段落random随机的manipulate操作parallel平行的range范围；山脉manual体力的；手册parameter参数ratio比margin页边participate参加rational理性的mature成熟partner搭档react反应maximize使最大化passive被动的recover恢复mechanism装置；机制perceive察觉；理解refine提炼media媒体percent百分之regime政权mediate调停medical医学的p eriod时期；句号persist持续r egion地区register登记；挂号medium媒介；中等的mental心理的p erspective角度phase阶段r egulate调节reinforce加强3reject拒绝s ite地点terminate终止relax放松so-called所谓的text文本release释放sole唯一的；脚底；鞋底theme主题relevant有关的somewhat有点theory理论reluctance勉强s ource来源thereby从而rely依赖s pecific具体的thesis论文remove移走require要求s pecify详述sphere球体；领域t opic话题trace痕迹research研究reside居住s table稳定的；马厩statistic统计的t radition传统transfer转移；换车resolve解决；决心status地位transform转变resource资源respond响应s traightforward坦率的strategy战略；策略t ransit运输；过渡transmit输送restore恢复stress压力；重音；强调transport运输restrain抑制structure结构t rend趋势restrict限制retain保留s tyle风格submit使屈服；提交t rigger触发；扳机ultimate最终的reveal显示revenue收入；税收s ubordinate下级的；从属的u ndergo经受underlie是⋯的基础reverse背面；倒车s ubsequent随后的undertake从事revise修改subsidy补助u niform一致的；制服revolution革命；旋转substitute代替者；代替unify统一rigid僵硬的：刻板的successor继任unique独一无二的role角色sufficient足够的utilize利用route路线s um金额v alid有效的scenario剧本；方案summary总结vary变化schedule时间表supplement补充v ehicle车辆scheme方案survey调查version译文；版本scope范围s urvive幸存via经过section部分suspend暂停v iolate违犯sector部门s ustain维持v irtual实际上的；虚拟的secure安全的symbol象征；符号visible可见的seek试图；寻找tape磁带v ision视力select选择target靶子；目标v isual视觉的sequence顺序t ask任务v olume卷；音量；体积series系列team队v oluntary自愿的；志愿的sex性；性别t echnical技术的welfare福利shift转换t echnique技巧whereas而significant重要的technology技术whereby由此similar相似的temporary暂时的widespread普遍的simulate模拟t ense紧张的；时态4AWL词汇（汉英）安全的secure操作manipulate从句clause暗指implicate草稿draft从事undertake暗指imply策略strategy从属的subordinate暗指的implicit层layer从业者practitioner 靶子target插入insert促进promote百分之percent插页insert促销promote摆姿势pose查阅consult错误error扳机trigger察觉perceive搭档partner版本version产出output达到attain伴随accompany产量output大量的enormous帮助aid产生create大批bulk包含incorporate产生generate代码code保留retain产生generation代替substitute保证assure阐明clarify代替者substitute保证ensure超过exceed当代的contemporary保证guarantee车辆vehicle当局authority暴露expose成绩grade倒车reverse背景context成年人adult倒塌collapse背面reverse成熟mature登记register被动的passive诚信integrity等级grade比ratio承担assume等级制度hierarchy比例proportion承认acknowledge抵消offset 必然的consequent持续persist地点site必然的inevitable持续时间duration地球globe编辑edit编纂compile 尺寸dimension冲突conflict地区area地区region变化vary 辩论debate 抽象的abstract出版publication地位status定性的qualitative标签label标准criteria 出版publish出版物publication东方orient动机motive标准norm表明demonstrate 出口export出现emerge独特的distinct独一无二的unique表明indicate出现occur段落paragraph表示denote初步的preliminary队team拨款grant初级的primary对比contrast波动fluctuate初赛preliminary对等equivalent 剥削exploit处理dispose对应correspond补偿compensate触发trigger多样的diverse补充complement传统tradition而whereas补充supplement创始人author发行issue补助subsidy创新innovate发生incidence不断的constant创造create法典code部ministry词首的initial法律的legal部分portion磁带tape反应react部分section此外furthermore犯commit部门sector次要的minor范畴category财政finance刺激incentive范例paradigm参加participate聪明的intelligent范围range 参数parameter从而thereby范围scope5方案scenario估计estimate继任s uccessor方案scheme估价assess加plus方法approach孤立isolate加工process方法method固有的inherent加亮highlight方面aspect挂号register加强r einforce方针g uideline管理administer家庭的domestic房地产e state归结于a ttribute假设a ssume放弃abandon国内的civil假设h ypothesis放松relax国内的domestic假设p resume费fee过程process间隔i nterval分布distribute过渡t ransit监视monitor分离的discrete海外overseas兼容的compatible 分派allocate海峡channel检测detect分派assign函数function减少diminish分析analyze行为c onduct简短的brief风格style合法的legal见识insight奉献devote合同contract建立establish否定negate合作cooperate建立found否认d eny 夫妇c ouple 核的nuclear核心core建立foundation建造construct符号symbol核心的nuclear僵硬的：刻板的rigid 符合conform痕迹trace讲课l ecture福利welfare化合物compound讲座l ecture辅修专业m inor化学的chemical交流communicate腐蚀e rode附加append 化学药品c hemical话题t opic焦点focus角度perspective附加attach怀孕c onceive角色role复合词c ompound 复杂的complex 环节l ink环境e nvironment脚底sole教instruct改编a dapt 改变a lter 换车t ransfer恢复recover阶段p hase接触contact概念concept恢复restore接近access概念notion货币currency揭露expose感激appreciate获得a cquire节约economy干预i ntervene获得a ttain结构structure革命revolution获得o btain结果o utcome格式format机制mechanism解决resolve个人individual积极的positive解释i nterpret 给⋯提供住宿积累a ccumulate界communityaccommodate 工程project 基本的fundamental基本的radical金额s um津贴b enefit工具implement基础foundation紧张的tense工作job基础设施infrastructure尽管despite公民的civil基金会foundation进行proceed公式formula激进的radical进行中的ongoing公司的corporate即将到来的forthcoming进化evolve 功劳c redit集合assemble近似的approximate功能function集中concentrate禁止prohibit贡献contribute集中focus经典的classic构成comprise计算c ompute经过via构成constitute技巧technique经济e conomy构思conceive技术technology经受u ndergo购买p urchase技术的technical经验的empirical6精华highlight论文thesis潜在的potential精力energy逻辑logic强加impose精确的precise马厩stable强烈的intense居住reside矛盾contradict强调emphasis举例说明illustrate媒介medium强调highlight巨大的enormous媒体media强调stress句号period每年的annual强制constrain拒绝reject勉强reluctance清晰的distinct具体的specific面板panel情况circumstance剧本scenario面积area请教consult捐献contribute名著classic球门goal卷volume明确define球体sphere决定性的crucial明确的definite区别discriminate 决心resolve明晰的explicit区分differentiate军事的military明显的apparent趋势trend开明的liberal明显的evident取出extract开始commence明显的obvious取得achieve开始initiate模棱两可的ambiguous权威authority靠近approach可得到的available 模拟simulate模式mode然而nevertheless然而nonetheless可见的visible目标goal认为assume客观的objective目标objective任务task 恳求invoke目标target任意的arbitrary 口译interpret内部的internal日记journal框架framework 扩大expand 内在的intrinsic能够的capable日用品commodity容量capacity来源source能量energy容纳accommodate劳动labor 类似analogy 年级grade年鉴annual入口access山脉range类推analogy 礼仪protocol 纽带bond浓缩concentrate上下文context设计design理解perceive排除exclude社区community理论theory抛弃abandon涉及involve理性的rational陪伴accompany身体的physical 立法legislate毗连的adjacent十年decade利益behalf偏见bias时间表schedule利益benefit偏离deviate时期period利用exploit频道channel时态tense利用utilize平行的parallel识别identify例子instance评价assess实际上的virtual连贯的coherent评价evaluate实施enforce连接link评论comment实体entity联邦的federal使结合integrate普遍的widespread联系contact使沮丧depress奇怪的odd联系人contact使忙碌occupy奇数的odd两个使能够coupleenab le临时的使平等oddequate 灵活的使倾向flexiblein cline 歧视discriminate骑自行车cycle前景prospect潜力potential使适应accommodate使适应adapt领域使倾斜areaincline领域使屈服domainsubmit领域使容易spherefacilitate路线route伦理ethic7使适应o rient停止cease限制restrict使受伤i njure通风d raft相当大的considerable使位于locate通信correspond相反converse使相等equate同代人contemporary相反的contrary 使信服convince同时的concurrent相符coincide 使自动化automate同事colleague相互的mutual使最大化maximize同样地l ikewise相互作用interact 使最小化minimize同意consent相似的similar示威demonstrate统计的statistic相同的identical 试图s eek统一unify详述specify视察i nspect投稿contribute详述的explicit视觉的visual投资i nvest响应r espond视力vision图案d esign想法notion是⋯的基础u nderlie图表c hart项目i tem释放r elease图解i llustrate象征symbol收入income图像i mage消除eliminate收入revenue推断infer消费c onsume收缩c ontract歪曲distort消耗consume手册manual 首要的prime 外部的external完成achieve校长p rincipal协商c onfer首字母initial完整integrity协调coordinate 授予confer网络n etwork协议p rotocol输入input为⋯献身devote斜坡incline输送t ransmit违犯v iolate鞋底sole熟练的expert 数据data 唯一的sole维dimension谢绝d ecline心理的mental税收revenue维持m aintain心理学psychology顺序s equence思想体系ideology 维持s ustain维修maintain欣赏a ppreciate信用credit虽然a lbeit虽然n otwithstanding 委任commission委员会commission形象image幸存survive随后的subsequent文本text性sex随机的random文化culture性别g ender所谓的so-called文件document性别s ex索引index文件file性质a ttribute态度a ttitude稳定的stable修订a mend坦率的straightforward问题issue修改modify特征feature无知的ignorant修改revise提交submit物理的physical修饰m odify提炼r efine戏剧drama虚拟的virtual体积b ulk系列series旋转r evolution体积v olume下定义d efine选择option体力的manual下级的subordinate选择select替代的alternative下降decline学分credit 替代物alternative下结论conclude学会academy 挑战c hallenge下倾d ecline学院academy条款clause先前的previous学院institute 调查i nvestigate先于precede寻找s eek调查s urvey显示display循环c ycle调节r egulate显示reveal压力stress调停mediate现象phenomenon研究research 调整adjust限制confine研究所institute贴attach限制constrain研究院academy8WOED 格式专业资料整理演变evolve 在先的prior 主要的major演示demonstrate 暂时的temporary 主要的predominant 演绎deduce 暂停suspend 主要的primary阳性的positive 增强enhance 主要的principal 要求require 摘录extract 助学金grant页边margin 摘要abstract 专断的arbitrary 一代generation 债券bond 专家expert一致的uniform 展览display 专家小组panel 医学的medical 展览exhibit 专业major 依赖rely 占领occupy 专业的professional移民immigrate 战略strategy 专业人员professional 移置displace 章chapter 转变transform 移走remove 找到locate 转化convert 抑制inhibit 召集convene 转换shift抑制restrain 哲学philosophy 转移transfer 译文version 争议controversy 装备equip 意识到的aware 征收impose 装配assemble 因此hence 征收levy 装置device 因素factor 音量volume 整的integral 整体的integral装置mechanism 追赶pursue引起induce 正常的normal 追求pursue 引用cite 证明justify 准确的accurate 引用quote 证实confirm 咨询consult 影响affect 政策policy 资金fund 影响impact 拥护advocate 政权regime 支配dominate资源resource 自由的liberal 拥护者advocate 执行implement 自愿的voluntary 优先priority 由此whereby 执照license 指标index综合的comprehensive 总的aggregate 有点somewhat 有关的relevant 指挥conduct 指示instruct总计aggregate 总结summary有活力的dynamic 志愿的voluntary 总体的overall 有能力的capable 制服uniform 足够的adequate 有限的finite 致谢acknowledge 足够的sufficient 有效的valid 中等的medium 组成consist有益benefit 中级的intermediate 组成部分component 预测predict 中间的intermediate 最初的initial 预料anticipate 中立的neutral 最后的eventual 域domain 终止terminate 最后的final遇到encounter 种类category 最小的minimal 元素element 种族的ethnic 最小值minimum 原则principle 重点priority 最终的ultimate 援助assist 重叠overlap 遵守conform运输transit 重要的significant 作者author运输transport 重音stress 杂志journal 主题theme9。
AWL词汇表【学术词汇表】——雅思
AWL词汇表【学术词汇表］雅思AWLSublist 1analyze d肃n e laiz] vt.〈美〉分析，分解，解释constitute[1k o nstitju:t] vt.构成，组成建立，制定选定，任命establish es।t田bli j ] vt.建立，成立安置确定,证实indicate] indikeit] vt.标示,指示，指出象征；表明或暗示…的可能性occur[e 1k a :] vi.发生；举行；存在被发现；想到[起]role[r e ul] n.作用，职责角色approach[e 1pr e ut j ]m靠近，接近，临近通路，入口，途径方式，方法vt.接洽, 交涉；着手处理vt. & vi.接近，走近，靠近context [I k o ntekst] n,背景，环境上下文，语境estimate d estimeit] n.估计，估价报价判断vt. &vi.估计；评价，评估individual1〕I ndi 1vidju e l] adj.个别的，单独的，个人的独特的n.个人人percent [p a 1sent] n,百分比，百分数section】।sek j e n] n.章节部分部门，科截面，剖面地区，区area/ s e ri e ] n.面积区域，地区领域，方面contract[k e n1tr a kt] n.契约，合同vt,缔结；订契约vt. & 丫1染上（恶习，疾病等）缩小；紧缩evident[1evid e nt] adj.明显的,明白的interpret[in i t e :prit] vt.解释;说明vt. & vi. 口译;翻译period/ pi e ri e d] n.（一段）时间时期，时代学时，课时句号，句点sector^ sekt e ] n.部门；领域防御地区，防卫区域扇形，扇形面assess [e 1ses] vt.估价，估计评定，核定create[kri i eit] vt.创造,创作，创建引起，产生export[eks' p o :t] n,输出，出口输出[出口]物vt. &vi.出口，输出involve[in i v o lv] vt.使某事物成为必要条件或结果；需要使参与，牵涉policy/ p o l e si]d政策，方针策略，精明的行为，上策保险单significant[sig i nifik e nt] adj.重要的，重大的，可观的有意义的，有用意的意味深长的assume[e 1sju:m] vt.假设，臆断，猜想假装承担，担任，就职呈现，采取data [1deit e ] n.资料,材料factor/ f a kt e ]1因素，要素〈数〉因子，因数issue d isju:]n.问题，议题；争论点发行物放出，流出；发出，发行〈正〉结果结局vi.冒出，流出；传出vt.出版，发行发表，发布分配，发给principle] prins e pl] n.原则,原理准则，规范操守，道义工作原理similar^ simil e ] adj,类似的；同类的；相似的；同样的authority[o : 10o riti] n.权力，职权官方，当局权威，专家define[di i fain] vt.精确地解释;界定规定,确定finance[fai i n a ns] n.财政，金融财源，资金，财务情况vt,为…供给资金，从事金融活动labour^ leib e ] n.劳动，努力；工作劳工，工人分娩，（分娩时的）阵痛vi.劳动；努力艰难行进proceed[pra'si :d]”前进；行进进行；继续下去source [so :s] 〃河流的源头，发源地来源，出处原因提供资料者，资料来源avai IabIe[a1vei IabI] a力:可用的或可得到的可会见的，可与之交谈的der ive[di 1 rai v] vt.& %.得到源于formulaffoimjula] T.准则,原则公式，方程式配方legal t1 I i :gal]，力：法律上的；合法的；法定的process fprauses] 〃.过程，进程工序，制作法列队行进匕.加工；处理spec i f i c [sp i 1s i f i k]自力：明确的，确切的，详尽的具体的，特有的，特定的仅限于… 的；只发现于・••的〃特效药具体方面，细节benefit ['ben if it] 〃益处，好处救济金，保险金vt.& //.有益于，得益distribute [dis !tr ibju:t]”.