2018届江苏高三上 英语期末试卷分类汇编(任务型)含答案

2018届江苏高三期末试卷分类汇编---任务型（常州）We've been hearing feedback from our customers about the way we handle performance for iPhones with older batteries and how we have communicated that process. We know that some of you feel Apple has let you down. We apologize. There's been a lot of misunderstanding about this issue, so we would like to clarify and let you know about some changes we're making.First and foremost, we have never—and would never—do anything to intentionally shorten the life of any Apple product, or degrade the user experience to drive customer upgrades. Our goal has always been to create products that our customers love, and making iPhones last as long as possible is an important part of that.All rechargeable batteries are consumable components that become less effective as their ability to hold a charge reduces. Time and the number of times a battery has been charged are not the only factors in this chemical aging process.Device use also affects the performance of a battery over its lifespan. For example, leaving or charging a battery in a hot environment can cause a battery to age faster.A chemically aged battery becomes less capable of delivering peak energy loads, especially in a low state of charge, which may lead to a device unexpectedly shutting itself down in some situations.It should go without saying that we think sudden, unexpected shutdowns are unacceptable. We don't want any of our users to lose a call, miss taking a picture or have any other part of their iPhone experience interrupted if we can avoid it.About a year ago in iOS 10.2.1, we delivered a software update that improves power management during peak workloads to avoid unexpected shutdowns on iPhone 6, iPhone 6 Plus, iPhone 6s, iPhone 6s Plus, and iPhone SE. With the update, iOS dynamically manages the maximum performance of some system components when needed to prevent a shutdown. While these changes may go unnoticed, in some cases users may experience longer launch times for apps and other reductions in performance.Of course，when a chemically aged battery is replaced with a new one, iPhone performance returns to normal when operated in standard conditions.To address our customers' concerns, to recognize their loyalty and to regain the trust of anyone who may have doubted Apple's intentions, we've decided to take the following steps: Apple is reducing the price of an out-of-warranty iPhone battery replacement by $50—from $79 to $29—for anyone with an iPhone 6 or later whose battery needs to be replaced, starting in late January and available worldwide through December 2018.Early in 2018, we will issue an iOS software update with new features that give users more visibility into the health of their iPhone's battery, so they can see for themselves if its condition is affecting performance.At Apple, our customers' trust means everything to us. We will never stop working to earn and maintain it. We are able to do the work we love only because of your faith and support—and we will never forget that or take it for granted.（镇江）According to “Time Health”, researchers have found that those who scored highest in a measure of “gratitude scores” were more likely to have less inflammation (炎症), which is often a cause that worsens the symptoms of heart failure. In a study conducted by Paul J. Mills, a professor of family medicine and public health at the University of California, San Diego, patients who kept journals in which they recorded the things for which they were grateful showed reductions in levels of inflammatory biomarkers and an increase in heart rate variability which is considered a measure of reduced cardiac (心脏病的) risk.Another advantage for those with thankful hearts is a better quality of sleep. When you lie down at night, does your mind hit replay, putting on all the worries and concerns you faced during the day? Still your anxiety by thanking God, one by one, for all the positive aspects of your day. Of course, this is not new advice and did not take a team of researchers to discover.Joseph Oatman Jr., the pastor (牧师) who wrote the hymn “Count Your Blessings,” discovered this miracle sleep-aid in 1897 when he was 41 years of age. The song became well-loved and Gipsy Smith, one of his contemporaries noted, “Men sing it, boys whistle it and women rock their babies to sleep to it.” It doesn’t seem likely that this familiar hymn will become trendy again today, but maybe we can teach it to our grandchildren. Certainly, we can use its message to remind ourselves of the benefits of recognizing and acknowledging our blessings.If your best friend had to choose a nickname for you based on your level of gratefulness would it be “Appreciative Amy/Al” or “Thankless Tonya/Tom”? Oh, you say you don’t have a best friend? That is too bad — and may be a sign that you come across as ungratefu l. In a 2014 study published in the journal Emotion, it was reported that researchers concluded that showing gratitude helps you make new friends. Conveying gratefulness to others is not only a way to nurture old relationships, but also a method to begin new ones.This is a no-brainer, but people who are generous with words and expressions ofthanksgiving have a healthier outlook (看法) on life than those who feel no need to say “thank you.” It is impossible to be both grateful and negative at the same time. If you feel yourself drifting toward a pessimistic point of view rather than an optimistic one, it may be time to make a list of your many blessings and express heartfelt thanks.Better health, more restful sleep, good friends and a bright outlook on life are good returns on an investment of taking time to be thankful.