析德莱塞作品中的悲观主义

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悲观的名人例子(一)

悲观的名人例子(一)悲观的名人1. Ernest HemingwayErnest Hemingway是美国著名作家，其作品以简洁明快的语言风格和充满世界战争氛围的主题广为人知。

然而，Hemingway的个人生活却备受痛苦和悲观所困扰。

他经历了多次婚姻破裂、家庭纷争和精神健康问题，最终在1961年选择了自杀结束自己的生命。

2. Sylvia PlathSylvia Plath是美国诗人和小说家，以其真实而深刻的作品而闻名。

然而，她过早地结束了自己的生命，这给她作品的主题增添了一层更加令人心酸的色彩。

Plath的著名小说《钟楼》正是基于她自己的心理困扰和对自杀的思考，作品中充满了对死亡和虚无的悲观主义描述。

3. Vincent van GoghVincent van Gogh是荷兰著名画家，他是后印象派运动的重要代表之一。

然而，van Gogh的一生充满了困苦和痛苦。

他饱受精神疾病的折磨，经历了多次自杀企图，最终在1890年以自杀终结了自己的生命。

他的画作中往往流露出对孤独、绝望和世界的悲观态度。

4. Kurt CobainKurt Cobain是美国摇滚乐队Nirvana的创始成员和主唱。

Cobain以其激情四溢的音乐风格和深情的歌词而深受全球乐迷喜爱。

然而，他的个人生活却被药物成瘾、家庭纷争和媒体追逐所困扰。

最终，在1994年他选择了自杀，结束了自己充满痛苦和悲观情绪的生命。

5. Virginia WoolfVirginia Woolf是英国现代主义作家和女性主义先驱。

她以其独特的文学风格和对性别和社会问题的关注而出名。

然而，Woolf一生中也饱受精神疾病的折磨。

她多次尝试自杀，最终在1941年将自己沉入水中结束了生命。

她的作品中常常描绘了对生活的绝望和悲观感。

总结起来，这些悲观的名人在各自领域取得了巨大的成就，但却无法摆脱个人内心的痛苦和悲观情绪。

他们的作品中常常流露出对生活的绝望、对死亡的思考和对世界的悲观态度。

简析《嘉莉妹妹》中的自然主义

１促使嘉莉成功的两大环境因素自然主义在文学作品中的一个显著特征表现为，人物命运
由环境因素和遗传因素所决定。其中，环境因素对主人公的影响是显而易见的。
１．１生活环境 — — 繁华都市繁华都市 … 一嘉莉命运的转折点，迈向成功的奠基石。在小说中所提到的大都市，即充斥着华美建筑和浓郁时尚气息的芝加哥及纽约市。一座座美轮美奂的剧院，一间间金碧
外国文学
简析《嘉莉妹妹》中的自然主义
康维华（西安外国语大学研究生部，陕西西安７１０１２８）
摘要：自然主义思潮于十九世纪末期开始流行于欧洲和美
国，并于二十世纪初期发展至顶峰。德莱赛的著作《嘉莉妹妹》
是自然主义发展至巅峰时期的标志。自然主义小说立足于社会
客观性，对现代社会中一些未竞发掘的角落进行详细的调查，在
写作过程中力求对事物的纪实写真，强调在人物的命运发展中
遗传因素和环境因素起的决定性作用。本文拟从自然主义出
发，研读并分析《嘉莉妹妹》中成就了嘉莉的遗传因素及环境因
素，以期能够客观理解自然主义的长处和弊端，为正确，全面地
评判人性奠定基础。
关键词：自然主义；遗传因素；环境因素
中图分类号：Ｉ１０６
文献标识码：Ａ
文章编号：１６７３—２１ｌ１（２０１２）０９—０１４７—０２

论《嘉莉妹妹》的自然主义写作风格

二、《嘉莉妹妹》的自然主义写作风格
《嘉莉妹妹》创作于１９世纪末期，这一时期不仅达尔文的进化论思想盛行，而且美国自然主义已逐步走向成熟，所以德莱赛在创作《嘉莉妹妹》时不仅深受自然主义影响，展现了人在欲望的支配下所表现的不同的心态和命运，而且该作品的主题生存与欲望也都直接源于进化论观点，体现了适者生存的法则，表现了欲望本能和环境对命运的影响。
（一）《嘉莉妹妹＞的主题与语言风格《嘉莉妹妹》中的主人公嘉莉为了生活先后委身于男主人公杜洛埃和赫斯特伍，这种行为不仅在传统卫道士眼中是不道德的，就是与当时社会所宣扬的道德标准也是相违背的，但女主人公不仅没有受到谴责，反而平步青云成为百老汇的著名演员，这种反传统主题的作品在完成时便遭到了出版社的封杀，直到第二年才在英国正式出版。《嘉莉妹妹》所引起的风波其实就是自然主义本身带来的问题，人们在总结自然主义文学时总是将德莱赛的作品归为自然主义文学，这不是对德莱赛作品的否定，而是对他辛辣冷静笔调的赞扬，对他颠覆维多利亚高雅与保守的欣赏，更是对他语言风格特色的赞同。＿２《嘉莉妹妹》中的主人公生活在美国社会底层，他们的喜怒哀乐其实就是社会下层人物的真实写照。作家以粗糙的语言来叙述故事不仅更贴近人物身份，引起读
事物间的内在联系，造成主观上的武断。第二。与现实主义文学相比，自然主义文学反映
的是随意观察到的庸俗的自然。现实主义与自然主义都强调反映自然，但与现实主义反映真实、概括、具有内在必然性的自然不同，自然主义所反映的自然只是现实生活中的一个生活片段，它所反映的自然是不具有概括性的片面的自然。此外在故事情节和人物形象塑造方面，为达到重现生活目的，自然主义提倡写平常普通的、偶然的、琐碎的生活事件，写生活中的小人物、平庸之人，排除一切小说性成分，反对写英雄人物。认为只有这样写出来的人物和故事才具有典型性和真实感。

《嘉莉妹妹》中西奥多·德菜赛式自然主义——对传统自然主义的超越

的歌星。
力。
二、《嘉莉妹妹》中的自然主义特色
（一）主题上的自然主义
达尔文提出在地球上的生物有强弱之分，而强
者更易于适应社会所以有更多生存的希望而弱者
则反之。英国哲学家斯宾塞提出“ 适者生存” 同样适用于这个社会。达尔文主义和斯宾塞的自然主义都对德莱塞的思想产生了重要的影响，这个在他的作品中得以体现。推销员杜洛埃只是嘉莉生存下去的
员杜洛埃，这表明本能最后还是战胜了自由意志。
（一）美国传统自然主义的产生和发展
素对人类的命运起着决定性的作用；他们的作品都
带有一定的悲观论和宿命论。美国自然主义在美国
文学历史的发展过程中起着重要的作用。美国自然主义文学的主要特点如下：第一，自然主义者尽可
能真实地描述真理，就像医生给病人诊断时开的病般是下层阶级；第三，作品中的人物的活动一般由
生存的基本要求支配，如饥饿，恐惧，以及性的要求；第四，美国自然主义家用最真实最通俗的语言。他们毫不遮掩社会丑恶的一面，用污秽的语言再现
按《中国大百科全书——外国文学》所说，自然历一样；第二，美国自然主义作品中的主要人物一
哲学中的一个概念，用于指一切性质的物质主义，享乐主义和世俗主义。自然主义还被运用到美术领
污秽的现实世界；第五，作品中带有悲观论和宿命
论。
（二）自然主义在《嘉莉妹妹》中的体现
《嘉莉妹妹》描述的是名叫嘉莉的乡村姑娘来到芝加哥寻求幸福的经历。她羡慕大都市的生活，于是独身一人来到芝加哥谋生。但是她的“ 美国梦”