分配,分给散发；散播；分布functionffADk/an] 〃功能；作用；职责函数；与另一事物有密切关系的事物社交集会”工作，运行，起作用legist ate [1I eds i s I e i t] vt.& "立法;制定法律require [ri 'kwaia]”.有赖于…；需要命令，指示要求，规定想要structure [1 strAktja] 〃.结构，构造有结构的事物；复杂的整体；建筑物此组织; 安排；构造；制定concept [1 konsept] 〃.概念；观念；想法economy [ i 1 konam i ] 〃.节约，节省经济体制，经济状况i dent i fy [a i 1dent i fa i ]”.认出，识别支持，同情vt.& 等同于；有关联majorUmeid3a]皿/.较大的；主要的；严重的〃少校专业；主修科目vi.〈美〉主修, 专攻research[ri'saitj] 〃研究；探讨〃.做研究，探究，研究，探讨”.从事…的研究, 为…而做研究theory [' 6 iari] 〃.学说理论，原理意见，看法cons i st [ken1s i st] vi.组成，构成在于，存在于env i ronment [ i n1 va i aranmant] 〃.环境，周围状况，自然环境i ncome [1 i nkom] n.收入，所得,收益method [1 me 0 ad] 〃.方法，办法秩序，条理respond [ri 1spond] v/.有反应；有效果；有影响vt.& 回答；回报；响应varyE1vsar i] 〃呈现不同vt.& 〃（使）变化，改变Sub Ii st 2ach ievete'tji :v] vt.取得，获得实现，达到，完成commun i ty [ke1 mju: n i t i ] 〃.社区，社会，团体大众，公众共有，共享design [di Gain] 〃.图样，设计图设计，布局目的，打算”.计划，筹划vt.& 〃.设计，绘制institutet1institju:t] 〃.协会，学会；学院，研究院建立，制定；开始，着手potential [pa'tenJal] a力:潜在的，有可能的〃.潜力，潜势，可能性restr ict [r i s1 tr i kt]限制;约束acquireta'kwaio]匕获得，得到，养成comp I ex [1komp I eks] ac”.由许多部分组成的，复合的复杂的，难懂的〃综合体，集合体〈心〉情结，夸大的情绪反应d i st i net [d i s11 i okt]永"截然不同的，完全分开的清晰的，明白的，明显的invest [in1vest] vt.授予vt. & vi.投资;花费previous] pri:vi s s] adj.先前的,以前的过早的，过急的secure[si i kju e ] adj.牢固的；可靠的有把握的；确切的vt.握紧；关牢使安全（使）获得；把…弄到手administer [a d1minist e ] vt.管理，支配给予执行，实施compute[k a m1pju:t] vt.计算,估算element^ elim a nt] n.（化学）元素成分，要素，原件一伙人基础，纲要，原理item/ ait e m] n.一项，一件，一条；项目primary】।praim e ri] adj.首要的；主要的；基本的最初的；初级的seek[si:k] vi.企图；试图vt.请求，征求；求教vt. & vi.寻找；探寻affect [a 1fekt] vt.影响感动假装conclude[ke n1klu:d] vt.得出结论;断定决定vt. & 丫1结束equate[P kweit] vt.认为某事物（与另一事物）相等或相仿journal^ d3 a :nl] n.杂志，期刊日志，日记purchase/ p a :t j a s] n.购买，购置买到的东西vt.购买select[si i lekt] adj.精选的，挑选出来的限制性的，选择严格的vt.选择；挑选appropriate d 1pr a upriit] adj.适当的,恰当的vt.挪用;占用；盗用拨出（款项）conduct[k a n1d A kt] n.举止，行为管理（方式），实施（方式）vt. & vi.引导，带领, 担任指挥控制，管理传导evaluate[i 1v肃 ljueit] vt.评价，估计,估价maintain[mein> tein] vt.保持；继续保养，维护坚持；主张供给；赡养range[reind3 ] n.一系列变化幅度,范围射程，距离（山）脉vi.变化vt.排列site[sait] n.位置，场所，地点vt.使坐落在；设置aspect「田spekt]d方面方位，朝向面貌，模样，神态consequent]।k o nsikw a nt] adj.作为结果的，随之发生的feature d fi:t j a ] n.特征，特色面貌，相貌特写，专题节目（电影的）正片，故事片normal / n o :m a l] adj.正常的，平常的正规的；标准的region^ ri:d s a n] n.地区；地带；区域；范围strategy/ str戋tid5i] n.战略学，兵法战略，策略策略，计谋assist [a 1sist] vt. & vi.帮助,促进construct [k a n1str A kt] vt.修建,建立构成，组成final Q fain a l] adj.最后的，最终的决定性的，确定性的n.决赛（大学的）期终考试obtain[a b1tein] 丫「通行;流行vt.获得,得到；买到regulate[1regjuleit] vt.控制，管理调整；调节survey[s a 1vei] n.调查vt.眺望；纵览测量；勘察检查，鉴定通盘考虑，回顾category[1k史tig a ri] n.种类，类别consume[k a n1sju:m] 丫士消耗，消费，耗尽大吃，大喝烧毁，毁灭focus Q f a uk a s] n.焦点，焦距；中心vt. &vi.（使）集中，便）聚集调整（镜头，眼睛）焦点[焦距]以便看清participate [pa:1tisipeit] vt. &丫1参加，参与relevant[1rel a v a nt] adj.有关的,切题的text[tekst]d正文，本文原文，全文教科书，课本chapter^ t j 田pt a ] n.章，回，篇credit^ kredit] n.赊购；赊购制度存款；存款数额借款；贷款赞扬，荣誉，功劳信任，相信学分vt.相信，信任把…记入贷方，存入（账户）impact/ imp釜kt] n.影响,作用冲击（力），碰撞vt. &vi.对某事物有影响perceive [p a 1si:v] 丫七感觉,察觉,理解reside Lri1zaid] vi.居住；定居tradition[tr a 1di T a n] n.传统惯例commission [k a 1mi J a n] n.授权，委托委员会佣金，回扣vt. 委任,委托culture d k A lt J a ]d文化休养，教养，精神文明养殖，培养，栽培丫乜培植，培养injure] ind3 a ] vt.伤害,损害positive】।p。
AWL 学术词汇表 (有TPO和OG对应例句)
ACADEMIC WORD LIST 1analysis definition indicate procedureapproach derive individual processarea distribution interpretation requireassessment economic involve researchassume environment issue responseauthority establish labor roleavailable estimate legal sectionbenefit evidence legislation sectorconcept export major significantconsistent factor method similarconstitution financial occur sourcecontext formula percent specificcontract function period structurecreate identify policy theorydata income principle variable ground into a fine powder.2Psychologists have adopted several approaches to understanding aggressive behavior in people.3His particular area of expertise is engineering.4Therefore, when observational assessment is used as a technique for studying infant perceptual abilities, care must be taken not to overgeneralize from the data or to rely on one or two studies as conclusive evidence of a particular perceptual ability of the infant. 5For example, they assume that other people mean them harm when they do not.6The psychological controls were built on fear and punishment—on the absolute certainty that anyone or anything that threatened the authority of Rome would be utterly destroyed.7Groundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground, filling all the available spaces.8Teachers, it is thought, benefit from the practice of reflection, the conscious act of thinking deeply about and carefully examining the interactions and events within their own classrooms.9Without this knowledge we can appreciate only the formal content of Egyptian art, and we will fail to understand why it was produced or the concepts that shaped it and caused it to adopt its distinctive forms.10Scientists see a consistent pattern in the global temperature variations that have occurred in the past.11The country's constitution embodies the ideals of freedom and equality.Fluke: the two parts that constitute the large triangular tail of a whale.12From early times pots were used in both religious and secular contexts.13Intense contraction of facial muscles, such as those used in signifying fear, heightens arousal.14It is the work of architects to create buildings that are not simply constructions but also offer inspiration and delight.15Linguistic, archaeological, and biological data connected the islands to Egypt.16In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over time.17Because all Polynesians, Micronesians, and many Melanesians speak Austronesian languages and grow crops derived from Southeast Asia, all these peoples most certainly derived from that region and not the New World or elsewhere.18It is known, however, that the distribution of groundwater is uneven, and that much of it lies at great depths.19That is a lifestyle in which economic activity is based primarily on livestock.20For example, wild cattle (bovines) and horses are portrayed more often than we would expect by chance, probably because they were larger and heavier (meatier) than other animals in the environment.21The discovery of the principle of faunal succession allowed geologists to establish the relative age of Earth’s rock layers.22One way to estimate how all the various processes leading to climate variability will combine is by using computer models of the global climate.23Further evidence for the costs of begging comes from a study of differences in the begging calls of warbler species that nest on the ground versus those that nest in the relative safety of trees.24Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.A high inflation rate imports hard times for consumers.25Compare the influence of volcanoes and solar activity on climate variability with the influence of factors external to the global climate system.26The development of banking and other financial services contributed to the expansion of trade.27The time had come to formulate a hypothesis.They are working on the perfection of their new paint formula.28What function does paragraph 3 serve in the organization of the passage as a whole?29Wildman and Niles identify three principles that facilitate reflective practice in a teaching situation.30The income gap between the rich and the poor increased greatly.31The dragon represented the emperor, and the phoenix, the empress; the pomegranate indicated fertility, and a pair of fish, happiness; mandarin ducks stood for wedded bliss;the pine tree, peach, and crane are emblems of long life; and fish leaping from waves indicated success in the civil service examinations.32These higher-frequency sounds do not travel as far, and so may better conceal the individuals producing them, who are especially vulnerable to predators in their ground nests.33Cognitive psychologists assert that our behavior is influenced by our values, by the ways in which we interpret our situations and by choice.34Numerous biological structures and chemicals appear to be involved in aggression.35More basic than the cultural issues is the matter of motivation.36Woolens and textile manufacturers, in particular, utilized rural cottage (in-home) production, which took advantage of cheap and plentiful rural labor.37It is perfectly legal to import these goods under European law.38They were much more likely to favor social-reform legislation and aid to education.39Of all the visual arts, architecture affects our lives most directly for it determines the character of the human environment in major ways.40 In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose,architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them-even while building materials have changed dramatically.41Although it was believed that human settlement of American West would cause the total number of deer to decrease permanently, the opposite has occurred for certain types of deer.42Even given the best extraction techniques, only about 30 to 40 percent of the oil in a given pool can be brought to the surface.43The site of the large meteorite impact at the end of the Cretaceous period was identified in 1990. 44One of the new government's policies is to cut taxes.45Select the two answer choices that are true statements based upon the discussion of the principle of faunal succession in paragraph 5.46Searching hand luggage at airports is now standard procedure.47It appears that unlike salt, dissolved organic substances are not excluded from the ice in the freezing process.48These calculations suggest that a period of about one million years would have been required.49The researchers estimate that the initial training of the same teachers to view events objectively took between 20 and 30 hours, with the same number of hours again being required to practice the skills of reflection.50Infants do not respond well to stimuli presented in an unnatural laboratory setting.51Government's role in the economy was to promote competition by destroying monopolies and special privileges.52In particular, Whigs in the northern sections of the United States also believed that government power should be used to foster the moral welfare of the country.53All sectors of the economy suffer from the fall in the exchange rate.54We know that over the past millennia the climate has undergone major changes without any significant human intervention.55The speed with which mass extinctions are happening today is similar to the speed of past extinctions.56The increasing use of dried animal waste as a substitute fuel has also hurt the soil because this valuable soil conditioner and source of plant nutrients is no longer being returned to the land.These springs are the sources of streams and rivers, which cut through the rocks and carry away debris from the mountains to the lowlands.57Four specific activities have been identified as major contributors to the desertification processes: overcultivation, overgrazing, firewood gathering, and overirrigation.58The world’s architectural structures have also been devised in relation to the objective limitations of materials.59In theory, Argentina, Canada, Chile, China, Russia, and the United Kingdom could use wind to meet all of their energy needs.60Rainfall is not completely absent in desert areas, but it is highly variable.The glacial system is governed by two basic climatic variables: precipitation and temperature.ACADEMIC WORD LIST 2achieve consequences institute regionacquisition construction investment regulation administration consumer item relevantaffect credit journal residentappropriate cultural maintenance resourceaspect design normal restrictassistance distinction obtain securitycategories element participation sought/seekchapter equation perceive selectcommission evaluation positive sitecommunity feature potential strategycomplex final previous surveycomputer focus primary textconclusion impact purchase traditional love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth.2He was showing off his latest acquisition, a new computer game.3The Roman genius was projected into new spheres—especially into those of law, military organization, administration, and engineering.4The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.5They lacked the navigational skills and appropriate boats needed for long-distance trips. 