Considerations on SRS design

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安全气囊说明书

SAFETYAirbagsYour vehicle is equipped with three types of airbags: front airbags, side airbags, and side curtain airbags.Front Airbags (SRS)The front SrS airbags inflate in a moderate-to-severe frontal collision to help protect the head and chest of the driver and/or front passenger. They are housed in the center of the steering wheel for the driver, and in the dashboard for the front passenger. Both airbags are marked SRS AIRBAG .SrS (Supplemental restraint System) indicates that the airbags are designed to supplement seat belts, not replace them. Seat belts are the occupant’s primary restraint system.Advanced AirbagsYour front airbags have advanced features to help reduce the likelihood of airbag-related injuries to smaller occupants.The driver’s advanced front airbag system includes a seat position sensor. Based on seat position and crash severity, the airbag inflates with optimal force.If there is a problem with the driver’s seat position sensor, the SrS indicator will come on and the airbag will inflate with full (normal) force, regardless of the driver’s seating position.The passenger’s advanced front airbag system has weight sensors. Although Honda recommends against children under 12 years riding in front, if the sensors detect the weight of a child (up to 65 lbs or 29 kg), the system will automatically turn off the passenger’s front airbag.For both advanced front airbags to work properly:•Do not spill any liquid on or under the seats.•Do not put any object under the passenger’s seat.•Make sure any objects are positioned properly on the floor. Improperly positioned objects can interfere with the advanced airbag sensors.•All occupants should sit upright and wear their seat belts properly.•Do not place any cover over any part of the passenger side dashboard.•Make sure the floor mat behind the front passenger’s seat is hooked to the floor mat anchor. An improperly placed mat can interfere with the advanced airbag sensors.Driver’s seat position sensor Passenger’s seat weight sensorSAFETY Side AirbagsThe side airbags help protect the torso and pelvis of the driver or a front passenger during a moderate-to-severe side impact. They are housed in the outside edge of the driver’s and front passenger’s seat-backs. Both are marked SIDE AIRBAG.Side Curtain AirbagsSide curtain airbags help protect the heads of the driver and passengers in outer seating positions during a moderate-to-severe side impact. The side curtain airbags equipped in this vehicle are also designed to help reduce the likelihood of partial and complete ejection of vehicle occupants through side windows in crashes, particularly rollover crashes.above the side windows on both sides of thevehicle.The side curtain airbags are designed to deployin a rollover, moderate-to-severe side impact, ora moderate-to-severe angled frontal collision. Ifthe SrS control unit senses that your vehicle isabout to roll over, it immediately deploys both sidecurtain airbags and activates both front seat belttensioners. If the impact is on the passenger’s side,the passenger’s side curtain airbag deploys even ifthere is no passenger in the passenger seat.To get the best protection from the side curtain airbags, occupants should wear their seat belts properly and sit upright and well back in their seats.Do not attach any objects to the side windows or roof pillars, as they can interfere with the proper operation of the side curtain airbags.When side curtain airbags deploy in a frontal collisionone or both side curtain airbags may inflate in a severe frontal collision. In thiscase, the side curtain airbags will deploy slightly after the front airbags.SAFETYImportant Facts About Your AirbagsAlways wear your seat belt properly, and sit upright and as far back from the steering wheel as possible while allowing full control of the vehicle. A front passenger should move their seat as far back from the dashboard as possible. Do not place hard or sharp objects between yourself and a front airbag. Carrying hard or sharp objects on your lap, or driving with a pipe or other sharp object in your mouth, can result in injuries if your front airbag inflates.Do not attach or place objects on the front airbag covers. objects on the covers marked SRS AIRBAG could interfere with the proper operation of the airbags or be propelled inside the vehicle and hurt someone if the airbags inflate.Do not attach accessories on or near the side airbags. They can interfere with the proper operation of the airbags, or hurt someone if an airbag inflates.Do not attach any objects to the side windows or roof pillars. They can interfere with the proper operation of the side curtain airbags.Do not cover or replace the front seat-back covers. This can prevent your side airbags from properly deploying during a side impactAirbag System IndicatorsIf a problem occurs in the airbag system, the SrS indicator comes on and a message appears on the Driver Information Interface*.SRS (Supplemental Restraint System) indicatorIf the indicator comes on at any other time besides vehicle start-up, or does not come on at all, have the system checked by a dealer as soon as possible. If you don’t, your airbags and seat belt tensioners may not work properly when they are needed.if equipped **SAFETY Passenger Front Airbag Off indicatorThe indicator comes on to alert you that the front Array passenger’s front airbag has been turned off. Thisoccurs when the front passenger’s weight sensors Array detect 65 lbs (29 kg) or less, the weight of an infantor small child, on the seat.Children 12 years and under should always rideproperly restrained in a back seat.If the front passenger‘s seat is empty, the passenger’s front airbag will not deploy and the indicator will come on.To ensure the passenger is detected properly, check that:•There is no child seat or other object pressing against the rear of the seat-back.•There is no rear passenger pushing or pulling on the back of the front passenger’s seat.•The front seat or seat-back is not forced back against an object on the seat or floor behind it.•There is no object placed under or beside the front passenger’s seat.•The occupant is sitting in an upright position and the seat back is not excessively reclined.•The occupant is not leaning against the door or center console.•The occupant’s feet are placed on the floor in front of them.•There are no objects hanging from the front passenger’s seat.•only small, lightweight objects are in the seat-back pocket.The passenger airbag off indicator may come on and go off periodically if the total weight on the seat is near the airbag cutoff threshold.Have your vehicle checked by a dealer as soon as possible if:•None of the above conditions exist, and the indicator comes on with an adultriding there.•The seat is empty and the indicator is off.Do not allow an adult passenger to ride in the front seat when the indicator is on.SAFETYstored in the dashboard. Both are marked SRS AIRBAG.2 Two side airbags, one for the driver and one for the front passenger. Theairbags are stored in the outer edges of the seat-backs. Both are markedSIDE AIRBAG.3 Two side curtain airbags, one for each side of the vehicle. The airbags arestored in the ceiling, above the side windows. The front and rear pillars are marked SIDE CURTAIN AIRBAG.4 An electronic control unit that continually monitors and can recordinformation about the impact sensors, seat and buckle sensors, rolloversensor, airbag activators, seat belt tensioners, seat position and weightsensors, passenger airbag off indicator, and other vehicle information, while the vehicle is on. During a crash, the unit records such information.5 Automatic front seat belt tensioners. The driver’s and front passenger’s seatbelt buckles incorporate sensors that detect whether or not the belts arefastened.6 A driver’s seat position sensor. If the seat is too far forward, the airbag willinflate with less force.7 Weight sensors in the front passenger’s seat. The front passenger’s airbagwill be turned off if the weight on the seat is 65 lbs (29 kg) or less (the weight of an infant or small child).SAFETYAirbag CareYou do not need to, and should not, perform any maintenance on or replace any airbag system components yourself. However, you should have your vehicle inspected by a dealer in the following situations:When the airbags have deployedIf an airbag has inflated, the control unit and other related parts must be replaced. Similarly, once an automatic seat belt tensioner has been activated, it must be replaced.When the vehicle has been in a moderate-to-severe collisioneven if the airbags did not inflate, have your dealer inspect the following: the driver’s seat position sensor, weight sensors in the passenger’s seat, front seat belt tensioners, and each seat belt that was worn during the crash.Do not remove or modify a front seat without first consulting a dealerThis would likely disable or affect the proper operation of the driver’s seat position sensor or the weight sensors in the passenger’s seat. If it is necessary to remove or modify a front seat to accommodate a person with disabilities, contact a Honda dealer. For U.S. vehicles, call Honda Automobile Customer Service at (800) 999-1009.8 Impact sensors that can detect a moderate-to-severe front or side impact.9 An indicator on the dashboard that alerts you that the front passenger’s front airbag has been turned off.10 An indicator on the instrument panel that alerts you to a possible problem with the airbag system or seat belt tensioners.11 A rollover sensor that detects whether the vehicle is about to roll over.SAFETYChild Safetyeach year, many children are injured or killed in vehicle crashes because they are either unrestrained or not properly restrained. In fact, vehicle collisions are the number one cause of death of children ages 12 and under.The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration recommend that all children ages 12 and under be properly restrained in a rear seat. Some states or provinces/ territories have laws restricting where children may ride.To reduce the number of child deaths and injuries, every state, Canadian province and territory requires that infants and children be properly restrained when they ride in a vehicle.Protecting Child Passengers•An inflating front or side airbag can injure or kill a child sitting in the front seat.•A child in the front seat is more likely to interfere with the driver’s ability tosafely control the vehicle.•Statistics show that children of all sizes and ages are safer when they areproperly restrained in a rear seat.•Any child who is too small to wear a seat belt correctly must be restrained in an approved child seat that is properly secured to the vehicle using either the seat belt or the lower anchors of the LATCH system.•Never hold a child on your lap because it is impossible to protect them in the event of a collision.•Never put a seat belt over yourself and a child. During a crash, the belt would likely press deep into the child and cause serious or fatal injuries.•Never let two children use the same seat belt. Both children could be veryseriously injured in a crash.•Do not allow children to operate the doors, windows, or seat adjusters.•Do not leave children in the vehicle unattended, especially in hot weather when the inside of the vehicle can get hot enough to kill them. They could also activate vehicle controls, causing it to move unexpectedly.SAFETYProtecting InfantsAn infant must be properly restrained in a rear-facing, reclining child seat until the infant reaches the seat maker’s weight or height limit for the seat, and the infant is at least one year old. Many experts recommend use of a rear-facing seat for a child up to two years old if the child’s height and weight are appropriate for a rear-facing seat.Child seats must be placed and secured in a rear seating position. rear-facing child seats should never be installed in a forward-facing position.When properly installed, a rear-facing child seat may prevent the driver or a front passenger from moving their seat all the way back, or from locking their seat-back in the desired position. It can also interfere with proper operation of the passenger’s advanced front airbag system.If this occurs, we recommend that you install the child seat directly behind the front passenger’s seat, move the seat as far forward as needed, and leave it unoccupied. or, you may wish to get a smaller rear-facing child seat.SAFETYProtecting Smaller ChildrenIf a child is at least one year old and within the weight range indicated by the child seat manufacturer, the child should be properly restrained in a firmly secured forward-facing child seat.We strongly recommend placing a forward-facingchild seat in a rear seating position. Placing aforward-facing child seat in the front seat can behazardous, even with advanced front airbags thatautomatically turn the passenger’s front airbag off.A rear seat is the safest place for a child.Selecting a Child SeatMost child seats are LATCH-compatible (Lower Anchors and Tethers for CHildren). Some have a rigid-type connector, while others have a flexible-type connector. Both are equally easy to use. Some existing and previously owned child seats can only be installed using the seat belt. Whichever type you choose, follow the child seat manufacturer’s use and care instructions (including the expiration date) as well as the instructions in this manual. Proper installation is key to maximizing your child’s safety.In seating positions and vehicles not equipped with LATCH, a LATCH-compatible child seat can be installed using the seat belt and a top tether for added security. This is because all child seats are required to be designed so that they can be secured with a seat belt. In addition, the child seat manufacturer may advise that a seat belt be used to attach a LATCH-compatible seat once a child reaches a specified weight. Please read the child seat owner’s manual for proper installation instructions.Important considerations when selecting a child seatMake sure the child seat meets the following three requirements:•The child seat is the correct type and size for the child.•The child seat is the correct type for the seating position.•The child seat is compliant with Federal Motor vehicle Safety Standard 213 or Canadian Motor vehicle Safety Standard 213.。