浅析《嘉莉妹妹》中自然主义的体现

关键词：自然主义
介绍
欲望

环境
斗争
命运
一
、
西奥多－德莱赛（ｈｃｏｒｉ１７—９５，国现代小说的先Ｔｅｚｅｅｅ８１１４）美￣ｒＤｓｒｌ驱和代表作家。他的小说创作倾向主要是作家内心冲突与客观社会现实结合的产物。他的小说打破了１世纪末期传统的小说观，９开创了一种大胆面向生活，反映现实的小说形式，为美国小说创
作开辟一条新路。《莉妹妹》是美国著名小说家西奥多・莱赛的力作，它嘉德描写一个天真纯洁的少女从小镇来到大城市谋生的故事。小说围绕嘉莉和她的两个情人之间的瓜葛，再现了ｌ世纪末美国城市生９活的广阔画面，其生活的广度和深度可与巴尔扎克笔下的巴黎相媲美。嘉莉是个俊俏的农村姑娘，她羡慕大都市的物质生活来到了芝加哥谋生。严酷的现实破碎了她的美梦，迎接她的是失业和疾病。在走投无路时，她做了推销员杜洛埃的情妇，后来由于更大的欲望又做了酒店经理赫斯渥的情妇。与赫斯渥私奔后，在纽约由于偶然的机会她成了走红一时的演员，挤上了上流社会，实现了她的幻想。然而，所谓的 “ 流社会生活 ”又给她带来了什上么呢？她感到空虚，找不到真正生活的意义，在寂寞和凄凉中，她坐在摇椅里梦想着那终不可得的幸福。

美国现实主义作家德莱塞小说的异化主题

美国现实主义作家德莱塞小说的异化主题作者：孔慧玲来源：《文学教育》2018年第02期内容摘要：西奥多·德莱塞是美国现实主义和自然主义作家的杰出代表，但他的小说在主题上却折射着现代主义光芒——异化。

对人们在荒诞世界的异化书写时现代主义文学罪典型的主题。

在文本细读的基础上，本文旨在从人与社会、人与人以及人与自我之间关系的异化三个方面探析德莱塞小说中的异化主题，从而证明德莱塞是一位折射着现代主义批判精神光芒的的作家。

凭借着思想家一般的良知与觉悟，社会批判理论家一般的勇气与犀利，心理分析家那样的敏感与细致，他在创作中把普通人的悲剧命运和生存状态作为背景，对人类被金钱至上、物欲横流的社会所异化后的悲惨遭遇进行了犀利的反省和细腻的剖析。

关键词：西奥多·德莱塞现实主义异化主题西奥多·德莱塞（1871-1945）是美国文学史上自然主义的奠基人和杰出代表，同时也是美国文学史上最重要的现实主义作家之一，探索普通人充满磨难的现实生活是他的专长。

“美国著名文学批评家艾伦·泰特甚至把德莱塞与海明威、福克纳并列，称他为美国最重要的三位现代小说家之一”（张燕2009：69）。

诚实、大胆、贴近现实生活，而又洋溢着生活的激情是德莱塞作品最大的特色。

在主题上，德莱塞的小说却又体现了现代主义文学的典型特征——异化的书写，恰如徐曙玉和边国恩所言：“现代主义文学最突出的主题就是描写现代人生活在荒诞世界中的异化”（2001：9）。

然而，什么是异化？异化是现代社会中普遍存在的一种现象，同时是一个跨领域的术语和概念，常用于哲学、经济学、政治学、文学等领域。

异化概念的历史漫长而又复杂。

“异化”（alienation）一词可以追溯至拉丁文“alienation”和“alienate”。

最初的含义是指财产转归他人，有脱离、转让、出卖、受异己力量的支配等意思。

曾艳兵认为，“现在我们通常所理解的异化是：主体在发展过程中，由于自己的活动而产生出自己的对立面，然后这个对立面又作为一种外在的、异己的力量而转过来支配主体本身”（2006：10）。

单向度的人

• 操作主义的观点,渗透于语言学中, 把概念视为一系列操作。西部电子公司霍桑工厂的例子。
– 工人们发现, 资方正在通过经济、社会和政治领域对付工人们的联合。把工人们的普遍不满, 如“舆洗室不卫生”、“工作太危险”、“费用太低” 等转变为特殊的、具体的条件和情景, 从而采用相应的办法解决。
– 机械化不断地降低劳动者在劳动过程中消耗的体力的数量和强度。 – 同化的趋势进而表现在职业的层次中。 – 劳动特点和生产工具的这些变化改变了劳动者的态度和意识，这在对劳工阶级和
资本主义社会的“社会和文明一体化”的广泛讨论中变得十分明显。 – 新的技术工作世界因而强行削弱了工人阶级的否定地位：工人阶级似乎不再与已
• 而其他落后国家的新发展也很难避免如发达工业国家前景般的命运。因为，机械过程要求顺从一种无形的理性系统，这一系统是对那些还保留着神圣光圈的价值准则和社会制度的全面破坏和世俗化。
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第三章
不幸意识的征服：压抑性的俗化趋势
• 在本章中，文学的某些重要观念、重要形象及其命运将表明技术合理性的进步正在如何清除“高层文化”中的对立因素和超越性因素。它们事实上屈从于流行在当代工业社会发达地区的俗化趋势。
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第四章
话语领域的封闭
• 发达工业社会把缓和主人与其依附者矛盾的言语, 引进了“中介机构”。这种语言是肯定性的单向度语言, 它与否定的语言针锋相对。
• 社会不同阶层的人们, 说着不同的话语, 但他们都表达着新的术语。这些话语命令、组织和引导人们去做、去买、去接受。它省略了句子成分之间的张力和空间, 省略和浓缩了句子的有关成分, 它拒绝对意义的进一步发展。
• 谁来做这些事情？——造反学生、少数民族和流民无产者肩上—（亚阶层）。

英美文学选读自考题模拟19

英美文学选读自考题模拟19(总分：99.97，做题时间：90分钟)一、Ⅰ.Multiple Choice(总题数：40，分数：40.00)1."Human nature is seriously and permanently flawed. To better human life, enlightenment is needed, but to redress it is very hard."" That is ______ point of view.（分数：1.00）A.Daniel Defoe"sB.Charles Dickens"C.Jonathan Swift"s √D.Henry Fielding"s解析：[解析] 本题主要考查的知识点为斯威夫特对人性的观点。

斯威夫特对人性的理解十分深入透彻，他认为人性永远有着严重的瑕疵，为了使人的生活更美好，人们需要启蒙，但脱胎换骨是很难的。

2.The Houyhnhnms depicted by Jonathan Swift in Gulliver"s Travels are ______.（分数：1.00）A.horses that are endowed with reason √B.pigmies that are endowed with admirable qualitiesC.giants that are superior in wisdomD.hairy, wild, low and despicable creatures, who resemble human beings not only in appearance but also in some other ways解析：[解析] 本题主要考查的知识点为《格列佛游记》的内容。

《格列佛游记》的第四卷是全书中最有趣的一部分，格列佛发现了慧马国。

论美国梦下的社会悲剧

论美国梦下的社会悲剧作者：果玉来源：《青年文学家》2018年第09期摘要：十九世纪新旧之交，美国资本主义社会拜金之风盛行，德莱赛以辛辣的笔锋揭露了当时物欲至上，追名逐利的社会现状，刻画了美国梦的宏伟蓝图下的社会悲剧。

关键词：欲望；嘉莉妹妹；悲剧作者简介：果玉（1995.6-），汉，女，黑龙江黑河人，哈尔滨师范大学西语学院2017级研究生，研究方向：美国文学。

[中图分类号]：I106 [文献标识码]：A[文章编号]：1002-2139（2018）-09--01西奥多德莱塞是美国文学史上最伟大的作家之一，小说《嘉莉妹妹》以十九世纪新旧之交的美国资本主义社会为写作背景，他的小说打破了以往文学作品中的称颂社会，宣扬资本主义的传统，沉痛地批判了资本主义社会中物欲至上、道德意识薄弱的社会现象。