6One of the most difficult aspects of deciding whether current climatic events reveal evidence of the impact of human activities is that it is hard to get a measure of what constitutes the natural variability of the climate.7With the assistance of Edison's former assistant, William Dickson, they perfected projection devices.8Almost universally, biologists accept the idea that all eukaryotes (a category that includes most organisms except bacteria and certain algae) have internal clocks.9We hope that they will join us in opening a new chapter of peace and cooperation.10The Independent Television Commission, regulator of television advertising in the United Kingdom, has criticized advertisers for "misleadingness”—creating a wrong impression either intentionally or unintentionally—in an effort to control advertisers' use of techniques that make it difficult for children to judge the true size, action,performance, or construction of a toy.11With the loss of personal freedom also came the loss of standing in the community.12They take a long time to build as a result of their complex construction methods.13Scientists have computed the probable course of the rocket.14Researchers using observational assessment techniques on infants must not over- generalize and must base their conclusions on data from many studies.15The group conducting the study concluded from a detailed analysis that impacts from meteorites can indeed be hazardous.16The filling of the Ataturk and other dams in Turkey has drastically reduced flows in the Euphrates, with potentially serious consequences for Syria and Iraq.17Materials and methods of construction are integral parts of the design of architecture structures.18Moreover, getting petroleum out of the ground and from under the sea and to the consumer can create environmental problems anywhere along the line.19The Maya are credited with creating methods for modifying natural rainwater and storing it. // The relics are credited with miraculous powers. // Miraculous powers are credited to the relics.20These laws are universal in their application, regardless of cultural beliefs, geography, or climate.21Before China had contact with the West, the meaning of various designs used to decorate Chinese ceramics was well understood.22The role of government in the lives of the people was an important political distinction between the two parties.23To be architecture, a building must achieve a working harmony with a variety of elements.24In the equation 2x + 1 = 7, what is x?25To be sure, their evaluation of the technical flaws in 1920’s sound experiments was not so far off the mark, yet they neglected to take into account important new forces in themotion picture field that, in a sense, would not take no for an answer.26Interestingly enough, several of these hydrodynamic adaptations resemble features designed to improve the aerodynamics of high-speed aircraft.27Whatever the final answer to the water crisis may be, it is evident that within the High Plains, irrigation water will never again be the abundant, inexpensive resource it was during the agricultural boom years of the mid-twentieth century.28But in that period, when getting food no longer depended on hunting large game animals (they were becoming extinct), the art ceased to focus on portrayals of animals. 29Petroleum extraction can have a negative impact on the environment.30In most people, the left side of the body is more vulnerable to injury since it is not defended effectively by the dominant arm.31Massachusetts Institute of Technology: a respected US university in Cambridge, Massachusetts32Not until the eighteenth century, however, did such banks as the Bank of Amsterdam and the Bank of England begin to provide capital for business investment.33The most valuable item on show will be a Picasso drawing.34The Wall Street Journal35All organisms, therefore, allocate energy to growth, reproduction, maintenance, and storage.36Research has shown that certain minerals are required by plants for normal growth and development.37They obtained drinking water and water for crop irrigation from Coba dikes.38Although early exhibitors regularly accompanied movies with live acts, the substance of the movies themselves is mass-produced, prerecorded material that can easily bereproduced by theaters with little or no active participation by the exhibitor.39What does the author suggest about the way an infant's brain perceives stimuli?40Causing participants in experiments to smile, for example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous drawings of people or situations) as being more humorous.41In principle, all the power needs of the United States could be provided by exploiting the wind potential of just three states—North Dakota, South Dakota, and Texas.42Computer simulations of the winds and currents in the Pacific have shown that reaching the Pacific islands was probably much easier than previously thought.43Statues were created not for their decorative effect but to play a primary role in the cults of the gods, the king, and the dead.44He refused to develop projection technology, reasoning that if he made and sold projectors, then exhibitors would purchase only one machine-a projector-from him, instead of several.45The upper timberline ranges from sea level in the Polar Regions to 4,500 meters in the dry subtropics and 3,500-4,500 meters in the moist tropics.46This aquifer was named the Ogallala aquifer after the Ogallala Sioux Indians, who once inhabited the region.47The government's responsibility was to provide a well-regulated economy that guaranteed opportunity for citizens of ability.48Three other explanations seem more promising. One involves physiological changes relevant to memory.49The residents of Teotihuacán were sophisticated toolmakers.50Several factors may account for Teotihuacán’s extraordinary development, including its location, rich natural resources, irrigation potential, intelligent elite, and the misfortune of rival communities.51The role of government is to restrict the changes brought about by the market.without any restriction restrictions on hunting52The prison was ordered to tighten security after a prisoner escaped yesterday.53Another explanation for the focus on animals might be that these people sought to improve their luck at hunting.Humans instinctively seek structures that will shelter and enhance their way of life.Architects seek to create buildings that are both visually appealing and well suited for human use.54This is the criterion emphasized by Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. 55Wind power is a virtually unlimited source of energy at favorable sites, and even excluding environmentally sensitive areas, the global potential of wind power is much higher than the current world electricity use.56They designed an experimental strategy for a group of teachers in Virginia and worked with 40 practicing teachers over several years.57This prediction was supported by data collected in one survey of 24 species from an Arizona forest, more evidence that predator pressure favors the evolution of beggingcalls that are hard to detect and pinpoint.58There are 200 pages of text and illustrations.59The greater Pacific region, traditionally called Oceania, consists of three cultural areas: Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia.In this newly emerging economic order, workers sometimes organized to protect their rights and traditional ways of life.60The impact of raindrops on the loose soil tends to transfer fine clay particles into the tiniest soil spaces, sealing them and producing a surface that allows very little water penetration.ACADEMIC WORD LIST 3alternative criteria interaction registercircumstance deduction justification reliancecomment demonstrate layer removecompensation document link schemecomponent dominant location sequenceconsent emphasis maximum sexconsiderable ensure minorities shiftconstant exclude negative specifyconstraint framework outcome sufficientcontribution funds partnership taskcoordination immigration physical techniqueconvention illustrated philosophy technicalcore implies proportion technologycorporate initial publish validity theory about how the theater came into being. Storytelling has been proposed as one alternative.2The political system of the United States in the mid-nineteenth century was strongly influenced by the social and economic circumstances of the time.3Paragraph 4 describes and comments on steps taken to overcome problems identified earlier in the passage.4What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy? One compensation for not hibernating is the built-in urge to migrate.5Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body: a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body’s vital organs and systems.6My father will never give his consent to our marriage.7Some current analyses conclude that volcanoes and solar activity explain quite a considerable amount of the observed variability in the period from the seventeenth to the early twentieth century’s, but that they cannot be invoked to explain the rapid warming in recent decades.8When the real Sun was visible, however, the birds maintained a constant direction as it moved across the sky.9There are no constraints on your choice of subject for the essay.10Normally, the constantly changing levels of an animal's activity—sleeping, feeding, moving, reproducing, metabolizing, and producing enzymes and hormones, for example—are well coordinated with environmental rhythms, but the key question is whether the animal's schedule is driven by external cues, such as sunrise or sunset, or is instead dependent somehow on internal timers that themselves generate the observed biological rhythms.11William Smith’s contributions to geology have inc reased our knowledge of the Eart h’s history.12Dissatisfaction with conventional explanations for dinosaur extinctions led to a surprising observation that, in turn, has suggested a new hypothesis.13Analyses of these cores and samples provide a different solution to the problem.14Is there a corporate identity shared by all Asian countries?15Income from tourism is five percent higher than in the corresponding period last year. 16The standard criterion for the survival of a species is its success in competing with other species and adapting to slowly changing environments.17It's an obvious deduction that she is guilty.18Various types of images have been used to demonstrate that most of Martian surface contains evidence of flowing water.19More recent geologic studies documented deglaciation and the existence of ice-free areas throughout major coastal areas of British Columbia, Canada, by 13,000 years ago.20The raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation.21Before 1815, the emphasis had been on quality rather than on speed of production.22By regulating the economy and competition, the government could ensure equal opportunity. 