精品资料--大学扩招断了平民子弟晋升之路(精校完美打印版)

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高校扩招启示录

他们来做我们的设计人员，设计人员必须要有丰富的实践经验才能出彩，刚从学校出来只懂书本知识不了解我们的消费者需要什么，叫他们如何设计得出畅销的服装呢？你
一
适龄青年受高等教育的比例从１９９１年的３％上升到
１％，３从世界排名第１１，３位上升到了第１位。１４
兴行动计划》，计划寅稀到２１００年实现大学Ｅ入学率达到
的那天．全家人之兴奋．爷当场向我表示婴拿出他的爷
ｉ％，５后来制定“ 十五 ” 计划时．这个目标被提前了５．年即
６交友如果没有离别人就不能真正珍惜相聚的时刻；如果没有离别。人间就再也没有重逢的喜悦。
转变就业观念擦皮鞋
后却遇到了不少
的问题。家长们在高兴之余也不会
想到他们的子女
在本刊记者的采访过程中，在公共汽车上碰到一名戴眼镜的师傅说：记得《人才市场报》曾经举行过一次 “ 如何看待大学生擦皮鞋、两种就业观念大碰撞 ” 的讨论，出的结得论是：大学生甘做擦鞋匠，这是就业观念的积极转变，果如这样的话，就业之路就要大大宽广起来了！然而。如果大量大学生都有这样的观念，麻烦也不会小：国家花近２Ｏ年时间栽培一个人才，这太不值得了！更为重要的是，因为许多大学生“ 力都不是很好” 所以很有可能他们擦的皮鞋比视。
近几年来，校一再扩招。高高校门槛一降再降（特别说明：今年高校已经开始限招）结果是圆了一大批高中生的，大学梦。而带动了高校、从普高的繁荣发展。圆了大学梦的同学自然是高兴

GFI _216 - Final Guidance -CMC- Fermentation-2[1]