本文将通过解析女主角的不幸命运，深入剖析人物的悲剧形象，进而揭示作者对美国社会的悲观主义态度。

嘉莉是个淳朴天真，渴望着出人头地的乡村女孩。

在繁华的芝加哥，她孤身一人，像被欲望操纵的躯壳一样到处游荡，竭力抓住每一个可能改变命运的机会。

从嘉莉的奋斗历程来看，她确实在某种程度上取得了成功，登上了百老汇的舞台，成为了红极一时的明星。

可悲的是，在她实现了苦苦追求的名利梦之后，她并没有获得快乐而是过着孤苦寂寥的日子。

以下从三个方面解析嘉莉的悲剧形象。

一、贪得无厌的欲望对乡村女孩嘉莉来说，芝加哥简直就是个奋斗圣地。

她期待着在这里创造不一样的人生。

然而，当她来到芝加哥之后发现大城市的生活并非想象中那么美好。

嘉莉走在繁华的街上，望着玻璃橱窗里琳琅满目的商品，她深深意识到她并没有被这座现代都市所接纳，她与商场里悠然自在的购物者之间隔着难以逾越的鸿沟。

几经周折嘉莉在鞋厂找到薪资微薄的工作，但她消费的欲望却日益膨胀。

而后因病失去工作的嘉莉，必须在回家和留在城市之间做出选择，在大城市物质诱惑的驱使下，她断绝了与姐姐的关系，不顾任何道德因素，与火车上结识的推销员杜洛埃住在了一起。

非理性主义

科学主义作为一种哲学思潮或哲学运动，是在近代自然科学相对成熟的条件下，于19世纪20年代末至30年代初，在由法国哲学家孔德创立的实证主义的基础上发展起来的。物理学革命中相对论和量子力学的创立，具有了新的世界观的意义。现代科技的蓬勃发展，促使哲学家们思考新的问题。西方哲学家对现代自然科学规律的研究、总结构成了现代西方哲学中的科学主义思潮，其中有不少流派，诸如马赫主义、逻辑实证主义、批判理性主义、历史主义、结构主义等等。
1、在科技进步的同时引发了一系列的社会问题
垄断基础上的竞争则更为激烈。无情的竞争把一批又一批的人抛向痛苦的深渊乃至死亡的谷底。生活节奏日益加快。十八、十九世纪那种宁静、浪漫的生活情理，不以人们意志为转移地被取代。新的生活格局使不少人感到自由受到限制，个性不能发展。生产合理化运动的开展，使人的异化现象更为突出，工人成为机器的奴隶，卓别林的杰作，名为《摩登时代》的电影生动地再现了这一现象。
所谓“自我”，是人的有意识的、理性的精神活动。其活动目的也是追求生活的快乐，但它不脱离客观现实，使人的本能需要服从于现实条件。它处于“本我”与“超我”之间。一则，在现实允许的基础上，尽量满足“本我”对快乐和幸福的追求；二则，在“超我”的指导下，对“本我”的无原则追求实行有原则的压服。
所谓“超我”，是符合社会生活原则和社会道德原则的精神生活，它是人的心理中代表社会力量的一种趋向，表现为人的良心和理想。根据这些原则，“超我”能引起人的内疚、自责、自我约束甚至自我惩罚。
两次世界大战的强烈刺激、西方社会价值观念的新的取向等，都深刻影响了现代西方哲学的发展。
20世纪以来兴起的西方哲学的各个流派是现代西方社会现实和自然科学问题的抽象反映。
2、科学主义
科学主义又称为科学哲学，是以自然科学为研究主题，以科学认识论和科学方法论为研究内容，以排斥本体论为特征的一种哲学倾向。

评析德莱赛作品《嘉莉妹妹》中的自然主义

评析德莱赛作口口ｎ＜＜嘉莉妹妹》中的自然主义
◎ 吴立农（沈阳医学院外语教学部，辽宁沈阳ｌ１００３４）
美国著名自然主义作家德莱赛，是现代小说的先驱和代表作家，他开创了一代文坛先锋，促进了自然主义文学创作在美国的发展。德莱赛的第一部长篇小说《嘉莉妹妹》是他自然主义文学创作手法的力作，它集中体现了德莱赛的自然主义信仰，是美国现代小说史上的一个里程碑，也是他自然主义思想最具代表性的作品。本文从自然主义的产生和发展评析了自然主义在《嘉莉妹妹》中的体现。
二、自然主义的产生和发展
自然主义发源于１９世纪，自然主义文学首先产生于在１９世纪６０年代的法国，并于１９世纪９０年代超越法国国界传至欧美等其他国家，从此得以蓬勃发展。这种创作思潮于２０世纪盛行于欧洲和美国。在西方文学史上自然主义文学被看作为重要流派。自然主义是一种特殊的现实主义，它强调客观、性和真实性。自然主义文学的创作特点包括：力图事无巨细地描绘现实，反映客观事实；作品中有浓重的悲观主义宿命论调；着重强调人的命运由环境和遗传决定；以非道德的态度来看待作品中的人物行为；强调人性中动物的一面。
美国自然主义文学是在１９世纪末兴起的，这种创作思潮随着美国工业化进程以及后工业社会的形成而发生，在美国文学史上占有重要地位。当时的美国处于工业化进程中文化转型时期，当时习惯于农业文明价值体系的美国人面对新的工业文明产生了困惑和思索。南北战争之后，国民心态普遍出现了一种悲观情绪，传统的大众理想和偶像受到普遍怀疑。

【论文】毕业论文题目文学评论

史上最具魅力的男性角色--《飘》中的瑞德.巴特勒
背叛与解实观
《傲慢与偏见》中的女权主义
杰克.巴恩斯—海明威理想中英雄和战后美国社会的一面镜子
清教社会之悲剧—论《红字》
希利克里夫的世界--《呼啸山庄》中希利克里夫的人物分析
论苔丝的悲剧性命运的不可避免性
《飘》中天生的生存者
浅析夏绿蒂勃朗特为简爱赢得平等的策略
游走于单纯与复杂间的斯佳丽
浅析《还乡》中体现的环境性格悲剧意识
浅析《蝇王》的象征手法
论哈代小说的悲剧效果—浅析《卡斯特桥市长》
聆听来自《紫色》的女性主义之声—西莉的自我探索和女性意识的觉醒
风暴与平静的变奏曲--《呼啸山庄》的风暴与平静的分析
浅论《红字》中的象征意义
论简爱的独立和女性的自觉意识
文明社会的邪恶—从《熊》看福克纳对美国白人文明的反思
杰克伦敦身后的狼群--《野性的呼唤》赏析
旅居非洲—一段涅磐之旅
论《简爱》中冰与火的意向
论《宠儿》中的理性荒诞
桑提亚哥，不仅仅是个渔夫
从诗歌看美国妇女的社会地位
《荒野的呼唤》中巴克的多重性格
奈特里先生--《爱玛》中的多功能角色
现实主义与哈克贝里费恩
试析《红字》中抗争的延续性
觉醒的灵魂—对《红字》中海斯特觉醒过程的分析
《儿子与情人》主题探析
哈克：觉醒的代表—哈克矛盾性的分析
疯狂—死亡的前奏曲：对哈姆雷特人物的心理学分析
神秘的命运和雄伟的自然—论《苔丝》中的悲观主义思想
财富赢不回虚幻的爱—论《了不起的盖茨比》中美国梦的破灭
论哈姆雷特的疯癫
女性对狄更斯的影响
论《永别了，武器》中的死亡情结
简奥斯汀与现代人的婚姻价值观之比照