高级设计与科技耐久材料（A2）示例评论3：花园椅子单元6RM04花园椅子说明书

GCE Design and Technology Resistant Materials (A2)Exemplar Commentary 3Title: Garden LoungerUnit: 6RM04Garden LoungerAResearch & analysis P1-5, 14 On page 1, A client is identified and their brief to the student is established,that of designing an ‘innovative garden lounger’ to replace an existing seat. An image of the area in which the seat will be placed is presented and adescription of the area contextualises the problem, allowing the student to establish some early thoughts on design needs.Page 2 analyses what needs to be done in order to progress and the student focuses in on clear areas for intended research. The three columns shown clarify what needs to be researched, a justification for the work and strategies for achieving results. Importantly, the link with the client is maintained regarding their design needs.On page three a useful client interview is carried out to establish designneeds in detail and to focus design decisions.Page 4 is another example of useful research, where the student has set outto find information she regards as important, this time looking at seating angles to guide future design decisions.The page on ‘Existing products’ gathers some information, but it would have been useful to establish what kinds of materials were used and how the furniture was constructed.Information on page 14 can also be credited here as it is research carried out into an appropriate process at an appropriate time.Overall, this section is successful in establishing realistic design needs and information gathered through primary research is selective and relevant. Significant client input is sought.(Mark range 3-4)BProduct specificationP6 A specification is presented that includes realistic and technical statements,some of which are measurable and can be used to evaluate the final outcome.Points are developed from information gathered during research, including client feedback.Sustainability issues are considered and justified, although a little superficially and not all statement are justified.The specification is well organised, based on research and analysis, and covers identified design needs.(Mark Range 4-6)CDesignP7-8, 10-12 The student has presented a realistic and workable range of alternative designs for the problem in hand. Annotation shows a good understanding of materials and appropriate construction processes.Client feedback is sought, considered and acted upon, and specification points are implicitly referred to within annotation.Although ideas are similar in some respects, they are guided by the needs of the client, especially on pages 10-12.(Mark Range 7-10)C ReviewP9 Three ideas are reviewed and some points of specification are referred to implicitly within the general formative evaluation. There is no specific or detailed client input and no reference is made to sustainability issues. (Mark Range 1-2)C Develop In this section, the student develops and details sub-systems of the intended product and although there does not appear to be significant change in theP13-17 overall form of the design from initial ideas, there is a great deal of development taking place in the component parts of the product.Page 14 shows modelling being used to determine sizes and shapes, aspects of the design crucial to its success. This excellent exercise demonstrates how modelling can be used to elicit some useful and usable information.Page 16 shows the student gathering relevant information and advice on the proposed construction of her product and this exercise can be credited as part of ‘research’ which is appropriately carried out at this point.Client feedback is referenced on page 13, but only superficially.A final design proposal is presented on page 17 which includes details of materials and processes. Fixtures and fittings are specified on previous pages in this section.CAD drawings are included on pages 20-21and can be credited as part of development.(Mark Range 7-10)C Communicate P7-17 The student has used a range of media including ICT and CAD expertly toconvey enough information for a skilled third party to manufacture the product. As the product is complex and challenging to illustrate, it is notexpected that ‘technical drawings’ will be completely detailed. Most information missing from the formal drawings can be found in the development section.(Mark Range 4-6)D Planning P18-19 The student has produced a detailed plan for production showing stages ofmanufacture in the correct order for the scale of production, which is one-off.Time considerations are recorded and quality and safety checks are also recorded appropriately.(Mark Range 4-6)EMaking: use of tools and equipmentP22-25 and CAB photos The student evidences tools and equipment selection in planning and in photographs supporting the diary of making. Manufacture of the laminating moulds and laminates required innovation and high levels of skill. As well as manufacturing moulds and laminates, the student machines component parts which involves general turning, boring and parting off. Other skills involve the use of hand tools and processes. CAM is used appropriately and there is no over-reliance on this.Safety issues are identified in planning.(Mark Range 7-9)EMaking: Quality P22-25 and CAB photos The student has produced a very high quality outcome that fully matches the final design proposal and functions as designed. Selection of materials and processes is justified and recorded in sections D and E(Mark Range 11-16) marksEMaking: complexity/level of demandP22-25 and CAB photos The level of challenge in manufacturing this product is extremely high. The student was advised against proceeding with the laminating process by an ‘expert’, but achieved great success despite the risks involved in failing. The student has demonstrated precision and accuracy in producing an outstanding piece of work.(Mark Range 4-6)F Testing & evaluationP24-27 A series of ‘field trials’ is carried out and client feedback linked to some specification points is recorded.Although evaluation is linked to the product specification, the measurable points are not referenced, so the focused performance of the product is not properly tested.Modifications are relevant and two of the three focus on improving the performance of the product.Sustainability is mentioned, but only superficially.(Mark Range 4-6)。

菲亚特汽车补充安全系统（空气席）（美国车辆专用）说明书

Supplemental Restraint System (Airbag)(US Cars Only)Your car is equipped with a Supplemental Restraint System (SRS).The Supplemental Restraint System consists of an airbag and a knee bolster.NOTE: The Supplemental Restraint System can function only when the ignition switch is in the II position.Honda recommends the use of seat belts by all vehicle occupants to reduce the risk of injury in an accident. The SRS, in combination with the seat belt, is most effective when used in conjunction with the seat belt.Make sure you and your passengers always put on your seat belts before driving away. See pages 15 - 17 for seat beltinformation.The SRS is designed to deploy in an accident involving a moderate to severe frontal collision, and is not designed to assist the driver in a side impact, rear impact or roll-over accident.The driver and all passengers should wear their seat belts at all times for maximum protection.The SRS is designed to function on a one time only basis. In the event the SRS deploys, the airbag module will not function again and must be replaced. As a reminder, the SRS indicator light will stay on continuously after deployment. Only an authorized Honda dealer should repair or replace the system.COMPONENTS of SRSAIRBAG ASSEMBLYKNEE BOLSTER RIGHT DASHSENSORLEFT DASH SENSORSRS CONTROL UNITTo avoid accidental deployment of the system or rendering the system inoperative, which may result in serious injury in an accident, no modifications should be made to any components or wiring of the SRS. This includes the installation of "custom" steering wheels or additional trim material, or badges over the steering wheel hub. Installation of additional electrical/electronic equipment on or near SRS components and/or wiring is specifically ill-advised, except by an authorized Honda dealer.System Monitors A diagnostic system continually monitors the readiness of the SRS while the car is being driven. The SRS indicator light will show normal system operation by lighting for about 6 seconds when the ignition key is turned to position II.The following components are monitored by the diagnostics.Right Dash Sensor Airbag ActivatorLeft Dash Sensor All Related Wiring SRS Control UnitIn the event of a malfunction, promptly take the car to your nearest Honda dealer to have the system checked. Unless checked and repaired, the S R S will not function reliably. A malfunction is shown by:The indicator light flashing or flickering.The SRS indicator light failing to illuminate when the ignition switch is first turned to the II position.The SRS indicator light continuously illuminated.The SRS indicator light illuminated while driving.SRS INDICATOR LIGHTSupplemental Restraint System (cont'd)Safety Guidelines for the Supplemental Restraint SystemDuring a severe frontal impact, a sudden, fairly loud inflation noise will be heard and some smoke and powder will be released, neither of which is injurious. The smoke from the airbag deployment does not indicate a fire in the vehicle.Although it is highly unlikely that the SRS would activate in a non-accident situation - should it occur, the bag will deflate quickly, not obscure vision and will not interfere with the driver's ability to maintain control of the automobile.NOTE: When you sell your car, we urge you to explain to the buyer that it is equipped with a Supplemental Restraint System by alerting him to the applicable section in this owner's manual.System ServicingTo ensure its long-term reliability, the Supplemental Restraint System must be inspected by a Honda dealer ten years after the date of manufacture, which is shown on the certification label attached to the left rear door jamb.CAUTION: The impact sensors are located on the left and right sides of the bulkhead behind the engine. If you need service or repair in those areas or near the steering wheel and column, have an authorized Honda dealer do the work.After a collision that requires the airbag unit or the entire car tobe scrapped, it is mandatory that an authorized Honda dealer use the procedures and tools described in the Honda Service Manual.The SRS has no user-serviceable parts. Tampering with or disconnecting the SRS wiring could result in accidental firing of the inflator or could make the system inoperative, which may result in serious injury in an accident. For required servicing of the SRS, see your nearest Honda dealer.Instrument Panel CRUISE CONTROL MASTER SWITCH WIPER/WASHER SWITCHSUNROOF SWITCHHAZARD WARNING SWITCH DIGITAL CLOCK REAR WINDOW DEFOGGER SWITCH COIN BOX FUSE BOX IGNITION SWITCHASHTRAYHEATING/COOLING CONTROL PANEL GLOVE BOX HOOD RELEASE HANDLE TILT STEERING ADJUSTMENT LEVER PANEL BRIGHTNESS CONTROL KNOB CIGARETTE LIGHTERSRS MAINTENANCE INDICATOR LIGHTSHIFT LEVER POSITION INDICATOR (Automatic Trans. only)SPEEDOMETER TACHOMETER FUEL GAUGE COOLANT TEMPERATURE GAUGEMAINTENANCE INDICATOR RESET MAINTENANCE INDICATOR LIGHTTRIP METER ODOMETER TRIP METER RESET BUTTON DOOR AND LAMP MONITORLIGHTSpeedometerUS Cars: The speed is indicated in miles per hour (outer scale) and kilometers per hour (inner scale).Canada Cars: The speed is indicated in kilometers per hour (outer scale) and miles per hour (inner scale).OdometerThe numbers on the odometer indicate miles (US Cars) or kilometers (Canada Cars).The odometer registers total distance traveled, and serves as your guide for determining when periodic maintenance is due.US Cars: Federal law makes it illegal to alter the odometer of any motor vehicle with the intent to change the number of miles indicated.Trip MeterThe numbers on the trip meter indicate miles (US Cars) or kilometers (Canada Cars).The trip meter can be returned to zero by pushing in the reset button. Use the trip meter to check fuel consumption or distance traveled per trip.TachometerThe tachometer indicates engine speed in revolutions per minute. The beginning of the RED ZONE indicates the maximum allowable engine R.P.M. Do not run the engine with the tachometer indicator needle in the RED ZONE.Fuel GaugeFUEL TANK CAPACITY: Approx. 64.5 (14.1 Imp. gal, 17.0 US gal) As a convenience, the gauge continues to show the same fuel level as when the ignition was last on. After refueling, the gauge will slowly change to the new fuel level when the ignition is switched on.When the needle indicates E (empty), a usable reserve of about 4 (0.9 Imp gal, 1.1 US gal) remains in the tank.Coolant Temperature GaugeDo not remove the radiator cap when the engine is hot. The coolant Is under pressure and may blow out and scald you. This gauge shows the temperature of the engine coolant. During normal operation, the needle should stay in the middle of the white range. Under severe driving conditions, such as hot weather or driving uphill for a long period, the needle may rise toward the upper section of the white range.If the needle reaches the red line at "H" (Hot), pull safely off the road and stop the engine.Wait until the engine is cool and check the coolant level in the reserve tank on the passenger side of the radiator under the hood. (See pages 97 - 98.)Indicator LightsShift Lever Position Indicator (Automatic transmission only)A lighted indicator between the fuel and water temperature gauges shows which gear you have selected.Indicator LightThe S (Sports) indicator light will come on when the "Sports" switch on the shift lever is pushed. See page 77.NOTE: The S indicator light in the instrument panel also serves a second function. If the light flashes while driving (in any gear range)it indicates a possible malfunction in the transmission; avoid rapid acceleration and have the transmission checked by an authorized Honda dealer as soon as possible.Turn Signal/Hazard Warning Indicator LightsWhen the turn signal lever is pushed for left or right turns, the appropriate green indicator arrow on the instrument panel will blink along with the signal. Turning on the hazard warning switch makes all turn signals and both arrows blink (see page 39).Headlight High Beam Indicator LightCruise Control Indicator LightWhen the cruise control system is engaged, this indicator light is on (see page 41).US Car Shown:S CRUISE CONTROL This blue indicator light will go on whenever the high beams are switched on (see page 38).Fuel Reserve LightIf the light glows, it means you have about 10.0 (1.8 Imp gal, 2.6US gal) or less fuel remaining and should refuel.Check the brake light every time you start the car. With the parking brake set, the warning light should go on when the ignition switch is turned to I I or I I I. With the parking brake released, the light should go on when the ignition switch is turned to II I. If the light goes on at any other time, it means the brake fluid level in the master cylinder reservoir is too low; add fluid (see page 101) and have your dealer check for leaks immediately. Make sure the parking brake is released and the light is off before driving away.Seat Belt Warning LightThe seat belt reminder light comes on for approximately six seconds when the ignition switch is turned on (see page 17).Oil Pressure LightA severe fluctuation in engine oil pressure will cause this light to flash on and off. You should get off the road as soon as possible and turn off the ignition. Check the oil level and add oil if necessary.The oil pressure light will come on, and remain on, if there is insufficient oil pressure or when the ignition switch is turned on with the engine not running. If the light should come on while driving, get the car off the road as soon as you can, turn the engine off and check the engine oil level (see page 92).Even if the oil level is correct, the engine should be checked by a Honda dealer before the car is driven again.NOTE: The oil pressure light will only light as a result of low oil pressure. It is not directly an oil level indicator.CAUTION: Running the engine while the oil pressure light is on constantly may cause immediate and severe engine damage.US CanadaParking Brake/Brake Failure LightBRAKEIndicator Lights (cont'd)Charging System Warning LightThe charging system warning light comes on when there is a problem with the electrical charging system or when the ignition switch is turned on with the engine not running. If the light comes on while driving, stop the car, turn off the engine and check the alternator belt for proper tension. With the engine turned off, push down on the middle of the belt as shown; it should have 10-12 mm (0.4 - 0.5 in)deflection under a force of 98 N.m (22 Ib).if the engine has been running, some engine components maybe hot enough to burn you.Keep hands away from the radiator fan. The fan may start automatically without warning and run for up to 15 minutes, even after the engine is turned off.NOTE: If necessary, have the charging system checked by an authorized Honda dealer.Check Engine Warning LightThis light comes on for a couple of seconds each time the ignition is turned on. It will also come on, and remain on, if there is a malfunction in the emission control system. If the light comes on while driving, avoid driving at high speed, and have the system checked by a Honda dealer as soon as possible.USCanadaSupplemental Restraint SystemWhen the key is turned to the I I position, the SRS indicator light will come on for about six seconds, to show normal system operation, and then turn off. See Supplemental Restraint System section on page 22 - 24.Daytime Running Lights (DRL)This light conies on when the ignition switch is ON (position I I ), the headlight switch OFF and the parking brake set. This indicates that the "Daytime Running Lights" are off. The indicator light goes off when the parking brake is released. If the parking brake is reapplied without switching the ignition off, the indicator light will remain off.See page CanadaS R SD R LIndicator Lights (cont'd)Door and Lamp Monitor LightsDoor and Tailgate Warning LightsIf a door or the tailgate is open when the ignition is switched on, the appropriate indicator will light, and stay lit, until the door or tailgate is closed.Brake Lamp Warning LightIf a brake light does not work, the BRAKE LAMP indicator will go on when you push the brake pedal while the ignition is ON; the indicator will stay on until you have the light repaired or replaced. Have the brake lights checked as soon as possible.It is dangerous to drive your car with a problem ineither the brake electrical or hydraulic systems; have your dealer check both systems if you suspect brake trouble.Checking the Door and Lamp Monitor LightThe door, tailgate and brake lamp warning lights should come on for about two seconds when the ignition switch is turned on. If they don't,have the system checked by a Honda dealer.BRAKE LAMP。