#216 Guidance for Industry Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls (CMC) Information — Fermentation-Derived Intermediates, Drug Substances, and RelatedDrug Products for Veterinary Medicinal Use Comments and suggestions regarding this guidance should be sent to the Division of Dockets Management (HFA-305), Food and Drug Administration, 5630 Fishers Lane, Room 1061, Rockville, MD 20852. Comments can be submitted electronically on the Internet at. All written comments should be identified with the Docket No.FDA-2011-D-0112.For questions regarding this document, contact Michael J. Popek, Center for Veterinary Medicine, (HFV-144), Food and Drug Administration, 7500 Standish Place, Rockville, MD 20855, (240) 276-8269, e-mail: michael.popek@.Additional copies of this guidance document can be requested from the Communications Staff (HFV-12), Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, 7519 Standish Place, Rockville, MD 20855, and may be viewed on the Internet at/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/d efault.htm.U.S. Department of Health and Human ServicesFood and Drug AdministrationCenter for Veterinary MedicineMarch 8, 2012TABLE OF CONTENTSI.INTRODUCTION (4)II.BACKGROUND (4)III.SCOPE (5)IV.INTERMEDIATES, DRUG SUBSTANCES, DRUG PRODUCTS (5)A.Identification of Manufacturing Facilities (6)B.Description of Manufacturing Process and Controls (6)1.Pharmaceutical Development Reports (6)2.Cell Growth (Propagation) and Harvest (6)3.Purification and Downstream Processing (7)4.Modification Reactions (If Applicable) (8)a.Chemical Modifications (8)b.Enzymatic Modifications (8)5. Reprocessing, Reworking, Recycling, Regeneration, and Salvaging (8)C.Control of Materials (8)1. Microorganism (8)2.Cell Bank System (9)a.Master Cell Bank (9)b.Working Cell Bank (9)3.Media Components (9)4.Solvents, Reagents, Auxiliary Materials (9)D.Control of Critical Steps and Intermediates (10)E.Non-Critical In-Process Controls (10)F.Process Validation and/or Evaluation (10)G.Characterization (10)1.Elucidation of Structure and other Characteristics (10)a.Structural Elucidation (11)b.Physicochemical Characterization (11)c.Biological Activity (11)2.Impurities (11)3.Degradation Products (13)H.Control of Intermediates, Drug Substances, and Drug Products (13)1.Specifications (13)2.Analytical Procedures (13)3.Validation of Analytical Procedures (14)4.Reference Standards or Materials (14)5.Batch Analyses (14)I.Container Closure System (14)beling (14)K.Stability Summary and Conclusions (15)1.Batch Selection for Stability Studies (15)2.Expiration Date versus Retest Date (15)3.Postapproval Stability Protocol and Commitment (16)4.Stability Data (16)Guidance for IndustryChemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls (CMC) Information — Fermentation-Derived Intermediates, Drug Substances, and Related Drug Products for Veterinary Medicinal UseThis will represent the Center’s current thinking on the topic. It does not create or confer any rights for or on any person and does not operate to bind FDA or the public. You can use an alternative approach if the approach satisfies the requirements of the applicable statutes and regulations. If you want to discuss an alternative approach, contact the FDA staff responsible for implementing this guidance. If you cannot identify the appropriate FDA staff, call the appropriate number listed on the title page of this guidance.I. INTRODUCTIONThis guidance provides recommendations on what documentation to submit to support the chemistry, manufacturing, and controls (CMC) information for fermentation-derived intermediates, drug substances, and related drug products for veterinary medicinal use. This information is filed to the Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) in a new animal drug application (NADA), conditional new animal drug application (CNADA), investigational new animal drug file (INAD), abbreviated new animal drug application (ANADA), generic investigational new animal drug file (JINAD), drug master file (DMF), or veterinary master file (VMF).FDA’s guidance documents, including this guidance, do not establish legally enforceable responsibilities. Instead, guidances describe the Agency’s current thinking on a topic and should be viewed only as recommendations, unless specific regulatory or statutory requirements are cited. The use of the word should in Agency guidances means that something is suggested or recommended, but not required.II. BACKGROUNDFermentation processes are frequently used to manufacture intermediates, drug substances, and related drug products for veterinary medicinal use. Traditionally, most manufactured fermentation products were extracted from the media or cell mass and either further purified or molecularly modified to create another entity. Today, a variety of products are manufactured from fermentation processes, including:∙Biomass products (i.e., drug and cell mass constitute the product)∙Competitive exclusion products (i.e., the product consists of one or more microorganisms intended to exclude harmful bacteria, such as Salmonella, from colonizing)∙Biotech productsBacteriophage productsMicrobial systems can introduce manufacturing variability that can affect the purity and quality, and ultimately, the safety and effectiveness of a product, if not controlled. Even though fermentation is a common manufacturing practice, CVM currently provides no CMC guidance to pharmaceutical sponsors about fermentation-derived intermediates, drug substances, or related drug products.III. SCOPEFiling information for the CMC of a new animal drug application is described in 21 CFR 514. The first specific mention of CMC requirements for fermentation products occurs in 21 CFR 514.1(b)(4)(iii)(a-e) in the Component and Composition section. Most other required CMC information is described in 21 CFR 514.1(b)(5). This guidance provides recommendations for CMC information to support fermentation-derived intermediates, drug substances, and related drug products intended for veterinary use.The information in this guidance loosely follows the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) Common Technical Document (CTD). Due to the redundancy of information between fermentation-derived intermediates, drug substances, and drug products, sections were combined and are not specifically labeled in the CTD format (e.g. Description of Manufacturing Process and Process Controls (S.2.2)). In addition, some CTD sections may have been omitted as they are common to all intermediates, drug substances, and drug products (e.g. General Information), whether or not they relate to fermentation. CVM will accept quality related documents in CTD format.This guidance does not address postapproval changes associated with fermentation-derived products. Although the guidance addresses fermentation issues associated with semi-synthetic drug substances, it only provides limited information for some semi-synthetic steps post-fermentation. More detailed post-fermentation recommendations can be found in the CVM guidance for industry 169: Drug Substance Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls Information. Additionally, this guidance does not address special characterization and control requirements for biomass, competitive exclusion, phage, and other fermentation-related products produced by microorganisms genetically engineered using recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology. Even though these products are not specifically covered, the underlying fermentation principles described in this document would be applicable to these products as well.SUBSTANCES, DRUG PRODUCTSIV. INTERMEDIATES,DRUGCMC information for fermentation-derived intermediates, drug substances, and related drug products can be provided directly in a NADA, CNADA, INAD, ANADA, or JINAD. Typically, the information for intermediates and drug substances are provided by reference to a DMF or a VMF.Master files provide an avenue for manufacturers to submit proprietary information to the Agency without submitting that information to the applicant. Master files can also be used by a drug sponsor as an organizational tool for different processes (e.g., to separate the process for drug substance manufacturing from the finished dosage form process). For the Agency to review aDMF or VMF, a letter of authorization (LOA) from the DMF or VMF holder should be submitted as part of the referencing submission provided by the applicant.The following describes information that should be provided in either a master file(s) or an application, depending on which is used.A. Identification of Manufacturing FacilitiesFacilities involved in the manufacture and/or testing (including contract manufacturers and testing laboratories) of fermentation-derived intermediates, drug substances, and related drug products should be identified. The name, address, and manufacturing responsibility operations/processes performed should be provided for each firm.B. Description of Manufacturing Process and ControlsA detailed description of the manufacturing process and process controls should be provided for intermediates, drug substances, and related drug products:∙Describe the entire process (including original inoculum, propagation, harvest, isolation/purification, and any modification reactions)∙Identify all process controlsFor drug products, a master batch record covering the entire process including original inoculum, propagation, harvest, isolation/purification, and any modification reactions should be provided. Recommendations for executed (completed) batch records are provided in CVM guidance for industry 42: Animal Drug Manufacturing Guidelines-Series of Four Guidelines (1994). CVM encourages the submission of executed batch records for lots of drug substance and drug product used in support of the application as they provide valuable detail and insight into the manufacturing process and proposed controls.1. Pharmaceutical Development ReportsSponsors are encouraged to provide pharmaceutical development reports (PDRs) that describe the scientific rationale for the chosen manufacturing process(es) and controls for fermentation-derived intermediates, drug substances, and related drug products. A sponsor’s ability to demonstrate process understanding can be factored into CVM’s risk-based decision making (e.g., Pre-Approval Inspection Decision Support System (PAIDSS)). Suggestions for PDRs can be found in ICH Q8: Pharmaceutical Development.2. Cell Growth (Propagation) and HarvestA description should be provided that includes a flow diagram illustrating each step in propagation from the original inoculum (e.g., cells from one or more vials of the working cell bank) through the last harvesting operation.∙All steps should be included along with the relevant information, such as the growth conditions and in-process tests performed (e.g., cell concentrations, volumes, pH,cultivation times, temperatures).∙Critical steps and intermediates for which specifications are established should be identified, along with sampling plans and testing time points.∙The flow diagram can be supplemented with information presented in tabular form, if appropriate.A narrative describing each manufacturing step in the process should accompany the flow diagram:∙Identify all process controls and the associated numeric ranges, limits, or acceptance criteria∙Highlight any process controls that are considered critical∙Identify the intended scale of the process. The amounts indicated should be representative of a maximum-sized production batch.We recommend the following be included in the narrative:∙ A description of the major equipment involved in each step∙ A description of inoculation and each step in propagation with growth conditions specified∙The composition of the media used at each step, including water quality and additives used∙The sterilization procedures for media (e.g. a batch sterilization process or continuous system)∙The equipment (e.g. fermentation vessel), feeds, and other materials added during the fermentation process∙Process parameters monitored and controls for critical steps and intermediates∙Procedures used to transfer material between steps∙Procedures used to minimize contamination by adventitious agents∙Process controls to confirm the effectiveness of the specific manufacturing steps used to inactivate and or remove adventitious agents∙Criteria for harvesting∙Criteria for rejecting/accepting a fermentation batch if contamination occurs∙The determination of yields∙Criteria for pooling more than one harvest, if applicable∙Storage conditions and time limits if the harvested crude fermentation product is held prior to further processing3. Purification and Downstream ProcessingThe description should include a flow diagram that illustrates and a narrative that describes all the steps involved in isolating and purifying the crude fermentation product to its final form, along with any relevant information (e.g., volumes, pH, temperatures, holding times). Critical steps and intermediates for which specifications are established should be identified, along with testing time points.The narrative describing each manufacturing step should accompany the flow diagram and should identify all process controls and the associated numeric ranges, limits, or acceptance criteria and include the following:∙Methods used in purification or separation of the crude fermentation product (e.g.precipitation, centrifugation, filtration) including major equipment (e.g. columns, membranes∙Process parameters monitored∙The in-process controls and analytical tests used to show identity, purity, and concentration and to evaluate levels of process- and product-related impurities ∙The determination of yields∙Precautions taken to prevent or control microbial contamination during purification∙Conditions for reuse and/or procedures for regeneration of columns, membranes, and adsorbents∙Storage conditions and time limits, if the purified fermentation product is held prior to further processingReactions (If Applicable)4. Modificationa. ChemicalModificat