23Why were buffalo excluded from the research study?24Einstein's research provided much of the theoretical framework for particle physics.The building had a metal framework.25The government has decided to tighten its immigration policy.26The United Nations Environment Program and the World Bank have funded attempts to survey the groundwater resources of arid lands and to develop appropriate extraction techniques.27Three of the answer choices below are used in the passage to illustrate constructive processes and two are used to illustrate destructive processes.28However, more recent data imply that at least some parts of the planet did in fact experience long periods in the past during which liquid water existed on the surface.29It initially surprises us that many of their cities were not built next to the rivers but instead on high terrain in rolling uplands.30Eisenstein’s film was the first instance of collaborat ion between a director and a composer.31New evidence suggests that, rather than being isolated, Pacific islanders engaged in trade and social interaction with peoples living in Southeast Asia.32Of course, there is far more oil underground than can be recovered. It may be in a pool too small or too far from a potential market to justify the expense of drilling.I can see no justification for dividing the company into smaller units.33Scientists first identified this impact in 1980 from the worldwide layer of sediment deposited from the dust cloud that enveloped the planet after the impact.34Scientists have linked the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous with a meteorite impact on Earth.35Running water was the only source of power that was suitable for the continuous operation of machines, but to make use of it factories had to be located where the water was, regardless of whether such locations made sense otherwise.36At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community.37The amount of prehistoric art created by right-handed artists indicates that left-handed people were in the minority.38A study of children in Hong Kong, however, found that the presence of celebrities in advertisements could negatively affect the children’s perceptions of a product if the children did not like the celebrity in question.39He refused to comment on the outcome of the election.40Unchanging physical laws have limited the size and strength of buildings that can be made with materials discovered long ago.41He went/entered into partnership with his brother.42Others, however, have adopted the philosophy that it is best to use the water while it is still economically profitable to do so and to concentrate on high-value crops such as cotton.43The proportion of empty space in a rock is known as its porosity.44In 1815 he published the first modern geological map, “A Map of the Strata of England and Wales with a Part of Scot land”, a map so meticulously researched that it can still be used today.45The reaction of farmers to the inevitable depletion of the Ogallala varies.46Where can I register for the Arabic course?47This economic reliance on livestock in certain regions makes large tracts of land susceptible to overgrazing.48Once the soil has been removed by erosion, only the passage of centuries or millennia will enable new soil to form.49In the face of the upcoming water supply crisis, a number of grandiose schemes have been developed to transport vast quantities of water by canal or pipeline from the Mississippi, the Missouri, or the Arkansas rivers.50Will zoologists ever know the evolutionary sequences in the Cambrian explosion?51Since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period.52This technological shift cause profound changes in the complexity of African societies. 53The regulations specify that you may use a dictionary in the examination.54Although initially appealing, the hypothesis of a simple climatic change related to sea levels is insufficient to explain all the data.55And as the new markets created fortunes for the few, the factory system lowered the wages of workers by dividing labor into smaller, less skilled tasks.56When this research resulted in the development of vastly improved sound techniques, film studios became convinced of the importance of converting to sound.57According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true about the technical problems of early sound films?58Today technology has progressed to the point where it is possible to invent new building materials to suit the type of structure desired.59We should question the validity of those figures.Soon it was realized that this principle of faunal (animal) succession was valid not only in England or France but virtually everywhere.60The total volume of water in the saturated sample must therefore be thought of as consisting of water that can, and water that cannot, drain away.ACADEMIC WORD LIST 4access debate internal prioradequate despite investigation professionalannual dimension job projectapparent domestic label promote approximate emerge mechanism regimeattitude error obvious resolutionattribute ethnic occupation retaincivil goal option seriescode granted output statistics commitment hence overall status communication hypothesis parallel stress concentration implementation parameter subsequent conference implication phase sumcontrast impose predict summary2The difficulty of finding adequate sources of oil on land has resulted in a greater number of offshore drilling sites.3An annual rainfall of four inches is often used to define the limits of a desert.4In people, however, whose brains are more complex, other brain structures apparently moderate possible instincts.5The deserts, which already occupy approximately a fourth of the Earth's land surface, have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace.6Whigs and Democrats held different attitudes toward the changes brought about by the market, banks, and commerce.7One explanation attributes the color of green icebergs to an optical illusion under special light conditions, but green icebergs appear distinct from other icebergs under a great variety of light conditions.8I intend to sue him in civil court.9Callers dialing the wrong area code will not get through. zip code= post code10We're looking for someone with a real sense of commitment to the job.11The camel transformed the desert from a barrier into a still difficult, but more accessible,。
托福雅思高频学术词汇
托福雅思高频学术词汇以下是托福雅思高频学术词汇：1. hypothesis 假设2. thesis 论点3. methodology 方法学4. analysis 分析5. conclusion 结论6. data 数据7. experiment 实验8. research 研究9. study 研究10. survey 调查11. theory 理论12. phenomenon 现象13. variable 变量14. sample 样本15. correlation 相关性16. observation 观察17. interpretation 解释18. literature 文献19. peer review 同行评审20. academic 学术的21. methodology 方法22. analysis 分析23. hypothesis 假设24. theory 理论25. research 研究26. experiment 实验27. data 数据28. sample 样本29. observation 观察30. result 结果31. conclusion 结论32. argument 论点33. subject 主题34. statistic 统计量35. significance 重要性36. correlation 相关性37. methodology 方法论38. validity 有效性39. reliability 可靠性40. replication 复制41. literature review 文献综述42. citation 引用43. publication 出版物44. academic journal 学术期刊45. peer-reviewed 同行评审的46. empirical 基于经验的47. quantitative 定量的48. qualitative 定性的49. analysis 方法分析50. methodology 方法论希望对你有帮助！。
AWL英语学术词汇表(1)
《英语常用学术词汇表》《英语学术词汇表》(The Academic Word List, AWL)是一个由Victoria University of Well ington, New Zealand 的一些应用语言学家统计出来的词汇表，它包含了学术英语(English for Ac ademic Purpose)中最常用的570个词目(headwords)。
《英语学术词汇表》分10个sublists (小类)，除了第10小类包含30个词目外，其他小类均含有60个词目。
Sublist 1（第1类）包含的词汇最常用，sublist 2（第2类）中的词汇使用频率稍低，其他的sublist3 依次类推。
Sublist 1 of the Academic Word Listanalyseanalysedanalyseranalysersanalysesanalysinganalysisanalystanalystsanalyticanalyticalanalyticallyanalyzeanalyzedanalyzesanalyzing approachapproachableapproachedapproachesapproachingunapproachable areaareasassessassessableassessedassessesassessing economyeconomiceconomicaleconomicallyeconomicseconomieseconomisteconomistsuneconomicalenvironmentenvironmentalenvironmentalistenvironmentalistsenvironmentallyenvironmentsestablishdisestablishdisestablisheddisestablishesdisestablishingdisestablishmentestablishedestablishesestablishingestablishmentestablishmentsestimateestimatedestimateslegislatelegislatedlegislateslegislatinglegislationlegislativelegislatorlegislatorslegislaturemajormajoritiesmajoritymethodmethodicalmethodologicalmethodologiesmethodologymethodsoccuroccurredoccurrenceoccurrencesoccurringoccursreoccurreoccurredreoccurringreoccurspercentassessmentassessmentsreassessreassessedreassessingreassessmentunassessed assumeassumedassumesassumingassumptionassumptions authorityauthoritativeauthorities availableavailabilityunavailable benefitbeneficialbeneficiarybeneficiariesbenefitedbenefitingbenefitsconceptconceptionconceptsconceptualconceptualisationconceptualiseconceptualisedconceptualisesconceptualisingconceptually consistconsistedconsistencyconsistentconsistentlyconsistingconsistsinconsistenciesestimatingestimationestimationsover-estimateoverestimateoverestimatedoverestimatesoverestimatingunderestimateunderestimatedunderestimatesunderestimatingevidentevidencedevidenceevidentialevidentlyexportexportedexporterexportersexportingexportsfactorfactoredfactoringfactorsfinancefinancedfinancesfinancialfinanciallyfinancierfinanciersfinancingformulaformulaeformulasformulateformulatedformulatingformulationformulationsreformulatepercentagepercentagesperiodperiodicperiodicalperiodicallyperiodicalsperiodspolicypoliciesprincipleprincipledprinciplesunprincipledproceedproceduralprocedureproceduresproceededproceedingproceedingsproceedsprocessprocessedprocessesprocessingrequirerequiredrequirementrequirementsrequiresrequiringresearchresearchedresearcherresearchersresearchesresearchingrespondrespondedrespondentrespondentsrespondingrespondsinconsistencyinconsistent