Cover page and content of individual report
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E-PORTFOLIO AND EMPLOYER RELATIONSSUBJECT CODE: MGT3232NAME: YAN NAID: J12011269SECTION: F1LECTURER: MS KANNAKI"I declare that this assignment is my own work entirely and suitable acknowledgement has been made for any sources of information used in preparing it."Table of contents1.0 Introduction (3)2.0 Learning style (4)2.1 My learning style (5)2.1.1 Action plan (6)3.0 Personality (6)3.1 My personality analysis (6)3.2 Personality VS job (7)4.0 Skill set and GAP analysis (7)4.1 PDP (8)5.0 Conclusion (9)Reference (10)1.0 IntroductionI’m pleased introduce myself for you, my name is Yan Na, 22 years old this year. I have been living in Malaysia four years and three years studying in Inti College. I’m come from China of Yun Nan province this place where is so beautiful, every day like summer.My program is BFIUH; about this program have a short story. My first year in Inti, my program is Accounting, because this program is a very popular profession in China. However, I think about my life one year later, I found that I prefer to analyze data, prefer to calculate numbers, I would like to work in the bank in the future, maybe Finance program more suitable for me. I will discuss this idea with my parents, I will transfer program from Accounting to Finance. So until now I become a Finance program student, this is my six semester.I am a person who loves life, I like watching movie, and from the movie I can learn many life without knowledge, I think this is a kind of enjoyment for life. And then I like travel so much, I usually travel with my parents, my friends, so many place I have been. I think I can get a lot from traveling.I am a person have person; about ambition I have some idea. A person without ambition is like a stray blind man. Though ambition can't decide a person cleveror not, but can decide the success or failure of a person to do things. Ambition is an important thing, firstly, your need have ambition, what kind of person you want to become? Secondly, choose a work to achieve your ambition, by the working find your ideal. The most important is if you want to get successful life, you must have ambition. With my growing up, I starting think about what is ambition? What should I do in the future? I am a Finance program student now and I understand clear my ambition that is become a financial analysts in China. I hope with my studying I can enter bank to work, I think this is an interesting thing.For my ambition, I have a plan or I called it goal. Firstly, in this semester I need harder working, because this semester I take a lot course for Finance, is so difficult. As a foreign student, English is my weak, so hard working is very important, pass all subjects and get a good grade is my goal in this semester, my goal is 2nd class lower, because I hope that I can more improve than before. This is my six semester, I will be graduate in the next year I hope that get a good grade by the learning and my goal is first class.2.0 Learning styleDavid Kolb thinks experiential learning process is an annular structure consists of four stages, including specific experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, active practice. Specific experience is a new experience make the learner complete into. Reflective observation is learner start thinking for it has happened when they stop learning. Abstract conceptualization is learners must be able to understand the extent of the observed content, and absorb it transforming into a logical concept. Active practice is learners need to verify these concepts and apply it to develop strategies and solve problems.David Kolb (Towns, 2001) basic view including three points, firstly he thinks any learning process should follow the learning circle experience, reflective, experience, reflective. Secondly learning cycle theory emphasizes the importance of each learner "learning style" is differences. He believes that because eachperson's inner character, temperament, "difference", as well as life, work experience, educational background and knowledge "difference", thus leading to each learner "learning styles" is difference. Finally, group learning is more efficient than individual learning, because has many difference learning style in the group, by the communication we can get difference ways to efficient of learning.In conclusion, if you follow this learning process, people learn more effectively, learning outcomes retention time will be longer, but also help develop more effective behavioral skills.2.1My learning styleStudies have shown that the human brain will use three different ways to receive information: Seeing, hearing and do the movements. Nerve linguists to classify these three learning process, called visual, audio and Kinesthetic learning style. According to statistics, about 40-50 percent of people prefer visual as the main mode of learning, as the most important to kinesthetic learning model accounted for 30-40%, prefer to hearing as the main mode of learning numbers, about 15-20%I mainly visual as the main way of learning in the process of study, First of all, I have the habit of reading; I like their data through learning, so that I can fully understand the content of the learning. Second when the teacher in the lecture, I used to read data, so I can better understand the content of the class.Before I'm not used to use to listen to the way of learning, but some teachers don't like to write notes in class, need to arrange the content of the learning on my own. Sometimes, I can use recorder records the content of the class. This approach to learning can be encouraged me to listen attentively in class, improve my ability of listening comprehension. But due to the lack of English vocabulary, I am not very habit as the main way of learning by audio.When I was young, I do not love learning, attention focused not enough. My mother will be using kinesthetic way to help me learn, as I grew up, this way is not suitable for me. However, some teachers will also use this method, make the class interesting. Each of the learning modes has its own advantages and