ART CASE Analysis
art英语练习题
art英语练习题### Art English Practice Questions1. Vocabulary Fill in the BlanksFill in the blanks with the appropriate art-related vocabulary words.a. The ___________ of the painting is remarkable, capturing the essence of the Renaissance period.b. The ___________ in the sculpture is so delicate that it seems to be alive.c. The ___________ of the artwork is not only aesthetic but also deeply thought-provoking.d. The ___________ of the museum is vast, encompassing works from various eras.Answers:a. Masterpieceb. Detailingc. Compositiond. Collection2. Art History Multiple Choice QuestionsChoose the correct answer for each question.a. Which of the following is an art movement characterized by the use of vivid colors and distorted forms?- i. Impressionism- ii. Cubism- iii. Surrealism- iv. Abstract Expressionismb. Who is known as the father of modern sculpture?- i. Michelangelo- ii. Auguste Rodin- iii. Pablo Picasso- iv. Henry Moorec. The term "Baroque" originally referred to:- i. A style of painting- ii. A type of music- iii. A fruit- iv. A type of architectureAnswers:a. iii. Surrealismb. ii. Auguste Rodinc. iii. A fruit3. Art Terminology MatchingMatch the following art terms with their definitions.a. ___________ - The technique of painting on a wet surface to create a smooth transition of colors.b. ___________ - A movement in the early 20th century that rejected traditional artistic forms and emphasized the expression of emotion.c. ___________ - The study of the visual elements of art, such as line, shape, color, texture, and composition.d. ___________ - The process of applying paint to a surface, often with a brush.Answers:a. Glazingb. Expressionismc. Aestheticsd. Painting4. Art Critique Short Answer QuestionsAnswer the following questions in a few sentences.a. What are some key characteristics of the Impressionist movement?b. How did the Renaissance period influence the development of art?c. What is the significance of the use of perspective in art?Answers:a. Impressionism is characterized by its emphasis on capturing the fleeting effects of light and color, oftenusing short brushstrokes and vibrant colors to convey the atmosphere of a scene.b. The Renaissance period marked a revival of interest in classical art, literature, and learning. It influenced the development of art through the use of linear perspective, anatomical accuracy, and the study of light and shadow.c. The use of perspective in art is significant as it allows artists to create a sense of depth and three-dimensionality on a two-dimensional surface, making the artwork morerealistic and engaging.5. Art Appreciation Essay QuestionWrite a brief essay (200-300 words) on how the use of color in a particular artwork has affected your perception of the piece. Choose an artwork from any period or artist and discuss the role of color in conveying the mood, theme, or message of the artwork.[Your Essay Response Here]Please note that the above practice questions are designed to test and improve your understanding of art vocabulary, art history, and art appreciation. The essay question is open-ended and should be tailored to your personal experience and interpretation of the artwork you choose to discuss.。
自动化测试系统顶层设计方法论说明书
Method of Top-level Design for Automated TestSystemsZhenjie Zeng1, Xiaofei Zhu1,*, Shiju Qi1, Kai Wu2 and Xiaowei Shen11Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xi’an, China2Troops No. 96604, Beijing, China*Corresponding authorAbstract—When designing an automatic test system, it is necessary to make each electronic test device conform to different test requirements. The most important issue is the system top-level design. The article starts with the three steps of the top-level design: system requirements analysis, architecture selection and analysis, and test equipment configuration. It describes in detail how to develop the top-level system design efficiently and reasonably when developing automated test systems. The principles, available method techniques, and precautions have some guiding significance for the top-level design of automated test systems.Keywords—automatic test system; top-level design; requirements analysis; architecture selection; test equipment configurationI.I NTRODUCTIONUsually, with a minimum of human involvement, a computer is used to execute a software program to control the test process and perform data processing until the test system that gives the test results in an appropriate manner is called ATS (Automatic Test System) or ATE (Automatic Test Equipment). .With the advancement of test bus technology, computer technology and software engineering technology, the difficultyof establishing ATS systems is also increasing. Due to the diversification of test objectives, there is no bus that can cover the needs of the entire automated test, coupled with the complexity and diversification of the test process and the function of the test instruments, making the establishment of modern automated test systems, especially the design of test software. The difficulty has doubled. How to effectively and rationally plan the test system architecture and select test equipment is a place that is not yet perfect, and therefore the top level design of the automatic test system is getting more and more attention.II.T OP-LEVEL D ESIGNAs the name suggests, the top-level design is the overall planning and design at the highest level. The top-level design of automatic test system integration is to stand at the level of past, present and future demands of the system under test, and to conduct overall planning and design from the perspective of technological development.The top-level design of automatic test system integration is based on sufficient requirements analysis, and comprehensively considers the optimal matching of technical and economic performances. It is advanced, practical, open, real-time, universal (compatibility), and reliability. , maintainability and other aspects of a comprehensive analysis, determine the test system architecture (including hardware platforms and software platforms), develop a corresponding test program. As shown in Figure 1, it is usually divided into three steps: requirements analysis, architecture selection and analysis, and test equipment configuration.AemandanalysisArchitectureselection andanalysisTest equipmentselection andconfigurationFunctional AnalysisTarget signal typeMeasured parameter definitionTestability analysisTest method analysisInterface bus analysisHardware architecture analysisController selection and analysisHardwareplatformSoftware operating environment analysisOperating system selection and analysisDevelopment platform selection and analysisDatabase selection and analysisTest instrument (module) selectionUTT interface connection designSpecial parameters require processingSoftwareplatformFIGURE I. AUTOMATIC TEST SYSTEM INTEGRATION TOP LEVELDESIGN FLOWIII.D EMAND A NALYSISTest requirement analysis is the basis of automatic test system integration top-level design. It mainly contains five aspects: functional requirements of the test target, test parameters, test objects, test methods, and test system planning.3rd International Conference on Electrical, Automation and Mechanical Engineering (EAME 2018)A.Test Target Functional RequirementsThe different requirements of the test equipment working platform determine the test speed requirements, and also determine the different requirements of the online/offline test; the main control method and logic of the tested equipment determines the difference between the test procedures and methods; the input frequency of the tested equipment, Different parameters, such as amplitude and modulation method, determine the overall requirements for the operating frequency band, small signal level (minimum leakage), and waveform parameters of the automatic test system analog signal source; the output and content of the device under test determines the signal sampling of the automatic test system. The data acquisition method is different; the digital communication interface of the device under test determines that the digital communication interface that the automatic test system should have is different from the protocol; the testability interface of the device under test determines the final test capability and fault diagnosis ability of the automatic test system.B.Test ParametersThe test parameter analysis includes analysis: the form