（南京盐城）Everything we do involves risk. In our professional lives, trying to avoid risk is itself a risk: work too cautiously, and we risk missing the chance to grow and shine, and our careers may suffer for it.We cannot avoid risk yet we often avoid thinking about it. That is a shame, because if we think strategically about risk, we can use it to increase our chances of coming through difficult situations with our goals intact. Rather than pretending risk doesn’t exist, why not learn to manage it to our own benefit?The first step: Acknowledge the risks your projects face. Start by writing a list of the things that can go wrong. That may sound gloomy, but it’s essential. Your list need to be very thorough, and probably never can be. But try to identify common risks-like the departure of a key colleague for a new job or the failure of a new technique upon which your project depends. The types of risks you identify will depend on the specifics of your work.Once you have a list of risks, evaluate each one in two scales:• Likelihood. Force yourself to honestly assess how likely each risk is.• Impact. Then think about how much damage could occur under each situation.Now it’s time to draft a second, more-detailed list. Go back through your initial list and consider how you might make each potential negative outcome less likely to occur, and also how you might minimize the damage to your project if one does happen. In project-management term, this step is known as risk mitigation. A mitigation is anything that makes a risk less likely to spoil your overall goal.Once you have drafted your list of mitigations, the final step is to go down that list and think about which ones are “worth it”. Look at all the information you’ve gathered about your risks and mitigations, and make a call about what it makes sense to do. You probably have more intuition in this area than you realize, because most of us instinctively do risk-mitigation calculations in the nonwork areas of our lives. For instance, every time you decide whether or not to buy a guarantee on a new electronic toy, you’re doing this calculation in your head.You have probably been intuitively doing some sort of risk analysis in your work life, too. Moving to a more explicit analysis (but one that is more qualitative than quantitative-unless you like to play with numbers) can encourage you to acknowledge when you’re making overly optimistic assumptions. And this gives you a better chance to make plans that will withstand the failure of at least a couple of those assumptions.Bringing your risk analysis out from the field of intuition can also help you overcome a tendency to overly ignore risk. It is easier to go ahead and take a big risk when you know that you have mitigations in place and a backup plan if things go wrong.Thinking about risk can be a big scary, but really, ignoring risk is the riskiest behavior of all.（苏北四市）Ownership used to be about as straightforward as writing a cheque. If you bought something, you owned it. If you broke it, you fixed it. If you no longer wanted it, you sold it or threw it away. Some firms found ways of squeezing out more profit in the after-sale services, using authorized repair shops, and strategies such as selling cheap printers and expensive ink, which, however, did not challenge the nature of ownership.In the digital age ownership has become more ambiguous. Since the arrival of smart phones, consumers are forced to accept that they do not control the software in their devices; they are only licensed to use it. But as more digital devices are springing up, who owns and who controls which objects is becoming a problem. Buyers should be aware that some of their most basic property rights are under threat.Needless to say, manufacturers seeking to restrict what owners do with increasingly complex technology have good reasons to protect their copyright, ensure that their machines do not malfunction (发生故障), maintain environmental standards and prevent hacking. Sometimes companies use their control over a product’s software for the owners’ benefit. When Hurricane Irma hit Florida this month, Tesla, a start-up for electric vehicles, remotely upgraded the software controlling the batteries of some models to give owners more range to escape the storm.The more digital strings(数字串) are attached to goods, the more the balance of control tilts(倾斜) towards producers and away from owners. Already this has given rise to controversy (争议) over owners’ property rights. Items from smart phones to washing machines have become increasingly hard to fix, meaning that they are thrown away instead of being repaired. Privacy is also at risk. Users were alarmed when it came out that iRobot, a robotic vacuum cleaner, not only cleans the floor but creates a digital map of the home’s interior that can then be sold on to advertisers though the manufacturer says it has no intention of doing so.Such issues should remind people how desperately they ought to protect their property rights. In America this idea has already taken root in the “right to repair” movement. In France appliance-makers must tell buyers how long a device is likely to last—a sign of how repairable it is. Regulators should encourage competition by, for instance, insisting that independent repair shops have the same access to product information, spare parts and repair tools as manufacturer-owned ones.Ownership is not about to go away, but its meaning is changing. Devices, by and large, are sold on the basis that they empower (授权) people to do what they want. To the extent they are controlled by somebody else, that freedom is compromised.