constituteconstituenciesconstituencyconstituentconstituentsconstitutedconstitutesconstitutingconstitutionconstitutionsconstitutionalconstitutionallyconstitutiveunconstitutional contextcontextscontextualcontextualisecontextualisedcontextualisinguncontextualisedcontextualizecontextualizedcontextualizinguncontextualized contractcontractedcontractingcontractorcontractorscontractscreatecreatedcreatescreatingcreationcreationscreativecreativelycreativitycreatorcreatorsreformulatedreformulatingreformulationreformulationsfunctionfunctionalfunctionallyfunctionedfunctioningfunctionsidentifyidentifiableidentificationidentifiedidentifiesidentifyingidentitiesidentityunidentifiableincomeincomesindicateindicatedindicatesindicatingindicationindicationsindicativeindicatorindicatorsindividualindividualisedindividualityindividualismindividualistindividualistsindividualisticindividuallyindividualsinterpretinterpretationinterpretationsinterpretativeinterpretedresponseresponsesresponsiveresponsivenessunresponsiverolerolessectionsectionedsectioningsectionssectorsectorssignificantinsignificantinsignificantlysignificancesignificantlysignifiedsignifiessignifysignifyingsimilardissimilarsimilaritiessimilaritysimilarlysourcesourcedsourcessourcingspecificspecificallyspecificationspecificationsspecificityspecificsstructurerestructurerestructuredrestructuresrestructuringstructuralstructurallyrecreaterecreatedrecreatesrecreating datadefinedefinabledefineddefinesdefiningdefinitiondefinitionsredefineredefinedredefinesredefiningundefined derivederivationderivationsderivativederivativesderivedderivesderiving distributedistributeddistributingdistributiondistributionaldistributionsdistributivedistributordistributorsredistributeredistributedredistributesredistributingredistributioninterpretinginterpretiveinterpretsmisinterpretmisinterpretationmisinterpretationsmisinterpretedmisinterpretingmisinterpretsreinterpretreinterpretedreinterpretsreinterpretingreinterpretationreinterpretationsinvolveinvolvedinvolvementinvolvesinvolvinguninvolvedissueissuedissuesissuinglabourlaborlaboredlaborslabouredlabouringlabourslegalillegalillegalityillegallylegalitylegallystructuredstructuresstructuringunstructuredtheorytheoreticaltheoreticallytheoriestheoristtheoristsvaryinvariableinvariablyvariabilityvariablevariablesvariablyvariancevariantvariantsvariationvariationsvariedvariesvaryingSublist 2 of the Academic Word Listachieveachievableachievedachievementachievementsachievesachieving acquireacquiredacquiresacquiringacquisitionacquisitions administrateadministratesadministrationadministrationsadministrativeadministrativelyadministratoradministrators affectaffectedaffectingaffectiveaffectivelyaffectsunaffected appropriateappropriacyappropriatelyappropriatenessinappropriacyinappropriateinappropriately aspectaspectsassistassistanceassistantassistantsassistedassistingassists distinctdistinctiondistinctionsdistinctivedistinctivelydistinctlyindistinctindistinctlyelementelementsequateequatedequatesequatingequationequationsevaluateevaluatedevaluatesevaluatingevaluationevaluationsevaluativere-evaluatere-evaluatedre-evaluatesre-evaluatingre-evaluationfeaturefeaturedfeaturesfeaturingfinalfinalisefinalisedfinalisesfinalisingfinalizefinalizedfinalizesfinalizingfinalityfinallyfinalsparticipateparticipantparticipantsparticipatedparticipatesparticipatingparticipationparticipatoryperceiveperceivedperceivesperceivingperceptionperceptionspositivepositivelypotentialpotentiallypreviouspreviouslyprimaryprimarilypurchasepurchasedpurchaserpurchaserspurchasespurchasingrangerangedrangesrangingregionregionalregionallyregionsregulatederegulatedderegulatesderegulatingderegulationregulatedregulatesregulatingunassisted categorycategoriescategorisationcategorisecategorisedcategorisescategorisingcategorizationcategorizedcategorizescategorizing chapterchapters commissioncommissionedcommissionercommissionerscommissioningcommissions communitycommunities complexcomplexitiescomplexity computecomputationcomputationalcomputationscomputablecomputercomputedcomputerisedcomputerscomputing concludeconcludedconcludesconcludingconclusionconclusionsconclusiveconclusivelyinconclusive focusfocusedfocusesfocusingfocussedfocussingrefocusrefocusedrefocusesrefocusingrefocussedrefocussesrefocussingimpactimpactedimpactingimpactsinjureinjuredinjuresinjuriesinjuringinjuryuninjuredinstituteinstitutedinstitutesinstitutinginstitutioninstitutionalinstitutionaliseinstitutionalisedinstitutionalisesinstitutionalisinginstitutionalizedinstitutionalizesinstitutionalizinginstitutionallyinstitutionsinvestinvestedinvestinginvestmentinvestmentsregulationregulationsregulatorregulatorsregulatoryunregulatedrelevantirrelevanceirrelevantrelevanceresideresidedresidenceresidentresidentialresidentsresidesresidingresourceresourcedresourcefulresourcesresourcingunresourcefulunder-resourcedrestrictrestrictedrestrictingrestrictionrestrictionsrestrictiverestrictivelyrestrictsunrestrictedunrestrictivesecureinsecureinsecuritiesinsecuritysecuredsecurelysecuressecuringsecuritiesinconclusively conductconductedconductingconducts consequentconsequenceconsequencesconsequently constructconstructedconstructingconstructionconstructionsconstructiveconstructsreconstructreconstructedreconstructingreconstructionreconstructs consumeconsumedconsumerconsumersconsumesconsumingconsumption creditcreditedcreditingcreditorcreditorscreditscultureculturalculturallyculturedculturesuncultured designdesigneddesignerdesignersinvestorinvestorsinvestsreinvestreinvestedreinvestingreinvestmentreinvestsitemitemisationitemiseitemiseditemisesitemisingitemsjournaljournalsmaintainmaintainedmaintainingmaintainsmaintenancenormalabnormalabnormallynormalisationnormalisenormalisednormalisesnormalisingnormalizationnormalizenormalizednormalizesnormalizingnormalitynormallyobtainobtainableobtainedobtainingobtainsunobtainablesecurityseekseekingseekssoughtselectselectedselectingselectionselectionsselectiveselectivelyselectorselectorsselectssitesitesstrategystrategicstrategiesstrategicallystrategiststrategistssurveysurveyedsurveyingsurveystexttextstextualtraditionnon-traditionaltraditionaltraditionalisttraditionallytraditionstransfertransferabletransferencetransferredtransferringtransfersdesigningdesignsSublist 3 of the Academic Word Listalternativealternativelyalternatives circumstancecircumstances commentcommentariescommentarycommentatorcommentatorscommentedcommentingcomments compensatecompensatedcompensatescompensatingcompensationcompensationscompensatory componentcomponentrycomponents consentconsensusconsentedconsentingconsents considerableconsiderably constantconstancyconstantlyconstantsinconstancyinconstantly constrainconstrained emphasisemphasiseemphasisedemphasisingemphasizeemphasizedemphasizesemphasizingemphaticemphaticallyensureensuredensuresensuringexcludeexcludedexcludesexcludingexclusionexclusionaryexclusionistexclusionsexclusiveexclusivelyframeworkframeworksfundfundedfunderfundersfundingfundsillustrateillustratedillustratesillustratingillustrationillustrationsphilosophyphilosopherphilosophersphilosophicalphilosophicallyphilosophiesphilosophisephilosophisedphilosophisesphilosophisingphilosophizephilosophizedphilosophizesphilosophizingphysicalphysicallyproportiondisproportiondisproportionatedisproportionatelyproportionalproportionallyproportionateproportionatelyproportionspublishpublishedpublisherpublisherspublishespublishingunpublishedreactreactedreactsreactingreactionreactionariesconstrainingconstrainsconstraintconstraintsunconstrained contributecontributedcontributescontributingcontributioncontributionscontributorcontributors conveneconventionconvenesconvenedconveningconventionalconventionallyconventionsunconventional coordinatecoordinatedcoordinatescoordinatingcoordinationcoordinatorcoordinatorsco-ordinateco-ordinatedco-ordinatesco-ordinatingco-ordinationco-ordinatorco-ordinators corecorescoringcored corporatecorporatescorporationcorporationsillustrativeimmigrateimmigrantimmigrantsimmigratedimmigratesimmigratingimmigrationimplyimpliedimpliesimplyinginitialinitiallyinstanceinstancesinteractinteractedinteractinginteractioninteractionsinteractiveinteractivelyinteractsjustifyjustifiablejustifiablyjustificationjustificationsjustifiedjustifiesjustifyingunjustifiedlayerlayeredlayeringlayerslinklinkagelinkageslinkedlinkinglinkslocatereactionaryreactionsreactivereactivatereactivationreactorreactorsregisterderegisterderegisteredderegisteringderegistersderegistrationregisteredregisteringregistersregistrationrelyreliabilityreliablereliablyreliancereliantreliedreliesrelyingunreliableremoveremovableremovalremovalsremovedremovesremovingschemeschematicschematicallyschemedschemesschemingsequencesequencedsequencessequencingcorrespondcorrespondedcorrespondencecorrespondingcorrespondinglycorresponds criteriacriterion deducededuceddeducesdeducingdeductiondeductions demonstratedemonstrabledemonstrablydemonstrateddemonstratesdemonstratingdemonstrationdemonstrationsdemonstrativedemonstrativelydemonstratordemonstrators documentdocumentationdocumenteddocumentingdocuments dominatedominancedominantdominateddominatesdominatingdominationlocatedlocatinglocationlocationsrelocaterelocatedrelocatesrelocatingrelocationmaximisemaxmaximisedmaximisesmaximisingmaximisationmaximizemaximizedmaximizesmaximizingmaximizationmaximumminorminoritiesminorityminorsnegatenegativenegatednegatesnegatingnegativelynegativesoutcomeoutcomespartnerpartnerspartnershippartnershipssequentialsequentiallysexsexessexismsexualsexualitysexuallyshiftshiftedshiftingshiftsspecifyspecifiablespecifiedspecifiesspecifyingunspecifiedsufficientsufficiencyinsufficientinsufficientlysufficientlytasktaskstechnicaltechnicallytechniquetechniquestechnologytechnologicaltechnologicallyvalidinvalidateinvalidityvalidatevalidatedvalidatingvalidationvalidityvalidlyvolumevolumesvolSublist 4 of the Academic Word Listaccessaccessedaccessesaccessibilityaccessibleaccessinginaccessible adequateadequacyadequatelyinadequaciesinadequacyinadequateinadequately annualannually apparentapparently approximateapproximatedapproximatelyapproximatesapproximatingapproximationapproximations attitudeattitudes attributeattributableattributedattributesattributingattributioncivilcodecodedcodescoding commitcommitmentcommitments errorerroneouserroneouslyerrorsethnicethnicitygoalgoalsgrantgrantedgrantinggrantshencehypothesishypotheseshypothesisehypothesisedhypothesiseshypothesisinghypothesizehypothesizedhypothesizeshypothesizinghypotheticalhypotheticallyimplementimplementationimplementedimplementingimplementsimplicateimplicatedimplicatesimplicatingimplicationimplicationsimposeimposedimposesimposingimpositionparallelparalleledparallelledparallellingparallelsunparalleledparameterparametersphasephasedphasesphasingpredictpredictabilitypredictablepredictablypredictedpredictingpredictionpredictionspredictsunpredictabilityunpredictableprincipalprincipallypriorprofessionalprofessionallyprofessionalsprofessionalismprojectprojectedprojectingprojectionprojectionsprojectspromotepromotedpromoterpromoterspromotescommitscommittedcommitting