SAH治疗指南

REVIEWCritical Care Management of Patients Following Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage:Recommendations from the Neurocritical Care Society’s Multidisciplinary Consensus ConferenceMichael N.Diringer•Thomas P.Bleck•J.Claude Hemphill III•David Menon•Lori Shutter•Paul Vespa•Nicolas Bruder•E.Sander Connolly Jr.•Giuseppe Citerio•Daryl Gress•Daniel Ha¨nggi•Brian L.Hoh•Giuseppe Lanzino•Peter Le Roux•Alejandro Rabinstein•Erich Schmutzhard•Nino Stocchetti•Jose I.Suarez•Miriam Treggiari•Ming-Yuan Tseng•Mervyn D.I.Vergouwen•Stefan Wolf•Gregory ZipfelPublished online:20July2011ÓSpringer Science+Business Media,LLC2011Abstract Subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH)is an acute cerebrovascular event which can have devastating effects on the central nervous system as well as a profound impact on several other organs.SAH patients are routinely admitted to an intensive care unit and are cared for by a multidisciplinary team.A lack of high quality data has led to numerous approaches to management and limited guidance on choos-ing among them.Existing guidelines emphasize risk factors, prevention,natural history,and prevention of rebleeding,but provide limited discussion of the complex critical care issues involved in the care of SAH patients.The Neurocritical Care Society organized an international,multidisciplinary con-sensus conference on the critical care management of SAH to address this need.Experts from neurocritical care,neuro-surgery,neurology,interventional neuroradiology,and neuroanesthesiology from Europe and North America were recruited based on their publications and expertise.A jury of four experienced neurointensivists was selected for their experience in clinical investigations and development of practice guidelines.Recommendations were developed based on literature review using the GRADE system,dis-cussion integrating the literature with the collective experience of the participants and critical review by an impartial jury.Recommendations were developed using the GRADE system.Emphasis was placed on the principle thatDisclaimer This statement is provided as an educational service of the Neurocritical Care Society.It is based on an assessment of current literature and the consensus of the opinions of the attendees and jury of the conference.It is not intended to include all possible proper methods of care for SAH patients.Neither is it intended to exclude any reasonable alternative methodologies.The Neurocritical Care Society recognizes that speciﬁc patient care decisions are the prerogative of the patient and the physician caring for the patient, based on all of the circumstances involved.No formal practice recommendations should be inferred.The Organizer,Members of the Jury,and Conference participants in the International Multi-disciplinary Consensus Conference on the Critical Care Management of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage are listed in Appendix.M.N.Diringer(&)Neurology/Neurosurgery Intensive Care Unit,Washington University,St.Louis,MO,USAe-mail:diringerm@T.P.BleckRush Medical College,Chicago,IL,USAJ.Claude Hemphill IIIUniversity of California at San Francisco,San Francisco, CA,USAD.MenonUniversity of Cambridge,Cambridge,UK L.ShutterUniversity of Cincinnati,Cincinnati,OH,USAP.VespaUniversity of California at Los Angeles,Los Angeles,CA,USA N.BruderUniversite´de la Me´diterrane´e,Marseille,FranceE.S.Connolly Jr.Columbia University,New York,NY,USANeurocrit Care(2011)15:211–240 DOI10.1007/s12028-011-9605-9recommendations should be based not only on the quality of the data but also tradeoffs and translation into practice. Strong consideration was given to providing guidance and recommendations for all issues faced in the daily man-agement of SAH patients,even in the absence of high quality data.Keywords Subarachnoid hemorrhageÁCritical careÁAneurysmÁVasospasmÁAnticonvulsantsÁHyponatremiaÁEndovascularÁFeverIntroductionSubarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH)is an acute cerebrovas-cular event which can have devastating effects on the central nervous system as well as a profound impact on several other organs.The course of the disease can be prolonged,with considerable secondary brain injury due to delayed cerebral ischemia(DCI).Systemic manifestations affecting cardiovascular,pulmonary,and renal function are common,and complicate the management of DCI.Due to the profound effects of the hemorrhage itself and the risk of early rebleeding and hydrocephalus,SAH patients are routinely admitted to an intensive care unit and are cared for by a multidisciplinary team including neurosur-geons,(neuro)intensivists,(neuro)anesthesiologists and interventional neuroradiologists.The ICU course of SAH patients ranges from a few days to a few weeks and is fre-quently accompanied by multiple medical complications.Despite considerable effort,only one intervention—the use of nimodipine—for this complex multifaceted disorder has been proven to improve outcome in prospective ran-domized controlled trials[1].This lack of high quality deﬁnitive data has led to numerous approaches to manage-ment and provides limited guidance on choosing among them.There have been relatively few guidelines developed for SAH management.They emphasize risk factors,preven-tion,natural history,and prevention of rebleeding,but provide limited discussion of the critical care issues involved in the care of SAH patients.In order to provide a comprehensive review of those issues the Neurocritical Care Society organized a multidisciplinary consensus conference on the critical care management of SAH. Topics were chosen based on their relevance to the critical care management of patients with aneurysmal SAH.Pro-cedures used to repair aneurysms were not addressed.Statement of PurposeThe purpose of the consensus conference was to develop recommendations for the critical care management of patients following acute SAH.The complex multi-organ pathophysiology of SAH presents a multitude of clinical challenges which demand attention.For each situation decisions must be made about if,when,and how to inter-vene.Ideally,each decision would be made based on high quality data;yet the reality is that such data rarely exist. Still,decisions about management must be made.Recom-mendations were developed based on the literature,a robust discussion regarding the interpretation of the liter-ature,the collective experience of the members of the group and review by an impartial jury.G.CiterioSan Gerardo Hospital,Monza,ItalyD.GressUniversity of Virginia,Charlottesville,VA,USAD.Ha¨nggiHeinrich-Heine University,Du¨sseldorf,GermanyB.L.HohUniversity of Florida,Gainesville,FL,USAnzinoÁA.RabinsteinMayo Clinic,Rochester,MN,USAP.Le RouxUniversity of Pennsylvania,Philadelphia,PA,USAE.SchmutzhardUniversity Hospital Innsbruck,Innsbruck,AustriaN.StocchettiFondazione IRCCS Ca`Granda–Ospedale Policlinico,Milan University,Milan,Italy J.I.SuarezBaylor College of Medicine,Houston,TX,USA M.TreggiariUniversity of Washington,St.Louis,MO,USA M.-Y.TsengNottingham University Hospitals,Nottingham,UK M.D.I.VergouwenUniversity of Utrecht,Utrecht,The Netherlands S.WolfFreie Universita¨t Berlin,Berlin,GermanyG.ZipfelWashington University,St.Louis,MO,USAProcessTopics were identiﬁed based on clinical decision points in the critical care management of SAH patients.Experts drawn from Europe and North America from theﬁelds of neurosurgery, neurocritical care,neurology,interventional neuroradiology, and neuroanesthesiology were recruited based on their expertise related to each topic.A jury of four experienced neurointensivists was selected for their expertise in clinical investigation and development of practice guidelines.Each participant performed a critical literature review.The ﬁndings were summarized in tables and a summary was pre-pared which reviewed the data and provided speciﬁc management recommendations.These were submitted in draft form before the conference and distributed to all participants.The quality of the data was assessed and recommenda-tions developed using the GRADE system[2].The quality of the evidence was graded as:•High=Further research is very unlikely to change our conﬁdence in the estimate of effect.•Moderate=Further research is likely to have an important impact on our conﬁdence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate.•Low=Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our conﬁdence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate.•Very low=Any estimate of effect is very uncertain.The GRADE system classiﬁes recommendations as strong or weak,according to the balance among beneﬁts,risks, burden,and cost,and according to the quality of evidence. Keeping those components explicitly separate constitutes a crucial and deﬁning feature of this grading system.An advantage of the GRADE system is that it allows for strong recommendations in the setting of lower quality evidence and thus it is well suited to this situation.Recommendations were either strong or weak and based on the following:•The trade-offs,taking into account the estimated size of the effect for the main outcomes,the conﬁdence limits around those estimates,and the relative value placed on each outcome•The quality of the evidence•Translation of the evidence into practice in a speciﬁc setting,taking into consideration important factors that could be expected to modify the size of the expected effectsThe conference took place on October22–23,2010.Each participant presented a summary of the data and recom-mendations to the jury and other participants.Presentations were followed by discussion focused on reﬁning the pro-posed management recommendations.Approximately1/3of the conference time was utilized for discussion.The jury met for2days after the conference and again at a subsequent2-day meeting and held several conference calls.They reviewed selected key studies,the recommen-dations made by the primary reviewers and the discussion that took place at the conference.Strong consideration was given to providing guidance and recommendations for all issues faced in the daily management of SAH patients, even in the absence of high quality data.Medical Measures to Prevent RebleedingQuestions Addressed•Do any medical interventions reduce the incidence of rebleeding in patients awaiting deﬁnitive management of their ruptured aneurysm?•Do alterations in investigative approaches reduce the incidence of rebleeding in patients awaiting deﬁnitive management of their ruptured aneurysm?•Does stringent blood pressure reduction reduce the incidence of rebleeding in patients awaiting deﬁnitive management of their ruptured aneurysm?Summary of the LiteratureRebleeding following aneurysmal SAH is common.Its incidence is highest immediately following the initial hemorrhage(5–10%over theﬁrst72h)[3],is higher in patients with poor-grade SAH,larger aneurysms,sentinel bleeds,and those who undergo catheter angiography within 3h of the ictus.Immediate repair of the ruptured aneurysm by either coil embolization or microsurgical clip ligation markedly reduces the risk of rebleeding,with microsurgical exclusion being slightly more efﬁcacious[4].Nevertheless, some patients are either too sick for immediate repair or require transport to a center where repair can be performed. Repair procedures have signiﬁcant risks and require experienced teams to minimize the serious procedural side effects of repair.This fact can lead to further delay in repair,and increase the risk of rebleeding.We considered three interventions that might modulate this risk:antiﬁ-brinolytic therapy,catheter vs.CT angiography,and blood pressure control.Nine studies of antiﬁbrinolytic therapy prior to2002 involving1399patients showed no beneﬁt on poor out-come or death despite a marked signiﬁcant reduction in rebleeding,probably due to a signiﬁcantly higher incidence of cerebral ischemia in the treated patients[5].It is note-worthy that all of these studies continued therapy for weeks (into the period when the risk of vasospasm was high),and at least one of these studies initiated therapy as late as 4days post-ictus,when the risk of rebleeding wassubstantially reduced.More recently,one randomized trial (involving505patients)[6]and two case control studies (involving428patients)[7,8]examined whether an early short course of antiﬁbrinolytic therapy can reduce the risk of rebleeding while early,safe repair is being arranged.A third study also found a reduction in rebleeding but noted an increased incidence of DVTs[8].These studies suggest a uniform reduction in rebleeding rates from*11to *2.5%,but the studies were not adequately powered to determine the effect of antiﬁbrinolytic therapy on overall patient outcome.Several case reports or case series report aneurysmal rebleeding when catheter angiography is undertaken very early(less than3–6h)following aneurysmal SAH.Speciﬁc rebleeding rates are difﬁcult to compute,as many of these are individual case reports,and the denominator in case series (i.e.,the total number of patients undergoing early angiog-raphy)is poorly deﬁned.However,rates as high as20–38.5% have been quoted[9–13].It seems unwarranted to conclude this is a speciﬁc risk attributable to DSA for several reasons. First,where a clear denominator is provided to assess the incidence of rebleeding,ﬁgures are much lower(*5%)[11]. Second,it is unclear whether these instances of rebleeding with DSA actually reﬂect a risk of the procedure,or are simply a manifestation of the high rebleeding rates known to occur after initial aneurysm rupture.Third,there is no sat-isfactory direct comparison of rebleeding with and without DSA or to CTA within theﬁrst6h post-SAH;the one case series that does report a twofold risk with DSA included only a small number of patients[12].Intriguingly,reports of contrast extravasation during ultra-early CTA[14,15]have heretofore been interpreted as the investigation being able to image the process of early rebleeding[13],rather than being a cause of such rebleeding.There are no systematic data that address blood pressure levels in patients with unsecured aneurysms in relation to the risk of rebleeding.Some early studies of hypervolemic–hypertensive therapy reported aneurysmal rebleeding or hemorrhagic transformation of hypodense lesions with ele-vation of systolic blood pressure to160–200mmHg. However,more recent series do not report rebleeding at systolic blood pressure in this range,and the clear consensus of the participants at the workshop was that modest blood pressure elevation(mean arterial pressure<110mmHg; systolic blood pressure<160mmHg)was not associated with rebleeding.DiscussionFurther deﬁnitive evidence of beneﬁt from antiﬁbrinolytic agents will require a trial with very early identiﬁcation of patients and early administration of tranexamic acid or aminocaproic acid,a large sample size and sufﬁcient power to detect an effect on functional outcome.Patients in good neurological condition with evidence of sentinel hemor-rhage,loss of consciousness at ictus and who harbor larger aneurysms on initial CTA are likely to be the best popu-lation for study.There appears to be sufﬁcient equipoise in the USA for such a trial to be conducted,and we would underline the fact that our recommendations in this area would need to be revised when data from such a study were available.Given the less-than-deﬁnitive evidence on which we have based our recommendation for early antiﬁbrino-lytic therapy,we have explicitly stated several cautionary recommendations that would mitigate against side effects of the intervention.We did not feel that the data available provided a clear basis for attributing an increased rebleeding risk to ultra-early DSA.Formal assessment of catheter vs.CT angiog-raphy in the hyperacute phase would require further collection of epidemiological data in theﬁrst instance,and a large trial comparing the two would be needed to provide deﬁnitive recommendations.Given that CTA is now well established,it seems unlikely that a large RCT comparing DSA and CTA will ever materialize.However,pending the continued collection of epidemiological data,it was felt that choosing CTA over DSA for ultra-early angiography was a reasonable option where both options are available, the technical quality of CTA was good,and an endovas-cular intervention was not planned at the time of angiography.However,in the setting of SAH,the over-whelming aim is to detect and secure a culprit aneurysm, and there is no case for delaying investigation(either CTA or DSA)to reduce any theoretical risk of rebleeding.There appears to be little concern that rebleeding with modest blood pressure elevation is a signiﬁcant clinical issue,and there was no enthusiasm for a study addressing this issue.Recommendations•Early aneurysm repair should be undertaken,when possible and reasonable,to prevent rebleeding(High Quality Evidence;Strong Recommendation).