of the measured parameter (electrical or non-electrical, digital or analog, etc.), range and quantity; performance index (measurement accuracy and speed, etc.); the form and range of the excitation signal. In particular, when analyzing requirements for a top-level design of a general-purpose comprehensive automatic test system that is suitable for multiple systems, multiple protocols, and multiple equipment, comprehensive analysis is often required to integrate the test parameters.C.Test ObjectThe test objects vary widely. When analyzing the test objects, a comprehensive analysis must be performed in conjunction with the test system requirements of the test objects. In the face of a specific test object test system or subsystem, the description can use a variety of expressions to give different models of the test system at different levels of simplification, such as language descriptions, graphics, and mathematical formulas. As a simplified description of some test systems, their models merely express their basic characteristics, often ignoring irrelevant details in order to simplify their complexity. For a complex test object test system, a model is inevitably limited by some assumptions in its design and utility. These conditions often have some ambiguity and basically reflect an implicit conceptual idea. Therefore, when analyzing the requirements of a specific test object, it is usually necessary to establish a corresponding test system model.D.Test MethodsAccording to the functional requirements of the test target, a corresponding test method is formulated for the “face-to-face automatic test system” or “object-oriented automatic test system”.. E.Test System PlanningWhen developing an automated test system, it often takes a lot of time to complete the test-assisted tasks such as creating files and programming supporting test software. The test application software development platform can standardize all kinds of test processes and integrate an operating system that is suitable for various test and post-processing functions. It can help us to complete these test auxiliary work; therefore, we use this kind of test platform to conduct various tests. When testing, you can save a lot of time.IV.A RCHITECTURE S ELECTION AND A NALYSIS On the basis of sufficient requirements analysis, determining the architecture of the automated test system is the most critical step in the top-level design. That is how to determine the test plan from the perspective of the top-level design, and select the hardware platform and software platform architecture of the automatic test system, and the most important one is the selection of the test equipment digital communication interface bus.A.System Test Plan SelectionThe system test plan is the overall concept of product testing. It specifies the type of product testing, when (continuous or regular) testing, where (field or workshop, or which maintenance level), testing methods, and test methods used. The types of system test can be divided into: system-wide test and departmental system test, static test and dynamic test, online test and offline test, quantitative test and qualitative test, continuous test and periodic test, etc. The test level can be divided into three levels according to the location: production site, use site, and maintenance base. The test system (equipment) operating methods are generally:According to the use of the operation can be divided into three kinds of automatic, semi-automatic and artificial; according to the general degree of application can be divided into two kinds of special and general equipment; according to the association with the product can be divided into two kinds of BITE and external test equipment.Most of the test methods used in automated testing have so far been modeled on manual tests, from the measurement principles used, the testing techniques used, to the test procedures performed, except that computers were used instead of manual operations. As far as the characteristics and potential of automatic testing are concerned, fundamental reforms of the test plan are needed for future research.B.Selection of Test Equipment Digital CommunicationInterface Bus and ATS StructureThe development of automatic test systems has promoted the continuous emergence of various general-purpose test equipment interface buses and rapid technological advancement: from the early GPIB, CAMAC to the recent VXI, MXI, PCI, PCIe, PXI, PXIe, cPCI, MMS, IEEE1394 ( Firewire), USB, etc. Although technical characteristics are not the same, they are widely used.The structural elements of a modern automated test system are programmable test instruments, test controllers, interconnected standard digital interfaces, and software systems. At present, modern automatic testing has been widely used, and the test objects faced are large, complex, and diversified, making it impossible for an automatic test system based on any kind of bus technology to cover the needs of the entire test object.Multi-bus fusion automatic test system structure shown in Figure 2. It consists of test instruments, DUTs(design under test) and UUT(unit under test) interfaces, test controllers (computers), various general-purpose digital interface buses, and test software. The test controller is interconnected with the test instrument through the digital interface bus, and the device under test is connected to the input/output terminal of the test instrument through the UUT interface. The digital interface bus used may be GPIB, VXI, PXI, LXI, or even an internal computer bus (AT/EISA/PCI), or their convergence. Once the standard digital interface bus architecture used is determined, the automatic test system architecture is basically selected. In an automatic test system, regardless of the interface bus architecture, an external computer or built-in computer system can be selected as the test system controller. The choice of the test system controller should fully consider the optimal matching of technical and economic performance, and choose from real-time, practical, reliable, flexible and convenient.CAT test hostMaster control computerGPIB instrument PC card typeinstrumentVXIinstrumentPXIinstrumentUUT interfaceUUT……FIGURE II. MULTI-BUS FUSION AUTOMATIC TEST SYSTEMSTRUCTUREC.Test Software Platform Mode SelectionIn modern computer-based automated test systems, hardware is the foundation and software is the soul. Test software has increasingly become the main body of ATS, which determines the advanced nature, reliability, practicality, and real-time performance of the entire automated test system.The automatic test software platform mainly refers to the programming language and software support environment involved in the test application software design. It is an integrated software platform such as a computer operating system, a test programming language, a database software, and a program diagnosis software. The key element is Test programming language. Since the automatic test system was popularized and applied, there have been great developments in testing programming languages from low-level to high-level, to the current test application development environment.V.T EST E QUIPMENT C ONFIGURATION After the system structure of the test system is determined, the next task is to synthesize the test contents according to the requirements analysis, and to match the corresponding test equipment according to the test content requirements. There are three types of optional test equipment: general test equipment, special purpose equipment, and test interface adapter.A.Universal Test EquipmentThe universal test equipment includes a main box, a test controller, a main control interface, a zero slot controller, an instrument module, and a desktop instrument. The following factors should be considered when selecting the type of equipment: (1) The higher the degree of equipment automation, the shorter the time for detecting and isolating faults, and the less the manpower consumption, but the cost of test equipment will increase and more protection is needed. (2) Differences in capabilities between the two are to be considered when selecting a BIT (Built-in-Test) and an off-board automatic test equipment. (3) When the BIT is used in conjunction with the off-board automatic test, make full use of the BIT capability of each unit under test. (4) When selecting a dedicated or general-purpose device, it is necessary to consider that