ionsWhen a product of fermentation is to be subjected to further molecular change through chemical means, a description of the synthetic steps should be included in the procedural narrative. Additionally, a flow diagram of the synthetic process should be provided. For more details, see CVM guidance for industry 169: Drug Substance: Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls Information.Modificationsb. EnzymaticWhen the fermentation product is further modified using enzyme catalysts, the steps should be included in the flow diagram and detailed in the procedural narrative. Enzymatic reactions are considered chemical reactions since the conversion of substrate product involves breaking and forming chemical bonds. Thus, much of the information submitted in the manufacturing description should be the same as that submitted for chemical processes (drug substance). However, because enzymatic functionality requires carefully controlled conditions (e.g., pH, temperature, osmolarity), the description should contain detailed information on reaction controls and the optimum range of operation. Furthermore, the biological source of the enzyme should be provided along with a description of the enzyme’s preparation and information about its purity.5. Reprocessing, Reworking, Recycling, Regeneration, and SalvagingWhen appropriate, reprocessing, reworking, recycling, regeneration, and salvaging operations should be described. For more detail, see CVM guidance for industry 169: Drug Substance: Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls Information.MaterialsC. ControlofA list of materials used in the manufacture of fermentation-derived intermediates, drug substances, and drug products should be provided (i.e., the microorganism, cell bank system, media components, solvents, reagents, auxiliary materials). Information pertaining to the quality and control of these materials should also be provided.Microorganism1.Information about the microorganism used for production (i.e., genus, species, and type strain) and known genotypic and phenotypic characteristics should be provided. Additionally, the origin of the source material (or isolate) should be identified or described.2. Cell Bank SystemBanka. MasterCellA brief description of the procedures used to generate the master cell bank (MCB) and the criteria used for qualification should be provided. The information should include:∙Method, reagents, and media used in preparation∙Date of preparation∙Process controls∙Storage conditions∙Procedures used in testing for relevant phenotypic and genotypic markers and determining culture purity∙Procedures used to ensure the absence of contamination from adventitious agents (e.g., microbial contamination and cross–contamination by other cell types) with tests andacceptance criteria specifiedb. Working Cell BankPreservation of the microbial purity of the MCB is an important factor in maintaining the production strain. Often a working cell bank (WCB) is created so that the MCB will be less likely to be compromised. Creation of a WCB occurs via the propagation of the MCB through defined culture conditions, and then aliquots of the resultant homogenous culture suspension are partitioned into individual storage containers of appropriate size for routine production purposes.A brief description of the procedures used to derive a WCB from the MCB and the criteria used for qualification should be provided. Information similar to that submitted for the MCB should also be submitted for the WCB.Components3. MediaA list of the media components used at each stage of the fermentation process should be included in the submission. Specifications should be provided for each component for verification that the material is of suitable quality for its intended purpose.∙If ruminant-based media components are used in the fermentation process, they should comply with the proposed BSE Medical Products Rule, issued on January 12, 2007 (72FR 1582).∙All animal-derived components should be identified and appropriate mitigation steps taken to prevent the transmission of adventitious agents.4. Solvents, Reagents, Auxiliary MaterialsA list of solvents, reagents, and other auxiliary materials used in the fermentation process should be provided. Specifications for each material should be included for verification that the materialis of suitable quality for its intended purpose. When water is used in the process, it should be of an appropriate quality for its intended use.D. Control of Critical Steps and IntermediatesAll critical process controls and their associated numeric ranges, limits, or acceptance criteria should be identified and justified and a brief description of the test provided. Furthermore, any experimental data to support the justification should be included.∙Good controls are essential during fermentation to ensure product consistency.∙End product testing alone is not adequate for demonstrating a fermentation process is under control.∙Manufacturing processes, including fermentation, should be controlled to ensure that the product meets previously identified quality attributes.All controls used in determining an isolated intermediate’s acceptability for downstream processing should be identified. When the intermediate represents the end of the fermentation process and the beginning of a synthetic scheme, the controls warranted are generally more extensive than those used for other types of intermediates. For more detail, see CVM guidance for industry 169: Drug Substance: Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls Information.E. Non-Critical In-Process ControlsCVM encourages sponsors to identify and describe non-critical in-process controls conducted on a routine basis (e.g., carbohydrate burn rate, may affect yield, but won’t necessarily affect product quality). Although these controls may not directly demonstrate that a process produces a quality product, a description of the tests being conducted and why they are not critical, aid in demonstrating process understanding.F. Process Validation and/or EvaluationWhen a fermentation-derived intermediate, drug substance, or drug product is sterilized, the process validation information and data in support of the sterilization process(es) should be provided. Refer to CVM guidance for industry 48: For the Submission of Documentation for Sterilization Process Validation In Applications For Human And Veterinary Drug Products. Non-sterile process validation is conducted prior to commercial marketing. CVM may request that process validation protocols and data be submitted in support of manufacturing processes. Scale-up issues encountered during process validation and any modifications to the process to accommodate these issues must be reported through the appropriate postapproval submission process (see 21 CFR 514.8(b)).G. CharacterizationStructure and other Characteristicsof1. ElucidationConfirmation of the structure and characterization data for a fermentation-derived intermediate, drug substance, or drug product should be provided. When the fermentation product is a mixture of active components, isolation and purification of individual components for structural analysis and characterization may be appropriate.a. StructuralElucidationStructural confirmation using physical and chemical techniques (e.g., elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy) should be provided for the intermediate or drug substance. Additionally, the data and details of its interpretation should be included. The amount of data warranted to support the elucidation of structure can vary depending on the complexity of the molecule. For USP labeled drug substances, structural confirmation can be accomplished by demonstrating conformance to a USP reference standard.Characterizationb. PhysicochemicalThe kind and extent of the physicochemical characterization information that should be provided depends on (1) the type of drug substance (e.g., semi-synthetic molecule, protein), (2) the type of dosage form in which the drug substance will be used, (3) the ability or tendency of the drug substance to occur in one or more solid state forms, and (4) the importance of the differences in physical characteristics of the different forms to the stability, dissolution, or bioavailability of the drug product. For more details on the type of information that should be submitted, see CVM guidance for industry 169: Drug Substance: Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls Information, Draft Guidance.Activityc. BiologicalWhen a biological assay (e.g., antimicrobial activity for antibiotics) is used to assesspotency/strength of the intermediate or drug substance, biological activity data should be provided to complete the characterization profile. Data should be provided on the reference standard lot or other relevant lots to demonstrate the potency/strength of the intermediate, drug substance, or drug product.In some cases, the product of fermentation is a complex mixture of major and minor components that together make up a product’s biological activity. In evaluating the impurity profile for these fermentation products, efforts should be made to identify and characterize the active components (major and minor) that contribute to the product’s overall potency and distinguish them from impurities. This may not be practical or feasible in all cases. We recommend an applicant with related questions consult the appropriate review team for additional guidance.2. ImpuritiesInformation concerning impurities in the fermentation-derived intermediate, drug substance, or drug product should be provided (e.g., organic impurities, inorganic impurities, and residual solvents).∙Impurities may derive from the manufacturing process (e.g., residual media components, residual protein and nucleic acid derived from microbial cells, processing reagents,inorganic salts, filter aids, solvents), or they may be structurally related to the desiredfermentation product, but not share the same properties with respect to biological activity, efficacy, and safety (e.g., other microbial metabolites, precursors, by-products).∙Process related impurities derived from the fermentation and downstream processing should be minimized as much as possible through the use of a well-controlled andreproducible manufacturing process.Structurally related impurities should be identified, tracked, and controlled throughout the fermentation, isolation, and purification processes.A summary should be provided of the impurities most likely to arise during the fermentation, isolation, purification, and storage (e.g., holding time) of the intermediate, drug substance, or drug product. The summary should include impurity profiles (i.e., chromatograms), test results from representative batches, and results from forced degradation studies used to identify the potential impurities that may arise during storage. The impurities reported can be of known structure, partially characterized, or unidentified. Studies done in characterizing the structure of impurities should be summarized. Documentation should also be provided demonstrating that the analytical procedures used in quantifying impurities are properly validated or qualified.The specifications for fermentation-derived intermediate, drug substance, or drug products should include limits for impurities (i.e., organic impurities, inorganic impurities, and residual solvents). Additionally, a rationale for the inclusion or exclusion of impurities in the specifications should be presented. As appropriate, this rationale should include a discussion of the impurity profiles observed in batches used for clinical, safety, and stability testing, as well as batches representative of the proposed commercial process.Although relevant guidances (92: Impurities in New Veterinary Drug Substances, VICH GL10 (R) and 93: Impurities in New Veterinary Medical Products, VICH GL11(R)) on impurities did not address fermentation products, the principles described in these guidances are still applicable. Furthermore, levels for reporting, identifying, and qualifying organic impurities as described in these guidances are applicable to non-complex, well-characterized fermentation products.For complex fermentation products that are not well-characterized in terms of structure, physicochemical properties, biological activity, and purity, it is recommended that the levels for organic impurities be determined on a case-by-case basis.The acceptable levels for organic impurities will also depend on how the fermentation product is to be used. The levels will likely be less stringent for a drug substance or an intermediate that will be subjected to further modification and/or purification compared to that of a drug product that does not undergo further processing.For inorganic impurities and residual solvents, limits should generally be based on pharmacopeial standards (e.g., USP General Chapter <467> Residual Solvents) or known safety data. Additionally, the ICH guidance Q3C Impurities: Residual Solvents or the CVM guidance 100: Impurities: Residual Solvents in New Veterinary Medical Products, Active Substances, and Excipients, VICH GL18(R) should be consulted, as appropriate.For most fermentation products (e.g., antibiotics), it is expected that purification and downstream processing effectively remove process-related impurities, such as residual media components, residual protein and nucleic acid-derived from microbial cells, and other processing reagents. Thus, in most cases, limits need not be included in the specification for these impurities. However, when studies suggest that process-related impurities are not effectively removed from the purification process, these impurities should be controlled with limits in the specifications, as appropriate.Microbial impurities tests (e.g., for endotoxins) for drug products may be required based on the intended route of administration of the drug product in accordance with 21 CFR 514.1(5)(xi). In some instances when there is a safety concern, drug substances (e.g., gentamicin sulfate) may。