•An early,short course of antiﬁbrinolytic therapy prior to early aneurysm repair(begun at diagnosis;continued up to the point at which the aneurysm is secured or at72h post-ictus,whichever is shorter)should be considered (Low Quality Evidence;Weak Recommendation).•Delayed(>48h after the ictus)or prolonged(>3days) antiﬁbrinolytic therapy exposes patients to side effects of therapy when the risk of rebleeding is sharply reduced and should be avoided(High Quality Evidence;Strong Recommendation).•Antiﬁbrinolytic therapy is relatively contraindicated in patients with risk factors for thromboemboliccomplications(Moderate Quality Evidence;Strong Recommendation).•Patients treated with antiﬁbrinolytic therapy should have close screening for deep venous thrombosis(Moderate Quality Evidence;Strong Recommendation).•Antiﬁbrinolytic therapy should be discontinued2h before planned endovascular ablation of an aneurysm (Very Low Quality Evidence;Weak Recommendation).•When CTA and DSA are both available and CTA is of high technical quality,CTA should be performed preferentially if endovascular intervention is not planned at the time of angiography(Very Low Quality Evidence;Weak Recommendation).•Treat extreme hypertension in patients with an unse-cured,recently ruptured aneurysm.Modest elevations in blood pressure(mean blood pressure<110mmHg) do not require therapy.Pre-morbid baseline blood pressures should be used to reﬁne targets;hypotension should be avoided(Low Quality Evidence;Strong Recommendation).Seizures and Prophylactic Anticonvulsant Use Questions Addressed•What is the incidence and impact of convulsive and non-convulsive seizures after SAH?•Does anticonvulsant prophylaxis inﬂuence this incidence?Summary of the LiteratureAbnormal movements that may appear seizure-like are common at the onset of SAH,but it is usually unclear whether this is a true seizure or represents posturing at the time of aneurysm rupture[16,17].Clinical seizures are uncommon after the initial aneurysm rupture(occurring in 1–7%of patients)and when they occur in patients with an unsecured aneurysm,they are often the manifestation of aneurysmal re-rupture[4,18].Risk factors for the development of seizures in SAH are surgical aneurysm repair in patients>65years of age,thick subarachnoid clot,and possibly intraparenchymal hematoma or infarc-tion[16,17].Prophylactic treatment with anticonvulsants in SAH patients without seizures has previously been commonplace,although no randomized trials speciﬁcally addressing this issue have been performed.Recent studies have suggested that anticonvulsant use is associated with worsened long-term outcome after SAH,although most of the patients in these studies were treated with phenytoin [19,20].Thus,prophylactic anticonvulsant therapy with phenytoin may worsen outcome,although the impact of other anticonvulsant medications is less clear.Also,in patients with no history of seizure,a short course(72h) of anticonvulsant prophylaxis seems as effective as a more prolonged course in preventing seizures[21].In comatose(poor-grade)SAH patients,non-convulsive sei-zures may be detected on continuous EEG(cEEG)in 10–20%of cases[22–24].While patients with non-con-vulsive seizures have a worsened outcome,the impact of successful treatment of these non-convulsive seizures has not been studied.Also,the inﬂuence of anticonvulsant prophylaxis on the occurrence of non-convulsive seizures has not been studied.DiscussionThere was general agreement among the participants that current evidence raises concern that anticonvulsants,spe-ciﬁcally phenytoin,may worsen outcome after SAH. Therefore,there was consensus that routine prophylactic phenytoin use should not be undertaken after SAH.There was,however,controversy regarding use of other anti-convulsant medications and the unknown potential for anticonvulsants to lessen the impact of non-convulsive seizures.Also,the possibility that certain subgroups,such as elderly patients undergoing craniotomy,may have a higher seizure risk led the group to consider that a short course(3–7days)of anticonvulsant prophylaxis might still be considered in certain situations,especially if an agent other than phenytoin was used.There was also agreement that patients who suffer a clear clinical seizure after the period of aneurysmal rupture should be treated with anti-convulsants,but that if seizures do not recur,these anticonvulsants should be discontinued after3–6months. There was disagreement about whether an EEG should be performed at that time and,if so,whether seizure-free patients with an epileptic focus should be continued on anticonvulsants.There was consensus that cEEG is prob-ably underutilized in poor-grade SAH patients and that non-convulsive seizures are common.However,there was concern regarding whether these non-convulsive seizures represented markers of disease severity or a target for treatment.Thus,there was modest disagreement on the aggressiveness with which to pursue treatment of non-convulsive seizures.There was a general agreement that one or perhaps two anticonvulsants should be used to attempt to treat non-convulsive seizures identiﬁed on cEEG,but disagreement about whether to pursue more aggressive means such as benzodiazepine or barbiturate infusions if initial measures were unsuccessful.Recommendations•Routine use of anticonvulsant prophylaxis with phe-nytoin is not recommended after SAH(low quality evidence—strong recommendation).•Routine use of other anticonvulsants for prophylaxis may be considered(very low quality evidence—weak recommendation).•If anticonvulsant prophylaxis is used,a short course (3–7days)is recommended(low quality evidence—weak recommendation).•In patients who suffer a seizure after presentation, anticonvulsants should be continued for a duration deﬁned by local practice(low quality evidence—weak recommendation).•Continuous EEG monitoring should be considered in patients with poor-grade SAH who fail to improve or who have neurological deterioration of undetermined etiology(low quality evidence—strong recommendation).Cardiopulmonary ComplicationsQuestions Addressed•What monitoring should be utilized in SAH patients with cardiovascular instability?•Are there recommendations regarding managing car-diopulmonary complications in patients with SAH? Summary of the LiteratureMyocardial injury occurs following SAH and is thought to be related to sympathetic stimulation and catecholamine discharge.Elevations of troponin I levels occur in approximately35%[25,26],arrhythmias in35%[27],and wall motion abnormalities on echocardiography in about 25%of patients with SAH[28].Echocardiographic abnormalities are more frequent in patients with elevated troponin levels.The terms‘‘Neurogenic Stress Cardiomy-opathy’’and‘‘Stunned Myocardium’’have been applied to the clinical syndrome of chest pain;dyspnea;hypoxemia, and cardiogenic shock with pulmonary edema and elevated cardiac markers that occurs within hours of SAH.This syndrome has a wide spectrum of severity,and it may contribute to sudden death in12%of patients.The mani-festations are usually transient lasting1–3days after which myocardial function returns to normal.Management should focus on supportive care that balances cardiac needs with the neurological goals[29].In general,cardiac abnormalities are more common in patients who later develop DCI and have worse outcomes [30].Although several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the cardiac abnormalities,the evidence seems strongest for a catecholamine induced process[29].Mon-itoring of cardiac function may be beneﬁcial in the setting of hemodynamic instability or myocardial dysfunction,but there is no evidence that it improves outcome.Manage-ment of cardiac complications is heterogeneous,and interventions should reﬂect current best medical practices.Symptomatic pulmonary complications occur in over 20%of patients after SAH[31,32],although evidence of impaired oxygenation occurs in up to80%[33].These complications are associated with worse clinical grade SAH and higher mortality[34–36].Patients may develop pulmonary edema(cardiac or neurogenic),acute lung injury or acute respiratory distress syndrome.The mecha-nism of pulmonary injury may also be related to sympathetic hyperactivity or cardiac failure.Management of pulmonary issues follows general principles of pul-monary management,however,with careful attention to avoid hypovolemia.DiscussionThe participants all agreed that cardiopulmonary compli-cations are common after SAH,and have a signiﬁcant impact on clinical care.They frequently complicate management by increasing procedural risk and exacerbate brain oxygen delivery by lowering perfusion pressure and arterial oxygenation saturation.It was generally agreed that a baseline assessment of cardiac function with echocardiography may be beneﬁcial,especially if there are any signs of myocardial dysfunction.Although there is limited evidence,the panel strongly felt that cardiac output should be monitored(invasively or non-invasively) in those patients with myocardial dysfunction or hemo-dynamic instability.The participants voiced the opinion that management of these complications may vary based on the patient’s clin-ical status and in the setting of vasospasm.There was strong agreement that cardiopulmonary issues are wors-ened in the event of hypervolemia,thus the goal of therapy should be euvolemia.The panel also strongly recom-mended that management of cardiopulmonary issues should reﬂect current best medical practice,while balanc-ing the needs of the underlying neurological condition. RecommendationsMonitoring•Baseline cardiac assessment with serial enzymes, electrocardiography,and echocardiography is recom-mended,especially in patients with evidence ofmyocardial dysfunction(Low quality evidence;Strong Recommendation).•Monitoring of cardiac output may be useful in patients with evidence of hemodynamic instability or myocar-dial dysfunction.(Low quality evidence;Strong Recommendation).Treatment•In case of pulmonary edema or evidence of lung injury,the goal of therapy should include avoiding excessiveﬂuid intake and judicious use of diuretics targeting euvolemia (Moderate quality evidence;Strong recommendation).•Standard management of heart failure is indicated with the exception that CPP/MAP should be maintained as appropriate for the neurological condition.(Moderate quality evidence;Strong recommendation). Monitoring Intravascular Volume StatusQuestions Addressed•What is the role of monitoringﬂuid balance and central venous pressure(CVP)?•What measurements should be used to assess blood volume?•Is there a role for non-invasive hemodynamic monitoring?•Is there a role for pulmonary artery catheters(PACs)? Summary of the LiteratureSAH patients frequently develop hypovolemia and hypo-natremia.Retrospective studies have identiﬁed a relationship between hypovolemia and an increased inci-dence of cerebral infarcts and worse outcome[37,38]; especially whenﬂuid administration is restricted.For this reason,assessment of intravascular volume in patients after SAH is essential to daily management.Therefore,guidance is needed regarding the mechanism and impact of altera-tions inﬂuid balance,and the methods for monitoring volume status.Available literature describes multiple fac-tors that may contribute to changes in volume status [39,40].Fluid balance may not accurately reﬂect intravascular volume[41–44],therefore invasive and non-invasive methods have been used as possible alternatives to monitor volume status.Although all methods provide information to guide patient management,none have demonstrated superiority over vigilantﬂuid management[45–47].In fact,CVP appears to be an unreliable indicator of intravascular volume[45,46],and,although PACs may have a role in hemodynamically unstable patients,the complications associated with their routine use appear to outweigh any potential beneﬁt[48–50].DiscussionThe participants generally agreed that volume status of patients should be monitored after SAH even though it may not accurately reﬂect intravascular volume,nor is there evidence that close monitoring has a beneﬁcial impact on outcome.The panel discussed multiples methods to monitor vol-ume status,and weighed the evidence regarding potential risk versus beneﬁt of each.It was generally felt that both physicalﬁndings and clinical data must be integrated into assessment of volume status.Although there was not a preferred method of monitoring volume status,a hierar-chical approach is often used.The primary assessment should be close monitoring ofﬂuid input and output.Other invasive and non-invasive modalities may be used to pro-vide supplemental information based on the clinical scenario,but no one tool should be used in isolation.The panel did voice strong agreement against the routine use of invasive PACs or dependence on CVP targets. Recommendations•Monitoring of volume status may be beneﬁcial(Mod-erate quality evidence;weak recommendation).•Vigilantﬂuid balance management should be the foundation for monitoring intravascular volume status.While both non-invasive and invasive monitoring technologies are available,no speciﬁc modality can be recommended over clinical assessment(Moderate quality evidence;weak recommendation).•Central venous lines should not be placed solely to obtain CVP measures andﬂuid management based solely on CVP measurements is not recommended (Moderate quality evidence;strong recommendation).•Use of PACs incurs risk and lacks evidence of beneﬁt.Routine use of PACs is not recommended(Moderate quality evidence;strong recommendation). Managing Intravascular Volume StatusQuestions Addressed•Should prophylactic hypervolemia be employed in the management of SAH patients?。