disadvantages; we need to find their own way. For me, I'm good at using visual learning.2.1.1 Action planI am a visual learner; I will use chart and flow chart to help memory and understanding information. Second, using charts, flow charts and image taking notes. Then, the notes more than a few times to read, with color pen and circle will be the focus of the perusal. I will use the recording tool for auditory learning. The second is to communicate with classmates. Finally the kinesthetic learning, though I rarely used. When I can't focus, I can use computer to take notes, so that it can relieve fatigue and boredom.3.0 PersonalityEach person has difference personality, when they find work personality is important, it will be become a requirement as company recruitment. For example if you are person who personality is like make new friends so that many company want you, because good interpersonal relationship can get more opportunity. According to (Reardon and Lenz, 1999), this article shows that Holland’s RIASEC Theory, the SDS and personal career theory is a better career assessment, by Activities, Competence, Occupations, Self- Estimates, we should know yourself better and find suitable work or suitable current work better.3.1 My personality analysisMany professionals believe that a person of character analysis is very important,by the analysis can know a person's strengths and weaknesses to facilitate a better distribution of work in the company.My strength, I am a person who have an outgoing personality so that I good at communication with others. I can quickly adapt to the new environment, I'm good at using language to express their feelings and I can better communicate with my team member at the work.3.2 Personality VS jobAccording to Holland 's going to make a test, my character belongs to the type of society. This type of person likes to help others, can be passed through its own information, such as the teacher. My character is very outgoing, not afraid of communicating with people. Holland 's going to help me to know myself better; I hope I can find the most suitable job in the future. I want to by my study in Malaysia to become a teacher or lecturer when I back to China that I learned knowledge transfer more need help people, I think this is good choose for me.4.0 Skill set and GAP analysisCurrent skillsNext year I will graduate as an intern. Through the workshop, I started thinking about your current skills. First, communication skills, I think this is very important.I am an outgoing person, I can clearly express my views and make many friends through communication. Whether face to face or over the network, I can be very good to express my point of view. Research shows that communication is a very important skill. Many interns because they cannot express their ideas due to lose opportunity. Second, the decision-making ability，this is also important skill, I am a person of great judgment, I know what I need, I can make a good decision for myself. I think, in the work, I can make a decision when I get trouble, do not need to rely on my team members. In the end, I think I have the language ability. Bylearning these years in Malaysia, my English has been greatly improved. Now, I can use English communication and writing. In China, have the skills can help me better to find a job.Job requirementAt present, according to my ideal and personality, I have two works plan. Firstly, for my ambition, when I graduate, I want to get into the bank to work, by workshop, I learned each country of bank staff requirement is different. In addition to should have soft skills, should also possess professional knowledge skills, there are some requirements need to have qualification certificate, such as ACCA.Secondly, my character, I have a strong social skills. When I graduate, I hope I can return to China to become a teacher or a lecturer, which requires I have a strong command of English. Many companies have strict language requirements, such as the need to provide IELTS. Generally, now I already have a lot of soft skills such as communication skills, adaptability, but the lack of professional skills, so I have to work harder to training my other skills.4.1 PDPI will follow what do I want/need to learn? What will I do to achieve this? What resources or support will I need? What will be the success criteria？Target date for review/ accomplishment to analysis my PDP. If I want to get into the bank work, I need to finish my studies and get a good result, then I should be prepared to take part in the qualification exam, get a professional certification. In addition, if I want to be a teacher in China, I need to strengthen the English practice. No matter which side I should be trying to achieve, the first and most important thing is to finish school to get good grades, so I can have the right to choose, I think the opportunity is based on the capacity. Language as a learning tool, I should have a better grasp and learn my major by English. As for direction after graduation,whether it is the bank's work or a teacher, I think this is not only depends on the individual's ability, as well as opportunities. But no matter which one is my favorite work, I will go all out, otherwise, no matter choice which job, although the experience of work is important, however the attitude also important, especially for graduate. I hope that I can achieve my target in 5 years to 7years. Because I think have a lot of interesting things in our life, is not only for work, for money.5.0 ConclusionThrough the study of the course, I know better understanding of myself. For example, to understand my personality, my learning methods, my learning styles, these can help me find work when I graduate, even is very useful for my work. The most important thing is for my career I have clear goal in the future. To set a better goal we need clear understand self and the goal is very important in everyone life, because set goal is for struggle have significance. (2055 words)Reference1. . (2016). Free VAK visual auditory kinesthetic learning styles test questionnaire. [online] Available at: /vaklearningstylestest.htm [Accessed 28 May 2016].2. