英语词汇学 Chapter1分析
英语词汇学-chapter 1
Chapter 1
1.1 What Is a Word
Before we attempt （尝试）any detailed discussion（具体讨论）, it is necessary to （有必要做什么）clarify（阐明澄清）some basic concepts（基本概念）concerning words and vocabulary. The term word（词语word）is an elusive（难以捉摸）notion（概念）, which demands（需要）careful consideration（关注）at the outset（开始）. The relation between sound and meaning,声音和意义之间的关系between sound and form, 声音和形式之间关系and between words and vocabulary 词语和词汇之间的关系requires （需要）some discussion as well（同样）. In addition, we shall consider（注意）a few commonly recognized criteria（共同规则，标准）for vocabulary classification（词汇分类）and study （研究）each class（每类）of words to some extent （一定程度上）in this chapter.（并且在本章一定程度上研究每类词语）
英语词汇学Chapter 01
e. g. • can-opener • dip • persuader
(all-purpose key) (pick-pocket) (dagger)
e. g. • beauty (AusE: excellent, great) • auld (Scot: old) • hame (Scot: home) • lough (Irish: lake)
1.2 Vocabulary The term ‘vocabulary’ is used in different senses. • (1) It can refer to the total number of the words in a language;
• (2) It can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period, e. g. Old English vocabulary, Middle English vocabulary and Modern English vocabulary;
e. g. • heart: a change of heart; after one's heart; a heart f ຫໍສະໝຸດ Baiduold; at heart; break one's heart; cross one's heart; cy one's heart out; eat one's heart out; have one's heart in one's mouth; heart and hand; heart and soul; one's heart sinks within one; wear one's heart upon one's sleeve; with all one's heart
英语词汇学总结(细致)
Chapter 1Word-Structure
1. The definition of morpheme
1.1 What is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language?- morpheme
What are words composed of? - Words are formed by morphemes. A word is the smallest unit that stands alone to communicate meaning.
1.2 What are the Chinese equivalents对应词of morpheme? 语素词素-形位
2.1 Morphemes may be classified into free and bound.
Free morphemes, also called content morphemes, may constitute words by themselves. These morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. So we may say that free morphemes are free roots.
Bound morphemes = Bound root + affixes, known as grammatical morphemes, must appear with at least one other morpheme, either free or bound. Bound morphemes are chiefly found in derived words, e.g. recollection, idealistic, ex-prisoner
《现代英语词汇学概论》----解析汇报(张韵斐)
张韵斐著《现代英语词汇学概论》——解析
第一部分 Chapter Ⅰ
英语词汇的概论(A general survey of English vocabulary)
Bloomfield 1933 中对词的定义是，每个单词都是最小的自由词。然而这个定义不够全面，存在着缺陷。首先，不是所有的单词都可以独立出现，如 the ，a ，my 这些单词单独出现则没有具体意义。另外，Bloomfield的定义侧重在于语法（syntax）却没有涉及到词的意义。随着词汇学的发展跟完善，人们给词下了较为完整的定义。“词，今指语言组织中的基础单位，能独立运用，具有声音、意义和语法功能。”（《辞海》1984（上）375页，上海辞书出版社）
一种语言中所有的单词汇集起来便构成了该语言的词库。纵观英语的发展历史，我们可以知道，大多数的英语词汇都是外来词，它从拉丁语，法语和希腊语等语言中汲取词汇，不断的扩充自己，为己所用。特别是第二次世界大战之后，英语词汇得到了空前的发展。现代英语词汇快速发展的原因主要有四方面。一是科学技术的快速发展，二是社会经济的全球化，三是英语国家的政治和文化变化，最后是其他文化和语言对英语的强烈影响。
英语词汇是由各种不同类型的单词组成，而这些单词有着不同的分类标准。根据词的起源可以分为本族语和外来语；根据使用水平可以分为普通词汇，文学词汇。口头词汇，俚语以及科学术语。基础语库的基本特征是具有民族特征，稳定性，构词的能力和搭配能力。
第二部分Chapter Ⅱ到Chapter Ⅳ
英语词汇的形态结构和词的构词 (Morphological structure of English words
词汇学课程Chapter One
Key Points
1.Historical development of the English vocabulary 2.Classification of words:
3.Features of basic word stock 4.Content words &function words , and their characteristics
＊stress on the first syllable: government ＊multi-syllables: confession ＊well-assimilated: pork, beef ＊/i/ sound is changed into /ai/ : final ＊first large group of foreign words
3) the influence of other cultures and languages
Questions
Why do we say the native words are the core of the English Vocabulary?