叔本华悲观主义人生哲学述评

叔本华悲观主义人生哲学述评叔本华（Arthur Schopenhauer，1788-1860）是德国哲学家、文学家，其悲观主义人生哲学是他最重要的贡献之一。

在他的哲学体系中，人生被视作一种无法逃脱的苦难和痛苦的状态。

他参照佛教、耶稣教和希腊哲学等多种思想，阐述了其悲观主义人生哲学，其核心是人生的苦难和无意义性，具有广泛的影响。

叔本华的悲观主义人生哲学的根源可追溯到希腊哲学家尤利西斯的思想，即生命是一种负荷，要么得到解放，要么承担。

这种思想也可以在耶稣教中找到，即人们必须承受苦难，才能在神的国度里得到救赎。

此外，叔本华通过对佛教理论的学习，也发现了人生的苦难和无意义性的本质。

综合这些思想，他提出了自己的悲观主义人生哲学。

叔本华认为人类生命的最终价值在于其对“世界意志”的认识。

世界意志被认为是引导所有事物的创造力的存在，所有的现象都是它的表现。

人类的智力可以辨认出这种基本的世界意志的存在，但我们不能通过它来解决人类生命的最终问题-死亡。

叔本华认为，人的存在是悲惨、乏味和无意义的。

他认为，苦难是人类生命最显著的特征，生命是由痛苦、失望和绝望所组成的，人类的实质是痛苦生命，我们的存在完全是基于欲望和物质。

叔本华关于悲剧的解释是他哲学的关键要素。

他认为，悲剧是一种表达“世界意志”的艺术形式。

人类的生命本身就是悲剧，构成我们生命的因素就如同悲剧中的主人公一样，遭受着世界的虚空、无能、无力感、痛苦等等。

他同时指出，很多人能够从悲剧中获取安慰，就是因为他们体验到了“世界意志”的存在。

在悲剧中，人们被迫接受虚空、疾病、死亡等等本质意义，从而发现生命的真正意义所在。

叔本华认为，人类必须通过反思和追求内在平静而抵消世界的负面影响，通过自我放逐和内省来达到自我救赎。

他主张要拥有超越性的视野，只有通过经验和追求内在平静的境界，才能真正地体验到“世界意志”的存在，从而达到救赎自我的目的。

叔本华的悲观主义人生哲学的影响是如此广泛，以至于他被认为是19世纪欧洲哲学中最重要的思想家之一。

Dresier(浅析德莱赛德在嘉莉妹妹中的自然主义)

Dresier’s Naturalism in Sister Carrie摘要：美国作家西奥多德莱赛被认为美国自然主义的杰出代表，本文以其第一部小说《嘉莉妹妹》为例分析德莱赛自然主义德一些特征。

论文从德莱赛创作嘉莉妹妹的历史文化背景出发，研究德莱赛在《嘉莉妹妹》中表现出来的自然主义。

论文涉及该小说的两大背景：一是达尔文主义和宿命论；二是美国自然主义。

同时分析自然主义的三大特点：欲望，本能和环境，人的本能欲望迫使人一直想往更高处走，动物的本能可能迫使人为了达到目的不择手段的使用各种计策，大的环境直接决定了这个人的命运以及他最后是否能够获得成功。