（苏州）Four Well-Being WorkoutsRelieving stress and anxiety might help you feel better—for a bit. Martin E.P. Seligman, a professor of psychology at the University of Pennsylvania, explored how well-being（幸福感）consists not merely of feeling happy, an emotion that can be momentary, but of experiencing a sense of contentment in the knowledge that your life is colorful and has meaning beyond your own pleasure. To cultivate（培育）it, he suggests these four exercises.Write down a story about a time when you were at your best. It doesn’t need to be a life-changing event but should have a clear beginning, middle and end. Reread it every day for a week, and each time ask yourself some questions. Writing down the answers “puts you in touch with what you’re good at,” Dr. Seligman explained. The next step is to consider how to use these strengths to your advantage, intentionally organizing and structuring your life around them. “A week later, a month later, six months later, people had on average lower rates of depression and higher life satisfaction,” Dr. Seligman said. “Possible mechanisms could be more positive emotions. People like you more, relationships go better, life goes better.”Set aside 10 minutes before you go to bed each night to write down three things that wentreally well that day. Next to each event answer the question, “Why did this good thing happen?”Instead of focusing on life’s lows, which can increase the likelihood of depression, the exercise “turns your attention to the good things in life, so it changes what you attend to,” Dr. Seligman said. “Consciousness is like your tongue: It rolls around in the mouth looking for a cavity（龋洞）, and when it finds it, you focus on it. Imagine if your tongue went looking for a be autiful, healthy tooth.” Polish it.Think of someone who has been especially kind to you but you have not properly thanked. Write a letter describing what he or she did and how it affected your life, and how you often remember the effort. Then arrange a me eting and read the letter aloud, in person. “It’s common that when people do the gratitude visit both people weep out of joy,” Dr. Seligman said. Why is the experience so powerful? “It puts you in better touch with other people, with your place in the worl d.”Responding constructively was inspired by the work of Shelly Gable, a social psychologist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, who has extensively studied marriages and other close relationships. The next time someone you care about shares good news, give what Dr. Gable calls an “active constructive response.” That is, instead of saying something passive, express real excitement. Extend the discussion by, say, encouraging them to tell others or suggest a celebratory activity.So, the most effective long-term strategy for well-being is to actively cultivate well-being rather than only focus on how to relieve depression, anger and worry.（无锡）People tend to blame the external (外部的) force when bad things happen and give themselves credit when good things occur. For example, if you passed an exam, the self-serving would lead you to believe that it was because you studied hard. If you failed, on the other hand, you might believe it was because the teacher did not explain the subject correctly, the classroom was too warm or your roommate kept you up all night before the exam. Social psychologists describe this phenomenon as self-serving bias (自利性偏差).A number of factors have been shown to influence the self-serving bias. Generally, older adults make the internal attribution, that is, credit themselves with their success. Men are more likely to make the external attribution, meaning they tend to blame the outside force for their failure. Often when a person is sad, this kind of bias may be opposite: they will attribute positive results to the outside help or even luck, and blame themselves when bad things happen.Experts suggest that while this bias is quite widespread in the western culture including the U.S. and Canada, it tends to be much less frequent in the eastern culture including China and Japan. Why? Individualist cultures such as the U.S. place greater stress on the personal achievement and self-respect, so protecting the self from feelings of failure is more important. Collectivist cultures, on the other hand, are more likely to attribute the personal success to luck and failure to the lack of talent.However, there are some situations where the self-serving bias happens less often. Some research has found that people in close relationships, whether the romantic relationship or friendship, tend to be more modest. Your friends or your partner, in other words, would remind you when a bad situation might be partly because of your own doing.Although the bias can mean avoid the personal responsibility for one’s action, in many cases, it is a defense mechanism that protects a person’s self-respect. By attributing positive events to personal characteristics, people get an increase in confidence. By blaming the outside force for failure, people make themselves believe they don’t need to be responsible for the failure and thus protect their self-respect.Another advantage of this bias is that it leads people to persevere even in the face of difficult situations. An unemployed worker may feel more motivated to keep looking for work if he attributes his unemployment to a weak economy, for example, rather than some personal failure. An athlete might feel more motivated to perform well if he believes that his failure during a答案常州71.Apology 72.age 73.how 74.Consequence 75.from 76.Prevention 77.managing 78.occasionally(sometimes) 79.helping(enabling, allowing) 80. battery’s镇江：71. less 72. lower/reduce/decrease/lessen 73. anxious/worried/concerned 74. discovery 75. popularity 76. number 77. conclusion78. larger/new/wider 79. Ungrateful 80. ensure南京盐城：71. unavoidable/inevitable 72. strategic 73. potential/possible 74. allowance(s) 75. degree/extent 76. damaged/spoiled 77. deserve 78. Benefits/Advantages 79. Chances 80. face/stand苏北四市：71. challenged72. clear/definite/certain 73. threatened 74. issues 75. restrictions76. favour/favor /interest(s) 77. tends 78. light 79. taken 80. compromised/ damaged苏州：71. momentary/ temporary 72. relief 73. approaches/ solutions 74. whole/ complete 75. purpose 76. Spare/Allocate77. thanks/ gratitude 78. personally 79. pretend80. limiting/ restricting/ confining无锡：71.subjective72.influencing/affecting/impacting 73.age 74.mood/emotion(s)/feelings 75.cutural 76.protection/encouragement(s)/comfort(s) 77.responsibility 78.often/frequently 79.freeing 80. motivation。