Classification of English Words According to Different Criteria
I. By origin: native words and loan words 1)Native words refer to the words of Anglo— Saxon origin or of Old English. Monosyllabic Basic word stock---- the foundation of vocabulary (Auxiliary and modal verbs, numerals, pronouns, prepositions and conjunctions, most frequently used words)
英语词汇学知识点整理
英语词汇学知识点整理
词汇期末复习（C1-C7）
Chapter 1
⼀、Word 词的定义
(1) a minimal free form（最⼩的⾃由形式）
(2) a sound unity
(3) a semantic unity（meaning）
(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.（具有句法功能）
⼆、Vocabulary词汇的定义
All the words in a language make up what is generally known as vocabulary.
⼀般来说，词汇指的是⼀种语⾔⾥所有单词的总和。
词的总和构成语⾔的词汇。词与词汇之间的关系是个体与总体之间的关系。
三、Sound&Meaning发⾳和意义
The connection between the sound (form) and meaning is arbitrary (任意的) and conventional. ⼆者的关系是约定俗成、随意的
四、Sound & Form发⾳和形式
(1)The written form of a natural language is the orthographical（正字的）record of the oral
form.
⾃然语⾔的书写形式是⼝语形式的书写记录。
(2)The reasons of differences occur between sound and form: 发⾳与形式不同的原因：
①English alphabet was adopted from the Romans 英语字母表来⾃罗马
Chapter One(A) 英语词汇学课程简介
4.所有作业，独立完成，不能抄袭 ，否则扣分。
Chapter One
The Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary
Chapter One The Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary
1.1 Definition of a Word?
英语词汇学教程
ENGLISH LEXICOLOGY
张
编
维
著
友
From Linguistics to Lexicology
Linguistics 语言学研究的对象是人类的语言。任务是研究语言的功能、结构及其 历史发展，揭示语言的本质以及语言存在和发展规律。 Main branches of linguistics: Phonetics（语音学）， Lexicology, Syntax(句法学), Semantics(语义学), Other linguistics Psycholinguistics(心理语言学), sociolinguistics(社会语言学), Anthropological linguistics(人类语言学), computational linguistics(计算机语言学) ， fuzzing linguistics （模糊语言学） phonology(音韵学) Pragmatics(语用学)
《英语词汇学》知识点归纳
English Lexicology(英语词汇学)
Lexicology: is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words.
Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary
Word: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence
Sound and meaning: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”
Sound and form:不统一的四个原因
（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does not have a separate letter to represent each other
Englishlexicology_英语词汇学重点讲解
Englishlexicology_英语词汇学重点讲解
English lexicology
英语词汇学
Chapter1 basic concepts of words and vocabulary
Classification of words
Chapter2 the development of the english vocabulary
Modes of vocabulary development 1150
Chapter 3 word formation
Morphemes , allomorphs
Chapter 4 word formation2
1.Affixation, prefixation suffixation ,
/doc/214202390.html,pounding (characteristics formation )
3.Conversion , blending , clipping , acronymy
4.Initialisms , acronyms
5.Back-formation , words from proper names
Chapter5 word meaning
1.The meanings of ‘meaning’
2.Reference ,concept ,sense
3.Motivation(onomatopoeic,morphological ,semantic , etymological)
4.Types of meaning < grammatical , lexical , conceptual , associative> Chapter 6 sense relations and semantic field Polysemy , homonymy , synonymy , antonymy
chapter-1-英语词汇概述PPT课件
vocabulary. English has borrowed many words
from other languages, which may not have been
assimilated .
-
21
Conclusion:
The written form of English is an imperfect representation of the spoken form.
means “take a look ”
-
28
I put my tit for tat on my crust of bread and my daisy roots on my plates of meat and fell down the apples and pears because I was elephant's trunk.
Denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us, indispensable to all the people who speak the language
The following features:
Stability Productivity Polysemy Collocability
Learn some general information about English vocabulary
现代英语词汇学概论第一章汉语版
现代英语词汇学概论第一章汉语版
《现代英语词汇学概论》是英国语言学家约翰·西诺特（John Sinclair）所著，于1966年出版的一本关于英语词汇学的经典著作。该
书第一章的主要内容涉及了词汇学研究的背景和目标。
第一章的汉语版主要包括以下内容：
1.引言：介绍了词汇学研究的重要性和目的，以及该书的结构和内容。
2.词汇学的起源和发展：回顾了词汇学研究的历史背景和不同阶段的
发展，包括传统历史语言学和现代语言学的贡献。
3.词汇研究的方法和工具：介绍了进行词汇学研究所需的方法和工具，包括词汇统计、语料库、词典和计算机技术的运用等。
4.词汇学的理论框架：探讨了几种主要的词汇学理论，包括认知语义学、联想语义学和构式语法等，并解释了它们在研究词汇结构、意义和使
用方面的作用。
5.词汇学的研究领域：概述了词汇学研究的不同领域，包括词汇结构、词汇意义、词汇使用和词汇变化等，并举例说明了不同领域的研究方法和
发现。
总之，第一章的汉语版主要介绍了词汇学研究的基本概念、方法和理
论框架，为后续章节的词汇学内容打下基础。
《现代英语词汇学概论》----解析(张韵斐)
张韵斐著《现代英语词汇学概论》——解析
第一部分Chapter Ⅰ
英语词汇的概论(A general survey of English vocabulary)
Bloomfield 1933 中对词的定义是，每个单词都是最小的自由词。然而这个定义不够全面，存在着缺陷。首先，不是所有的单词都可以独立出现，如the ，a ，my 这些单词单独出现则没有具体意义。另外，Bloomfield的定义侧重在于语法（syntax）却没有涉及到词的意义。随着词汇学的发展跟完善，人们给词下了较为完整的定义。“词，今指语言组织中的基础单位，能独立运用，具有声音、意义和语法功能。”（《辞海》1984（上）375页，上海辞书出版社）
一种语言中所有的单词汇集起来便构成了该语言的词库。纵观英语的发展历史，我们可以知道，大多数的英语词汇都是外来词，它从拉丁语，法语和希腊语等语言中汲取词汇，不断的扩充自己，为己所用。特别是第二次世界大战之后，英语词汇得到了空前的发展。现代英语词汇快速发展的原因主要有四方面。一是科学技术的快速发展，二是社会经济的全球化，三是英语国家的政治和文化变化，最后是其他文化和语言对英语的强烈影响。
英语词汇是由各种不同类型的单词组成，而这些单词有着不同的分类标准。根据词的起源可以分为本族语和外来语；根据使用水平可以分为普通词汇，文学词汇。口头词汇，俚语以及科学术语。基础语库的基本特征是具有民族特征，稳定性，构词的能力和搭配能力。
第二部分Chapter Ⅱ到Chapter Ⅳ
英语词汇的形态结构和词的构词(Morphological structure of English words and word-formation )
现代英语词汇学概论chapter1
15
(1) Creation(创新词)
1.2.3 Modes of English vocabulary development
10
• Modern English (1500-Now)
– Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England by William Caxton. – Early Modern English (1500 – 1700, the period of the Renaissance, which began in Italy, spread in Europe and reached English in 16th century). In this period the influence of Latin and Greek on English was great. Scholars translated literature from Latin and Greek into English. – In this period, the study of classics were stressed and the result was the wholesale borrowing from Latin. The Latin loan words were mostly connected with science and abstract ideas.
英语词汇学第一章
英语词汇学第一章
重点、难点讲解
在我们做具体讨论之前，有必要弄清楚有关词和词汇的一些基本概念。词是一个很模糊的概念，所以在讨论前要先仔细思考一番。声音和意义的关系，声音与形式的关系，词与词汇的关系，也都需要讨论。此外，本章我们还将对词汇分类的常用标准进行考察，并对个别词类作一些说明。
1．词的定义(What Is a Word)
什么是词?这一问题长期受到语言学家的关注，虽然人们提出了很多的定义，但似乎没有一个看起来完美无缺，迄今为止，学者们也未能在词的定义这个问题上达成一致。
当我们谈论词时，我们往往从词的视觉角度来考虑。按照这一思路词可以定义为横向书写或印刷在纸上的一组有意义的字母。从口语的角度下定义，词是用人类发音器官有意识地发出来的一个或一个声音组合。语义学家认为，词是一个意义单位。语法学家则认为，词是一个自由形式可以在句子中起作用。总的来说，词的定义包括下列几点：①是语言最小的自由形式；②是声音统一体；③是意义单位；④在句子中能独立起作用的形式。
由此，我们可以下这样一个定义：词是二门语言中具有一定的声音、意义和句法功能的最小的自由形式。
无论是简单词，还是复杂词，都必须符合以上的定义标准。Man 和fine是两个简单词，但都有声音、意义和句法功能，都可以在句子中单独起作用，所以它们是词。有些词结构复杂，如mis·for·tune和man·age·ment。两个都是多音节词，在句子中能起“主语”、“宾语”和“表语”的作用。虽然misfortune能再分成mis-和fortune，前缀mis-并不能独立成词。同样，management也可以分为manage 和-ment，-ment也不能自由使用。Blackmail可以分为black和mail，这两个部分在句子中都可以单独使用，但汇合后的词义绝对不是两个词意义的叠加。Black是一种颜色，与“白”相对，而mail的含义则
词汇学考试精简笔记-Charter 1- 4
Introduction
0.1 The Nature and Domain of English Lexicology
The definition of Lexicology: (P1)
Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words (WNWD), the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.