序

序—高校扩招
（一）高校扩招的背景：
3. 有人想到了教育。中国人对教育的重视甚至崇拜可谓世界闻名。所谓“万般皆下品，唯有读书高”，“再穷不能穷学校，再苦不能苦孩子”。基础教育已经没有潜力可挖，只能打高等教育、也就是大学的主意。
序—高校扩招
（一）高校扩招的背景：
3.能上大学，一直是孩子和家长的共同期待，是让孩子和家长特别觉得有面子的事。孩子要能考上大学，就是砸锅卖铁，家长也干。
序—高校扩招
（）高校扩招的影响
“到了2004年，各省高校几乎找不到不贷款的学校了，找到了才奇怪了。” 邬大光说。
序—高校扩招
（二）高校扩招的影响
消极影响之二：高校教育质量滑坡由于经费不足，高校教学资源出现全面紧张，特别是教师队伍、教学设施、食堂、学生宿舍等。大学生就业难逐渐成为一个广为关注的社会问题。
（一）高校扩招的背景：
1.于是人们将目光开始转向国内市场，而恰在此时我国经济出现通货紧缩的趋势，投资减少，消费疲软，国内消费市场增长并不迅速，导致经济增长缺乏原动力。如何扩大内需，成为高层决策的面临的重大课题。
序—高校扩招
（一）高校扩招的背景：
2. 1999年，我国城乡居民储蓄存款余额为59621亿元。表面看来，中国老百姓不是没钱，而是舍不得花钱。怎样让这些人心甘情愿地把钱掏出来花，从而刺激消费、扩大内需，从而促进国家经济增长呢？
（四）教育活动体现了自觉性和强制性的统一 P46
（五）教育效果具有现实性和未来性
的统一
P47
迟效性与长效性
三、教育的产生
（一）生物起源论（二）心理起源论（三）劳动起源论（四）生活需要起源论
P48-49 P49 P49-50

晋位升级方案(2篇)

晋位升级方案在当今社会，随着经济的快速发展和科技的不断进步，大家都希望自己能够得到更好的发展机遇和提高自身的职业水平。

尤其是在工作中，晋升成为一个永远的话题，因为晋升代表着职业的提升和收入的增加，能够提升自己在组织中的地位和权力，因此，如何更好地制定晋升计划成为了很多人关心的焦点。

晋升并非是一蹴而就，而是需要我们从自身的各方面进行改善和提升，从而获得更好的发展机会。

首先，我们需要提升自身的专业能力。

随着社会的快速发展，专业知识更新迅速，如果我们停留在原地不前进，就会被淘汰落后。

因此，不断学习新知识，提升专业技能是我们提升的必由之路。

其次，我们还需要提升自身的综合素质。

作为一个优秀的员工，不仅需要具备扎实的专业知识，还需要具备良好的沟通能力、团队合作能力、领导能力等综合素质。

只有具备这些素质，才能在工作中更好地发挥自己的作用，得到老板和同事的认可，从而获得晋升的机会。

提升综合素质还需要加强自身的自我管理能力。

在工作中，我们常常会遇到各种各样的问题和挑战，如果没有良好的自我管理能力，就容易被琐事耽误了自己的发展方向。

因此，我们需要学会合理安排时间，做好工作和生活的平衡，通过有效的时间管理和情绪管理，更好地提升自己的综合素质。

在晋升的过程中还需要加强自身的职业规划能力。

职业规划是指个人根据自己的兴趣、能力和目标，对未来职业发展进行系统的规划和安排。

只有有明确的职业规划，才能更好地确定自己的发展方向，从而获得更多的发展机会和晋升机会。

因此，我们需要制定长远的职业规划，不断评估和调整自己的发展方向，以便更好地实现晋升的目标。

对于晋升来说，领导对个人能力的认知非常重要。

因此，我们需要积极主动地展示自己的能力和价值，让领导认识到自己的工作表现和潜力。

通过担任重要任务或项目的负责人，积极主动提出优化方案，展现自己的领导潜力，让领导信服自己有能力胜任更高职位的挑战。

另外，在工作中要主动承担挑战，勇于接受新的工作和任务，展现出自己的积极进取精神和责任意识。

高校扩招_一把_双刃剑_我国高校扩招10年回顾与认识_陈伟民

第10卷第3期广东工业大学学报(社会科学版) V o.l 10N o.32010年6月Journa l of G uangdong University of Techno l ogy(Social Sci ences Ed ition) J un .2010收稿日期:2009 12 24作者简介:陈伟民(1968 ),男,汉族,讲师,本科;主要研究方向:高等教育研究。

高校扩招:一把双刃剑我国高校扩招10年回顾与认识陈伟民(广东工业大学招生办公室,广东广州,510006)摘要:从1999年到2009年,我国高校的扩招走过了整整十个年头,教育也已经从之前的精英教育转向了大众化的教育。

高校扩招政策的方向是正确的和合理的,但同时也存在一些不利因素。

文章在分析高校扩招的背景积极因素和不利因素的基础上提出了相应的对策建议。

关键词:高等院校扩大招生高等教育大众化十年回顾中图分类号:G 640 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1671 623X (2010)03 0013 04一、高校扩招回顾在20世纪90年代之前,中国大学生的学费、住宿费等是由国家负担。

但随着经济的发展、适龄青年的增多,由国家对高等教育进行全包的教育模式,影响了我国高等教育的发展,高等教育规模跟我国社会和经济发展速度极不相适应。

各个阶层从各自的层面在为中国教育的发展寻找出路。

在此背景之下,1998年11月,亚洲开发银行驻北京代表处首席经济学家汤敏,以个人名义向中央写信,提出关于启动中国经济有效途径扩大招生量一倍的建议书。

他陈述5个理由支持大学扩招:其一,当时中国大学生数量远低于同等发展水平的国家;其二,1998年国企改革,大量下岗工人进入就业市场,如果大量年轻人参与竞争,就业将面临恶性局面;其三,国家提出保持经济增长8%目标,扩招前经济增长率为7 8%,急需扩大内需,教育被认为是老百姓需求最大的;其四,当时高校有能力消化扩招,平均一个教师仅带7个学生;最后也是最重要的,高等教育的普及事关中华民族的整体振兴。

1000051814

D33 D A O B A教育Ma y.2006编辑：宁书林大学扩招，可以说是近年来中国“高招”改革中最高的一招了。

1999年，我国普通高校招生154万人，比1998年增加46万人，增幅高达42.6%。

大学扩招从1999年到2006年，短短7年时间，大学招生几乎呈直线上升趋势，每年递增50万人左右。

由于大学扩招，一些名牌大学为了“创收”，大量招收“线外生”，只好降低入学资格要求；学生数量增加了，学校规模扩大了，管理机制跟不上。

师资力量跟不上，教学基础设施跟不上；校园里教风日下，学风日下，整体素质难以提高。

一些不学无术的小混混，自己不学习，在课堂内外惹是生非，反而闹腾得别人也学不成。

结果高等学校在校学生人数增加了，教育教学成果减少了，培养高素质人才的任务落空了，与国际教育水平的差距扩大了。

大学扩招只是一个花架子，好看不中用。

那么，究竟谁是大学扩招的最大受益者呢？这每年扩招的几十万指标真正用到哪里去了呢？事实很明显，下述三种人才是大学扩招的最大受益者。

第一，教育当局里一些追名逐利之徒。

由于大学扩招投资少，见效快，收益大，有了“政绩”，那些善于投机钻营、惯于见风使舵的人，既能夺得治学专家学者的美名，又能打通一条升官发财的门道，真可谓是一举两得，一箭双雕，何乐而不为呢？第二，各级官家不学无术的花花公子。

由于大学扩招，降低了大学入学“门槛”，各级腐败官宦之家就有了名正言顺的理由，把自己那些染了一身坏毛病，却无半点真才实学的子女，从前门堂而皇之地送进各地高等学府。

于是，“条子生”漫天飞，谁敢说个“不”字？一类大学还不行，要全国重点名牌大学。

在物欲横流的社会中，“一人得道，全家鸡犬升天”的事，是屡见不鲜的。

第三，大小暴发户玩世不恭的混混子。

由于大学扩招，要增加教学“成本”，大学没有钱，上头又给不了那么多，自然要把手伸向社会。

在市场经济的社会里，有人卖什么，就会有人买什么，只要手里有银子就成。

有的人一夜之间成了“百万富翁”，大把的票子“来得容易，去得也容易”，只要能买得到，无论如何也要给自己那混小子捐个“功名”。

十年扩招路漫漫

十年扩招路漫漫投稿信箱 [文稿] greenchina@ [图片]greenchina@都市报调查了从1977年到1999年20多名状元的职业情况后发现，无一人能成为所在行业的领军人物，大多默默无闻，有的甚至成了全职太太。

湖南师范大学教科院副院长丁道群认为，在中国的中学教育和家庭教育中，人们更多关注的是分数，忽视了性格和人际交往能力的培养。

而据中国校友会网高考状元课题研究组专家调查的1400名高考状元，发现大多数内向、高傲、情商低。

如果未在大学调试好，进入社会后短期内将很难适应，对社会的理解、接受度也不高。

当然，现在逃避社会的最好一种方式，就是继续升学。

最新数据显示，2012年，我国研究生(包括硕士生和博士生)的计划招生规模达到了584416人，其中硕士生517200人，博士生67216人。

而在2003年，我国研究生的招生计划规模为267000人。

2012年的招生规模是2003年招生规模的2.18倍，这意味着我国研究生年度招生规模10年来扩招将近一倍多。

根据教育部、国家发改委公布的招生计划数，2012年的博士生招生计划为67216人，而2003年则仅为49201人，首尾年份相比，规模只扩大了36.6%。

2012年硕士生招生517200人，而2003年则只有217799人，首尾年份相比，硕士生规模则扩招了137.5%。

硕士生招生扩招幅度则远超过博士生的扩招幅度。

时事评论人侯金亮发表评论指出，如今很多高校都志在成为“研究型大学”，争建研究生院。

而成为所谓研究型大学的重要标志是研究生的招生数量比肩本科生，甚至超过本科生。

倘若研究生扩招没有与培养质量相联系，而仅仅是数量的增加，则容易导致学历贬值。

另一方面，和当年本科生扩招一样，每年大批的研究生毕业投入就业市场，许多用人单位的录取门槛也越来越高。

不过，就算研究生毕业就更具有职业竞争力了吗？麦可思研究院的最新调研数据显示，2012届本科毕业生计划国内读研的首要理由是“就业前景好”。

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．
业生湮辅导更具人性化，更具个业生涯辅导图分类号：４Ｇ文献标识码：Ａ
文章编号：６３９９（０Ｓ１（）０３一ｌ１７ — ７５２０）２ａ一２３Ｏ
会在真正意义上成长起来。２班级职业生涯辅导强调体验和感悟所谓班级职业生涯辅导，是指以团体２职业生涯规划时个人的自身的问题，职业生涯辅导及相关的理论与技术为指导，以解决学生成长中的职业生涯规划等每个人都有不同的情况，大学生对职业生问题为目标，以班级为单位的集体职业生涯的改变是个体的经验不断改组与改造的过程心理辅导活动是解决个体自身的问涯辅导活动。班级职业生涯辅导不同于一般的班级题，它需要以个体的经验为载体。那么个主题活动与团体心理辅导。具有一定关联人的自我体验就显得尤为重要。我们认为，对学生有意义的自我职业体验应该包与区别性。括职业喜好体验、价值体验和职业素质体班级活动、团队心理辅导与班级职业生涯辅导的对比，从内涵上讲，级职业生验。这些自我体验可以通过在职业生涯辅班营涯辅导同心理团队辅导更相近，所不同的导活动中创设一定的情境，造一定的氛围来实现。可见，班级职业生涯辅导是一是，心理团队辅导仅仅针对少数同质或异质的规模较小的团体，辅导带有发展性或种自我教育活动，它没有说教和灌输等显矫治性的，般需要专业人员来承担；班性教育的痕迹，但可以通过学生自己体验一而级职业生涯辅导课程是以 “ ” 的形式对和感悟，潜移默化地影响他们的对将来职课全班进行职业生涯辅导及人生探索，可以业的认识。在课堂上进行，在课堂以外进行，在时间和２３班级职业生涯辅导以互助．自助为机空间上更为灵活，可以由受过一定培训的制保守的教育观念总是把学生看作教育班主任来承担。的对象，业生涯辅导则提倡学生是教育职的主体。班主任在进行职业生涯辅导的时２班级职业生涯辅导的特点２１班级职业生涯辅导是引导学生进行自候应该积极调动学生自身的教育资源。辅导活动是一种积极的人际互动过程，同龄我探索的职业探索过程个比较完善的学校教育体系应该教伙伴有共同的爱好、价值观和文化背景，给学生三方面的知识：关于自然的知识、彼此之间容易理解和沟通，他们可以不加坦进行心与心的交流，这本关于社会的知识和关于自己的知识。在现掩饰，诚直言，行的学校课程教育中，前两项都得到了落身也是对自身职业素质的提高。班级职业实，独学生对自己了解得很少，惟不知道自生涯辅导活动一般都有主题和目标，它是己真正需要些什么，造成毕业时的工作期依据学生一定的对职业生涯的认识制定容望值普遍出现偏差。班级的职业生涯辅导的，易为学生接受，形成共识。作为集体学生在辅导活动中既是受助者，又就是由班主任有步骤的进行引导，让学生的一员，进行自我探索，认识自我、调节自我。真正是助人者。这种互助可以增进学生对自了解自己的职业价值观、了解自己的职业信、自尊的体验，从而达到自助。

33291097

了多种报刊和文电汇集这些报工作、政权建设、军事工作、财经工为工作研究、政策研究、学术研干除刊登党中央文电、红军八路作、Ｕ农民土地政策、运工作等等。究和理论研究提供了大量材料和群
委通讯》《、西北真理》种，共电。９７以前各级苏维埃工农民方根据工作需要，还汇编出版了等７中１３年
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们的高度重视，成为当前学者一信息化运用在经济社会上的重要历低大专以上档案专业人员极
项重要的研究课题
一
意义：工作不积极主动．作效率少．后续教育取得的档案专业人工
、
当前档案管理人员面临低，务质量差。服而且档案管理的才也不多．体素质不高．进一整对
案人员思想观念也发生变化．主大多数兼职或是临时工。而且，在管理观念和方法仍存在．不适应
地方性文电汇编多以刊物形区和本部队的重要文电材料。除众了解党的方针政策、解政府法了式出现．据统计．９７１２年至１３年了以刊物形式汇编出版电文外．令很有益处９７十年内。中共陕西省委出版有《省地方还多用小册子形式公布文顺直省委、河北省委（括北方主政府多以袖珍本形式公布法令包此外。抗日战争以来。各地些专题性文电汇集。例如北平

大学扩招测试题及答案

大学扩招测试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 大学扩招是指：A. 增加大学的数量B. 增加大学生的数量C. 提高大学的教育质量D. 减少大学生的数量答案：B2. 大学扩招的主要目的是什么？A. 提高教育普及率B. 增加教育经费C. 减少失业人数D. 提高科研水平答案：A3. 以下哪项不是大学扩招可能带来的影响？A. 教育资源的紧张B. 教育质量的下降C. 学生就业的困难D. 教育经费的增加答案：D4. 大学扩招后，以下哪项措施不是解决教育资源紧张的有效方法？A. 增加教育投资B. 提高教师待遇C. 减少课程数量D. 优化课程设置答案：C5. 大学扩招对以下哪个群体的影响最大？A. 高中毕业生B. 大学教师C. 企业雇主D. 政府官员答案：A6. 大学扩招可能导致的直接后果是什么？A. 教育质量的提高B. 学生就业率的下降C. 教育成本的增加D. 教育体系的完善答案：B7. 以下哪项措施不是大学扩招后，提高教育质量的有效途径？A. 增加实践教学B. 减少理论教学C. 加强师资队伍建设D. 完善教学评价体系答案：B8. 大学扩招对以下哪个行业的影响最为显著？A. 教育行业B. 制造业C. 服务业D. 农业答案：A9. 大学扩招后，以下哪项不是政府应该采取的措施？A. 增加教育投入B. 减少对高等教育的监管C. 优化高等教育结构D. 促进产学研结合答案：B10. 大学扩招对以下哪个方面的影响是积极的？A. 社会稳定B. 经济增长C. 人口结构D. 环境质量答案：B二、多项选择题（每题3分，共15分）1. 大学扩招可能带来的正面影响包括：A. 提高国民整体素质B. 促进社会经济发展C. 增加就业压力D. 改善教育结构答案：ABD2. 大学扩招后，以下哪些措施可以提高教育质量？A. 加强师资培训B. 增加实验室设备C. 减少课程数量D. 引入企业合作项目答案：ABD3. 大学扩招对以下哪些方面可能产生负面影响？A. 教育资源分配B. 学生就业市场C. 教育公平性D. 教育投资回报率答案：ABCD4. 为了应对大学扩招带来的挑战，以下哪些措施是必要的？A. 优化课程设置B. 增加教育经费C. 减少招生名额D. 改革教育评价体系答案：ABD5. 大学扩招对以下哪些群体可能产生积极影响？A. 高中毕业生B. 大学教师C. 企业雇主D. 政府官员答案：AB三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. 简述大学扩招的背景及其必要性。