the special-purpose device is simple and convenient to use and has high efficiency, but the use range is narrow. (5) The main selection of instrument and equipment is based on the requirements of test parameters, characteristics of the signal to be measured, and range selection. When selecting the instrument module, pay attention to the size of the bus module, power, and number of slots.B.Special Purpose EquipmentWhen the test is not ready for selection, in addition to the above-mentioned common tests, when preparing for the following situations, it may be considered to develop or develop special purpose instrument (module) equipment. When the current product can not meet the test requirements, multiple instruments and equipments are required to complete the measurement together. However, the utilization rate of each instrument is very low or can be accomplished with one instrument. When the price is high and the utilization rate is low, the use of development or development is considered. Special purpose instrument.C.Test Interface Adapter DesignFor different test objects, the extraction and feeding of various test signals requires the design and manufacture of various test interfaces and special fixtures. In the automatic test system, especially the automatic test system assembly of complex electronic equipment, the requirements of the same type but different models and different test objects existuniversally, and often require the test system group to build a relatively universal automatic test platform. Through this platform, different test modules and test methods can be used to quickly and easily complete the automatic test system set-up (configuration) task for different test objects; however, the test interface and the dedicated test module cannot be matched and can only be tested according to the device under test. The test requires the development of a test interface adapter.VI.C ONCLUSIONThis article starts with the three steps of the top-level design: system requirements analysis, architecture selection and analysis, and test equipment configuration. It describes in detail how to perform top-level design efficiently and reasonably when developing automated test systems, and analyzes what the design must follow. Principles, methods, techniques, and precautions have certain guiding significance for the top-level design of automated test systems.R EFERENCES[1]LI Xing-shan, ZUO Yi, SUN Jie. Automatic Test System IntegrationTechnology[M]. Publishing House of Electronics Industry, 2004.[2]QIN Hong-lei, LU Hui et al. Automatic Test System. Beijing: HigherEducation Press, 2007[3]LIU Si-jiu, ZHANG Li-yong. Automatic Test System and VirtualInstrument. Beijing: Publishing House of Electronics Industry, 2009 [4]GU Zhi-yong, TENG Peng, HU Shi-guo, et al. Top-level design of ATSoverall plan for integrated helicopter display systems[J]. Electro-optics and Control, 2008, 15(11):59-62.[5]GU Ya-ping. Research on Top Design of VXI Bus TestingTechnology[J]. Electronic Testing, 1998(8):22-23.。
case analysis与case study
case analysis与case studyCase Analysis与Case Study一、概述Case Analysis和Case Study都是一种研究方法，用于分析和解决实际问题。
它们都需要对特定的情境进行深入的研究和分析，以便找到最佳的解决方案。
但是，这两种方法在研究设计、数据收集和分析等方面存在差异。
二、Case Analysis1. 定义Case Analysis是一种系统性的方法，用于研究一个特定问题或情境。
它通常涉及对相关文献的收集和分析，并且需要对数据进行逻辑推理和解释。
在这个过程中，研究者需要使用各种工具来帮助他们理解问题，并提出最佳的解决方案。
2. 设计在进行Case Analysis时，研究者需要有一个清晰的设计，以确保他们能够收集到必要的信息并得出正确的结论。
这通常包括以下步骤：(1) 确定问题：首先，研究者需要明确他们要解决什么问题，并确定该问题所处的情境。
(2) 收集信息：接下来，研究者需要收集尽可能多的信息来了解该情境。
这可能包括采访相关人员、查阅文献或分析数据等。
(3) 分析信息：在收集到足够的信息后，研究者需要对其进行分析，以确定最佳的解决方案。
这可能涉及到逻辑推理、数据分析或其他方法。
(4) 提出结论：最后，研究者需要根据他们的分析提出最佳的解决方案，并提供相关建议。
3. 数据收集和分析在进行Case Analysis时，研究者通常需要使用多种数据收集和分析工具。
这可能包括文献综述、问卷调查、深入访谈、焦点小组讨论等。
在收集到数据后，研究者还需要对其进行逻辑推理和解释，以确定最佳的解决方案。
三、Case Study1. 定义Case Study是一种详细的研究方法，用于深入了解一个特定情境或事件。
它通常涉及对个人、团体或组织进行深入访谈和观察，并且需要对数据进行详细的描述和分析。
在这个过程中，研究者需要使用各种工具来帮助他们理解问题，并提出最佳的解决方案。
SP3D在撬块化设计中的应用
块化设备，使气田建设速度得到显著提升。
到了20世纪90年代，我国首次将该技术引入油气田开发项目中，并取得理想的应用成果。
近年来，在四川、吉林、新疆等地陆续开始普及该技术，其凭借独特优势得到更多的认可，优势效果十分显著。
在撬块化设计中，因空间布设较为紧密，需要在有限的空间中安装管线、阀门、支架等多项内容，设计者需要思考如何使配管空间走向更加科学，但二维图纸设计不够直观，对设计质量产生严重影响；如：撬块设计不够精细、管线接口处存在误差等，均会影响预制工作的顺利开展，质量安全无法得到保障，且设备安装后很可能无法与其他管线衔接，增加后期修改工作量，甚至需要重新调整或制造，增加了工作难度。
二维设计通常由人工计算用料量，受人为因素影响设计用量与实际需求有所出入，导致预制阶段采购量增加，对施工进度和质量产生极大不良影响，导致材料浪费，投资数量增加。
2 SP3D在撬块化设计中的应用价值当前科技迅猛发展，3D 软件在工程设计中的辅助作用不容小觑，SP3D 软件由美国研发而成是当前智能工厂设计领域的潮流产品，以数据库建设为核心，依靠计算机编译数字信息，不支持文字信息编译，需要将文字转变为数字形式传输到计算机中。
其中，AllCodeLists 可将多种有效信息分类，各类文字与数字相对应，标记的文字数量较多，以管道为例，需要对尺寸、材质、压力、壁厚等指标信息进行全面标记，并将各项特征汇总在表格上。
此外，还利用Speci f i cation 部分对管道等级进行划分，依靠Catalog 将真实的管道参数体现出来。
通过数据库的应用转变为模型，将管道、设备与支架等直观展现出来。
2.1 多专业协调设计该软件可创建一个多专业综合化的协同设计平台，不但支持工艺配管，还可使电气、自控与水处理等多专业同时在平台中设计，不同专业之间的布设情况可共享，有效避免错、漏、碰撞等情况发生，使设计质量和效率得到全面提升。
在建模中虽然需要0 引言当前油气田发展速度提升，用户需求也逐渐扩大，缩短设计与建设周期成为提高企业市场竞争力的关键所在。
案例研究法
择旳管理情境，如生死危机等。
（二）执行阶段
１．搜集数据资料 案例研究旳数据起源涉及五种： ①文件资料 ②访谈 访谈旳类型主要有下列三种：
开放型访谈
半构造型访谈
构造型访谈
③观察 1．参加型观察 2．非参加型观察
④档案统计
⑤实物资料
研究者不只是一位被动旳 观察者，而是真正参加正
2．多案例研究 多案例研究（Multiple Cases）中，研究者首先要将每一种案例及其
主题作为独立旳整体进行进一步旳分析，即案例内分析（Within-Case Analysis）。依托于同一研究主旨，在彼此独立旳案例内分析旳基础上， 研究者将对全部案例进行归纳、总结，并得出抽象旳、精辟旳研究结论， 这一分析被称作为跨案例分析（Cross-Case Analysis ）。 （例如生活质 量满意度研究，医学药物临床试验等等）
个别知识,引 出一般知识
旳推理
1.难以对发觉进行归纳：案例研究旳归纳不是统计性旳而是分 析性旳，这肯定使归纳带有一定旳随意性和主观性。
2.技术上旳局限和研究者旳偏见：案例研究没有一种原则化旳 数据分析措施，证据旳提出和数据旳解释带有可选择性，研究者在 乎见上旳分歧以及研究者旳其他偏见都会影响数据分析旳成果。
但是当理论命题不存在时，是个能够采用旳替代措施
（三）总结阶段（撰写报告 ）
案例研究成果旳表述形式具有很大程度旳灵活性，并不存在原则 或统一旳报告格式。但在社会科学研究领域，经常会使用与案例研究 过程相匹配旳格式，从而将案例研究报告分为相对独立旳几种部分： ①背景描述；②特定问题、现象旳描述和分析；③分析与讨论；④小 结与提议。
2.选择案例
案例选择旳原则与研究旳对象和研究要回答旳问题有关，它拟定 了什么样旳属性能为案例研究带来有 意义旳数据。案例研究能够使用 一种案例或涉及多种案例。应以为单个案例研究能够用作确认或挑战 一种理论，也能够用作提出一种独特旳或极端旳案例。多案例研究旳 特点在于它涉及了两个分析阶段—— 案例内分析和跨案例分析。前者 是把每一种案例看成独立旳整体进行全方面旳分析 , 后者是在前者旳 基础上对全部旳案例进行统一旳抽象和归纳 , 进而得出更精辟旳描述 和更有力旳解释。
循征医学的基本概念
循征医学的基本概念2006-10-13 16:26循征医学的基本概念1. 病例对照研究（Case-control study）: 一种研究设计。
观察经历某一事件（通常为不良事件）的一组个体与未经历同样事件的另一组个体，让他回顾是否曾暴露于可疑（通常为有害的）因素，并分析其暴露的差异。
这种类型研究对确定罕见事件的原因较有用，例如，罕见的癌症。
2. 队列研究（Cohort study）: 一种非试验性研究设计，随访一组或一组以上的个体（队列），观察该组内或组间个体之间的事件发生情况有何差异。
或者观察两个或两个以上队列，一个队列已暴露（或暴露高），另一个队列未暴露（或暴露低），随访其结局事件发生的概率，并进行比较分析。
这对欲确定暴露于某种可疑因素或接受某种处理是否可能导致某种事件（通常为不良事件）的发生是有用的。
前瞻性队列研究（随着时间进展，对不同暴露的研究对象实施前向性随访）较回顾性队列研究（通过回顾来确定研究对象对可疑因素的暴露以及其结局事件）更加可靠。
3. 对照（Controls）:在随机化分组、有对照的试验中，对照是指比较组的研究对象。
他们被分配为使用安慰剂成不作处理或使用标准治疗。
4. 交叉研究设计（Cross-over study design） :同一组患者，先后接受两种或两种以上的试验治疗，按某种顺序或随机顺序逐一施行，这里的随机化仅用于确定其接受治疗的顺序。
交叉设计的优点是：治疗的比较是研究对象内的比较，而非研究对象间的比较，且其所需的样本较小。
但交叉设计也有明显的缺点：①患者在第一阶段治疗后可能退出，不在接受以后的治疗，退出可能与副作用有关。
②前一个阶段治疗的效应可能延续到下一阶段，因此，后一阶段的治疗效应可能受到前一阶段治疗的影响。
如果不同治疗阶段之间存在交互效应时，后一阶段的数据可能不得不弃去，这样就减弱了试验的检验效率。
③两个试验阶段可能存在系统的差异，例如，不论是否治疗，后一阶段观察到的效应可能较前一阶段低。
case analysis sequential propagation
case analysis sequential propagationCase Analysis: Sequential PropagationIntroduction:In the field of propagation analysis, sequential propagation plays a crucial role in understanding the spread of various phenomena, such as diseases, rumors, or innovations. By examining the sequential nature of propagation, we can gain valuable insights into the factors influencing its progression. This article aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of sequential propagation, exploring its characteristics, applications, and potential implications.Characteristics of Sequential Propagation:Sequential propagation refers to the step-by-step dissemination of information, behaviors, or events from one entity to another. Unlike simultaneous propagation, which occurs simultaneously among multiple entities, sequential propagation follows a specific order or sequence. This order can be influenced by various factors, including geographical proximity, social connections, or individual preferences.Sequential propagation often exhibits a domino effect, where each step triggers the next, leading to a cascading spread. This characteristic makes it essential to understand the initial conditions and the triggering mechanisms to predict and control the propagation processeffectively.Applications of Sequential Propagation:1. Disease Spread Analysis: Sequential propagation analysis is widely used in epidemiology to study the transmission of infectious diseases. By understanding the sequential patterns of infection, researchers can identify high-risk areas or individuals, develop targetedintervention strategies, and effectively contain the spread of diseases.2. Rumor Spreading Analysis: In the era of social media, rumors can spread rapidly and have significant consequences. Sequential propagation analysis helps in understanding how rumors propagate through different online platforms and how they evolve over time. This knowledge can aid in designing effective countermeasures to debunk false information and limit its impact.3. Innovation Diffusion Analysis: Sequentialpropagation analysis is also valuable in studying the diffusion of innovations. By identifying the sequential adoption patterns of new technologies or ideas, researchers can determine influential adopters or opinion leaders who play a crucial role in driving the propagation process.This information can guide marketing strategies and accelerate the adoption of innovations.Implications of Sequential Propagation:1. Targeted Interventions: Understanding the sequential nature of propagation allows for more precise and targetedinterventions. By focusing efforts on key nodes or stagesin the propagation process, resources can be utilized more efficiently, leading to better outcomes.2. Early Warning Systems: Sequential propagation analysis can contribute to the development of early warning systems for various phenomena. By monitoring the initial stages of propagation and identifying triggering factors, authorities can detect and respond to potential threats or crises more promptly.3. Policy Making: Sequential propagation analysis provides policymakers with valuable insights into the dynamics of information or behavior spread. This information can guide the development of policies that encourage desirable propagation outcomes while mitigating negative consequences.Conclusion:Sequential propagation analysis is a powerful tool for understanding the spread of various phenomena. Its characteristics, applications, and implications make it a valuable asset in fields such as epidemiology, social sciences, and marketing. By comprehensively studying sequential propagation, we can enhance our ability to predict, control, and harness the power of propagation for positive outcomes.。
case analysis范文
case analysis范文Case Analysis: An In-depth Examination of a Specific CaseIntroduction:Case analysis is a method used to study and understand a specific case thoroughly. It involves a detailed examination of the case, identification of key issues, analysis of possible solutions, and recommendations for future actions. In this article, we will discuss the importance of case analysis and its relevance in various fields.Body:1. Importance of Case Analysis:Case analysis is essential for several reasons. Firstly, it allows researchers to gain a deep understanding of the case under study. By analyzing the details, context, and intricacies of a case, researchers can identify patterns, causes, and effects. This comprehensive understanding helps in making informed decisions and formulating effective strategies.2. Process of Case Analysis:The process of case analysis typically involves several steps. These include:a) Identifying the Problem: The first step is to identify the problem or issue that needs to be addressed. This requires a clear understanding of the case and its context.b) Gathering Relevant Information: Once the problem is identified, the next step is to gather all the relevant information related to the case. This may include data, documents, interviews, or other sources.c) Analyzing the Information: After gathering the information, it is important to analyze it critically. This involves identifying patterns, trends, and relationships among the data points.d) Developing Solutions: Based on the analysis, potential solutions or strategies can be developed. These solutions should address the root causes of the problem and be feasible to implement.e) Evaluating Alternatives: It is important to evaluate the potential solutions and compare them based on their feasibility, effectiveness, and potential impact. This helps in selecting the most suitable solution.f) Making Recommendations: Finally, based on the evaluation,recommendations can be made for future actions. These recommendations should be practical, actionable, and aligned with the goals of the case.3. Applications of Case Analysis:Case analysis is widely used in various fields, including business, law, medicine, and social sciences. Some specific applications include:a) Business Strategy: Case analysis is often used in the business world to analyze market trends, competitive landscapes, and customer behavior. It helps in formulating effective strategies and making informed business decisions.b) Legal Cases: In the field of law, case analysis is crucial for understanding legal precedents, interpreting legislation, and building strong arguments. It allows lawyers to analyze past cases and apply relevant legal principles to their case.c) Medical Research: Case analysis plays a significant role in medical research. It helps in understanding diseases, identifying risk factors, and developing treatment protocols. Case analysis also helps in identifying potential adverse events and improving patient outcomes.d) Social Sciences: In social sciences, case analysis is used to study human behavior, societal issues, and cultural phenomena. Researchers analyze individual cases to draw broader conclusions and understand social patterns.Conclusion:Case analysis is a valuable method for gaining a deep understanding of a specific case. By following a systematic process, researchers can identify key issues, analyze information, and develop effective solutions. This method finds applications in various fields and contributes to informed decision-making and problem-solving. Mastering the art of case analysis can be beneficial for professionals in diverse industries.。
广州珠江新城方案设计AECOM
花园园路
Neighborhood Road
地下室车行入口
Basement Entry
落客点
Drop off
人行流线分析
Gallery Experience Analysis
图例
Legend 主要景观走廊
Main Corridor
景观步道
Pedestrian
公共人行道
Public Side Walk
8.60
7.90
8.65
7.90
雪茄吧 Cigar Bar
慢跑径 艺术接待厅 Exercise Art Reception
Path
东入口艺术花园 East Entry Garden
15.80 8.30
7.90 8.65
10.15 8.60
8.60
7.90
7.90 8.65
7
3
4
2
1
局部放大平面图
Blow up Plan
2.0 项目愿景
Project Vision
1.0 基地分析
Site Analysis
3.0 方案一
Option 1
4.0 方案二
Option 2
项目定位
Project Position
• 尊贵度假 Luxury Resort • 时尚生态 Stylish Ecology • 艺术人文 Art & Culture
建筑入口
Building Entry
入口花园、大堂
Entry Courtyard/Lobby
人防出口
Emergency Exit
09:00
15:00
日影分析
Shadow Analysis
托福听力tpo40 全套对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo40 全套对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文Section 1 (2)Conversation1 (2)原文 (2)题目 (5)答案 (7)译文 (7)Lecture1 (9)原文 (9)题目 (12)答案 (15)译文 (15)Lecture2 (17)原文 (17)题目 (21)答案 (23)译文 (23)Section 2 (26)Conversation2 (26)原文 (26)题目 (28)答案 (30)译文 (30)Lecture3 (32)原文 (32)题目 (36)答案 (39)译文 (39)Lecture4 (42)原文 (42)题目 (45)答案 (48)译文 (48)Section 1Conversation1原文NARRATOR: Listen to a conversation between a student and a business professor.MALE STUDENT: Thanks for seeing me, Professor Jackson.FEMALE PROFESSOR: Sure, Tom. What can I do for you?MALE STUDENT: I'm gonna do my term project on service design, uh, what you see as a customer …the physical layout of the building, the parking lot. And I thought I'd focus on various kinds of eateries …restaurants, coffee shops, cafeterias, so I'd also analyze where you order your food, where you eat, and so on.FEMALE PROFESSOR: Wait, I thought you were going to come up with a hypothetical business plan for an amusement park? Isn’t that what you e-mailed me last week?I could've sworn …. Oh! I'm thinking of a Tom from another class.Tom Benson. Sorry, sorry.MALE STUDENT: No problem. I did e-mail you my idea too, though …. FEMALE PROFESSOR: Oh, that's right. I remember now. Restaurants …yeah …MALE STUDENT: So, here's my question. I read something about service standard that kinda confused me. What’s the difference between service design and service standard?FEMALE PROFESSOR: Service standard refers to what a company …employees …are ideally supposed to do in order for everything to operate smoothly. The protocols to be followed.MALE STUDENT: Oh, OK.FEMALE PROFESSOR: Um, so backing up…Service design is…uh, think of the cafeteria here on campus. There are several food counters, right? All with big, clear signs to help you find what you're looking for—soups, salads, desserts—so you know exactly where to go to get what you need. And when you're finished picking up your food, where do you go?MALE STUDENT: To the cash registers.FEMALE PROFESSOR: And where are they?MALE STUDENT: Um, right before you get to the seating area.FEMALE PROFESSOR: Exactly. A place that you would logically move to next.MALE STUDENT: You know, not every place is like that. This past weekend was my friend's birthday, and I went to a bakery in town, to pick up a cake for her party. And the layout of the place was weird: People were allin each other's way, standing in the wrong lines to pay, to place orders…. Oh! And another thing? I heard this bakery makes really good apple pie, so I wanted to buy a slice of it, too.FEMALE PROFESSOR: OK.MALE STUDENT: There was a little label that said “apple pie,” where it's supposed to be, but there wasn’t any left.FEMALE PROFESSOR: And that's what's called a service gap. Maybe there wasn't enough training for the employees, or maybe they just ran out of pie that day. But something's wrong with the process, and the service standard wasn’t being met.MALE STUDENT: OK, I think I get it. Anyway, since part of the requirements for the term project is to visit an actual place of business, do you think I could use our cafeteria? They seem to have a lot of the things I'm looking for.FEMALE PROFESSOR: Well, campus businesses like the cafeteria or bookstore don't quite follow the kinds of service models we're studying in class. You should go to some other, local establishment, I'd say.MALE STUDENT: I see.FEMALE PROFESSOR: But just call the manager ahead of time so they aren't surprised.题目1.Why does the student go to see the professor?A. To find out all the requirements for a projectB. To discuss a service gap at a restaurantC. To get help understanding concepts relevant to his projectD. To get help with designing a business plan2.Why does the professor mention a student in another class?A. To describe an interesting topic for a projectB. To explain the cause of her initial confusionC. To point out that she has not received e-mails from all her students yetD. To indicate that she has several students doing projects about restaurants3.Why does the professor talk about the cafeteria on campus?A. To give an example of an effective service designB. To illustrate how service standards can inform service designC. To help the man understand a service problemD. To illustrate the concept of a service gap4.What do the speakers imply about the bakery the student went to recently? [Click on 2 answers.]A. The apple pie he bought there was not as good as it usually is.B. The bakery's service design was inefficient.C. The bakery needs additional employees to fix a service gap.D. The bakery did not meet a service standard.5.What does the professor say the student should do for his project?A. Compare an on-campus service model with an off-campus oneB. Interview the service manager and employees at the cafeteriaC. Recommend service improvements at the cafeteria and the bookstoreD. Analyze the service design of a nearby restaurant答案C B A BD D译文旁白：下面听一段学生和商务课教授间的对话。
介绍我的设计的英语作文
As an AI, I cant create an original English essay for you without specific details about your design. However, I can provide you with a template that you can fill in with your own information. Heres a basic structure for an essay introducing a design: Title: Introducing My DesignIntroduction:Briefly introduce the purpose of your design.State the significance or the problem it aims to solve.Paragraph 1: Background and ContextProvide background information on the need for your design.Discuss any existing solutions and their limitations.Paragraph 2: Design ConceptDescribe the concept behind your design.Explain the inspiration and the thought process that led to this design.Paragraph 3: Design FeaturesDetail the key features of your design.Explain how each feature contributes to the overall functionality and aesthetics. Paragraph 4: Materials and Techniques UsedDiscuss the materials chosen for your design and why they were selected.Describe any special techniques or processes employed in creating your design. Paragraph 5: Benefits and AdvantagesHighlight the benefits and advantages of your design over existing solutions.Discuss how it addresses the initial problem or need.Paragraph 6: Implementation and TestingIf applicable, describe how you plan to implement or have tested your design.Share any feedback or results from testing.Conclusion:Summarize the main points of your design.Reiterate its importance and potential impact.References:List any sources or references used in your essay.Remember to personalize this template with specific details about your design to create a compelling and informative essay.。
翻译专业术语汇编（英汉对照）
翻译专业术语汇编（英汉对照） Absolute Translation 绝对翻译绝对翻译Abstract Translation 摘要翻译摘要翻译Abusive Translation 滥译滥译Acceptability 可接受性可接受性Accuracy 准确准确Adaptation 改编改编Adequacy 充分[性]Adjustment 调整调整Aesthetic-Poetic Translation 美学诗体翻译美学诗体翻译Agent 经纪人经纪人A. I. I. C 国际会议口译联合会国际会议口译联合会Analogical Form 类同形式类同形式Analysis 分析分析Appeal-focused Texts 感染型问题本感染型问题本Applied Translation Studies 应用翻译研究应用翻译研究Archaism/Archaicism 古词；废词古词；废词Architranseme (ATR) 元译素元译素Area-restricted Theories of Translation 关于范围的翻译理论关于范围的翻译理论Audio-medial Texts 听觉媒介型文本听觉媒介型文本Auftrag 委托委托Automatic Translation 自动翻译自动翻译Autonomy Spectrum 自立幅度自立幅度Autotranslation/Self Translation 自译自译Babel, Tower of 巴别塔巴别塔Back-transformation 逆转换逆转换Back Translation 回译回译Bilateral interpreting 双边传译双边传译Bilingual Corporal 双语语料库双语语料库Bi-text 双文本双文本Blank Spaces 空位空位Blank Verse Translation 无韵体翻译无韵体翻译Borrowing 借用借用Calque/Loan Translation 仿造仿造CAT (Computer-aided Translation/ Computer-assisted Translation) 计算机辅助翻译计算机辅助翻译 Category Shift 范畴转换范畴转换Chuchotage 耳语传译耳语传译Class Shift 词类转换词类转换Close Translation 贴近翻译贴近翻译Coherence 连贯连贯Commission 委托委托Communication Load 传意负荷（又名传意负荷（又名 Information Load 信息负荷）信息负荷） Communicative Translation 传意翻译；交际翻译（又名（又名 Communicative Approach [传意途径；交际途径]）Community interpreting 社群传译（又名社群传译（又名Dialogue Interpreting [对话传译] 、Public Service Interpreting [公共服务传译]）Commutation 对换对换Compensation 补偿补偿Competence 能力能力Componential Analysis 成分分析成分分析Computer-aided Translation 计算机辅助翻译（又名（又名 Computer-assisted Translation ；简称简称 CAT ） Concordance 一致性一致性Comprehensive Theory 综合理论综合理论 Conference Interpreting 会议传译会议传译Consecutive interpreting 接续传译接续传译Constitutive Translational Conventions 建构性翻译常规建构性翻译常规 Content-derivative Form 派生内容的形式（又名派生内容的形式（又名Organic Form [有机形式]） Content-focused Texts 重内容文本重内容文本Contextual consistency 语境一致语境一致Controlled Language 受控语言受控语言Conventions 常规常规Corpora 语料[库]（单数为Corpus ）Correspondence 对应对应Correspondences, Hierarchy of 对应层级对应层级Court Interpreting 法庭传译法庭传译Covert Translation 隐型翻译隐型翻译Cross-temporal Theories of Translation 跨时翻译理论跨时翻译理论Cross-temporal Translation 跨时翻译跨时翻译跨时翻译 Creative T ransposition 创造性转换创造性转换 Creative T reason 创造性叛逆创造性叛逆Cultural Approach 文化途径文化途径文化途径 Cultural Translation 文化翻译文化翻译文化翻译 Cultural Transplantation 文化移植文化移植文化移植 Cultural Transposition 文化置换文化置换文化置换。
高中英语学术论文研究方法单选题40题
高中英语学术论文研究方法单选题40题1. In an academic paper, which of the following is NOT a common research method?A. Quantitative analysisB. Qualitative researchC. Hypothesis testingD. Random guessing答案：D。
本题主要考查对常见学术研究方法的理解。
选项A“Quantitative analysis”（ 定量分析）、选项B“Qualitative research”（ 定性研究）和选项C“Hypothesis testing” 假设检验）都是常见的研究方法。
而选项D“Random guessing”（ 随机猜测）并非一种科学的研究方法。
2. When conducting research for an academic paper, which of the following is a classification of research methods based on data collection?A. Historical researchB. Experimental studyC. Descriptive analysisD. Documentary research答案：D。
本题考查研究方法基于数据收集的分类。
选项A“Historical research” 历史研究）侧重于对过去事件的研究；选项B“Experimental study”（ 实验研究）是通过控制变量来探究因果关系；选项C“Descriptive analysis”（ 描述性分析）是对现象的描述。
而选项D“Documentary research” 文献研究）是基于已有的文献资料进行收集和分析，属于基于数据收集的分类。
3. In an academic paper, which research method mainly focuses on understanding the meaning and experience of individuals?A. Empirical studyB. Grounded theoryC. Content analysisD. Case study答案：B。
case study和article
case study和article（实用版）目录1.引言2.Case Study 的概述3.Article 的概述4.Case Study 与 Article 的异同5.Case Study 和 Article 在学术研究中的应用6.结论正文一、引言在学术研究中，Case Study 和 Article 是两种常见的文献形式，各自具有独特的特点和应用场景。
本文将对这两种文献形式进行详细的介绍和比较，以帮助读者更好地理解它们的异同。
二、Case Study 的概述Case Study，即案例研究，是一种以具体实例为研究对象，通过详尽的描述和分析，探讨某一现象或问题的研究方法。
案例研究通常具有高度的实证性，可以深入挖掘研究对象的内在规律，为理论研究提供有力的支持。
三、Article 的概述Article，即学术论文，是一种以某一学术问题为主题，通过严谨的逻辑推理和实证分析，提出观点和结论的研究文章。
学术论文通常包括文献综述、理论框架、研究方法、实证分析和结论等部分，具有较强的理论性和系统性。
四、Case Study 与 Article 的异同Case Study 和 Article 在研究方法和目的上存在一定的差异，但也有共同之处。
1.研究方法：案例研究以实证描述和分析为主，通常采用质性和量性研究方法；学术论文则可以采用多种研究方法，包括实验、观察、访谈等。
2.研究目的：案例研究旨在深入了解某一现象或问题，为理论研究提供实证依据；学术论文则旨在探讨某一学术问题的原因、机制和解决方案，为学科发展做出贡献。
3.共同之处：无论是案例研究还是学术论文，都需要严谨的研究设计和分析，具备一定的学术价值和创新性。
五、Case Study 和 Article 在学术研究中的应用Case Study 和 Article 在学术研究中都有广泛的应用，可以根据研究目的和实际情况选择合适的研究形式。
1.案例研究：适用于深入探讨某一具体现象或问题，如企业经营策略、教育改革等。
由_莳萝泡菜_看凯瑟琳_曼斯菲尔德短篇小说的艺术特色_康晓婷
由《莳萝泡菜》看凯瑟琳·曼斯菲尔德短篇小说的艺术特色康晓婷(西安外国语学院英文学院陕西西安710061)摘 要:本文拟以凯瑟琳·曼斯菲尔德的短篇小说《莳萝泡菜》为例,从三方面对她的短篇小说创作风格进行分析,即小说题材多取自曼斯菲尔德亲身经历,主题多为女性的幻灭感、孤独感,以淡化情节与女性视角诗化的语言,印象主义技巧的运用及象征主义的运用为表现的鲜明的现代主义倾向。
关键词:曼斯菲尔德;短篇小说;现代主义中图分类号:I561.074 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1008-4703(2005)04-0060-03Abstract:U sing A Dill Pickle as an exa mple,this paper makes a n analysis of the ar tistic charac teristics o f Katherine M ansfield's sho r t sto ries,i.e.drawing inspiration fr om he r o wn ex periences,fo cusing o n th e theme o f the sense o f lo neliness and disillusio n o f wo men,and distinctiv e M odernist tendency.The co nclusion reached is tha t A Dill Pick le reflects the ba sic ar tistic chara cteristics of Katherine M ansfield's sho rt sto ries a nd its v alue sho uld no t be underesti-ma ted.Key words:Ka the rine M ansfield;sho r t stor y;M oder nism 凯瑟琳·曼斯菲尔德(Katherine M ansfield1888-1923)出生于新西兰的惠灵顿。
案例分析英语作文模板
案例分析英语作文模板The art of crafting a compelling case study essay lies in the ability to effectively present a detailed analysis of a specific situation or problem. This genre of academic writing not only showcases one's understanding of a particular subject matter but also demonstrates the critical thinking skills necessary to identify key issues, evaluate potential solutions, and draw meaningful conclusions. In this essay, we will explore the essential elements that comprise a well-structured case study essay, providing a template for aspiring writers to follow.At the heart of a case study essay is the examination of a real-world scenario or a specific problem that requires in-depth investigation. The primary objective is to delve into the complexities of the situation, identify the underlying factors that contribute to the problem, and propose viable solutions. To achieve this, the essay should be structured in a logical and coherent manner, guiding the reader through the various stages of the case study.The introduction serves as the foundation of the essay, setting thestage for the reader and providing a clear overview of the case being analyzed. Here, the writer should present the background information necessary to understand the context of the problem, including relevant historical details, industry trends, or any other pertinent data. Additionally, the introduction should clearly state the purpose of the case study and the specific research questions or objectives that will be addressed.Following the introduction, the body of the essay should be divided into several sections, each focusing on a different aspect of the case study. The first section should provide a detailed description of the problem or situation being analyzed. This section should delve into the specifics of the case, outlining the key factors, stakeholders, and any relevant constraints or limitations. The writer should strive to paint a comprehensive picture of the problem, ensuring that the reader has a thorough understanding of the complexities involved.The next section should focus on the analysis of the problem. Here, the writer should apply relevant theories, models, or frameworks to critically examine the underlying causes of the problem. This analysis should consider various perspectives, including those of the key stakeholders, and should incorporate relevant data or research findings to support the evaluation. The goal of this section is to provide a well-reasoned and evidence-based assessment of the problem, laying the groundwork for the proposed solutions.With a solid understanding of the problem at hand, the essay should then move on to the section dedicated to potential solutions. In this part, the writer should present a range of viable options for addressing the problem, weighing the pros and cons of each alternative. The proposed solutions should be grounded in the analysis conducted in the previous section and should demonstrate a clear understanding of the constraints and limitations of the case. The writer should also consider the feasibility and potential impact of each solution, providing a comprehensive evaluation to guide the reader's understanding.The penultimate section of the case study essay should focus on the writer's recommended solution. Here, the writer should clearly articulate the rationale for the selected solution, explaining how it addresses the key issues identified in the analysis and why it is the most suitable option given the context of the case. The writer should also outline the specific steps or actions required to implement the recommended solution, providing a detailed implementation plan that considers potential challenges and mitigation strategies.Finally, the conclusion of the essay should provide a concise summary of the key findings and recommendations. This section should highlight the main takeaways from the case study, reinforcing the significance of the problem and the effectiveness of theproposed solution. The writer may also include a reflection on the broader implications of the case study or suggest areas for further research or exploration.Throughout the case study essay, the writer should maintain a clear and objective tone, avoiding personal biases or subjective opinions. The use of relevant theories, models, and empirical evidence should be seamlessly integrated to support the analysis and recommendations. Additionally, the essay should be well-structured, with smooth transitions between sections and a logical flow of ideas that guides the reader through the case study.In conclusion, the case study essay is a powerful tool for demonstrating one's ability to critically analyze and solve complex problems. By following the template outlined in this essay, writers can effectively present a comprehensive and well-reasoned examination of a real-world scenario, showcasing their analytical skills, problem-solving abilities, and strategic thinking. Ultimately, the case study essay serves as a valuable asset in academic and professional settings, highlighting the writer's capacity to tackle challenging situations and provide meaningful insights.。
艺术研究计划书博士申请
艺术研究计划书博士申请英文回答：Research Plan for Art Studies PhD Application.Introduction.Art history has long fascinated me as a discipline that intertwines creativity, history, and human expression. As I pursue my PhD in Art Studies, I aim to delve deeply into the complex relationship between art and society. My research will focus on the role of art in shaping social and political narratives, particularly in marginalized communities.Research Question.My overarching research question is: How does art contribute to the construction and dissemination of historical narratives in marginalized communities, and whatare the implications for social justice and equity?Methodology.To address this question, I propose a multifaceted research approach that draws on both qualitative and quantitative methods. I will conduct archival research to analyze primary and secondary sources, including historical documents, art objects, and interviews with artists and community members. I will also employ visual analysis to examine how art depicts and interprets historical events and social issues.Theoretical Framework.My research is grounded in critical theory, which challenges dominant historical narratives and emphasizes the perspectives of marginalized groups. I will draw on postcolonial theory to examine how art can disrupt colonialist and Eurocentric narratives. Additionally, Iwill incorporate feminist and queer theory to explore the role of art in challenging gender and sexual norms.Significance.My research has significant implications for social justice and equity. By uncovering the ways in which art can empower marginalized communities, I aim to contribute to a more inclusive and representative understanding of history. My findings will also inform strategies for using art as a tool for social change and community building.Conclusion.My PhD research in Art Studies will explore the transformative potential of art in shaping social and political narratives. Through a combination of archival research, visual analysis, and theoretical frameworks, I will investigate how art can challenge dominant discourses and promote social justice. I am eager to engage with the rich research community in Art Studies and contribute to a more inclusive and equitable understanding of history and human expression.中文回答：艺术研究计划书博士申请。
The“Art”of Quarrel in Love—a Pragmatic Analysis of Conflict Talks
The“Art”of Quarrel in Love—a Pragmatic Analysis of Conflict Talks 作者：海江凝来源：《校园英语》 2019年第18期海江凝【Abstract】This paper selects conflict talks from five movies and novels as linguistic data, and by applying “Speech Act theory” and “Cooperative Principle” into the study, this paper classifies conflict talks into four basic categories in terms of the cause. By systematically discussing and organizing the conflict talksin love, this paper aims to enlighten people the significance of maintaining a harmonious love relationship through the art of language from the opposite perspective i.e. the negative pragmatic effect of conflict talks.【Key words】conflict talks; pragmatics; speech act; cooperative principle;love relationship【作者简介】海江凝(1998.06.04-)，女，回族，河南郑州人，中央民族大学，本科在读，研究方向：英语语言文学。
1. IntroductionThe explanation of “conflict” in th e context corresponding to conflict talksin Oxford English Dictionary is “a situation in which there are opposing ideas, opinions, feelings or wishes.” Accordingly, a conflict talk can be collectively called the antagonistic discourse caused by the partic ipants’ different opinions, positions, perspectives etc.,such as arguments, wrangles, disagreements, rebuts,and so on. American philosopher-linguistic John Searle divided speech acts intofive general categories on the basis of his classification of illocutionaryacts( Weidong Dai, Zhaoxiong He 82). This paper borrows from Searle’sclassification and divides the conflict talks into four types--conflict talks of representatives, directives and expressiveness, along with another illocutionarypoint which is not included in Searle’s classification, the interrogative conflict talks. Conflicts talks are a common linguistic phenomena in a love relationshipwhich are not only blocking the normal communication but also destroying the relationship.2. Linguistic data and theory applicationFive sets of conversations are selected from English movies or novels as the linguistic data of this paper. John Austin’s Speech Act theory, John Searle’s classification of speech acts and the Cooperative Principle raised by Paul Griceare applied into the analysis. The speaking turn will be represented by the letter “T”.3.Case analysis3.1 Conflict talks of “representatives” in loveThe conflict talks of “representatives” refer to speech conflicts that a re cause by the hearer’s disagreement with the speaker’s stating or describing which the speaker believes to be true.Conversation1 from novel Pride and Prejudice: This conversation happens between Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy in Kent when Elizabeth’s pre judice towards Darcy reached a boiling point. Darcy proposed to Elizabeth but got rejected, then they had aconflict talk about the past, including Darcy’s relation with his adopted brother Mr. Wickham.[T1] Elizabeth: You have reduced him to his present state ofpoverty,comparative poverty...You have deprived the best years of his life...You have done all this![T2] Darcy: And this is your opinion of me! This is the estimation in which you hold me!...Could you expect me to rejoice in the inferiority of your connections? (Jane Austen 182)Apparently, from Elizabeth’s statement, Darcy was the culprit for Mr. Wickham’s misery([T1]) and Darcy was irritated by her untrue describing. Insteadof keeping the conversation on the topic of Wickham, Darcy shifted his focus on Elizabeth’s opinion of him and Elizabeth’s family and their relationship([T2]), which is flouting Crice’s maxim of relation. By flouting the cooperating principle, Darcy successfully shited the topic and got his meaning across.3.2 Conflict talks of “directives” in loveThe conflict talks of “directives” refer to speech conflicts caused by the hearer’s discontent and defiance to the speaker’s directives which aim to get the hearer to do something. Inviting, suggesting, requesting, advising etc. are the typical forms of directives. In this part, two sets of conversations are selectedfor analysis.Conversation 2 from Tess of the D’Urbervilles: This is a conversation bet ween Tess and Angel Clare which happens on their wedding night in the house. After Angel told Tess about his unclean past, Tess told Angel of her losing of chastity and begged him to forgive her.[T1] Tess: Forgive me as you are forgiven! I forgive you, Angel.[T2] Angel: You--yes, you do.[T3] Tess: But you do not forgive me?[T4] Angel: Oh, Tess, forgiveness does not apply to the case!...(Thomas Hardy 229)In this conversation, Tess wanted Angel to forgive her past with AlecD’U rberville. She gives her directive by an imperative sentence([T1]) but only got a respond that avoids her request([T2]). As a son from a bourgeois family, Angel couldn’t forgive the impurity of this peasant girl and his answer of not answering flouts the maxim of quantity. According to the speech act theory, Angel wasactually rejecting Tess with his inadequate speech. He did not reject Tess directly but performed indirect speech acts, which avoided the aggravation of their conflict. However, Angel’s answer can soften the intense atmosphere but cannot save their broken relationship. The implicature that results is “I cannot forgive you.”Conversation 3 from Jane Eyre: This conversation happens when Jane Eyre found that Mr. Rochester is going to marry another woman. Jane is extremely disappointed and angry and refused Rochester’s directive of coming to his side.[T1] Rochester: Come to my side, Jane, and let us explain and understand one another.[T2] Jane: I will never again come to your side; I am torn away now, and can’t return.[T3] Rochester: Come, Jane--come hither.[T4] Jane: Your bride stands between us. (Charlotte Bront? 271)Although Rochester asked Jane to come to his side gently([T1],[T3]), Jane rejected his directive with more information that is required([T2],[T4]). Obviously, Jane’s answer flouts the maxim of quantity. Different from Angel’s flouting ofthe same maxim, Jane offered more information than is required. Both of those two situations achieve the goal of defying the directives of the speaker.3.3 Conflict talks of “expressives” in loveThe conflict talks of “expressives” are the speech strategies ta ken by the hearer who disagrees with the speaker’s attitude or feelings towards an existing state. The hearer aims to express his/her different attitude or feelings and thus gives rise to conflict talks.Conversation 4 from movie La La Land: This conversation between the hero Sebastian and the heroine Mia happens at dinner in Sebastian’s apartment when they were talking about Sebastian’s future plan of his music career. Sebastian wantedto give up his dream and settle down but Mia wanted him to keep going.[T1] Mia: Do you like the music you’re playing?[T2] Sebastian: I don’t know what it matters.[T3] Mia: Well, it matters, because you are gonna give up your dream. I thinkit matters that you like the music you’re playing on the road fo r years.[T4] Sebastian: Do you like the music that I play?[T5] Mia: Yeah. I do.[T6] Sebastian: I just don’t think that you did.Evidently, there is a conflict talk on their attitude towards Sebastian’s dream and Mia’s attitude towards Sebastian’s music career. The hero gave an arbitrary judgement without enough evidence that the heroine didn’t like his music, so he flouted the Grice’s maxim of quality and got his anger across.3.4 “interrogative”conflict talks in loveThe “interrogative”conflict talk which is not included in Searle’s classification refers to the speech conflicts caused by the hearer’s disagreement or discontent of the speaker’s interrogation.Conversation 5 from Wuthering Heights: This is a conversation between Catherine and Heathcliff happens at the Grange when Tess was dying and Heathcliff came to see her. They tearfully talked about their past and each other’s sins.[T1] Heathcliff: Do I want to live? ...Would you like to live with your soul in the grave?[T2] Catherine: Let me alone. Let me alone. If I have done wrong, I’m dyingfor it. It is enough! (Emily Bront?132)Heathcliff loved Catherine but couldn’t forgive yet her. They loved each other but death was going to separate them. Catherine’s discourse flouts the maxim of quality and manner, for she didn’t answer Heathcliff’s question and spoke with unnecessary prolixity. She got her confession across with indirect speech acts.4. ConclusionIn conclusion, in the sense of pragmatics, the “art” of conflict talks can be systematically classified into those four categories and there’s no doubt that conflict talks have a negative pragmatic effect on the love relationship. To maintain a harmonious love relationship, we ought to consciously avoid the deconstructive effects of conflict talks and strategically use the remarkable artof language.References：[1]Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice[M]. Nanjing: Yilin Press,2011. Print.[2]Bront?, Charlotte. Jane Eyre[M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2012,Print.[3]Bront?, Emily. Wuthering Heights[M]. Nanjing: Yilin Press,2011, Print.[4]Hardy, Thomas. Tess of the D’Urbervilles[J]. New York: Penguin Books Ltd., 2006,Print.[5]戴炜栋,何兆熊.新编简明英语语言学教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2018:82-83.。