Design Considerations for a New Class of Compact and Efficient Musical Instrument Amplifiers

1INTRODUCTIONT raditional musical instrument amplifier productscapable of providing high output are large and not easy for a person to transport frequently.There are also small,portable amplifiers available on the market,but they are limited in their sound level capability and cannot be used for group playing or loud music styles.Amateur and prof essional musicians requireequipment that will sound excellent while playing at all levels and w hich is very reliable.It is the goal of the amplifier described here to provide good sound and suff icient output f or almost all playing situations and musical styles ,w hile remaining very compact and easy to carry.2DESIGN GOALSM odern music can sometimes place large demands on amplification systems :w ith high sound pressurelevels and long periods of continuous maximum output.Soundlevel and frequency spectrum studiesw eremade of musicians playing amplif ied guitar under many different conditions.It w as determined f rom thisresearch that an amplifier w hich can produce an continuous output of at least 120dB SPL @1M is required to meet the needs of players under most conditions.Even under these very loud conditions,additional short-term power peaks should be available,“y ”Reaching this output level w ith a relatively small loudspeaker driver requires high electrical pow er and good loudspeaker eff iciency.Listening tests indicatedthat a bass cutoff below about 200Hz w as appropriate to the sound of an electric guitar.A 165mm driverw as chosen as the best compromise betw een ef ficiency and size.T o keep the enclosure small,aggressivefiltering of deep bass frequencies is performed,andgood control of signal dynamic range is maintained.The system block diagram is show n in Figure 1.T his block diagram is generally similar to other musical instrument amplif iers ,but additional f iltering andequalization are provided at several points in the signal flow .T his filtering is carefully adapted to the loud-speaker and enclosure,and is adapted to the outputsignal level.3ENCLOSURET he system enclosure is a critical part of the soundq y y f T 文章编号:1002-8684(2008)S 1-0067-06Design Consider ations for a New Class of Compact andEfficient Musical Instrument AmplifiersKenneth Kantor(ZT Amplifiers,Inc.,2329Fourth S tre et Berkeley,CA 94710,USA)【Abstr act 】This paper describes the design considerations f or a high output ,music al instr ument amplif ier in asmall,portable enclosure.The unique goal of this design is to achieve exc ellent sound quality,with a continuous sound pressure level greater than 120dB S PL,from package dimensions of only 178mm ×203mm ×102mm.Inaddition ,the system must be highly reliable .The technical development of the preamp circuit ,signal processor ,pow er amplif ier and loudspeaker dr iver are described below .Figure 1Block D iagramSpeakerPower Amp Post-Filter Rev erbT o neDynamicsFix ed EQ Pre-Filter Preamp InputT e c h n ic a l Es s e n cE技术精粹6to give the music a d namic audible characteristic.ualit in an musical instrument ampli ier.o handle7the high pow er dissipation and to achieve the most internal volume,a metal enclosure w as chosen.Theenclosure w as developed to meet several key require-ments:(1)High strength-to-w eight ratio.(2)Impact and w ear resistance.(3)Minimum external dimensions.(4)Maximum internal volume.(5)Good heat dissipation.(6)Enough mass to avoid vibration w hen played loudly.T he assembly uses a heavy aluminum structure to support the internal electrical and acoustical compo-nents.A ttached to this inner structure is an outer skin of thin steel to provide the proper cosmetic appear-ance and durability.Great care w as taken to minimize resonance in the enclosure.The tw o layers of metalare attached together using a silicon adhesive,w hichprovides strength and vibration damping.The feel ofthe enclosure is very solid to the touch.T he rear panel of the enclosure is bare aluminum and is the main point of heat dissipation in the system.However,the entire metal structure contributes to the heatsink ef fect and provides excellent heat dissipation f rom a small package,w hile avoiding any hotspots.The loudspeaker driver is of a relatively small diameter,therefore a sealed box design w as selectedto maximiz e the low frequency output.T his avoids the cancellation of long wavelengths from the rear of the driver and controls driver excursion below the Fc resonance point.Since there are f ew er anti -phase ref lections,a sealed box also has the benefit ofy f 4INPUT STAGEIt is generally understood that a electric guitars sound the best w hen presented with a load impedance of at least 1M !.T he input stage configuration isshow n in Figure 3.T he circuit topology is selected to provide the proper loading and low noise ,w hile alsoreducing the sensitivity of the input stage to possibleRF interference.Many amplifier designers assume that the maximum output of the electric guitar is only a few hundred mV.T his is true under most conditions.How ever,w henplayed very hard,some types of guitar pickups canput out instantaneous peak voltages of over 6V pp into a load of 1M !.(1)U p to 6Vpp.(2)0.5V average level.(3)High input impedance;1M !.(4)Immune to RF interference.(5)A C-coupled.(6)L ow noise.(7)Protected against accidental overload.5SIGNAL PROCESSINGO nce the guitar signal is handled by the preamplifier circuit,it operates at a more consistent level andlow er impedance.At this point,signal processingfunctions may be applied to achieve the desired sound quality.Important features of the signal processinginclude:(1)G ain.(2)Controlled non-linear distortion.(3)Frequency response equalization.(4)Reverberation.(5)U ser T one Controls.(6)f T f q y f f Figure 2MechanicalAssembly(a )Frontage(b )SideF igure 3Input Stage100p10k10"0.0047"2M2MInputT e c h n ic a lE s s e n c e技术精粹6maintaining a more consistent response when placed close to the wall or stacked with man other ampli iers.Power protection o the loudspeaker driver.heoverall re uenc responseo the ampli ier8circuit is show n in Figure 4.T his is the nominalelectrical response of the circuit,and does not include cabinet or loudspeaker influences.Notice the boostedcharacteristic of the upper f requencies,and the sharp f iltering above and below the operating band.T heexact shape of the curve is determined by ear and by comparison to standard designs.T he filtering aboveabout 8kHz and below about 200Hz is designed toprovide good sound,and to maximize the usablepow er output.6AUDIO AMPLIFIER D uring typical use,the pow er output stage of amusical instrument amplifier is often operated above the “clipping ”point.T his is normal and expected ,and helps to generate the harmonic overtones that are part of the musical sound.How the amplifier circuitreacts to the voltage overload condition is an important part of its sound quality.A t first,a Class D sw itching amplif ier w as considered,to try and maximize theeff iciency of the system.How ever ,it w as diff icult to obtain the kind of overload response that is desirable.With an AB design it w as much easier to achieve the required output overload characteristics.In practice a Class AB output stage operated at nearly the same efficiency as a Class D,because of the very lowcrest f actor and high level of the signal.Thus,not much pow er is w asted during high volume use ,themost important condition.T he A/B design used is also very stable as the power supply varies,w ith excellent rejection ratio.T f f y ,“”T y x z voltage available across the load.The output stagecan easily deliver more than 40V p across a nominal 8O hm loudspeaker.This is more than sufficient tomeet the sound pressure level targets required.7POWER SUPP LYThe pow er supply arrangement is show n in Figure 5.Thisarrangement provides+/-24V to the pow eramplifiers with a virtual ground,thus eliminating the requirement for coupling capacitors.+/-12V rails arecreated to operate the general audio circuitry.Inaddition,there is a small, 3.3V sub-regulator to supplythe digital circuitry used.No regulation is used on the +/-24V rails,sincethe natural behavior of a linear supply is very w ell-suited to musical instrument use.T he sag behaviorintroduced by the supply supports high short -termpeaks,w hile limiting the output dissipation of theamplifier under continuous signal conditions.8LOUDSPEAKER DRIVERProper selection of the loudspeaker driver is one of the critical elements in achieving the necessary sound and reliability from a musical instrument amplifier.This is especially true when the loudspeaker must be small,and w ill be pushed to near its operating limits.A driver diameter of 165mm w as determined to be the minimum siz e for operation at the high SPL levels needed.Many engineering aspects of this driver areoptimized to give the highest possible output level.For example,compared to typical high f idelity loud-speakers,this driver is not required to have very low distortion or good bass output.Thus,it may be con-structed w ith a small Xmax,relatively high Fs,andff y O f f F igure 5Pow er S upply Configur ation+3.3V-12V-24V +12V+24V48V DCINFigure 4Electrical FrequencyResponse20k10k 5k 2k 1k 5002001005020-40-35-30-25-20-15-10-50510152025303540f /Hzd B r Te c h n ic a l Es s e n cE技术精粹6he ampli ier output is a ull balanced bridge design.his topolog ma imi es the instantaneous peakthe highest possible e icienc .ther eatures o theloudspeaker driver include9very high pow er handling,and the ability to w orkw ell in a small,sealed enclosure.T he overall near -f ield response of the amplifier system,including both the electronics and the acoustical elements ,is show nin Figure 6.Tw o slightly different response curves are plotted.The red curve indicates the response w ith the tone control set to a“minimum ,”w hile the bluecurve is the opposite setting.T his response may becompared to the electrical curve show n previously in Figure 4in order to understand the transf er function of the loudspeaker driver.9SUM MARYT he engineering design of a small guitar amplifier M y f z f pressure level and compact size.T he system is capable of very loud output and excellent sound quality in z y T f y Figure 6A coustical Frequency Response and Tone ControlRange20k10k 5k 2k 1k 5002001005020-40-35-30-25-20-15-10-50510152025303540f /Hzd B r 新型紧凑高效乐器放大器的设计思路Kenneth Kantor(ZT Amplifiers,Inc.,2329Fourth S tre et Berkeley,CA 94710,USA)【摘要】介绍了封装在体积小、便携式音箱内大功率输出乐器放大器的设计理念。