通过对这三方面德分析，最后得出结论：《嘉莉妹妹》一文中的主人公嘉莉在欲望的驱使下，使用各种手段最后虽然获得了成功，但是她最后却始终与孤独相伴。

同时本文还对自然主义存在的缺陷进行了批判，自然主义过分强调悲观主义决定论和人性兽性化。

这些倾向势必会影响到读者在阅读自然主义作品中对人性的分析和评价。

因此，读者应秉承凡事都有两面性的原则，对人性本善充满信心，看到人性中真善美的一面。

关键词自然主义；环境因素；遗传因素；欲望Abstract：Theodore Dreiser is regarded as an outstanding representative of American naturalism. In this thesis, Dreiser’s first novel Sister Carrie is taken as an example to analyze the features of Dreiser’s naturalism. The thesis referred to two great historical and cultural background of the novel which are Darwinism，Determinism. American Naturalism. Meanwhile the thesis analyzes three features of naturalism. At last, we can draw the conclusion that the leading character of the novel-Carrie’s destiny has a great connection with Dreiser himself and the decline of Hurstwood is a result of Dreiser’s fear of failure, but Dreiser attributes Carrie and Hurstwood’s unhappiness to their insatiable desire for life or they are doomed to be unhappy etc, and from which we can see Dreiser’s naturalism easily.At the same time, the paper criticize the shortcomings of naturalism. Naturalism pays too much attention to the determinism and human beast. These factors may cause effects on the reading of the readers. Therefore,readers should have an exact attitude in reading Sister Carrie.Key Words:Naturalism; Environment; Hereditary; DesireContentsⅠ. Introduction (1)Ⅱ.Environmental Factors for Carrie (5)2.1The Living Environmental Factors--the Lure of the Big City (5)2.2 The Social Environment Factors -the Lure of Love (6)2.3.The Work Environmental Factor--the lure of chances (7)Ⅲ.Hereditary Factors for Carrie (8)3.1A Gift of Beauty (9)3.2A Sentimental Hear (10)3.3An Endless Desire (11)Ⅳ.Critique for Sister Carrie (13)4.1Critique of Pessimistic Determinism (14)4.2Critique of the Concept of Human Beast (15)Ⅴ.Conclusion (17)Bibliography (19)Ⅰ.IntroductionAt the very beginning of the paper, it is of importance to introduce Sister Carrie. Sister Carrie is the first novel of Dresier, it was seemed as the beginning work of his naturalism. This novel takes the development of the industry of American city as the background, describes a story that a beautiful girl come to Chicago and the process that she succeed in the high level society. Dresier pays more attention to the influence of Carrie’s fate of environment factors and heredity factors. These two factors are the main features of Naturalism. Naturalism is evolved from realism and it is the outgrowth of realism. It appeared at the end of the 19th century, came from France. It was influenced by Charles Darwin theory of evolution. Human life was governed by the two crushing forces of heredity and environment, this ideal was picked up by writers in different countries. They held that realism was too genteel in tone to reveal the harsh reality. Then, they ushered a literary movement called Naturalism. The major features of naturalism is that determinism. The second one is that the universe is cold, godless, indifferent and hostile to human desires. Life becomes a struggle of survival. The last one is that naturalism is a harsher and extreme form of realism. The main figures of naturalism are Stephen Crane, Frank Norris and Theodore Dresier. Besides that, it is easy to understand that naturalism has many limitations. The purpose of this paper is to discuss Sister Carrie with critical eyes, criticizing pessimistic determinism and the concept of human beast as reflected in the novel.Except for the introduction and conclusion, this paper includes three chapters. The first and second chapter describe the obvious factors that decide Carrie’s fate: one is environmental factors, the other is heredity factors. The first chapter discusses that environmental factor have a great influence on Carrie’s life. It tells people that one man would success if she is in an advantageous environment. On the opposite, she will be fail in fate. This paper discusses three different environmental factors that include living environment, social environment and work environment. The reason why Carrie gets succeed in big city just becauseof these factors fit for her properly.Chapter two discusses the naturalistic heredity factors for Carrie. There is one famous principle for naturalism. That is, hereditary decides fate. Like Darwin’s evolution theory, one person will survive if he adapt for the environment, or he will be out. It is obvious that Carrie has many advantages, such as her appearance, her cleverness and so on. All of these factors make her adapt for the environment well. And she also has a desire for enjoying the life of the big city. And her success in the big city proves to readers that “only the fittest can be survived from natural selection.”Chapter three criticizes the naturalism’s limitations as reflected in Sister Carrie. Firstly, this paper criticizes the pessimistic determinism of naturalism. It believes that human being is helpless. They are all controlled by environment and heredity which they live in. Therefore, no matter how hard work they are, they still not change their fate.Because of these factors, human being should keep optimistic attitude in daily life. Secondly, this paper criticizes the naturalistic idea that human being as a beast-like creature, which regards human being as a combination of beast and human.The conclusion makes a summary and tells readers that the paper’s practical significance. Nowadays, with the development of market-oriented economy, many young women have the similar fate with Carrie. A lot of girls come to the big city from countryside, they may be lured by the prosperous city. In fact, people must keep a sober mind and be a independent woman. Everyone should believe in themselves and try one’s best to change the environment they live in. Therefore, everyone can be a new man, can be the master of their life.Ⅱ.Environmental Factors for CarrieOne of the most outstanding feature of naturalism is that the environment plays an important role on one’s fate. For example,Theodore Dresier has written another book—Jannie Gerhardt, which is seen as the sister of Sister Carrie. Dresier has been said that”all of us are more or less pawns. We are moved that like chessman by circumstance over which we have no control”. This sentence has always been regard as the center of naturalism. In another words, it emphasis on the determination of environment. A lot of famous books about the naturalism point out the negative effect of the environment on each person. For instance, in Stephen Crane’s The Red Badage of Courage, the novel presents character of low social and economic classes who were controlled by their environment and heredity. However, the novel not only shows readers the picture of Carrie’s down, but also shows the process of Carrie’s success. Chapter one mainly contribute to discussing how the environment factors play important role in Carrie’s success.2.1 The Living Environmental Factors--the Lure of the Big CityNaturalism pays more attention on people’s living environment, believing that one’s living environments influence one’s fate enormously.Carrie was born in a working family of a flour mill. She lived a poor life in her hometown. Her father was a worker worked in a flour factory. No matter what hard life she lived , she still had the hope for the luxurious life of the big city. At the same time, her sister resided in Chicago. Therefore, she made a decision to go to Chicago to get to a job in order to have a better life. Then, she left her mother and father, her hometown and went to Chicago. In Chicago, there were colorful theaters, supermarket and dancing room in this big city. The jewelers were shining and bright behind the glass. The business opportunity and wide rage of goods made the city be full of attraction. As Theodore Dresier described in the book:Its many and growing commercial opportunities gave it widespread fame, which made of it a gaint magut, drawing to itself from all quarters, the hopeless-those who had their fortune yet to make and those fortunes and affairs had reached a disastrous climax elsewhere.(Sister Carrie,1965:206-207)When Carrie arrived in Chicago, Mr.Drouet told her that Chicago was a wonder , and that she will find lots to see. Even her sister told her”You will want to see the city”. She come there, she come to the big web of Chicago in order to pursue a happy life. The prosperous parties , lights, dinners, theaters attracted her.When Carrie begun to look for a job, she found it is hard for her to get a job because all of the work ask for experience. In the meantime, she lived in her sister’s house that was not comfortable. She had to pay for her board and lodging expenses. After one week, she got a job which was very boring and hard. Although that,she can only got 4.5dollars one week and 90percent of the salary should be given to her sister. She walked to the factory to work. Her brother-in-law’s indifference had never change since she come. He only cared about if Carrie can pay for her fee in his family. In Dreiser’s work, Carrie just live in such an environment.Opposite to her hometown, Chicago is a prosperous city that is full of attraction. What makes Carrie indulge in are those beautiful cinemas, magnificent hotels, extravagant and comfortable restaurants. All those attractive things embody much luxury and richness of the city, which makes her pursue succeed in another aspect, for Carrie, only those prosperous metropolis are the most suitable habitable palace to live, because the luxury atmosphere satisfy her vanity and show her talent in drama. Therefore, some big cities, such as Chicago and New York,could offer Carrie a favorable environment to succeed.2.2 The Social Environment Factors -the Lure of LoveEnvironmental factors also include the influence which come from the character’s social relationships. Zola has pointed out that human beings are social animals, which are not independence from the outside and also can not be exist without others. Each individual exist in the society, which will influence ones in almost each aspect. Therefore, the social environment , such as one’s living environment, which play a decisive role in one’s fate. In another words, the social environment who was in will affect one’s value system, and stimulate one to pursuit one’s success.At the very beginning of the novel, Carrie left her hometown and come back to her sister who dwelt in Chicago. In Chicago, she lived in a cramped little apartment with her sister’s husband and her sisters. After several twists and turns, she had not get a job. Therefore,she made a decision to leave her sister’s house and to go for Drouet, she learned much knowledge about clothing and etiquette. All these knowledge helped her adapt the taste of this city. However, the persons who helped Carrie become fashionable not only because of her two lovers, but also because of two neighbors of her. Compared with Drouet and Hustwood, the neighbors and friends played more important roles on her. They inculcated Carrie to pursuit magnificent clothes and fortune, and made her cultivate a keen sense of touch and a elegant taste of fashion. For example, Mrs.hale, a neighbor she met in Chicago, helped her know how to appreciate fashion. All above these help her got to where she wants to go.2.3The Work Environmental Factor--the Lure of ChancesThe reason why Carrie can succeed in her career is that she has many chances which are unexpected. First, when Carrie took a train to Chicago, she met Drouet, a person that led her to a luxurious way. Second, when Carrie become the mistress of Drouet, Drouet introduced Hustwood to her, Of course, it was unexpected that Hustood fell love with Carrie at the first sight. The next Hustwood took many measure to let Carrie love him. Third, On occasion, Drouet had got a task to find a beautiful woman to play a drama. Naturally, he recommended Carrie to play the drama. From then on, Carrie’s ability of performance was showed to everyone. Especially in New York, Carrie mastered every chance to change her fate. She worked hard in order to perform the drama well. All her endeavor made her be a famous performer.Carrie is women who has strong ambition and her ability is also very strong. She is a county girl at first, She is clever so that she do not speak and observe how the person do in city. She observe the fashionable girl‘s appearance, their clothes, their speech. It is a exact thing that the appearance is an important thing in big city. After Drouet and Hustwood shelp, she choose the clothes that fit her well. Then Carrie become the symbol of all that is fresh, pure and beautiful, Carrie is so clever that she master every chance .The first chance she leave for her sister s family and go to Drouet’s department. She fells the city’s prosperous slightly. The second chance, she accept Hustwood’s love, she understood that only the people who has more knowledge can give her more colorful experience and life. This choice make her come to the center of the world---New York. The third chance is that leave Hustwood. Carrie leave Hustwood and choose to made his Broadway by herself.In fact, give up a person who you loved deeply is not an easy thing. Carrie maybe become a housewife if she does not leave Hustwood. Therefore Carrie is girl who know what she really want to have .