communicatecommunicablecommunicatedcommunicatescommunicatingcommunicationcommunicationscommunicativecommunicativelyuncommunicative concentrateconcentratedconcentratesconcentratingconcentration conferconferenceconferencesconferredconferringconferscontrastcontrastedcontrastingcontrastivecontrastscyclecycledcyclescycliccyclicalcyclingdebatedebatabledebateddebatesdebatingdespitedimensiondimensionaldimensions integrateintegratedintegratesintegratingintegrationinternalinternaliseinternalisedinternalisesinternalisinginternalizeinternalizedinternalizesinternalizinginternallyinvestigateinvestigatedinvestigatesinvestigatinginvestigationinvestigationsinvestigativeinvestigatorinvestigatorsjobjobslabellabeledlabelinglabelledlabellinglabelsmechanismmechanismsobviousobviouslyoccupyoccupancyoccupantoccupantsoccupationoccupationaloccupationsoccupiedpromotingpromotionpromotionsregimeregimesresolveresolutionresolvedresolvesresolvingunresolvedretainretainedretainingretainerretainersretainsretentionretentiveseriesstatisticstatisticianstatisticiansstatisticalstatisticallystatisticsstatusstressstressedstressesstressfulstressingunstressedsubsequentsubsequentlysumsummationsummedsummingsumssummarysummariessummarisesummarisedmultidimensional domesticdomesticallydomesticatedomesticateddomesticatingdomestics emergeemergedemergenceemergentemergesemergingoccupieroccupiersoccupiesoccupyingoptionoptionaloptionsoutputoutputsoverallsummarisessummarisingsummarisationsummarisationssummarizationsummarizationssummarizesummarizedsummarizessummarizingundertakeundertakenundertakesundertakingundertookSublist 5 of the Academic Word Listacademyacademiaacademicacademicallyacademicsacademies adjustadjustedadjustingadjustmentadjustmentsadjustsreadjustreadjustedreadjustingreadjustmentreadjustmentsreadjusts alteralterablealterationalterationsalteredalteringalternate expandexpandedexpandingexpandsexpansionexpansionismexpansiveexposeexposedexposesexposingexposureexposuresexternalexternalisationexternaliseexternalisedexternalisesexternalisingexternalityexternalizationexternalizeexternalizedexternalizesexternalizingorientorientateorientatedorientatesorientationorientatingorientedorientingorientsreorientreorientationperspectiveperspectivespreciseimprecisepreciselyprecisionprimeprimacypsychologypsychologicalpsychologicallypsychologistpsychologistspursuealternatingaltersunalterableunaltered amendamendedamendingamendmentamendmentsamends awareawarenessunaware capacitycapacitiesincapacitateincapacitated challengechallengedchallengerchallengerschallengeschallenging clauseclauses compoundcompoundedcompoundingcompounds conflictconflictedconflictingconflicts consultconsultancyconsultantconsultantsconsultationconsultationsconsultativeconsultedconsultsconsulting contactexternallyfacilitatefacilitatedfacilitatesfacilitiesfacilitatingfacilitationfacilitatorfacilitatorsfacilityfundamentalfundamentallygenerategeneratedgeneratesgeneratinggenerationgenerationsimageimageryimagesliberalliberaliseliberalismliberalisationliberalisedliberalisesliberalisingliberalizationliberalizeliberalizedliberalizesliberalizingliberateliberatedliberatesliberationliberationsliberatingliberatorliberatorsliberallyliberalslicencepursuedpursuespursuingpursuitpursuitsratioratiosrejectrejectedrejectingrejectionrejectsrejectionsrevenuerevenuesstableinstabilitystabilisationstabilisestabilisedstabilisesstabilisingstabilizationstabilizestabilizedstabilizesstabilizingstabilityunstablestylestyledstylesstylingstylishstylisestylisedstylisesstylisingstylizestylizedstylizesstylizingsubstitutesubstitutedcontactablecontactedcontactingcontacts declinedeclineddeclinesdeclining discretediscretelydiscretiondiscretionaryindiscreteindiscretion draftdrafteddraftingdraftsredraftredraftedredraftingredrafts enableenabledenablesenabling energyenergeticenergeticallyenergies enforceenforcedenforcementenforcesenforcing entityentities equivalentequivalence evolveevolutionevolvedevolvingevolveslicenceslicenselicensedlicensinglicensesunlicensedlogicillogicalillogicallylogicallogicallylogicianlogiciansmarginmarginalmarginallymarginsmedicalmedicallymentalmentalitymentallymodifymodificationmodificationsmodifiedmodifiesmodifyingunmodifiedmonitormonitoredmonitoringmonitorsunmonitorednetworknetworkednetworkingnetworksnotionnotionsobjectiveobjectivelyobjectivitysubstitutessubstitutingsubstitutionsustainsustainablesustainabilitysustainedsustainingsustainssustenanceunsustainablesymbolsymbolicsymbolicallysymbolisesymbolisessymbolisedsymbolisingsymbolismsymbolizesymbolizedsymbolizessymbolizingsymbolstargettargetedtargetingtargetstransittransitedtransitingtransitiontransitionaltransitionstransitorytransitstrendtrendsversionversionswelfarewheevolutionaryevolutionistevolutionistsSublist 6 of the Academic Word Listabstractabstractionabstractionsabstractlyabstracts accurateaccuracyaccuratelyinaccuracyinaccuraciesinaccurate acknowledgeacknowledgedacknowledgesacknowledgingacknowledgementacknowledgements aggregateaggregatedaggregatesaggregatingaggregation allocateallocatedallocatesallocatingallocationallocationsassignassignedassigningassignmentassignmentsassignsreassignreassignedreassigning enhanceenhancedenhancementenhancesenhancingestateestatesexceedexceededexceedingexceedsexpertexpertiseexpertlyexpertsexplicitexplicitlyfederalfederationfederationsfeefeesflexibleflexibilityinflexibleinflexibilityfurthermoregendergendersignorantignoranceignoreignoredignoresignoringincentiveincentivesneutralneutralisationneutraliseneutralisedneutralisesneutralisingneutralityneutralizationneutralizeneutralizedneutralizesneutralizingneverthelessoverseasprecedeprecededprecedenceprecedentprecedesprecedingunprecedentedpresumepresumablypresumedpresumespresumingpresumptionpresumptionspresumptuousrationalirrationalrationalisationrationalisationsrationaliserationalisedrationalisesrationalisingreassignsunassigned attachattachedattachesattachingattachmentattachmentsunattached authorauthoredauthoringauthorsauthorship bondbondedbondingbondsbriefbrevitybriefedbriefingbrieflybriefs capablecapabilitiescapabilityincapable citecitationcitationscitedcitingcites cooperatecooperatedcooperatescooperatingcooperationcooperativecooperativelyco-operateco-operatedco-operates incidenceincidentincidentallyincidentsincorporateincorporatedincorporatesincorporatingincorporationindexindexedindexesindexinginhibitinhibitedinhibitinginhibitioninhibitionsinhibitsinitiateinitiatedinitiatesinitiatinginitiationinitiationsinitiativeinitiativesinitiatorinitiatorsinputinputsinstructinstructioninstructedinstructinginstructionsinstructiveinstructorinstructorsinstructsintelligentintelligenceintelligentlyunintelligentrationalismrationalityrationalizationrationalizationsrationalizerationalizedrationalizesrationallyrecoverrecoverablerecoveredrecoveringrecoversrecoveryrevealrevealedrevealingrevealsrevelationrevelationsscopesubsidysubsidiarysubsidiessubsidisesubsidisedsubsidisessubsidisingsubsidizesubsidizedsubsidizessubsidizingtapetapedtapestapingtracetraceabletracedtracestracingtransformtransformationtransformations。
AWL英语学术词汇表
《英语常用学术词汇表》《英语学术词汇表》(The Academic Word List, AWL)是一个由Victoria University of Wel lington, New Zealand 的一些应用语言学家统计出来的词汇表，它包含了学术英语(English for Academic Purpose)中最常用的570个词目(headwords)。
《英语学术词汇表》分10个sublists (小类)，除了第10小类包含30个词目外，其他小类均含有60个词目。
Sublist 1（第1类）包含的词汇最常用，sublist 2（第2类）中的词汇使用频率稍低，其他的sublist3 依次类推。
Sublist 1 of the Academic Word Listanalyseanalysedanalyseranalysersanalysesanalysinganalysisanalystanalystsanalyticanalyticalanalyticallyanalyzeanalyzedanalyzesanalyzing approachapproachableapproachedapproachesapproachingunapproachable areaareasassessassessableassessedassessesassessing economyeconomiceconomicaleconomicallyeconomicseconomieseconomisteconomistsuneconomical environmentenvironmentalenvironmentalistenvironmentalistsenvironmentallyenvironmentsestablishdisestablishdisestablisheddisestablishesdisestablishingdisestablishmentestablishedestablishesestablishingestablishmentestablishments estimateestimatedestimateslegismajormethooccurperceassessmentassessmentsreassessreassessedreassessingreassessmentunassessedassumeassumedassumesassumingassumptionassumptions authorityauthoritativeauthorities availableavailabilityunavailablebenefitbeneficialbeneficiarybeneficiariesbenefitedbenefitingbenefitsconceptconceptionconceptsconceptualconceptualisationconceptualiseconceptualisedconceptualisesconceptualisingconceptually consistconsistedconsistencyconsistentconsistentlyconsistingconsistsinconsistencies estimatingestimationestimationsover-estimate overestimateoverestimated overestimates overestimating underestimate underestimated underestimates underestimatingevidentevidencedevidenceevidentialevidently exportexportedexporterexportersexportingexportsfactorfactoredfactoringfactorsfinancefinancedfinancesfinancialfinanciallyfinancierfinanciersfinancing formulaformulaeformulasformulateformulatedformulatingformulationformulationsreformulate periopolic princproceproce requi resea respoinconsistencyinconsistent constituteconstituenciesconstituencyconstituentconstituentsconstitutedconstitutesconstitutingconstitutionconstitutionsconstitutionalconstitutionallyconstitutiveunconstitutional contextcontextscontextualcontextualisecontextualisedcontextualisinguncontextualisedcontextualizecontextualizedcontextualizinguncontextualized contractcontractedcontractingcontractorcontractorscontractscreatecreatedcreatescreatingcreationcreationscreativecreativelycreativitycreatorcreators reformulated reformulating reformulation reformulationsfunctionfunctionalfunctionallyfunctionedfunctioningfunctionsidentifyidentifiableidentificationidentifiedidentifiesidentifyingidentitiesidentityunidentifiable incomeincomesindicateindicatedindicatesindicatingindicationindicationsindicativeindicatorindicators individualindividualisedindividualityindividualismindividualistindividualistsindividualisticindividuallyindividuals interpretinterpretationinterpretationsinterpretativeinterpreted role sectisecto signisimil sourc speci strucrecreaterecreatedrecreatesrecreatingdatadefinedefinabledefineddefinesdefiningdefinitiondefinitionsredefineredefinedredefinesredefiningundefined derivederivationderivationsderivativederivativesderivedderivesderiving distributedistributeddistributingdistributiondistributionaldistributionsdistributivedistributordistributorsredistributeredistributedredistributesredistributingredistributioninterpretinginterpretiveinterpretsmisinterpretmisinterpretationmisinterpretationsmisinterpretedmisinterpretingmisinterpretsreinterpretreinterpretedreinterpretsreinterpretingreinterpretationreinterpretations involveinvolvedinvolvementinvolvesinvolvinguninvolvedissueissuedissuesissuinglabourlaborlaboredlaborslabouredlabouringlabourslegalillegalillegalityillegallylegalitylegallytheorvarySublist 2 of the Academic Word Listachieve achievable achieved achievement achievements achievesachievingacquire acquiredacquires acquiringacquisitionacquisitions administrate administratesadministration administrationsadministrative administratively administratoradministrators