Glider Flying Handbook说明书

Glider Flying Handbook2013U.S. Department of TransportationFEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATIONFlight Standards Servicei iPrefaceThe Glider Flying Handbook is designed as a technical manual for applicants who are preparing for glider category rating and for currently certificated glider pilots who wish to improve their knowledge. Certificated flight instructors will find this handbook a valuable training aid, since detailed coverage of aeronautical decision-making, components and systems, aerodynamics, flight instruments, performance limitations, ground operations, flight maneuvers, traffic patterns, emergencies, soaring weather, soaring techniques, and cross-country flight is included. Topics such as radio navigation and communication, use of flight information publications, and regulations are available in other Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) publications.The discussion and explanations reflect the most commonly used practices and principles. Occasionally, the word “must” or similar language is used where the desired action is deemed critical. The use of such language is not intended to add to, interpret, or relieve a duty imposed by Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR). Persons working towards a glider rating are advised to review the references from the applicable practical test standards (FAA-G-8082-4, Sport Pilot and Flight Instructor with a Sport Pilot Rating Knowledge Test Guide, FAA-G-8082-5, Commercial Pilot Knowledge Test Guide, and FAA-G-8082-17, Recreational Pilot and Private Pilot Knowledge Test Guide). Resources for study include FAA-H-8083-25, Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, FAA-H-8083-2, Risk Management Handbook, and Advisory Circular (AC) 00-6, Aviation Weather For Pilots and Flight Operations Personnel, AC 00-45, Aviation Weather Services, as these documents contain basic material not duplicated herein. All beginning applicants should refer to FAA-H-8083-25, Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, for study and basic library reference.It is essential for persons using this handbook to become familiar with and apply the pertinent parts of 14 CFR and the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM). The AIM is available online at . The current Flight Standards Service airman training and testing material and learning statements for all airman certificates and ratings can be obtained from .This handbook supersedes FAA-H-8083-13, Glider Flying Handbook, dated 2003. Always select the latest edition of any publication and check the website for errata pages and listing of changes to FAA educational publications developed by the FAA’s Airman Testing Standards Branch, AFS-630.This handbook is available for download, in PDF format, from .This handbook is published by the United States Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Airman Testing Standards Branch, AFS-630, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125.Comments regarding this publication should be sent, in email form, to the following address:********************************************John M. AllenDirector, Flight Standards Serviceiiii vAcknowledgmentsThe Glider Flying Handbook was produced by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) with the assistance of Safety Research Corporation of America (SRCA). The FAA wishes to acknowledge the following contributors: Sue Telford of Telford Fishing & Hunting Services for images used in Chapter 1JerryZieba () for images used in Chapter 2Tim Mara () for images used in Chapters 2 and 12Uli Kremer of Alexander Schleicher GmbH & Co for images used in Chapter 2Richard Lancaster () for images and content used in Chapter 3Dave Nadler of Nadler & Associates for images used in Chapter 6Dave McConeghey for images used in Chapter 6John Brandon (www.raa.asn.au) for images and content used in Chapter 7Patrick Panzera () for images used in Chapter 8Jeff Haby (www.theweatherprediction) for images used in Chapter 8National Soaring Museum () for content used in Chapter 9Bill Elliot () for images used in Chapter 12.Tiffany Fidler for images used in Chapter 12.Additional appreciation is extended to the Soaring Society of America, Inc. (), the Soaring Safety Foundation, and Mr. Brad Temeyer and Mr. Bill Martin from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) for their technical support and input.vv iPreface (iii)Acknowledgments (v)Table of Contents (vii)Chapter 1Gliders and Sailplanes ........................................1-1 Introduction....................................................................1-1 Gliders—The Early Years ..............................................1-2 Glider or Sailplane? .......................................................1-3 Glider Pilot Schools ......................................................1-4 14 CFR Part 141 Pilot Schools ...................................1-5 14 CFR Part 61 Instruction ........................................1-5 Glider Certificate Eligibility Requirements ...................1-5 Common Glider Concepts ..............................................1-6 Terminology...............................................................1-6 Converting Metric Distance to Feet ...........................1-6 Chapter 2Components and Systems .................................2-1 Introduction....................................................................2-1 Glider Design .................................................................2-2 The Fuselage ..................................................................2-4 Wings and Components .............................................2-4 Lift/Drag Devices ...........................................................2-5 Empennage .....................................................................2-6 Towhook Devices .......................................................2-7 Powerplant .....................................................................2-7 Self-Launching Gliders .............................................2-7 Sustainer Engines .......................................................2-8 Landing Gear .................................................................2-8 Wheel Brakes .............................................................2-8 Chapter 3Aerodynamics of Flight .......................................3-1 Introduction....................................................................3-1 Forces of Flight..............................................................3-2 Newton’s Third Law of Motion .................................3-2 Lift ..............................................................................3-2The Effects of Drag on a Glider .....................................3-3 Parasite Drag ..............................................................3-3 Form Drag ...............................................................3-3 Skin Friction Drag ..................................................3-3 Interference Drag ....................................................3-5 Total Drag...................................................................3-6 Wing Planform ...........................................................3-6 Elliptical Wing ........................................................3-6 Rectangular Wing ...................................................3-7 Tapered Wing .........................................................3-7 Swept-Forward Wing ..............................................3-7 Washout ..................................................................3-7 Glide Ratio .................................................................3-8 Aspect Ratio ............................................................3-9 Weight ........................................................................3-9 Thrust .........................................................................3-9 Three Axes of Rotation ..................................................3-9 Stability ........................................................................3-10 Flutter .......................................................................3-11 Lateral Stability ........................................................3-12 Turning Flight ..............................................................3-13 Load Factors .................................................................3-13 Radius of Turn ..........................................................3-14 Turn Coordination ....................................................3-15 Slips ..........................................................................3-15 Forward Slip .........................................................3-16 Sideslip .................................................................3-17 Spins .........................................................................3-17 Ground Effect ...............................................................3-19 Chapter 4Flight Instruments ...............................................4-1 Introduction....................................................................4-1 Pitot-Static Instruments ..................................................4-2 Impact and Static Pressure Lines................................4-2 Airspeed Indicator ......................................................4-2 The Effects of Altitude on the AirspeedIndicator..................................................................4-3 Types of Airspeed ...................................................4-3Table of ContentsviiAirspeed Indicator Markings ......................................4-5 Other Airspeed Limitations ........................................4-6 Altimeter .....................................................................4-6 Principles of Operation ...........................................4-6 Effect of Nonstandard Pressure andTemperature............................................................4-7 Setting the Altimeter (Kollsman Window) .............4-9 Types of Altitude ......................................................4-10 Variometer................................................................4-11 Total Energy System .............................................4-14 Netto .....................................................................4-14 Electronic Flight Computers ....................................4-15 Magnetic Compass .......................................................4-16 Yaw String ................................................................4-16 Inclinometer..............................................................4-16 Gyroscopic Instruments ...............................................4-17 G-Meter ........................................................................4-17 FLARM Collision Avoidance System .........................4-18 Chapter 5Glider Performance .............................................5-1 Introduction....................................................................5-1 Factors Affecting Performance ......................................5-2 High and Low Density Altitude Conditions ...........5-2 Atmospheric Pressure .............................................5-2 Altitude ...................................................................5-3 Temperature............................................................5-3 Wind ...........................................................................5-3 Weight ........................................................................5-5 Rate of Climb .................................................................5-7 Flight Manuals and Placards ..........................................5-8 Placards ......................................................................5-8 Performance Information ...........................................5-8 Glider Polars ...............................................................5-8 Weight and Balance Information .............................5-10 Limitations ...............................................................5-10 Weight and Balance .....................................................5-12 Center of Gravity ......................................................5-12 Problems Associated With CG Forward ofForward Limit .......................................................5-12 Problems Associated With CG Aft of Aft Limit ..5-13 Sample Weight and Balance Problems ....................5-13 Ballast ..........................................................................5-14 Chapter 6Preflight and Ground Operations .......................6-1 Introduction....................................................................6-1 Assembly and Storage Techniques ................................6-2 Trailering....................................................................6-3 Tiedown and Securing ................................................6-4Water Ballast ..............................................................6-4 Ground Handling........................................................6-4 Launch Equipment Inspection ....................................6-5 Glider Preflight Inspection .........................................6-6 Prelaunch Checklist ....................................................6-7 Glider Care .....................................................................6-7 Preventive Maintenance .............................................6-8 Chapter 7Launch and Recovery Procedures and Flight Maneuvers ............................................................7-1 Introduction....................................................................7-1 Aerotow Takeoff Procedures .........................................7-2 Signals ........................................................................7-2 Prelaunch Signals ....................................................7-2 Inflight Signals ........................................................7-3 Takeoff Procedures and Techniques ..........................7-3 Normal Assisted Takeoff............................................7-4 Unassisted Takeoff.....................................................7-5 Crosswind Takeoff .....................................................7-5 Assisted ...................................................................7-5 Unassisted...............................................................7-6 Aerotow Climb-Out ....................................................7-6 Aerotow Release.........................................................7-8 Slack Line ...................................................................7-9 Boxing the Wake ......................................................7-10 Ground Launch Takeoff Procedures ............................7-11 CG Hooks .................................................................7-11 Signals ......................................................................7-11 Prelaunch Signals (Winch/Automobile) ...............7-11 Inflight Signals ......................................................7-12 Tow Speeds ..............................................................7-12 Automobile Launch ..................................................7-14 Crosswind Takeoff and Climb .................................7-14 Normal Into-the-Wind Launch .................................7-15 Climb-Out and Release Procedures ..........................7-16 Self-Launch Takeoff Procedures ..............................7-17 Preparation and Engine Start ....................................7-17 Taxiing .....................................................................7-18 Pretakeoff Check ......................................................7-18 Normal Takeoff ........................................................7-19 Crosswind Takeoff ...................................................7-19 Climb-Out and Shutdown Procedures ......................7-19 Landing .....................................................................7-21 Gliderport/Airport Traffic Patterns and Operations .....7-22 Normal Approach and Landing ................................7-22 Crosswind Landing ..................................................7-25 Slips ..........................................................................7-25 Downwind Landing ..................................................7-27 After Landing and Securing .....................................7-27viiiPerformance Maneuvers ..............................................7-27 Straight Glides ..........................................................7-27 Turns.........................................................................7-28 Roll-In ...................................................................7-29 Roll-Out ................................................................7-30 Steep Turns ...........................................................7-31 Maneuvering at Minimum Controllable Airspeed ...7-31 Stall Recognition and Recovery ...............................7-32 Secondary Stalls ....................................................7-34 Accelerated Stalls .................................................7-34 Crossed-Control Stalls ..........................................7-35 Operating Airspeeds .....................................................7-36 Minimum Sink Airspeed ..........................................7-36 Best Glide Airspeed..................................................7-37 Speed to Fly ..............................................................7-37 Chapter 8Abnormal and Emergency Procedures .............8-1 Introduction....................................................................8-1 Porpoising ......................................................................8-2 Pilot-Induced Oscillations (PIOs) ..............................8-2 PIOs During Launch ...................................................8-2 Factors Influencing PIOs ........................................8-2 Improper Elevator Trim Setting ..............................8-3 Improper Wing Flaps Setting ..................................8-3 Pilot-Induced Roll Oscillations During Launch .........8-3 Pilot-Induced Yaw Oscillations During Launch ........8-4 Gust-Induced Oscillations ..............................................8-5 Vertical Gusts During High-Speed Cruise .................8-5 Pilot-Induced Pitch Oscillations During Landing ......8-6 Glider-Induced Oscillations ...........................................8-6 Pitch Influence of the Glider Towhook Position ........8-6 Self-Launching Glider Oscillations During Powered Flight ...........................................................8-7 Nosewheel Glider Oscillations During Launchesand Landings ..............................................................8-7 Tailwheel/Tailskid Equipped Glider Oscillations During Launches and Landings ..................................8-8 Aerotow Abnormal and Emergency Procedures ............8-8 Abnormal Procedures .................................................8-8 Towing Failures........................................................8-10 Tow Failure With Runway To Land and Stop ......8-11 Tow Failure Without Runway To Land BelowReturning Altitude ................................................8-11 Tow Failure Above Return to Runway Altitude ...8-11 Tow Failure Above 800' AGL ..............................8-12 Tow Failure Above Traffic Pattern Altitude .........8-13 Slack Line .................................................................8-13 Ground Launch Abnormal and Emergency Procedures ....................................................................8-14 Abnormal Procedures ...............................................8-14 Emergency Procedures .............................................8-14 Self-Launch Takeoff Emergency Procedures ..............8-15 Emergency Procedures .............................................8-15 Spiral Dives ..................................................................8-15 Spins .............................................................................8-15 Entry Phase ...............................................................8-17 Incipient Phase .........................................................8-17 Developed Phase ......................................................8-17 Recovery Phase ........................................................8-17 Off-Field Landing Procedures .....................................8-18 Afterlanding Off Field .............................................8-20 Off-Field Landing Without Injury ........................8-20 Off-Field Landing With Injury .............................8-20 System and Equipment Malfunctions ..........................8-20 Flight Instrument Malfunctions ................................8-20 Airspeed Indicator Malfunctions ..........................8-21 Altimeter Malfunctions .........................................8-21 Variometer Malfunctions ......................................8-21 Compass Malfunctions .........................................8-21 Glider Canopy Malfunctions ....................................8-21 Broken Glider Canopy ..........................................8-22 Frosted Glider Canopy ..........................................8-22 Water Ballast Malfunctions ......................................8-22 Retractable Landing Gear Malfunctions ..................8-22 Primary Flight Control Systems ...............................8-22 Elevator Malfunctions ..........................................8-22 Aileron Malfunctions ............................................8-23 Rudder Malfunctions ............................................8-24 Secondary Flight Controls Systems .........................8-24 Elevator Trim Malfunctions .................................8-24 Spoiler/Dive Brake Malfunctions .........................8-24 Miscellaneous Flight System Malfunctions .................8-25 Towhook Malfunctions ............................................8-25 Oxygen System Malfunctions ..................................8-25 Drogue Chute Malfunctions .....................................8-25 Self-Launching Gliders ................................................8-26 Self-Launching/Sustainer Glider Engine Failure During Takeoff or Climb ..........................................8-26 Inability to Restart a Self-Launching/SustainerGlider Engine While Airborne .................................8-27 Self-Launching Glider Propeller Malfunctions ........8-27 Self-Launching Glider Electrical System Malfunctions .............................................................8-27 In-flight Fire .............................................................8-28 Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear ...................8-28 Survival Gear Checklists ..........................................8-28 Food and Water ........................................................8-28ixClothing ....................................................................8-28 Communication ........................................................8-29 Navigation Equipment ..............................................8-29 Medical Equipment ..................................................8-29 Stowage ....................................................................8-30 Parachute ..................................................................8-30 Oxygen System Malfunctions ..................................8-30 Accident Prevention .....................................................8-30 Chapter 9Soaring Weather ..................................................9-1 Introduction....................................................................9-1 The Atmosphere .............................................................9-2 Composition ...............................................................9-2 Properties ....................................................................9-2 Temperature............................................................9-2 Density ....................................................................9-2 Pressure ...................................................................9-2 Standard Atmosphere .................................................9-3 Layers of the Atmosphere ..........................................9-4 Scale of Weather Events ................................................9-4 Thermal Soaring Weather ..............................................9-6 Thermal Shape and Structure .....................................9-6 Atmospheric Stability .................................................9-7 Air Masses Conducive to Thermal Soaring ...................9-9 Cloud Streets ..............................................................9-9 Thermal Waves...........................................................9-9 Thunderstorms..........................................................9-10 Lifted Index ..........................................................9-12 K-Index .................................................................9-12 Weather for Slope Soaring .......................................9-14 Mechanism for Wave Formation ..............................9-16 Lift Due to Convergence ..........................................9-19 Obtaining Weather Information ...................................9-21 Preflight Weather Briefing........................................9-21 Weather-ReIated Information ..................................9-21 Interpreting Weather Charts, Reports, andForecasts ......................................................................9-23 Graphic Weather Charts ...........................................9-23 Winds and Temperatures Aloft Forecast ..............9-23 Composite Moisture Stability Chart .....................9-24 Chapter 10Soaring Techniques ..........................................10-1 Introduction..................................................................10-1 Thermal Soaring ...........................................................10-2 Locating Thermals ....................................................10-2 Cumulus Clouds ...................................................10-2 Other Indicators of Thermals ................................10-3 Wind .....................................................................10-4 The Big Picture .....................................................10-5Entering a Thermal ..............................................10-5 Inside a Thermal.......................................................10-6 Bank Angle ...........................................................10-6 Speed .....................................................................10-6 Centering ...............................................................10-7 Collision Avoidance ................................................10-9 Exiting a Thermal .....................................................10-9 Atypical Thermals ..................................................10-10 Ridge/Slope Soaring ..................................................10-10 Traps ......................................................................10-10 Procedures for Safe Flying .....................................10-12 Bowls and Spurs .....................................................10-13 Slope Lift ................................................................10-13 Obstructions ...........................................................10-14 Tips and Techniques ...............................................10-15 Wave Soaring .............................................................10-16 Preflight Preparation ...............................................10-17 Getting Into the Wave ............................................10-18 Flying in the Wave .................................................10-20 Soaring Convergence Zones ...................................10-23 Combined Sources of Updrafts ..............................10-24 Chapter 11Cross-Country Soaring .....................................11-1 Introduction..................................................................11-1 Flight Preparation and Planning ...................................11-2 Personal and Special Equipment ..................................11-3 Navigation ....................................................................11-5 Using the Plotter .......................................................11-5 A Sample Cross-Country Flight ...............................11-5 Navigation Using GPS .............................................11-8 Cross-Country Techniques ...........................................11-9 Soaring Faster and Farther .........................................11-11 Height Bands ..........................................................11-11 Tips and Techniques ...............................................11-12 Special Situations .......................................................11-14 Course Deviations ..................................................11-14 Lost Procedures ......................................................11-14 Cross-Country Flight in a Self-Launching Glider .....11-15 High-Performance Glider Operations and Considerations ............................................................11-16 Glider Complexity ..................................................11-16 Water Ballast ..........................................................11-17 Cross-Country Flight Using Other Lift Sources ........11-17 Chapter 12Towing ................................................................12-1 Introduction..................................................................12-1 Equipment Inspections and Operational Checks .........12-2 Tow Hook ................................................................12-2 Schweizer Tow Hook ...........................................12-2x。

介绍我的设计的英语作文

As an AI, I cant create an original English essay for you without specific details about your design. However, I can provide you with a template that you can fill in with your own information. Heres a basic structure for an essay introducing a design: Title: Introducing My DesignIntroduction:Briefly introduce the purpose of your design.State the significance or the problem it aims to solve.Paragraph 1: Background and ContextProvide background information on the need for your design.Discuss any existing solutions and their limitations.Paragraph 2: Design ConceptDescribe the concept behind your design.Explain the inspiration and the thought process that led to this design.Paragraph 3: Design FeaturesDetail the key features of your design.Explain how each feature contributes to the overall functionality and aesthetics. Paragraph 4: Materials and Techniques UsedDiscuss the materials chosen for your design and why they were selected.Describe any special techniques or processes employed in creating your design. Paragraph 5: Benefits and AdvantagesHighlight the benefits and advantages of your design over existing solutions.Discuss how it addresses the initial problem or need.Paragraph 6: Implementation and TestingIf applicable, describe how you plan to implement or have tested your design.Share any feedback or results from testing.Conclusion:Summarize the main points of your design.Reiterate its importance and potential impact.References:List any sources or references used in your essay.Remember to personalize this template with specific details about your design to create a compelling and informative essay.。

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The first step in creating a stereo speaker system is selecting the right speakers for your needs. Consider factors such as size, power output, frequency response, and budget. Popular options include bookshelf speakers, floor-standing speakers, and satellite speakers. Research online reviews and visit audio stores to audition different models before making your decision.Step 2: Select an Amplifier。

艾德莱斯设计英语作文

艾德莱斯设计英语作文Edles Design: A Fusion of Elegance and InnovationIntroductionIn the world of design, there are names that stand out for their unique blend of elegance and innovation. One such name is Edles Design, a renowned design studio that has made a mark for itself in the industry with its distinctive style and exceptional craftsmanship. From furniture to home décor, Edles Design has made its mark in the world of design with its creative approach and attention to detail.History of Edles DesignEdles Design was founded in 2005 by renowned designer Anna Edles. With a background in architecture and interior design, Anna set out to create a design studio that would redefine the concept of luxury living. Inspired by the beauty of nature and the elegance of European design, Anna's vision was to create pieces that were not only visually appealing but also functional and practical.Over the years, Edles Design has evolved into a full-fledged design studio, offering a wide range of products and services to cater to the needs of its discerning clientele. From customfurniture to bespoke interior design solutions, Edles Design has become synonymous with luxury and sophistication.Design PhilosophyAt the heart of Edles Design's philosophy is a commitment to craftsmanship and quality. Each piece is carefully crafted by skilled artisans using the finest materials and techniques. From handcrafted woodwork to intricate metal detailing, every detail is given meticulous attention to ensure that the final product is nothing short of perfection.In addition to craftsmanship, Edles Design also places a strong emphasis on innovation and creativity. Drawing inspiration from a variety of sources, including art, culture, and nature, the studio strives to create designs that are not only beautiful but also thought-provoking. By constantly pushing the boundaries of traditional design, Edles Design has managed to stay ahead of the curve and set new trends in the industry.Signature CollectionsOne of the hallmarks of Edles Design is its signature collections, which are a testament to the studio's commitment to excellence and innovation. From the sleek lines of the Modernist collection to the opulent details of the Baroque collection, eachseries is a reflection of the studio's diverse influences and creative vision.The Modernist collection, for example, is characterized by clean lines and minimalist aesthetics. Inspired by the Bauhaus movement, this collection features sleek furniture pieces with a focus on functionality and simplicity. On the other hand, the Baroque collection takes inspiration from the opulent interiors of European palaces, with ornate detailing and luxurious fabrics that exude grandeur and sophistication.Collaborations and PartnershipsIn addition to its own collections, Edles Design has also collaborated with a number of leading brands and designers to create exclusive pieces. From luxury fashion houses to renowned architects, these collaborations have helped to expand the studio's reach and establish its reputation as a global design powerhouse.One of the most notable collaborations was with Italian fashion house Fendi, with whom Edles Design created a limited-edition furniture collection inspired by the brand's iconic style. Featuring rich leather upholstery and contemporary silhouettes, the collection embodied the essence of both brandsand attracted attention from design aficionados around the world.Future ProspectsAs Edles Design continues to grow and expand its presence in the design world, the future looks bright for this innovative studio. With a dedication to craftsmanship and a passion for creativity, Edles Design is poised to make a lasting impact on the industry and redefine the concept of luxury living for generations to come.ConclusionIn conclusion, Edles Design represents the pinnacle of elegance and innovation in the world of design. With a commitment to quality, craftsmanship, and creativity, this renowned studio has set itself apart from the competition and established itself as a leader in the field. Whether it's a custom furniture piece or a bespoke interior design solution, Edles Design continues to push the boundaries of traditional design and inspire the next generation of designers.。

拼装式灯具设计英语作文

拼装式灯具设计英语作文英文：As a designer, I always strive to create innovative and functional lighting solutions for modern living spaces. One of the most exciting projects I have worked on is the design of a modular lighting system, which allows users to customize their own unique lighting fixtures.The idea behind the modular lighting system is to provide users with the flexibility to create a lighting solution that suits their specific needs and preferences. The system consists of a variety of interchangeable components, such as different types of light bulbs, lamp shades, and mounting brackets. Users can mix and match these components to create different configurations, from pendant lights to floor lamps, depending on the requirements of their space.For example, a customer may want to have a pendantlight above their dining table, but also need a floor lamp for reading in the living room. With the modular lighting system, they can easily achieve this by combining the appropriate components to create both fixtures. This level of customization allows users to express their personal style and create a truly unique lighting solution for their home.In addition to the flexibility of design, the modular lighting system also offers practical benefits. For instance, if a light bulb needs to be replaced, users can simply swap it out without having to replace the entire fixture. This not only saves money but also reduces waste, making the system more sustainable and eco-friendly.中文：作为设计师，我一直致力于为现代生活空间创造创新和实用的照明解决方案。

unit 6 design练习题

unit 6 design练习题Unit 6 DesignDesign is a fundamental aspect of our daily lives, shaping the world around us in both obvious and subtle ways. Whether it is the layout of a website, the architecture of a building, or the aesthetics of a product, design plays a crucial role in enhancing functionality and creating a positive user experience. In this article, we will explore various aspects of design, discuss its importance, and examine how it has evolved over time.1. IntroductionDesign can be defined as the process of creating a plan or specification for the construction of an object or system. It involves a careful consideration of functionality, aesthetics, and user experience. Design is not limited to a specific field but is applicable to various domains such as graphic design, industrial design, interior design, and more. It encompasses both the visual and functional aspects, ensuring that the final product meets the needs and desires of the intended audience.2. The Importance of DesignDesign plays a critical role in enhancing the functionality and usability of products and systems. A well-designed object or interface not only fulfills its purpose but also provides a seamless and enjoyable experience for users. Good design can make complex tasks simpler, reduce errors, and improve overall efficiency. It can also evoke emotions and create a strong visual impact, fostering a positive connection between the user and the design.3. Evolution of Design PrinciplesOver the years, design principles have evolved and adapted to the changing needs and preferences of society. Initially, design was primarily focused on functionality, with aesthetics taking a secondary role. However, as people began to appreciate the value of beauty and visual appeal, the importance of aesthetics in design gained recognition. Today, design often strives to strike a balance between functionality and aesthetics, creating products and systems that are both visually appealing and highly functional.4. User-Centered DesignOne of the key concepts in modern design is user-centered design (UCD). UCD places the user at the center of the design process, considering their needs, preferences, and limitations. By involving users throughout the design process, designers can gain valuable insights and create solutions that cater to the users' specific requirements. UCD also emphasizes usability testing and feedback gathering to ensure that the final design meets the expectations and goals of its intended audience.5. Sustainable DesignIn recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on sustainable design. As we face increasing environmental challenges, designers have recognized the need to create products and systems that minimize their impact on the planet. Sustainable design aims to reduce waste, conserve resources, and promote environmental responsibility. It involves considerations such as the use of eco-friendly materials, energy efficiency, and recyclability.6. The Role of Technology in DesignTechnology has revolutionized the field of design, providing designers with new tools and opportunities. Computer-aided design (CAD) software allows for precise and efficient creation and modification of designs. Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies enable designers to visualize and test their creations before they are physically implemented. The integration of technology in design has opened up endless possibilities, pushing the boundaries of innovation and creativity.7. ConclusionDesign is a multifaceted discipline that combines aesthetics, functionality, and user experience. It evolves alongside societal needs and constantly strives to improve the way we interact with the world. From user-centered design to sustainable design, designers play a vital role in shaping our environment and enhancing our quality of life. As technology continues to advance, the future of design holds exciting possibilities that will continue to shape the way we live, work, and explore.。

有吸引力的设计英语作文

有吸引力的设计英语作文Attractive Design: The Power of Visual Appeal。

Introduction:Design plays a crucial role in our everyday lives. Whether it's the sleek interface of a smartphone or theeye-catching packaging of a product, attractive design has the power to captivate our attention and leave a lasting impression. In this article, we will explore the importance of attractive design, its impact on various industries, and how it influences consumer behavior.The Power of Visual Appeal:Visual appeal is a key aspect of attractive design. Humans are naturally drawn to visually pleasing elements, and this applies to everything from art and fashion to architecture and technology. When something isaesthetically pleasing, it immediately catches ourattention and piques our interest. This is why companies invest significant resources in creating visually appealing logos, websites, and advertising campaigns – they understand the power of design in capturing consumers' attention.Influence on Consumer Behavior:Attractive design has a profound impact on consumer behavior. Studies have shown that consumers are more likely to purchase a product or engage with a brand if it has an appealing design. This is because attractive design creates a positive perception of the product or brand, making it more desirable in the eyes of the consumer. Additionally, attractive design can also evoke emotions and create a sense of trust and credibility, further influencing consumer decision-making.In the world of e-commerce, attractive design is particularly crucial. With countless options available online, consumers often make split-second decisions based on the visual appeal of a product or website. A well-designed website with an intuitive user interface and visually appealing product images can significantly increase the chances of a consumer making a purchase. On the other hand, a poorly designed website or unattractive product images may lead to potential customers quickly navigating away from the site.Impact on Different Industries:Attractive design is not limited to a specific industry – it has a widespread impact across various sectors. In the fashion industry, for example, the design of clothing, accessories, and store layouts can heavily influence consumer preferences. Retailers invest in creating visually appealing displays and storefronts to attract customers and entice them to explore their products.Similarly, in the automotive industry, car manufacturers prioritize design aesthetics to differentiate their vehicles from competitors. Sleek and stylish designs are often the deciding factor for consumers when choosing a car, as it reflects their personal style and status. Thisis evident in the success of luxury car brands such as BMW and Mercedes-Benz, which have built their reputation on attractive and iconic designs.In the technology sector, attractive design is a key driver of product success. From smartphones to laptops, consumers are increasingly seeking devices that not only have advanced features but also look visually appealing. Companies like Apple have revolutionized the tech industry by prioritizing sleek and minimalist design, creating a strong brand identity and attracting a loyal customer base.Designing for User Experience:Beyond visual appeal, attractive design also encompasses user experience (UX) design. UX design focuses on creating products and services that are enjoyable and easy to use. This includes factors such as intuitive navigation, seamless interactions, and clear communication. When a product is well-designed in terms of user experience, it enhances customer satisfaction and loyalty.For example, consider the design of a mobile app. Ifthe app has a cluttered interface, confusing navigation,and slow loading times, users are likely to becomefrustrated and abandon it. On the other hand, a well-designed app with a clean layout, intuitive features, and fast response times will provide a positive user experience, increasing the likelihood of users engaging with the appand recommending it to others.Conclusion:In conclusion, attractive design has a significant impact on various industries and consumer behavior. Visual appeal, coupled with a positive user experience, cancapture attention, create a positive perception, and influence purchasing decisions. Whether it's the design ofa product, website, or even a physical space, investing in attractive design is crucial for businesses to stand out in today's competitive market. By understanding the power of design, companies can effectively engage with consumers and build strong brand loyalty.。