Ⅲ.Hereditary Factors for CarrieHereditary Factors is another important factors of Naturalism. It is known to us that Naturalism is evolved from Darwin’s evolutionary. Therefore, it emphasis on the determination of naturalistic hereditary factors. In the novel, Dresier believes that Carrie s behavior is determined by arbitrarily and should not have a standard. On the basic of Darwin’s evolutionary, human beings are evolved from lower animals. There is not a god to judge who is wrong or right. One individual ’s fate is determined by heredity factors. Many authors have argued for the inevitability of man s competition from the premise that in the struggle for existence among animal species, only the fittest survive. Carrie’s beautiful appearance, her gift of performance, her desire of the better life, proves that she is a lucky dog of the society. Her success in big cities set out to people the marrow of Darwin’s evolutionary theory, that is, species develop from generation to generation by a process of natural selection .Zola has pointed out all the motivations of one’s actions can be traced back to one’s heredity, in The Experiment Novel. That is, for individual, heredity factors not only determine one’s temper and hobby,but also determine one’s achievement in one’s life.3.1 A Gift of BeautyFor women, especially for beautiful women, to become an actress is their biggest dream. In fact, actress is an occupation that almost each woman can not refused. Being an actress, Carrie can show her ability of performance to audience; Carrie can release herself on the stage; Carrie can enjoy herself through each play. As the saying goes,”A crow is never the writer for washing herself often.” It is referred to that all the factors lead her to the way of success, include beauty and rich feelings, are all from heredity.Firstly, Carrie’s beauty is one of the inevitable factors of her career as a player in the metropolis. Except for her sister’s husband, a man who is overthrew by pressure,almost each man she meet is greatly admired by her beauty. From the very beginning of the novel, Carrie met Drouet on the train. Drouet was allured by Carrie just because her beauty and then fell in love with Carrie at the first sight. He helped Carrie out of the dilemma at the next. Then Carrie become a clever girl in the city from a county girl. Of course, she had a success in the metropolis which paid more attention to one’s appearance just because her beauty. For instance, when Carrie had a chance to play a drama, the manager chose her although she had never accepted professional training of actress. If her appearance was common, even ugly, the manager was sure not choose her to play the drama. When Drouet introduced Carrie to Hustwood, Hustwood was attracted by Carrie’s beauty. He often visit Carrie when Drouet was not at home. He showed his love to Carrie and write many letters to express his deep love for Carrie. What attracted Hustwood most was Carrie’s beauty. Since loved Carrie, Hustwood lost patience of his family. When his lie exposed, he got into trouble that he dared that Carrie will not see him forever. He felt life was meaningless at once. All his thoughts and actions showed to readers that the importance of Carrie. When Hustwood want to leave for Chicago, he took Carrie with him.Carrie had a bigger stage to show her gift. Therefore, her beauty which was from heredity is the inevitable factors of Carrie’s success.3.2 A Sentimental HeartExcept for Carrie’s beauty, her rich emotion is another important factors of her way on the stage. As everyone knows, performance is an activity that the player should devote abundant emotion to the drama.T here is no doubt that Carrie is a girl who was born with emotional heart. Her imitation ability shows her perfectly. It is very important that a good actor should have a emotional heart. Only have a emotional heart, can a actor play the play well. If Carrie does not have a emotional heart, she can not act the role vividly. Of course, she will not chose by the big boss,and she also can not become a famous actress.When Carrie saw Drouet at first time, she knew that she was a common girl came from country so that there was nothing important what she desired. The experience of feeling in finding a job hit her deeply. She realized that if she becomes a graceful lady, she will integrate into society quickly. At this time, her gift began to guide her keeping up with the fashionable pioneer who around her. For example, she began to imitate how the neighbors dress up, how to walk, how to make up and so on. She improved her understanding of fashion by studying these details. Later, her outstanding imitation caught the eyeball of the drama theater manager and the audience successfully. Her ability laid a foundation for a famous actress and a model.For an actress, imitation is not enough. In the novel, Carrie is shaped into a sensitive woman who is easy to be moved and a woman who is full of fantasy. Thus, if her nature is cultivated slightly, her splendid career of drama will be accomplished. For Carrie, her success bases not only on her imitation of beauty in the play. What more important is that her perception of beauty in daily life. Exactly, the bridge between this two abilities is her rich imagination.As mentioned in this novel, the first time when Carrie had the opportunity to act Rola on the stage,she felt excited. And these complicated and painful emotion is exactly what Laura felt after her experience. Carrie’s rich imagination made her put herself into the experience of the Roller. Then she finished her first performance in AveryHall.3.3 An Endless DesireIn sister Carrie’s creation, Dresier put human instinct desire in it. In social life at that time,people’s desire lead Carrie walk a way of struggle for herself. As mentioned in the novel:It was in August, 1889. She was eighteen years of age, bright, timid, and full of the illusions of ignorance and youth. Whatever touch of regret at parting characterised her thoughts, it was certainly not for advantages now being given up. A gush of tears at her mother's farewell kiss, a touch in her throat when the cars clacked by the flour mill where her father worked by the day, a pathetic sigh as the familiar green environs of the village passed in review, and the threads which bound her so lightly to girlhood and home were irretrievably broken.(Sister Carrie,1965:103-107)To be sure there was always the next station, where one might descend and return. There was the great city, bound more closely by these very trains which came up daily. ”In such a materialistic city, it makes person’s desire bigger and bigger. Person may give up anything in order to satisfy one’s desire.In Sister Carrie, Dresier incisively and vividly shows the desires driven by different people. The description shows that different people have different attitude and they suffered the different fate.At first, Carrie wanted to get a job in Chicago. As a girl come from country, she had not many requirements. After she found a job, she thought the job was so boring and made her tired. Then she chose to become the mistress of Drouet. After Drouet introduced Hustwood to her, she believed that Hustwood would give her a better life. When she lived a life she wanted to live at first, she began to look forward to a better life. She become a famous actress. People’s desire is inherited, endless. This is also one of the reasons why Carrie have a success finally.Ⅳ.Critique for Sister CarrieNowadays, naturalism is always criticized by writers both at home and abroad. In China, many critics pointed out that there are many limitations on naturalism. For example,they believe that the naturalistic writers have many shortcomings in the creation of the work.”He was a photographer for the phenomenon, but it was purely an investigation of his eyes”. There are the imitator of the phenomena, not the creator of the phenomena. In another word, their works are all records of things happened in the world without any identifying and screening. Not to mention the creativity and depth of the phenomena. The naturalistic writers were influenced by Darwin’s evolutionary theory, so they show the positive attitude in their works obviously. Furthermore, they emphasis on the concept of human beast. In the following paper, taking Sister Carrie as an example, aiming at revealing the limitations of naturalism from these two aspects.4.1Critique of Pessimistic DeterminismFrom the pessimistic fatalism view of naturalism writers, human beings can only live in a contradiction of life environment and natural heredity. Their fates decided by environment and inheritance hopelessly. No matter how hard she is, she can not change and escape his own fate. Influenced by above pessimistic theory, figures on naturalism works almost are unlucky and style of writing is also pessimistic.For Sister Carrie, when she become brilliant actress, for a moment, she feels satisfy,because she believes that her happiness is not coming yet, she go ahead forced by the desire of wealth and reputation.The naturalists tend to depict the dark side of the society, and always take the low classes as their heroes or heroins. Compare to the realism and romanticism, they have a more pessimistic view toward the society. In Sister Carrie, it reveal that man can not control themselves, and is at the mercy of the nature, the heredity, the society and instinct. From thevery beginning of the novel, Carrie respond to live together with Drouet in order to live a better life and then leave Hustwood, she become a very famous actress in New York, she can be a actress in the Broadway Stage, she become a girl in the upper ten, she finally live a life that she ever want to live, she become a man that she ever want to be, but she still did not happy. On the opposite, she feels lonely and hopelessly. We have to say that Carrie has not find her real love in life. No matter Drouet or Hustwood, they are all the tools that help Carrie live a better life. In this level, Carrie’s love was a failure. In her career, she did not get satisfaction from her work, instead she feels emptiness in spirit. As described in the last sentence of the novel”In your rocking-chair, by your window dreaming, shall you long, alone. In your rocking chair, by your window, shall you dream such happiness as you may never feel.”Her name is Carrie. Dresier give the name of the character also has a figurative meaning.carried from the sea. Her fate has already been doomed by her name.Drsier’s pessimistic determinism give an tragedy end to Carrie. In fact, not only Carrie, Hustwood the most tragic one. he is sophisticated , easy going demeanor, tongda fickle, but he has obvious character with professional modification.the tragedy of him seems that began when he and Carrie siphoned with money to New York .But in fact, his failure is due to its failure of the adventure of unknown life. In the novel, Carrie’s rise and Hustwood’s decline is the most striking contrast. In this comparison, it can be said that the tragedy of Carrie had a deeper color, also shows the readers Hustwood’s fate more tragic.This is the center of the naturalism. In Dresier’s work, Carrie and her partners must be have an tragic end. What I have obtained from this novel is that everyone has the power to change his fate. By studying Carrie’s fate, people have to accept the fact that environmental and heredity factors are significant in one’s fate, that is, the favorable environmental and hereditary factors are indispensable in one’s success, although the disadvantageous environmental and heredity factors will impede one’s development. However, man has the characteristic of self -worth and self-reliance,he is full of energy and hope in his fate. Besides, man hasthe right to double his efforts to improve the life and pursue his career in face of the relentless reality. That means man can still wield his determination to solve those adverse factors and change his fate. There are many examples in our realistic life that man can still wield his free will to master his fate. For example, many great writers have become successful men through their efforts and the disabled have challenged the adverse environment factors and become worthful members of our society. All these illustrate that we can conquer the adverse environmental factors and become worthful members of our society. All these illustrate that we ca conquer that adverse environmental and heredity defections. Therefore, people should be active and optimistic in our life and double our efforts to live a better future.4.2 Critique of the Concept of Human BeastBased on influence of Darwinism naturalism works are dedicated in exploring beast and human and take human as a kind of mixture and applicated, taking human society as ramifucation of nature and the essence of man is to the survival of the fittest. The work is to become victim of strangers who adjust to the world and qualified to live. Though sister Carrie was born with sensibility, her every decision was made under the rational judgment, not only under the emotional demand. For example, when crowed in a narrow apartment with her sister’s family, facing poor condition, accepts ugly Drouet’s help and has a comfortable life; while when Hustwood traps her to elope, she does not go immediately, but say goodbye to her past with the thought that she wants to broaden her eyesight to New York. Although both of man offer her rich life and enjoying it much. She will go away and continue her life as soon as another road appears. When Carrie and Hustwood come to New York.Hustwood lost his reputation, his career and become a frustrated man. In this case, Carrie make a decision to leave Hustwood otherwise she will become a housewife. she continue her career and become a famous actress. The man who Carrie stay with are all tools to the way of success. Just like Drouet does not treat Carrie sincerely, Carrie also does not pay her true heart to Drouet. They are both entranced by others one aspect of features. On one hand, Carrie was entranced by Drouet。