高校扩招后毕业生就业工作的若干思考

高校扩招后毕业生就业工作的若干思考
黎明
【期刊名称】《教育导刊（上半月）》
【年(卷),期】2002(000)007
【摘要】高校扩招后要采取有效的政策和措施,调整学科结构、专业结构、层次和布局,努力提高教学质量,办出特色,做到数量和质量的统一,并加强创业教育,提高就业指导和服务水平,以为高校毕业生就业开拓新局面.
【总页数】2页(P40-41)
【作者】黎明
【作者单位】五邑大学学生处,广东,江门,529020
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】C913
【相关文献】
1.高校扩招后如何做好毕业生就业工作 [J], 郝志强
2.转变观念，按市场经济规律做好大学生就业工作—高校扩招后的几点思考 [J], 高菊生
3.关于高校扩招与毕业生就业工作的思考 [J], 黎明
4.高校扩招后毕业生就业工作的实践和思考 [J], 朱国平;胡玉东
5.高校扩招后毕业生就业工作的若干思考 [J], 黎明
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法制天下为什么说扩招的这批大学生的命运是时代的误会

佳文共赏：法制天下：为什么说扩招的这批大学生的命运是时代的误会(2014-04-06 07:14:59)晨雾 / 转贴1996年,《中央宣传部、司法部关于在公民中开展法制宣传教育的第三个五年规划》提出，法制宣传教育第三个五年规划从1996年开始实施，到2000年结束。

通过在全体公民中继续深入进行以宪法、基本法律和社会主义市场经济法律知识为主要内容的宣传教育，进一步增强公民的法律意识和法制观念，不断提高各级干部依法办事、依法管理的水平和能力，促进依法治国，努力建设社会主义法制国家。

1999年6月16日，原国家计划委员会和教育部联合发出紧急通知，决定1999年中国高等教育在年初扩招23万人的基础上，再扩大招生33.7万人，这样普通高等院校招生总人数达到153万。

1999年普通高等院校招生增幅达到42%。

从1999年开始的这次高校扩招一直持续到现在，是新中国高等教育发展史上持续时间最长、扩招规模最大的一次高校大扩招。

回首中华人民共和国这段波澜壮阔的扩招史，笔者认为，真的是时代的误会！过去很长的一段历史时期内，初高中《思想政治》教科书没有及时按照“三五”普法规划进行修订，没有在课堂上给学生讲授宪法、民事、行政、刑事和程序基本法律，是造成过去十年无数大学生毕业就失业的根本原因！1999年1月1日实施的《高等教育法》第五十四条明确规定，高等学校的学生应当按照国家规定缴纳学费。

1995年9月1日实施的《教育法》第十八条规定，国家实行九年制义务教育制度。

由此可见，适龄公民是否接受高等教育不是法定义务，由于高等教育实行收费制度，高等学校和学生之间的法律关系已经由计划经济体制下的管理与被管理的行政法律关系转变为平等主体之间的民事法律关系，即教育服务合同关系。

笔者认为，基于以上这个基本的认识，我们依据《合同法》去回顾这段波澜壮阔的扩招史，就会有拨开云雾见青天的豁然开朗的感觉！1999年3月15日第九届全国人民代表大会第二次会议通过《中华人民共和国合同法》，该法第二条规定，本法所称的合同是平等主体的自然人、法人、其他组织之间设立、变更、终止民事权利义务关系的协议。

高三语文作文精品素材最新时评本科停止扩招,福兮祸兮

本科停止扩招,福兮祸兮和已经开始“慢下来〞的GDP增速、高铁计划等一样，今年高考，普通高校本科扩招将开始大幅度放慢脚步。

4月底，教育部发布的《全面提高高等教育质量的假设干意见》〔以下称为《意见》〕被媒体聚焦，放大，其关于“今后公办普通高校本科招生规模将保持相对稳定〞的表述，迅速在公共领域，以及高中生和家长心中引发震动。

一些声音认为中国高等教育已“回归理性〞。

但另一种担心也存在—与“官二代〞、“富二代〞的世袭运动一道，停止“扩招〞会导致阶层流动的大门被进一步关闭。

1999年，教育部的一份文件《面向21世纪教育振兴行动计划》〔以下称为《计划》〕按下了高校扩招的按钮，在教育产业化的驱动下，13年的时间里，这一政策加剧了中国的改变。

13年后，《意见》力图终结《计划》的某些逻辑。

在它的背后，是中国在2012年的转身—消除社会风险的焦虑，比经济增长的焦虑更为迫切。

停止扩招，似乎契合了这一点。

但《意见》又将影响到无数人的命运，以及中国社会的未来。

作为一个公共政策，和当初扩招时一样，它的出台，是否已慎重评估了会产生的社会后果？悖论高等教育一个重要的社会功能，就是突破权力、金钱、人脉等方面的阶层封锁，给平民子弟提供上升空间。

穷人无法和富人、权贵子弟“拼爹〞，但如果“文凭〞、“知识〞都拼不过，几无改变命运的可能，当不了“凤凰男〞，只能做“屌丝〞。

扩招理论上具有让更多人成为“凤凰男〞的伟大抱负。

1999年，高校招生人数增加51.32万人，招生总数达159.68万人，增长达到47.4%。

到2001年，两个参加高考者，就有一个可以上大学。

2011年，全国高校共招生675万，平均录取率达到72.3%，快相当于报名的4个人中，就有3个可以上大学了。

13年来，那么多人可以上大学，似乎会压缩庞大的底层，壮大中产阶层，改变阶层结构，而贫富差距也将随之缩小。

然而事实并非如此，阶层结构变化不大，从流动性来说更加固化，贫富更为悬殊。

这些社会后果，从“谁干的？〞角度上说，当然和教育没有多少关系。

从高校扩招到技校热招的喜与忧

从高校扩招到技校热招的喜与忧
陈红彬
【期刊名称】《职业》
【年(卷),期】2007(000)016
【摘要】1998年大学开始扩招，当时的理由是：首先为更快地提高全民教育水平和文化素质。