作为设计师征求许可的英语作文

作为设计师征求许可的英语作文Requesting Permission as a Designer: A Comprehensive Guide.In the realm of design, obtaining permission to utilize various elements, such as copyrighted materials, trademarks, and third-party creations, is paramount to ensure legal compliance and protect the rights of others. As a designer, requesting permission involves adhering to established protocols and demonstrating respect for intellectual property. This comprehensive guide will provide you with a detailed roadmap to navigate the process of seeking permission, empowering you to obtain necessary approvalsand safeguard your designs.Understanding Copyright and Licensing.Copyright law grants creators exclusive rights overtheir original works, including literary, artistic, and musical expressions. These rights extend to thereproduction, distribution, performance, and display of the copyrighted work. To use copyrighted material, you must obtain permission from the copyright holder. Understanding the different types of licenses available is crucial for gaining a clear understanding of the permissions granted.Types of Licenses.Commercial License: Allows the use of copyrighted material for commercial purposes, such as in advertising, marketing, or product packaging.Non-Commercial License: Permits the use of copyrighted material for non-commercial purposes, such as educational presentations or personal creations.Attribution License: Requires the licensee to credit the copyright holder when using the copyrighted material.Share Alike License: Allows modifications and distribution of copyrighted material under the same license terms.Public Domain: Works that are not protected by copyright, allowing for unrestricted use without permission.Identifying Copyright Holders.Determining the copyright holder is essential before requesting permission. This information can be foundthrough various means:Copyright Notice: Look for the copyright symbol ©followed by the name of the copyright holder.Metadata: Check the metadata of the copyrighted work, which may provide the copyright holder's information.Copyright Registry: Search national or international copyright registries to identify the copyright holder.Online Resources: Utilize online databases or contact professional organizations to locate copyright holders.Crafting a Permission Request Letter.A well-written permission request letter is crucial for conveying your intentions and demonstrating your professionalism. The letter should include the following elements:Clear Introduction: State your name, organization (if applicable), and the purpose of your request.Specific Material Request: Identify the copyrighted material you wish to use, providing details such as the title, author, and publication date.Intended Use: Specify the intended use of the material, including the medium, distribution method, and target audience.Duration and Exclusivity: State the duration for which you need permission and whether you require exclusive useof the material.Compensation and Credit: Indicate your willingness to compensate the copyright holder and provide appropriate credit as required by the license.Signature and Contact Information: Include your physical and electronic contact information for follow-up communication.Submitting the Request.The preferred method of submitting a permission request may vary depending on the copyright holder's policies. Common channels include:Email: Send an email to the copyright holder's designated contact email address.Postal Mail: Address a physical letter to the copyright holder's registered or business address.Online Forms: Utilize online forms provided by the copyright holder or its representatives.Following Up and Negotiation.After submitting your request, follow up periodically to demonstrate your interest and professionalism. Be prepared to negotiate with the copyright holder regarding the terms of permission, including the scope of use, compensation, and credit guidelines.Documenting the Permission.Once permission is granted, it is essential to document the agreement clearly. This can be done through a formal permission agreement or an email confirmation that outlines the terms and conditions of the permission granted. Keep a copy of the documentation for future reference.Professional Conduct and Respect for Copyright.Throughout the permission-seeking process, it is imperative to maintain professional conduct and demonstrate respect for the rights of others. Always seek permissionfor any use of copyrighted material and avoid plagiarism or unlawful duplication. Respecting copyright laws not only protects you from legal consequences but also demonstrates your integrity as a designer.By following these guidelines, you can effectively request permission to use copyrighted materials in your designs, ensuring compliance, safeguarding your work, and respecting the rights of others. Remember that obtaining permission is a collaborative process that requires responsible use and ethical considerations. As a designer, you have a duty to uphold the principles of intellectual property and promote the integrity of creative expression.。

博物馆设计的英语

博物馆设计的英语Museum design is an important aspect of creating a space that not only showcases artifacts and art but also engages and educates the visitors. When designing a museum, several key considerations need to be taken into account.Firstly, the layout and flow of the museum space are crucial. The design should allow for easy navigation and a logical progression through the exhibits. This may involve careful placement of walls, partitions, and walkways to guide visitors through the space in a way that enhances their experience.Secondly, the lighting and environmental factors play a significant role in museum design. Proper lighting is essential for showcasing the exhibits in the best possible way, while environmental factors such as temperature and humidity control are crucial for preserving delicate artifacts.Another important consideration is the use of technology in museum design. Interactive displays, audio guides, and multimedia installations can greatly enhance the visitorexperience and provide additional layers of information and engagement.In addition, the aesthetic aspect of museum designshould not be overlooked. The architecture, interior design, and overall ambiance of the space should complement and enhance the exhibits on display, creating a cohesive and immersive experience for the visitors.Furthermore, accessibility is a key consideration in museum design. The space should be designed to accommodate visitors of all abilities, with features such as ramps, elevators, and tactile exhibits for the visually impaired.Finally, sustainability is becoming an increasingly important consideration in museum design. Using environmentally friendly materials, implementing energy-efficient systems, and considering the long-term impact of the museum on its surroundings are all crucial aspects of creating a sustainable and responsible museum space.博物馆设计是展示文物和艺术品的重要方面，也是吸引和教育观众的重要环节。

设计理想的酒店设施英语作文

设计理想的酒店设施英语作文An ideal hotel should definitely have cozy yet stylish rooms. You know, the kind that feels like a home away from home, with comfortable beds, soft linens, and plenty of storage space. And let's not forget about those extra touches like a coffee machine and a mini-fridge for those late-night snacks.Oh, and the bathrooms! They should be spacious and equipped with all the necessities – you know, like a powerful showerhead, plenty of towels, and maybe even a bathtub for those relaxing evenings. Plus, a good selection of bath products always adds a touch of luxury.But what really makes a hotel stand out? It's thelittle extras. Like a rooftop bar with breathtaking views or a well-stocked gym for those who like to stay active on vacation. And of course, a delicious breakfast spreadthat's sure to satisfy every palate.And let's not forget about the staff. Friendly, attentive, and always ready to help – that's what you want when you're away from home. From concierge services to room service, the staff should make your stay as enjoyable and stress-free as possible.Lastly, the location is key. Whether it's right in the heart of the city or tucked away in a serene nature setting, the hotel should offer convenience and easy access to all the must-see attractions. After all, a hotel is just aplace to rest your head – it's the adventures that await outside that really make a vacation memorable.。

公共场合安装金摄像监控装置英语作文

公共场合安装金摄像监控装置英语作文In recent years, the installation of surveillance cameras in public spaces has become a prominent topic of debate. This initiative, aimed at enhancing safety and security in urban environments, brings with it a multitude of advantages and disadvantages that warrant careful consideration.One of the primary benefits of surveillance cameras is the increased sense of security they provide to citizens. In areas notoriously known for crime, the presence of these cameras often acts as a deterrent to potential offenders. Knowing that their actions are being recorded can prevent individuals from engaging in unlawful behavior, thus contributing to a reduction in crime rates. For instance, cities that have implemented widespread camera systems have reported drops in incidents such as vandalism, theft, and violent crimes. This kind of reassurance can foster a morevibrant community where people feel safe to engage in outdoor activities, freely interact with others, and enjoy public amenities without fear.Moreover, surveillance cameras are valuable tools for law enforcement. In the event of a crime, recorded footage serves as crucial evidence that can help identify suspects, understand the sequence of events, and secure convictions in court. This technological aid is not only beneficial for solving crimes but also enhances the efficiency of police work, allowing officers to allocate resources moreeffectively based on real-time data.However, the widespread use of surveillance cameras also raises significant concerns regarding privacy. Many citizens feel uncomfortable being monitored in their everyday activities, leading to the belief that constant surveillance creates an atmosphere of distrust. This sentiment is particularly strong in societies that value personal freedomsand individual rights. Critics argue that the potential for abuse of such technology exists, with possibilities of misusing footage for purposes beyond crime prevention, such as profiling and unwarranted surveillance of innocent individuals.Additionally, there are questions regarding the effectiveness of these surveillance systems. While they may deter some crime, determined offenders often find ways to circumvent detection. Furthermore, the costs associated with the installation, maintenance, and monitoring of these systems can be substantial, leading some to question whether the investment truly provides a worthwhile return in public safety.In conclusion, the installation of surveillance camerasin public spaces presents a complex interplay of benefits and challenges. While they can enhance security and assist law enforcement, it is crucial to strike a balance between safetyand the preservation of privacy. As cities continue to evolve and technology advances, stakeholders must engage in thoughtful dialogue to develop policies that respect individual rights while ensuring public safety. The future of public surveillance should aim to create environments where community members feel both secure and respected.。

后视镜设计方案英文

后视镜设计方案英文Rearview Mirror Design Proposal1. IntroductionThe purpose of this design proposal is to present a new and improved rearview mirror design for automobiles. The goal is to enhance safety and improve visibility for drivers while maintaininga sleek and aesthetic look.2. Current ChallengesThe current rearview mirror design has several limitations. Firstly, the size of the mirror restricts the field of vision, particularly when checking blind spots. Secondly, the mirror can be easily obstructed by rear-seat passengers, reducing visibility. Lastly, the lack of adaptability makes it difficult to customize the mirror based on the driver's height and seating position.3. Proposed Design SolutionThe proposed rearview mirror design aims to address the aforementioned challenges and provide an optimal driving experience. The key features of the design include:a) Adjustable Size: The rearview mirror will have a telescopic arm that allows for easy adjustment of the mirror's size and position. This will enable drivers to customize the mirror according to their height, seating position, and viewing preferences.b) Wide-Angle Mirror: The mirror will be designed with a wide-angle lens to increase the field of vision. This will provide better visibility of blind spots and reduce the risk of accidents during lanechanges or turning.c) Anti-Obstruction Feature: The rearview mirror will be designed with an anti-obstruction feature that uses sensors to detect any objects or passengers obstructing the mirror. If an obstruction is detected, the mirror will automatically adjust its position to ensure maximum visibility.d) Integrated Digital Display: The rearview mirror will be equipped with a digital display that can show real-time video feeds from cameras located around the vehicle. This will further enhance visibility by eliminating blind spots and providing a 360-degree view of the surroundings.e) Auto-Dimming Function: The rearview mirror will have an auto-dimming feature that adjusts the brightness according to the surrounding light conditions. This will prevent glare from headlights of vehicles behind, ensuring clear visibility at all times.4. BenefitsThe proposed rearview mirror design offers several benefits to drivers:a) Improved Safety: The wider field of vision and anti-obstruction feature will significantly enhance safety by reducing blind spots and increasing overall visibility.b) Customizable: The adjustable size feature allows each driver to customize the mirror according to their specific needs, ensuring a comfortable and optimal viewing experience.c) Enhanced Convenience: The integrated digital display provides additional convenience by eliminating blind spots and providing a 360-degree view of the surroundings.d) Aesthetically Pleasing: The sleek design of the rearview mirror will enhance the overall aesthetics of the vehicle, creating a modern and sophisticated look.5. ConclusionThe proposed rearview mirror design offers a solution to the current challenges faced by drivers. Its adjustable size, wide-angle mirror, anti-obstruction feature, integrated digital display, and auto-dimming function provide improved safety, convenience, and aesthetics. With this design, drivers can experience a safer and more enjoyable driving experience.。

a playful design that is fun just to look at

a playful design that is fun just tolook atWhen it comes to design, functionality and practicality are the main focuses for many designers. However, there are some designs that go beyond these concepts and aim to deliver something playful and enjoyable, even to simply look at. In this article, we will discuss the steps to create a playful design that is fun just to look at.Step 1: Consider the PurposeBefore starting any design project, it is important to consider the purpose of the design. A playful design should still meet the needs and requirements of the project. For example, if the design is for a children's book, the playful elements should enhance the storytelling and engage the reader. On the other hand, if the design is for a website, the focus should be on creating a playful user interface that helps users navigate the site easily.Step 2: Seek InspirationNext, seek inspiration from various sources such as art, nature, and pop culture. Look for colors, shapes, and patterns that stand out and appeal to a playful aesthetic. Pinterest and Instagram are great resources for inspiration, as well as design blogs and online galleries.Step 3: Incorporate Playful ElementsOnce you have identified the purpose and inspiration, start incorporating playful elements into your design. This could be through the use of bold colors, unusual patterns orshapes, or quirky illustrations. Keep in mind that the design doesn't have to be complicated, but instead, it should be engaging and fun for the viewer.Step 4: Test and RefineAfter the design has been created, it is important totest and refine it. Show it to peers or potential users and gather feedback. Take note of any areas where the designcould be improved or where the playful elements fall short. Make the necessary changes and repeat the testing processuntil the design achieves the desired effect.Step 5: Have Fun!Throughout the entire design process, it's important to remember to have fun! Playful design should not only be funfor the viewer, but also for the designer. Allow yourself to experiment and be playful with the design, and don't beafraid to push boundaries.In conclusion, creating a playful design that is funjust to look at requires a clear understanding of the purpose, seeking inspiration, incorporating playful elements, testing and refining, and most importantly, having fun. With these steps in mind, you can create a design that not only meetsthe needs of the project but also delivers a playful and enjoyable experience for the viewer.。