affect affected affecting affective affectively affectsunaffected appropriate appropriacy appropriately appropriateness inappropriacy inappropriateinappropriately aspectaspects assistassistance assistant assistants assisted assistingassists distinctdistinction distinctions distinctive distinctively distinctly indistinct indistinctlyelementelements equate equatedequatesequating equationequations evaluate evaluated evaluates evaluatingevaluationevaluations evaluative re-evaluate re-evaluated re-evaluates re-evaluatingre-evaluationfeaturefeatured features featuring final finalisefinalisedfinalisesfinalisingfinalize finalized finalizes finalizing finality finallyfinalspartipercepositpotenpreviprimapurchrangeregioregulunassisted categorycategoriescategorisationcategorisecategorisedcategorisescategorisingcategorizationcategorizedcategorizescategorizing chapterchapters commissioncommissionedcommissionercommissionerscommissioningcommissions communitycommunities complexcomplexitiescomplexity computecomputationcomputationalcomputationscomputablecomputercomputedcomputerisedcomputerscomputing concludeconcludedconcludesconcludingconclusionconclusionsconclusiveconclusivelyinconclusive focusfocusedfocusesfocusingfocussedfocussingrefocusrefocusedrefocusesrefocusingrefocussedrefocussesrefocussingimpactimpactedimpactingimpactsinjureinjuredinjuresinjuriesinjuringinjuryuninjuredinstituteinstitutedinstitutesinstitutinginstitutioninstitutionalinstitutionaliseinstitutionalisedinstitutionalisesinstitutionalisinginstitutionalizedinstitutionalizesinstitutionalizinginstitutionallyinstitutionsinvestinvestedinvestinginvestmentinvestmentsrelevresidresourestrsecurinconclusively conductconductedconductingconducts consequentconsequenceconsequencesconsequently constructconstructedconstructingconstructionconstructionsconstructiveconstructsreconstructreconstructedreconstructingreconstructionreconstructs consumeconsumedconsumerconsumersconsumesconsumingconsumption creditcreditedcreditingcreditorcreditorscreditscultureculturalculturallyculturedculturesuncultured designdesigneddesignerdesignersinvestorinvestorsinvestsreinvestreinvestedreinvestingreinvestmentreinvestsitemitemisationitemiseitemiseditemisesitemisingitemsjournaljournalsmaintainmaintainedmaintainingmaintainsmaintenancenormalabnormalabnormallynormalisationnormalisenormalisednormalisesnormalisingnormalizationnormalizenormalizednormalizesnormalizingnormalitynormallyobtainobtainableobtainedobtainingobtainsunobtainableseekselecsitestratsurvetexttraditransdesigningdesignsSublist 3 of the Academic Word Listalternativealternativelyalternatives circumstancecircumstances commentcommentariescommentarycommentatorcommentatorscommentedcommentingcomments compensatecompensatedcompensatescompensatingcompensationcompensationscompensatory componentcomponentrycomponents consentconsensusconsentedconsentingconsents considerableconsiderably constantconstancyconstantlyconstantsinconstancyinconstantly constrainconstrained emphasisemphasiseemphasisedemphasisingemphasizeemphasizedemphasizesemphasizingemphaticemphatically ensureensuredensuresensuring excludeexcludedexcludesexcludingexclusionexclusionaryexclusionistexclusionsexclusiveexclusively frameworkframeworks fundfundedfunderfundersfundingfundsillustrateillustratedillustratesillustratingillustrationillustrationsconstrainingconstrainsconstraintconstraintsunconstrained contributecontributedcontributescontributingcontributioncontributionscontributorcontributors conveneconventionconvenesconvenedconveningconventionalconventionallyconventionsunconventional coordinatecoordinatedcoordinatescoordinatingcoordinationcoordinatorcoordinatorsco-ordinateco-ordinatedco-ordinatesco-ordinatingco-ordinationco-ordinatorco-ordinators corecorescoringcored corporatecorporatescorporationcorporationsillustrative immigrateimmigrantimmigrantsimmigratedimmigratesimmigratingimmigration implyimpliedimpliesimplying initialinitially instanceinstances interactinteractedinteractinginteractioninteractionsinteractiveinteractivelyinteracts justifyjustifiablejustifiablyjustificationjustificationsjustifiedjustifiesjustifyingunjustified layerlayeredlayeringlayerslinklinkagelinkageslinkedlinkinglinkslocatecorrespondcorrespondedcorrespondencecorrespondingcorrespondinglycorresponds criteriacriterion deducededuceddeducesdeducingdeductiondeductions demonstratedemonstrabledemonstrablydemonstrateddemonstratesdemonstratingdemonstrationdemonstrationsdemonstrativedemonstrativelydemonstratordemonstrators documentdocumentationdocumenteddocumentingdocuments dominatedominancedominantdominateddominatesdominatingdominationlocatedlocatinglocationlocationsrelocaterelocatedrelocatesrelocatingrelocation maximisemaxmaximisedmaximisesmaximisingmaximisationmaximizemaximizedmaximizesmaximizingmaximizationmaximumminorminoritiesminorityminors negatenegativenegatednegatesnegatingnegativelynegatives outcomeoutcomes partnerpartnerspartnershippartnershipsSublist 4 of the Academic Word Listaccessaccessedaccessesaccessibilityaccessibleaccessinginaccessible adequateadequacyadequatelyinadequaciesinadequacyinadequateinadequately annualannually apparentapparently approximateapproximatedapproximatelyapproximatesapproximatingapproximationapproximations attitudeattitudes attributeattributableattributedattributesattributingattribution civilcodecodedcodescodingcommitcommitmentcommitments errorerroneouserroneouslyerrorsethnicethnicitygoalgoalsgrantgrantedgrantinggrantshencehypothesishypotheseshypothesisehypothesisedhypothesiseshypothesisinghypothesizehypothesizedhypothesizeshypothesizinghypotheticalhypothetically implementimplementationimplementedimplementingimplementsimplicateimplicatedimplicatesimplicatingimplicationimplicationsimposeimposedimposesimposingimpositionparallelparameterphasepredictprincipalpriorprofessioprojectpromotecommits committed committing communicate communicable communicated communicates communicatingcommunication communications communicative communicativelyuncommunicative concentrate concentrated concentratesconcentrating concentration conferconference conferences conferred conferring confers contrast contrasted contrasting contrastive contrasts cycle cycled cycles cyclic cyclical cycling debate debatable debated debatesdebating despite dimensiondimensionaldimensions integrate integrated integrates integrating integration internal internalise internalised internalises internalising internalize internalized internalizes internalizing internally investigate investigated investigates investigating investigation investigations investigative investigator investigators job jobs label labeled labeling labelled labelling labels mechanism mechanisms obvious obviously occupy occupancy occupant occupants occupation occupational occupations occupied regimeresolve retainseries statisticstatus stresssubsequensumsummarymultidimensional domestic domestically domesticate domesticated domesticating domestics emerge emerged emergence emergent emerges emergingoccupieroccupiers occupies occupyingoption optionaloptions outputoutputsoverall undertakeSublist 5 of the Academic Word Listacademy academia academic academically academics academies adjust adjusted adjusting adjustment adjustments adjusts readjust readjusted readjusting readjustment readjustments readjusts alter alterable alteration alterations altered alteringalternate expandexpanded expandingexpands expansionexpansionismexpansive expose exposed exposes exposing exposure exposures external externalisation externalise externalisedexternalisesexternalising externality externalization externalize externalized externalizesexternalizingalternatingaltersunalterableunaltered amendamendedamendingamendmentamendmentsamendsawareawarenessunaware capacitycapacitiesincapacitateincapacitated challengechallengedchallengerchallengerschallengeschallenging clauseclauses compoundcompoundedcompoundingcompounds conflictconflictedconflictingconflicts consultconsultancyconsultantconsultantsconsultationconsultationsconsultativeconsultedconsultsconsulting contact externallyfacilitatefacilitatedfacilitatesfacilitiesfacilitatingfacilitationfacilitatorfacilitatorsfacility fundamentalfundamentally generategeneratedgeneratesgenerating generationgenerations imageimageryimagesliberalliberaliseliberalismliberalisationliberalisedliberalisesliberalisingliberalizationliberalizeliberalizedliberalizesliberalizingliberateliberatedliberatesliberationliberationsliberatingliberatorliberatorsliberallyliberals licencecontactablecontactedcontactingcontacts declinedeclineddeclinesdeclining discretediscretelydiscretiondiscretionaryindiscreteindiscretion draftdrafteddraftingdraftsredraftredraftedredraftingredrafts enableenabledenablesenabling energyenergeticenergeticallyenergies enforceenforcedenforcementenforcesenforcing entityentities equivalentequivalence evolveevolutionevolvedevolvingevolves licences licenselicensed licensing licenses unlicensedlogicillogicalillogicallylogicallogicallylogicianlogicians marginmarginalmarginallymargins medicalmedically mentalmentalitymentally modifymodificationmodificationsmodifiedmodifiesmodifyingunmodified monitormonitoredmonitoringmonitorsunmonitored networknetworkednetworkingnetworks notionnotions objectiveobjectivelyobjectivityevolutionary evolutionist evolutionistsSublist 6 of the Academic Word Listabstract abstraction abstractions abstractlyabstracts accurate accuracy accurately inaccuracy inaccuracies inaccurate acknowledge acknowledged acknowledges acknowledging acknowledgement acknowledgements aggregate aggregated aggregates aggregating aggregation allocate allocated allocates allocating allocation allocations assignassigned assigning assignment assignments assigns reassign reassignedreassigning enhanceenhanced enhancement enhancesenhancingestateestates exceed exceeded exceedingexceeds expertexpertise expertly expertsexplicitexplicitly federalfederation federations feefees flexibleflexibility inflexible inflexibility furthermore gendergenders ignorant ignorance ignore ignored ignoresignoringincentiveincentives neutralneverthe overseasprecedepresumerationalreassignsunassigned attachattachedattachesattachingattachmentattachmentsunattached authorauthoredauthoringauthorsauthorship bondbondedbondingbondsbriefbrevitybriefedbriefingbrieflybriefs capablecapabilitiescapabilityincapablecitecitationcitationscitedcitingcites cooperatecooperatedcooperatescooperatingcooperationcooperativecooperativelyco-operateco-operatedco-operates incidenceincidentincidentallyincidentsincorporateincorporatedincorporatesincorporatingincorporationindexindexedindexesindexinginhibitinhibitedinhibitinginhibitioninhibitionsinhibitsinitiateinitiatedinitiatesinitiatinginitiationinitiationsinitiativeinitiativesinitiatorinitiatorsinputinputsinstructinstructioninstructedinstructinginstructionsinstructiveinstructorinstructorsinstructsintelligentintelligenceintelligentlyunintelligentrecoverrevealscopesubsidytapetracetransforco-operation co-operative co-operatively discriminate discriminated discriminates discriminating discrimination