西奥多德莱赛

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小说以珍妮的悲惨遭遇为主要线索，描写了美国大城市中日趋严重的失业和贫困现象，着务刻画了资产阶级上流社会奢侈无度、荒淫糜烂的生活，昭示给人贫富之间不可逾超的鸿沟。一方面，歌颁了劳动人民勤劳、正直和勇于自我牺牲的优秀品质；另一方面，鞭答了物欲横流、金钱万能的社会中的种种罪恶现实。
Two Roads Diverged Before Her
Went back?
A wealthy life Abundant money
No rent ! Dinners in hotel No worry!
Flowers
Two Roads Diverged Before Her
A Simple Choice
Plot summary
• 主人公克莱德(Clyde)生活在一个穷牧师家庭，但家里并没有因为信仰而获得幸福，相反却过得十分糟糕。为了追求幸福，克莱德离家独自闯荡世界。贪慕虚荣的他虽然凭着聪明机灵在伯父的工厂里找到了稳定的工作，还遇着了爱恋自己的美丽女孩 (Roberta Alden)，但他并不满足，为了追求富家女(Sondra Finchley)，他竟然狠心的把自己已经怀孕的女友害死。最终，没有实现自己的淘金梦，克莱德受到了法律的制裁。
Urban life Earning wage A lot of opportunities…
Factory Work Money Rent
Hurting hands
Life was not as easy as expected! Indeed, it was hard! HARD!!! Carrie fell ill! ILL!!!
Quick Review of the Film

[论德莱塞作品中的自然主义风格]德莱塞自然主义

[论德莱塞作品中的自然主义风格]德莱塞自然主义一自然主义文学自然主义文学是文学艺术创作中的一种倾向。

作为创作方法,它一方面排斥浪漫主义的想象、夸张、抒情等主观因素,另一方面轻视现实主义对现实生活的典型概括,而追求绝对的客观性,崇尚单纯地描摹自然,着重对现实生活的表面现象作记录式的写照,并企图以自然规律特别是生物学规律解释人和人类社会。

在文学艺术上,它倾向于“按照事物本来的样子去摹仿”。

美国自然主义文学在美国文学史上占有重要地位,它揭示了现代美国社会核心价值观的深层次问题,探索了其工业化与后工业化进程中复杂的文化模式、社会心理及其个人行为方式的历史变迁。

自然主义比以前的美国传统文学更具体地揭示了美国资本主义生产的社会心理本质,即生产过程作为“生产欲望和消费欲望”的社会化过程,作家所再现的主体“动物本性”实际上是资本主义工业化进程中最根本的“人性”。

自然主义文学创作在美国工业化结束之际作为美国民族精神建设的一部分,成为19世纪末重要的文化和价值观念。

自然主义作家面对文学商业化的创作思考,梳理了当时社会文化转型与走向新世纪的美国精神建设之间的复杂关系。

随着经济垄断程度的不断提高,人们越来越感觉到统治自己的东西变成一种“无形的铁手”,在生存的斗争中会觉得有一种难以理解的力量总是在控制着他们,但又不知道这种力量到底是什么。

自然主义所叙述的就是社会主体在生存中抗争、在注定的失败中堕落以及在悲剧性的结局中灭亡的故事,但是,这种悲剧化的叙述并不是自然主义作家故意追求艺术效果的产物,而是对当时美国现实的一种心理反映,暗含了作家意识形态和对社会的价值观念判断的转变。

总之,自然主义文学在美国19世纪末的兴起不是偶然的,是各种社会文化因素相互作用的产物,是工业化进程中文化转型时期的特定意识形态表现,是习惯于农业文明价值体系的美国人面对新的工业文明所产生的困惑和思索,更是美国农民逐步在适应工业文明过程中心理震荡和行为失常的正常表现。

韩少功《完美的假定》

一回顾一下30年代，也许会使现在很多人大为惊讶，那是史学家命名的“红色30年代”，批判体制的文学，“劳工神圣”的口号，贫穷而热情的俄罗斯赤卫队员，不会提供一分钱利润，却居然成了人们的希望，居然引导了知识界以及一般上流开明人物的思想时尚，不管是用选票还是用武装暴动的方式，左派组织在全世界快速繁殖，日渐壮大，眼看着国家政权唾手可得。

布莱希特、A•勃勒东、阿拉贡、加缪、德莱赛、瞿秋白、聂鲁达、罗曼•罗兰、芥川龙之介以及时间稍后一些的毕加索和萨特……一大批重要知识分子的履历中，无不具有参加共产党或者自称社会主义者的纪录。

60年代，又发了一次全球性的左派烧。

中国“文革”不用说，法国的“红五月”也惊天动地，小语录本在地球的那一边也被青年们挥动。

勃涅日列夫在苏联上台向左转，太平洋彼岸的黑人运动和学生运动也交相辉映，在白宫前炮打司令部。

不仅是广获同情的越南和古巴，多数从殖民统治下解放出来的亚非拉弱小民族，竞相把“社会主义”和“国有化”当作救国的良方，不仅是格瓦拉、德钦丹东和阿拉法特，一切穷苦人和受难者的造反领袖，在全世界任何地方都差不多成了众多青年学子耀眼的时代明星，成了偶像和传说。

这些离我们并不遥远。

二同样并不遥远的，是潮起潮落，每一次左向的转折，都似乎紧接着向右的反复和循环。

左派的理想，左派在这里有很多特定含义：国有化、计划经济、大公无私、阶级斗争、均贫富、打破国际垄断资本等等，从来没有得到历史的偏宠，在实践中并非能够无往不胜。

变化周期似乎总在10到20年之间。

30年代以后是50年代，是匈牙利事变，南斯拉夫的半自由化转向，中国的夏季鸣放和庐山诤谏，苏共的二十大反“左”报告以及社会的全面“解冻”，欧美各个共产党的纷纷萎缩或溃散，加上美国的麦卡锡主义反共恐怖插曲。