0.2 The Relation to Other Disciplines
The definition of Morphology: (P1)
Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarily through the use of morpheme construct.
The definition of Etymology: (P2)
Etymology is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words.
现代英语词汇学概论1解析
Word: a fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning (both lexical and grammatical meaning), capable of performing a given syntactic function.
2nd period (1100-1500): Middle English Period (ME) French (the Norman Conquest in 1066) Latin
3rd period (1500-present): Modern English Period Early stages of Modern English (1500-1700) Latin (Renaissance) Greek (Renaissance) Contemporary English (1700-present): Three Romance Languages : French, Spanish, Italian Other European languages: Portuguese, German, Dutch … Non-European languages (exploration, colonization, trade)
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If a vegetarian eats vegetables, what does a humanitarian eat? Why do people recite at a play, and play at a recital? Ship by truck or car and send cargo by ship?(动词与动 词的功能差异；为什么演话剧时人们要朗诵，而在 独奏会上却要演奏：----（polysemy)一词多义
7
English is a crazy language, full of wonders and attractions, thus making it an interesting subject as well as a useful one.
6
百度文库
When a house burns up, it bums down.---(metaphor) You fill in(填写) a form by filling it out (填写). 。 ------------(collocation) And an alarm clock goes off（闹钟响）by going on （闹钟走） ． You get in and out of a car, yet you get on and off a bus. If there is a phrase of “gold bar”, then what does “gold brick” mean? And why, when I wind up my watch, I start it, But when I wind up this essay, I end it?--（polysemy）
竹枕
→ Midwife
助产士；促成因素
2
名词性向心复合词和形容词性向心复合词的中心成分是从动词派 生出来的，因此也叫做动词性复合词或综合复合词、第一个成员 通常是动词过程的参与者。请看下面的例子：
名词 形容词 self－control（自制） eye－entertaining（非常悦目的） pain－killer（镇痛剂） bullet－resistant（防弹的） core－meaning（核心意义） virus－sensitive （对病毒敏感 的） foot－warmer（脚炉） machine washable（能机洗的） sun－tanned（被太阳晒黑的） disease inhibitory（抑制病毒 的）
Have noses that run流鼻涕 and feet that smell ---（polysemy）?
Park on drivewaysand drive on parkways?
（美国的房子周围有driveway(入户的车道)：私人车 道；parkway大路，干道)
How can a slim chance and a fat chance be the same （机会渺茫）, while a wise man聪明人 and a wise
Sweetmeats(糖果)； sweetbreads(甜面包）？小牛或小羊的内脏 In English we find that quicksand can work slowly, Boxing rings(拳击赛台)are square． And why is that writers write, but fingers don't fing， grocers don't groce, and hammers don't ham? If the plural of tooth is teeth, why isn‘t the plural of booth， beeth? One goose，two geese, So, one moose(驼鹿), two meese?(复数形式仍然是moose)；One mouse, two mice; One louse(虱子), two lice; One house? two hice? If teachers taught, why didn't preacher praught?(preached)
English Lexicology:
A New Coursebook
Some Interesting Facts
There is no egg in eggplant, nor ham in hamburger, Neither apple nor pine in pineapple． ----- （exocentric compound离心复合词） And while no one knows what is a hotdog, you can be pretty sure it isn‘t canine（犬类）． English muffins(=hot muffins热松饼，美式早餐/英式午茶糕点) were not invented in England，Nor French-fries in France (炸薯条); 再如： French window ----- (idioms) 落地窗， take French leave French grey 不辞而别， 浅灰色 Go Duntch AA制 Dutch wife
离心复合词主要是用来修饰人的一个特性。举更多的例子来看看
离心的名词性复合词由V＋N、V＋A和V＋P构成，而离心的形容 词性复合词由V＋N和V＋A构成。 名词 形容词 scarecrow（稻草人） takehome（实得的，可以带回家的） playboy（花花公子） lackluster（无光泽的） cutthroat（凶手） breakneck（非常危险的） get－together（联欢会） come－hither（吸引人的） sit－down（静坐抗议） beat－up（破旧的） breakthrough（突破） runaway（逃亡的） run－up（抬高） walk－in（未经预约而来的）