红字英文介绍

The achievements of the novel
• ⑴ The Analysis of Various Subjects • On the thinking side, the topics of those achievements varied as widely as from feminism to nineteenth-century male identities, from Puritanism to Race and Slavery, from Transcendentalism to Policy. For instance, from the point of religion, Feng Guoling said the religious ethics stopped the author from uniting the lovers with wedlock, • ⑵ The Study of Writing Skills • It is the first point that he was good at putting symbols into full play. The second one is the phantasmagoria that was imbedded into his novel. • ⑶ The Use of Intertextual Reading • This modeΒιβλιοθήκη Baiducovers two parts that intertextual reading of different literary works as well as of literary works and history.
Introduction
• The Scarlet Letter told a story of a puritan woman Hester Prynne who was punished to wear a scarlet A which stood for the crime of adultery. The pretty young lady tried to settle down in Boston with her old and ugly husband Chillinggworth, a scholar. But the latter did not appear for years. During this time, Hester committed adultery with a local Minster Dimmesdale, and gave birth to a girl Pearl. Facing the terrible punishment, Hester refused to give her lover’s name away to protect him. Years later, the husband Chillinggworth came to the town and found out the whole truth, and he operated an horror revenge on Dimmesdale, with hiding his own true name. Yet, as the story going, Hester and Dimmesdale became sympathetic figures, while Chillinggworth was a devil at last. • Just because of the ending, The Scarlet Letter was defined as nothing but a coarse and vulgar book with ideas that would pervert the minds of readers, when it was published at first. However people realized that it was a thoughtful book with great value and worthy to study again and again.
• Hester Prynne • Hester is portrayed as an intelligent, capable, woman. She speculates on human nature, social organization, and larger moral questions. Hester’s tribulations also lead her to be stoic and a freethinker. • She cares for the poor and brings them food and clothing.

纳桑尼亚·霍桑是美国第一个 虚构小说作家，他也是象征 主义大师。人性是他很多作 品的主题，而马塞诸塞州波 斯顿早期的清教历史尤其是 他自己的家族史为他的小说 提供了背景。在他的作品中， 他表达了他对生活的批判性 态度，这些作品包括了《红 字》、《重说的故事》、 《古宅青苔》、《玉石雕 像》、《福谷传奇》、《胎 记》等等。其中，《红字》 是他的代表作，奠定了他美 国19世纪本土小说家领袖的 地位。
In contrast, the studies of Hawthorne in America, put focus on the concept of romance with drawing on the achievements of science community, like electric theory. There are so many great achievements concerning all kinds of ideas, however, when readers think of Hawthorne’s attitude to religion, they are limited to the idea that Hawthorne was in a dilemma: either betray his religion or depress the nature. But in fact Hawthorne found the balance between them in The Scarlet Letter when he treated religion as a tool of regulation function rather than pure belief. 相比之下，中国的研究主要是文学研究，而美国则关注于作品中的科学原理。 虽然研究众多，但是读者在思考霍桑的宗教态度时候总是认为霍桑处于两难 境地，是背叛信仰还是抑制人性。但是在《红字》中，霍桑其实已经找到了 两者之间的平衡点——他把宗教当成是一种具有调节社区的工具而不是纯粹 的信仰
• Arthur Dimmesdale • Dimmesdale was a scholar. The fact that Hester takes all of the blame for their shared sin goads his conscience, and his resultant mental anguish and physical weakness open up his mind and allow him to empathize with others. • The personal guilt drives Dimmesdale to further internalize his guilt and selfpunishment and leads to still more deterioration in his physical and spiritual condition.
Hester Prynne Arthur Dimmesdale Roger Chillingworth Pearl Governor Bellingham - the State John Wilson - the Church Mistress Hibbins - the supernatural
• Pearl • Pearl，Hester’s daughter， makes us constantly aware of her mother’s scarlet letter and of the society that produced it. Pearl’s innocent, or perhaps intuitive, comments about the letter raise crucial questions about its meaning.
Why does Hester name her child Pearl?
Hester’s only treasure the beautiful and precious pearl born within an ugly clam—her mother’s shame.
“ 一 片 墨 黑 的 土 地 ， 一 个 血 红 的 字 。 ”
• Roger Chillingworth • Roger Chillingworth is a man deficient in human warmth. His twisted, stooped, deformed shoulders mirror his distorted soul. • He is interested in revenge, not justice, and he seeks the deliberate destruction of others rather than a redress of wrongs. His desire to hurt others stands in contrast to Hester and Dimmesdale’s sin.
Nathaniel
Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔·霍桑
1804.7.4—1864.5.19





Fanshawe (1825，《范 肖》） Twice-Told Tales （1837， 《故事重述》）Mosses From an Old Manse (1846, 《古屋青苔》) The Scarlet Letter(1850, 《红字》） House of the Seven Gables (1851,《七个尖角 阁的房子》) The Blithedale Romance (1852,《福谷传奇》) The Marble Faun (1857, 《玉石雕像》)
Background
• 17th Century • Boston, Massachusetts, New England colony • Puritan 清教徒:Puritans believed God and Satan were present in everyone’s soul. They were constantly fighting against each other. They believed that the relationship of an individual to the community was an important concern. • Antinomian 唯信仰论者：主张基督徒可以废弃道德，依靠信仰 来拯救灵魂。 • Quaker 教友派：靠内心意识指引的教派 • Witch 巫女