displaydisplayed displaying displays diverse diversely diversification diversified diversifies diversify diversifying diversity domaindomains editedited editing edition editions editor editorial editorials editors edits interval intervals lecturelectured lecturer lecturers lectureslecturingmigratemigrant migrantsmigratedmigratesmigratingmigration migrations migratoryminimum ministryministeredministeringministerialministries motive motivate motivated motivates motivating motivation motivations motivesunmotivatedtransporunderlieutiliseSublist 7 of the Academic Word Listadapt adaptability adaptable adaptation adaptations adapted adaptingadaptiveequip equipment equipped equipping equipsextract extractedextractingprohibitpublicatadaptsadultadulthoodadults advocateadvocacyadvocatedadvocatesadvocatingaidaidedaidingaidsunaided channelchannelledchannellingchannels chemicalchemicallychemicals classicclassicalclassics comprehensivecomprehensively comprisecomprisedcomprisescomprising confirmconfirmationconfirmedconfirmingconfirms contrarycontrarily convertconversionconversionsconvertedconvertibleconvertingconvertsextractionextractsfilefiledfilesfilingfiniteinfiniteinfinitely foundationfoundationsglobeglobalgloballyglobalisationglobalizationgradegradedgradesgradingguaranteeguaranteedguaranteeingguaranteeshierarchyhierarchicalhierarchiesidenticalidenticallyideologyideologicalideologicallyideologiesinferinferenceinferencesinferredinferringinfersinnovateinnovationinnovatedinnovatesinnovatingquotereleasereversesimulatesolesomewhatsubmitsuccessosurvivecouplecoupledcouplingcouplesdecadedecadesdefinitedefinitelydefinitiveindefiniteindefinitely denydeniabledenialdenialsdenieddeniesdenyingundeniable differentiatedifferentiateddifferentiatesdifferentiatingdifferentiation disposedisposabledisposaldisposeddisposesdisposing dynamicdynamicallydynamics eliminateeliminatedeliminateseliminatingelimination empiricalempiricallyempiricisminnovationsinnovativeinnovatorinnovatorsinsertinsertedinsertinginsertioninsertsinterveneintervenedintervenesinterveninginterventioninterventionsisolateisolatedisolatesisolatingisolationisolationismmediamodemodesparadigmparadigms phenomenonphenomenaphenomenalpriorityprioritiesprioritisationprioritiseprioritisedprioritisesprioritisingprioritizationprioritizeprioritizedprioritizesprioritizingthesistopictransmitultimateuniquevisiblevoluntarSublist 8 of the Academic Word Listabandonabandonedabandoningabandonmentabandons accompanyaccompaniedaccompaniesaccompanimentaccompanyingunaccompanied accumulateaccumulatedaccumulatingaccumulationaccumulates ambiguousambiguitiesambiguityunambiguousunambiguously appendappendixappendedappendsappendingappendicesappendixes appreciateappreciableappreciablyappreciatedappreciatesappreciatingappreciationunappreciated arbitraryarbitrarinessarbitrarily automateautomaticautomatedautomatesautomating detectdetectabledetecteddetectingdetectiondetectivedetectivesdetectordetectorsdetectsdeviatedeviateddeviatesdeviatingdeviationdeviationsdisplacedisplaceddisplacementdisplacesdisplacingdramadramasdramaticdramaticallydramatisedramatiseddramatisingdramatisesdramatisationdramatisationsdramatistdramatistsdramatizationdramatizationsdramatizedramatizeddramatizesdramatizingeventualeventualityeventuallyexhibitexhibitedminiminucleaoffsetparagrpluspractipredomprosperadicarandomreinforestorautomaticallyautomationbiasbiasedbiasesbiasingunbiasedchartchartedchartingchartsunchartedclarifyclarificationclarifiedclarifiesclarifyingclarity commoditycommodities complementcomplementarycomplementedcomplementingcomplements conformconformableconformabilityconformanceconformationconformedconformingconformistconformistsconformityconformsnonconformistnonconformistsnonconformitynon-conformistnon-conformistsnon-conformity contemporarycontemporaries exhibiting exhibition exhibitions exhibitsexploitexploitationexploitedexploitingexploits fluctuatefluctuatedfluctuatesfluctuatingfluctuationfluctuations guidelineguidelines highlighthighlightedhighlightinghighlights implicitimplicitly induceinducedinducesinducinginduction inevitableinevitabilityinevitably infrastructureinfrastructures inspectinspectedinspectinginspectioninspectionsinspectorinspectorsinspects intenseintenselyintenseness revise schedu tense termintheme thereb unifor vehiclvia virtuacontradictcontradictedcontradictingcontradictioncontradictionscontradictorycontradicts crucialcrucially currencycurrencies denotedenotationdenotationsdenoteddenotesdenotingintensificationintensifiedintensifiesintensifyintensifyingintensionintensityintensiveintensively manipulatemanipulatedmanipulatesmanipulatingmanipulationmanipulationsmanipulativevisualwidespSublist 9 of the Academic Word Listaccommodateaccommodatedaccommodatesaccommodatingaccommodation analogyanalogiesanalogous anticipateanticipatedanticipatesanticipatinganticipationunanticipated assureassuranceassurancesassuredassuredlyassuresassuring attainattainable diminishdiminisheddiminishesdiminishingdiminutionundiminisheddistortdistorteddistortingdistortiondistortionsdistortsdurationerodeerodederodeserodingerosionethicethicalethicallyethicsunethicalpreliminprotocolqualitatrefinerelaxrestrainattainedattainingattainmentattainmentsattainsunattainable behalfbulkbulkyceaseceasedceaselessceasesceasing coherentcoherencecoherentlyincoherentincoherently coincidecoincidedcoincidescoincidingcoincidencecoincidencescoincidentcoincidental commencecommencedcommencescommencementcommencingrecommencesrecommencedrecommencing compatiblecompatibilityincompatibilityincompatible concurrentconcurrently confineconfinedconfines formatformattedformattingformatsfoundfoundedfounderfoundersfoundingunfoundedinherentinherentlyinsightinsightfulinsightsintegralintermediatemanualmanuallymanualsmatureimmatureimmaturitymaturationmaturationalmaturedmaturesmaturingmaturitymediatemediatedmediatesmediatingmediationmediummilitaryminimalminimalisationminimaliseminimalisesminimalisedminimalisingminimalistminimalistsrevolutirigidroutescenariospheresubordinsupplemesuspendteamconfiningunconfined controversycontroversiescontroversialcontroversiallyuncontroversial converseconversely devicedevicesdevotedevoteddevotedlydevotesdevotingdevotiondevotionsminimalisticminimalizationminimalizeminimalizedminimalizesminimalizingminimallymutualmutuallynormnormsoverlapoverlappedoverlappingoverlapspassivepassivelypassivityportionportionstemporartriggerunifyviolatevisionSublist 10 of the Academic Word Listadjacentalbeitassembleassembledassemblesassembliesassemblingassembly collapsecollapsedcollapsescollapsiblecollapsing colleaguecolleagues compilecompilation depressdepresseddepressesdepressingdepressionencounterencounteredencounteringencountersenormousenormityenormouslyforthcominginclineinclinationinclinationsinclinedongoingpanelpersistposereluctance。
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A revision of that dictionary has been published. Friday afternoons are left free for revision.
schedule n.时间表；一览表；计划 v.预定；安排；编制目录 Owing to various delays, we arrived two days behind schedule. The professor was invited to schedule a new book. up to schedule达到预期计划
practitioners n. 开业者，从业者
You can do this by selecting only roles that interest you, as a practitioner.
predominantly adv.主要地；占优势地；压倒性地
• •
New Zealand is predominantly an English-speaking country. But the company is still predominantly focused on the Shanghai area and is better known for its diary operations.
highlight v. 强调，照亮，使 显得重要 n. 加亮区，精彩部分,闪光点 It is one of the highlight of the match. Can you give me the highlight of your resume? Of course we must highlight that the system can hardly be inaccurate. Mr. Bush also wants to highlight African successes.
fluctuation n. 波动，起伏 v. 波动，变动 fluctuate between The decision was affected by his fluctuation of mood. fluctuate between hopes and fears 忽喜忽忧
guidelines n. 指导方针，准则 The only guideline is to reach the best possible result. They see the law only as a general guideline.
dramatic
adj. 戏剧性的，引人注目的，给人深刻印象的 adv.dramatically : 给人印象深刻的，戏剧的，突然的 n. dramatics : 演技， 夸张的行为
The play is a dramatic representation of a real event.
It was really a dramatic game.
intensity n. 强度，强烈 The poem showed great intensity of feeling.
The pain increased in intensity.
minimize v. 尽量减少， 使最小化
He minimized the value of her contribution to his research.
currency n. 货币，流通 gain currency 被接受 in currency 一般通用的 There are currency restrictions on the sums allowed for foreign travel. Our currency will not be depreciated. 贬值 The word has attained general currency. 达到通用的
implicit adj. 含蓄的，绝对的，无疑问的，暗示的
Her attitude was implicit in the answer she gave us. The crew had implicit faith in the captain's judgment. Her silence gave implicit consent. 赞同
detect v. 发觉，察觉，探测 adj. detectable 可检测到的 n. detectability 可检测性 n. detective 侦探 If you read between the lines, you can detect his contrived explanation. 牵强的解释
predominate
prospect n. 前途；预期；景色 v 勘探，找矿 I see little prospect of an improvement in his condition. They went there to prospect for gold .
radical adj.激进的；彻底的；基本的 n.激进分子 He took up a radical position on this issue. They called for a radical reform of our tax system. Ted is a fire-eating radical.
deviation n. 偏离，出轨，背弃 n. deviationism: 脱离正道，异端分子 v. deviate: 脱离，越轨 There was little deviation from his usual routine. Deviation from this rule are very rare.
exploitation n. 开发，开采，剥削 v. exploit 开发，开采 n:功绩，功勋，成就 n. exploiter/exploitee
Generally speaking, mineral exploitation is a feast-orfamine industry. 盛宴，饥荒——时好时坏，时饱时饿，好坏不定
VACABULARY
crucial adj. 决定性的，关键的 Negotiations were at a crucial stage. Her work has been crucial to the project's success. Trust is crucial for successful friendship.
nuclear adj. 原子能的；[细胞] 细胞核的；中心的； nuclear power nuclear power plant nuclear energy nuclear test nuclear weapon nuclear fuel
offset n. 抵消，补偿；平版印刷；支管 v. 抵消；弥补；用平版印刷术印刷 Although obliging everyone to have health insurance can compensate for some of the extra cost of covering the uninsured, it does not offset it entirely. 抵消 But life experience and accumulated wisdom can help offset normal brain decline and compensate for slowed retrieval time. 积累，无可挽回的
paragraph n段落 | 短评 | 段落符号 v分段 In the event of any conflict between this paragraph and the production acceptance test schedule, the latter shall prevail.
inevitably adv 不可避免地 Inevitably, a quarrel followed between the two sides.
双方随後不可避免地争吵起来。
infrastructure n. 基础，基础设施
We actively press ahead with the infrastructure development plan.
exhibit v. 展览，陈列，展示，表现n. 展品，展览n. 证物 She exhibited great powers of endurance during the climb. Many unearthed cultural relics were ex 遗迹，遗物 They deprecated the new exhibit.
plus n. 正号，加号；好处；附加额 adj. 正的；附加的 prep. 加，加上 Three plus three makes six.
Then anything else outside the United States is plus business right now.
induce v. 引起，促使，劝服，引诱 induce sb to do sth We couldn't induce the old lady to travel by air. What induce you to spend so much money on a car? Too much food induces sleepiness.
manipulation n.操纵；控制；窜改
The credibility gap is the result of a deliberate policy of artificial manipulation of official news.