对于左翼阵营来说，一个云雾低迷和寒气暗生之秋已经来临。

红色政权即便可以用武装平息内乱，用政治高压给经济运行的钟表再紧一把发条，但发条上得再紧，很多零件已经出现的锈蚀和裂痕却没法消除，故障噪声已经嘎嘎渐强。

美国20世纪文坛之魂-西奥多·德莱赛

美国20世纪文坛之魂-西奥多德莱赛
卢春华
【期刊名称】《吉林师范大学学报（人文社会科学版）》
【年(卷),期】2005(033)006
【摘要】德莱赛是美国现实主义小说家.他的小说创作倾向主要是作家内心冲突与客观社会现实结合的产物.他的小说打破了19世纪末期传统的小说观,开创了一种大胆面向生活,反映现实的小说形式,为美国小说创作开辟一条新路.
【总页数】3页(P50-52)
【作者】卢春华
【作者单位】吉林师范大学,外国语学院,吉林,四平,136000
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】I311
【相关文献】
1.西奥多·德莱赛作品中的荒野意象 [J], 王劭弥;苏楠楠;
2.美国梦下的社会转型——西奥多·德莱赛的小说《嘉莉妹妹》 [J], 孔文迅;祁晓冰
3.美国二十世纪文坛之魂——西奥多·德莱塞 [J], 李旭中
4.基于语料库方法对西奥多·德莱赛笔下两位女主人公的角色分析--以《嘉莉妹妹》和《珍妮姑娘》为例 [J], 周昂锐[1]
5.《嘉莉妹妹》中西奥多·德莱赛式自然主义——对传统自然主义的超越 [J], 江山;孙妮
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《二十世纪世纪文学》复习资料

《二十世纪西方文学》复习资料一、填空1.所谓“20世纪西方文学”泛指________________________。

20世纪欧美各国出现的文学2.________是英国最有代表性的现实主义戏剧家,1925年的诺贝尔文学奖的获得者。

萧伯纳3.____________是美国19世纪末20世纪初现实主义文学的杰出代表。

杰克?伦敦4.20世纪20年代完成的长篇小说《____________》,是德莱赛一生中最重要的作品,被誉为“我们这一代最伟大的美国小说”。

美国的悲剧5.在诗歌方面,英国的阿瑟?西蒙斯、__________和爱尔兰的________是象征主义代表作家。

艾略特、叶芝6.在俄国和苏联,重要的象征派诗人是__________和__________。

勃洛克、叶赛宁7.在小说领域,表现主义代表作家是奥地利的__________,他著名的作品有短篇小说《变形记》、《在流放地》和长篇小说《城堡》等。

卡夫卡8.卡夫卡的小说是____________文学创作的最高成就。

表现主义9.卡夫卡被人们尊称为“__________________”,“本世纪最优秀的作家之一”,“传奇英雄和圣徒式的人物”,人们认为“他与我们时代的关系最近似但丁、莎士比亚、歌德与他们时代的关系”。

西方现代文学之父10.美国作家威廉?福克纳是“意识流”文学的又一杰出代表。

他最有代表性的作品是长篇小说《______________》。

喧哗与骚动11.马塞尔?普鲁斯特是“意识流”文学的奠基者,其长篇小说《________________》在法国文学史上占有重要地位,对后世欧美文学也产生了重大影响。

追忆似水年华12.战后的1952年,他的经典力作《____________》发表,这部凝聚着海明威一生体验与思考之精华的作品,使他荣获诺贝尔文学奖。

老人与海13.超现实主义的前身是“____________”,它从思想与组织上直接孕育了超现实主义。

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物欲、性欲造成的悲剧命运
在自然主义文学作品中，人被看作受内外力支配
［收稿日期］２０１２ — １１ — ２２［作者简介］李世奎（１９７４一），男，河南南阳人，讲师，硕士，主要从事美国文学研究。
一
２９ —
析德莱塞作品中的悲观主义
李世奎
（河南科技大学外国语学院，河南洛阳４７１００３）
［摘
要］西奥多・德莱塞是１９世纪末２ｏ世纪上半叶美国伟大的自然主义作家，他的作品真实地反映
了美国当代的城市生活。德莱塞所有的长篇小说有非常明显的共同悲剧主题，这反映了德莱塞对人生悲观的看法，也是其主要文学成就所在。本文从文学自然主义视角出发，探讨德莱塞作品中的悲剧主题，并
描写美国悲剧的能手，［２他的小说包含着各式各样的
欲、贪欲、遗传性疾病等。在《金融家》中，德莱塞把这
些遗传因素称为“ 化学成分 ” ，这种“ 化学成分” 是造成人生悲剧的原因。我们因我们的气质受苦，而气质不是我们自己创造的，我们因我们的缺点和弱点受罪，而缺点和弱点不是我们的意志所能控制的０［３］１３８
到大城市芝加哥寻求幸福。她渴望漂亮的衣服，逛公
而姊妹篇《珍妮姑娘》中天真、善良的姑娘珍妮为了别
人而不断牺牲自己，到头来却孤身一人面对孤独、凄
凉的生活。在《欲望三部曲》中，在金融界呼风唤雨的
园、剧院，享受各种娱乐。在她看来，这些就是幸福的
讲述了在物欲横流的拜金主义社会里，有艺术天才之
称的青年画家尤金的天赋被湮没的悲剧。《美国悲剧》讲述了一个穷教士儿子克莱特・格里菲斯为追逐
象：每当嘉莉妹妹对现实感到失望时，她就坐在摇椅
中摇摆着。初到芝加哥发现生活的现实与自己的预想大相径庭时，她有些失望，夜晚坐在摇椅中摇摆着，
代表。后来，经过一系列波折，嘉莉成了百老汇的喜剧明星，拥有了自己曾梦想的一切，但她却发现自己还是没有找到幸福。在小说中有一个反复出现的意
金融巨人柯帕乌在事业鼎盛时期被死神夺走了生命，
他建立的金融帝国也在几年中灰飞烟灭。《 “ 天才” 》
２０１３年第ｌ期（总第１７３期）
Байду номын сангаас
牡丹江师范学院学报（哲社版）Ｊｏｕｒｎａ１ｏｆＭｕｄａ￣ｉａｎｇＮｏｒｍａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ
ＮＯ．１，２０１３
Ｔ０ｔａｌＮＯ．１７３
悲剧人物。他的处女作《嘉莉妹妹》讲述了乡下姑娘
嘉莉为了追求满足欲望而不择手段，成为传统道德眼
光中的堕落女人，最终却没有找到自己渴求的幸福。
悲剧的命运。嘉莉最终理想的幻灭与赫斯特伍德的悲剧都是因为他们的本能造成的。Ｌ４嘉莉不甘心在家乡小镇过平淡、乏味的生活，来
在德莱塞看来，本能是人与生俱来的，而且十分强大，人不理解自己的本能，也控制不了它，只是盲目地受本能支配。人虽然有理性，但理性的力量太弱。本能和理性经常争夺对人的控制权，更多的时候，人是被动的由本能和欲望盲目地牵着走，所以经常导致
分析他悲观主义的产生原因。
［关键词］德莱塞；悲观主义，自然主义［中图分类号］Ｉ１０９．４［文献标志码］Ａ［文章编号］１００３ — ６１２１（２０１３）０１ — ００２９ — ０４
德莱塞是１９世纪末２Ｏ世纪上半叶美国伟大的
２０１３年第１期（总第１７３期）
牡丹江师范学院学报（哲社版）
ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＭｕｄａ￣ｉａｎｇＮｏｒｍａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ
金钱财势堕落为蓄意杀人犯的故事，等等。这些小说主人公的悲剧命运表明了德莱塞对人生的悲观看法。本文从自然主义所强调的遗传、环境、命运出发，探讨德莱塞的悲观主义命运观。
一
憧憬着。；她发现德鲁埃无法提供给她所希望的全部时，她在摇椅中摇摆着，渴望着；当她最终成为当红明星，名利双收，拥有了曾经渴求的一切，她还是觉得不幸福，夜晚坐在摇椅中，摇摆着，困惑着。嘉莉在摇椅中摇摆象征着她对现实的不满和对幸福的渴求，而小
的无助的生物。内力指遗传因素，包括动物兽性、性
自然主义作家，其作品记叙了形形色色的美国人在大
城市里的欲望、追求、奋斗和挣扎，真实地反映了美国当代的城市生活。他的创作一扫美国当时文坛上温文尔雅、只反映生活微笑面的理想主义传统，开创了美国文学反映现实的新局面。德莱塞在整个创作生涯中留下了数量众多、珍贵的文学遗产，他的主要文学成就在长篇小说。德莱塞的长篇小说有一个非常明显的母题——美国梦的破灭的悲剧。口］德莱塞是