其次受亚洲金融风暴的影响，扩大内需促进经济发展。

再就是满足家长望子成龙，望女成凤的强烈愿望。

到2006年，短短8年时间内，全国高校大学毕业生由110多万增加到410多万。

这期间全国各地纷纷兴办大学城，无论公办高校，还是民办高校，迅速蓬勃发展起来。

一时间出现了政府乐意，社会，家长满意的喜人局面。

【总页数】1页(P59)
【作者】陈红彬
【作者单位】河南开封市高级技工学校
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】G64
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作文2

当前大学生就业形势分析1岗位增36%学生增130%毕业生供需矛盾突出是近年来社会公认的大学生就业难的一个直接原因。

从2001年至2005年业生从114万增加到338万，是扩招前的3倍；北京地区从6.6万人增加到15.4万人，是扩招前的期北京市所属单位上报需求毕业生数量（不含国家和中央在京机构）只是从4.2万人增加到5.7万的1.36倍。

２选材刁：应届生就业不吃香在大学毕业生“就业难”的同时，用人单位也普遍存在着“选材难”。

一企业投资管理有限公1000名员工中，只有40名是大学应届毕业生；一印刷有限公司的代表说，“尽管我们公司的栋梁生，企业的发展离不开大学生，但是，我们每年基本上不要应届大学生”。

３专业同：热门专业人才过剩近年来，一些工科院校和具有专业特色的学校追求综合发展，纷纷上马热门专业，致使这些专业难度加大。

北京高校毕业生就业指导中心主任任占忠认为，对于近年来盲目上马、目前就业较困难的专业育部规定，区别具体情况减少或停止招生。

４薪酬低：市场只给1700元/月这次关于大学生薪酬期望值的问卷调查结果显示，有66.4%的本科毕业生希望自己的月薪在2据北京和上海有关机构的调查结果显示，大学生月薪的市场值平均为1600~1700元/月，毕业生的社会现实水准，也导致部分大学生“有业不就”。

５假招聘：有效招聘信息数量减少一些企业利用当前大学生供过于求的形势，推出假招聘，先给出诱人的待遇条件，然后以培训用，再以试用不合格等理由辞退学生。

大学生就业的招聘信息表面看渠道多，但有效的、实用的信学生获取真实有效的信息少，导致就业难。

６缺经验：教授多“教练”少调查显示，大学生求职中遇到的最大困难是“缺乏工作经验”，占63%。

我国的教育体制多年式培养人才，专业设置脱离社会需求，不注重学生实际能力的培养。

大学生有的是专业知识，缺的质、礼仪和法律观念，大学里有的是教授，缺的是“教练”。

７怕吃苦：不愿从基层做起许多企业反映，大学生做事眼高手低，知识脱离实际，不愿从基层做起，缺乏吃苦耐劳精神，差，比较自私，因此不愿意接收应届大学生。

1979年扩招政策解读

1979年扩招政策解读
1979年扩招政策是中国教育史上的重要里程碑，也是改革开放以来教育改革的开端之一。

该政策的核心是取消高考的政治面貌，以公平、公正、公开的方式选拔高中毕业生进入大学。

这一政策极大地扩大了高等教育的规模，使更多的人有机会接受优质的教育。

在扩招政策的背景下，高中毕业生的选拔标准也发生了变化。

传统的政治面貌和身份背景已经不再是选拔的主要考量，逐渐向学术成绩和综合素质倾斜。

这种改变有利于培养具有创新精神和实践能力的优秀人才，也为中国的现代化建设提供了人才基础。

1979年扩招政策的实施还有一个重要意义，即使教育更加民主、开放和多元化。

这种变化不仅表现在选拔标准的改变上，还体现在教育内容和教学方法的改革上。

从此，学生们开始接触到更多的知识和信息，不再受到狭窄的教育范畴的限制，充分展现自己的潜力和才华。

总之，1979年扩招政策是中国教育史上的重大转折点，不仅扩大了高等教育的规模，也为中国的现代化建设提供了人才基础，同时也促进了教育的民主化和多元化。

- 1 -。

高等教育扩招与阶层间的封闭性研究的开题报告

高等教育扩招与阶层间的封闭性研究的开题报告一、选题背景和研究意义随着中国高等教育扩招政策的逐步推进，大学入学率不断增加，越来越多的人进入高等教育阶段，高等教育普及程度不断提高。

然而，高等教育扩招是否真正实现了以“人的全面发展和社会全面进步”为目标，是否真正打破了阶层间的封闭性，让更多人获得了公平的教育机会，仍需进行研究探讨。

高等教育扩招的实施，一方面提高了全民受教育的普及水平，带动了人口的整体素质提升，也在一定程度上推动了国家现代化进程；另一方面，扩大高等教育的覆盖面并不一定实现了教育公平，阶层差异和地域差异等问题仍需重视。

本研究旨在深入探究高等教育扩招政策对阶层间的封闭性的影响，探讨高等教育扩招是否有效地打破了原有的阶层壁垒，使更多人获得了教育机会，为国家现代化进程的提升奠定基础，具有非常重要的现实意义。

二、研究内容和方法本研究将分为两个主要环节：1.理论依据：首先在理论层面上，阐述高等教育扩招的现状和影响，以及阶层不平等的来源和表现。

进而结合国内外相关文献综述，探究高等教育扩招是否打破了原有的阶层壁垒，以及具体的实践方式和效果。

2.实证分析及社会调查：在理论阐述的基础上，进一步通过数据统计和问卷调查等实证分析手段，探讨高等教育扩招对阶层间的封闭性和公平性的具体影响，制定针对性的政策建议。

三、研究进度安排本研究计划分以下五个阶段进行：1. 文献综述（已完成）2. 问题意识的确定（已完成）3. 实证研究设计与问卷编制（预计2周）4. 数据的采集和整理（预计3周）5. 数据分析和研究报告的编写（预计2个月）四、预期成果本研究预计将分析高等教育扩招对阶层封闭性的影响，探究高等教育扩招对教育公平性和阶层流动性的效应，旨在为高等教育扩招政策的制定和实践提供参考和建议，为实现教育公平，促进国家现代化进程的顺利进行奠定基础。