Unit 2 Assignment( case analysis)
ranches. In this case, the issue of interpersonal relationship plays a crucial role in management.Mangaging Your Company CulturallyIn order to further expand its activities, USAHP, an American multinational company, purchased a plant in Axcala, Mexico, from a Mexican group called PAMEX. At the moment this plant has over 500 employees and produces a million cases of products per month. The plant has state of the art technology with almost completely automatic production lines. The two companies have very different ways of conducting business.For the managers and engineers remaining from the previous company, the culture change accompanying USAHP’s acquisition of the Axcala plant was enormous. Most of the employees felt, accurately, that their jobs were at sick because of the remarkable differences in philosophy between the two companies. PAMEX promoted, rewarded, and retained employeed based on their loyalty to the firm and to their immediate supervisors, and on interpersonal (usually family) connections. In contrast, USAHP’s policy is to hire technical experts to start as supervisors and on A `interpersonal (usually family )connections. In contrast, USAHP’s policy is to hire technical experts to start as supervisors and then grow within the company, advancing to managerial positions. Similar differences were apparent in the reward systems of the two companies. Under PAMEX, managers’salaries were based on their friendships with the owner or the Board of Directors of the company. As a result, their salaries were far larger than the USAHP salary structure allowed, given their training, performance and experience.However, one of USAHP’s first steps raised questions about the fairness of the company’s reward system. Employees in all cultures view fairness as an important aspect of worker-organization relationships and react negatively to actions that they perceive are unfair. However, the way in which “fairness”is defined varies across cultures, focusing on in-group relationships in Mexico and on “ objective” assessments of credentials and performance in the US. In sum, in the new plant rewards, promotions, and retention were based on objective measures of individual performance. Each of these changes was appropriate given the strategic model on the basis of which USAHP operated. But, for the PAMEX employees, they created uncertainty and ambiguity and directly threatened their job security. To make matters worse, they were imposed by outsiders, who in many ways had carelessly exaggerated their alien status.In many ways, the Axcalan acquisition provides a textbook case of the kinds of problems that can occur when business operations cross cultural bounfaries. In this case, the American firm attempts to introduce change to its newly-aquired Mexican operations, which inevitably engenders resistance.Explore interculturally1, What can you learn about Mexican culture from the reward system of PAMEX?They pay much attention to the interpersonal relationships , in other words, they want their people to be both easy-going (sociable) and capable. And it’s common for people to connect the official business with personal emotion which shows they have a rather loose attitude towards the so-called system or rules.2.What can you learn avout American culture from the reward system of USAHP ?They are more strict about the principles and standards and usually tell the personal term with official business apart.The most essential component to judge a person’s reward is “ objective”assessments of credentials and performance, they hardly put the in-group relationship into account.3.How do you explain the phenomenon in this case, applying the theory of the relationship between humans? What cultural differences caused the resistance of the local staff in PAMEX after acquisition?The way in which “fairness” is defined varies across cultures, focusing on in-group relationships in Mexico and on “ objective” assessments of credentials and performance in the US. In sum, in the new plant rewards, promotions, and retention were based on objective measures of individual performance.4.If you were one of the managers from USAHP, concerning the local culture, what measures will take to promote the motivation of the original staff in PAMEX?1.)Combine two reward system together, make interpersonal relationship and own’s ability works as 70% &30% .2.)Introduction to the CaseThe following cases illustrate the cultural difference prsented by Hofstede. The first case talks about the “uncertainty avoidance”dimension. The second case shows the “individualism-collectivism”dimension, in which a Chinese professor tends to seek help from people in her own culture and expects them to look after her.The ScenarioCertain or Not CertainIn China, the staff who are working at the Foreign affairs Office often get international calls from foreign teachers. Before foreign teachers come to China, they frequently ask the staff for information. The staff often tell them that they will discover everything they need to know once they arrive in China. Some foreign teachers are doubtful of that, and continue to call. The staff repeat again and again that the Foreign Affairs Office and the teaching departments will arrange everything for them. Besides, every foreign teacher has a contact person to help with problems about teaching and daily life when they are in China.Permission to Use the LibraryOne day, Professor Wang wanted to get access to some particular books for her research work. She discovered that the books were available in the library of another university. She was unsure whether she coulf get the books she wanted since she didn’t have library privileges at that university. Fortunately, when she went there, she happened to meet a former classmate, who was working as the librarian. With the help of her classmate, she had no trouble getting the books she needed.Some years later, Professor Wang went to America as a visiting scholar. When she ran into the same proble, her instant thought was to turn to her network of commections to ask for help. Instead of getting help, she was told that she could call to find out if there were any special procedures for using the library in another unversity. She realized that she would receive the same service in America whether or not she had friends working there.Explore interculturally1, What can we learn from the first case? Use Hofstede’s “ Uncertainty avoidance” dimension to explain your answer.2. If you are in America, what will you do to get a book you need? What can we learn from this case? Use Hofstede’s “ individualism-collectivisim dimension to explain your answer.3. Please discuss the following topics with your partners” What does” friend” mean to Chinese? What does “friend” mean to Americans? Are there any different implications?。
艺术史研究方法
西方艺术史研究方法主要可以分为以下三种类型：风格分析法、图像学、情境分析。
λ风格分析法1. 根据西方学者夏皮罗的定义，“风格”的表述包括三部分：形式要素或主题，形式关系及特质。
形式要素与主题对表现是相当重要的，但关键是连接各种要素的方式决定了风格。
风格分析主要关注的几个层次，手法或技法、母题零件、母题、结构、整体特征。
其中，技法、母体零件和母题都是形式因素的范畴，而它主要关注的部分是个别与整体的相互关系、作品整体的构图和特征。
2. 沃尔夫林与李格尔的“形式分析体系”，通过视觉观察，对艺术中风格发展的解释，提出了经典的五对风格语汇，即“线性”与“图绘性”，“平面”与“后退”，“封锁形式”与“开放形式”，“多样性”与“综合性”，“相对清晰”与“绝对清晰”。
在这套理论体系中，常涉及作品的所用材质及其作为一个实体的形式要素，如线条、块面、画面等方面，与种族、文化、历史无关。
他将关注点只放在作品本身，回避了艺术的经济和社会的问题，将作品的形式特征视为解决一般艺术作品的专门方法。
缺点：风格分析法过于局限在艺术品本身的形式，而忽略当时社会的背景，将研究的范围限定在变化无穷的艺术风格中。
故沃尔夫林又被称为“形式主义者”。
λ图像志与图像学图像志（Iconography）这个术语是由希腊语的eikon（图像）和graphein（书写）这两个词派生出来的。
因此，从字面上解释，图像志的意思就是“图像书写”或“图像描述”。
而在这里，图像志首要和最重要的目标是确定艺术作品中描绘的是什么，并且揭示和解释艺术家想要表达的深层意义。
其次，图像志要关注的是追索艺术家所使用的直接和间接材料——包括文献资料的和视觉的资源。
最后，图像志进一步的研究范围是调查某些特定图画的主题，特别是这些主题在不同时代的历史中的传统、发展和具体的内涵。
图像学（Iconology）现在已经被看作是图像研究的第四阶段的一个任务。
它的哲学依据是黑格尔的历史决定论。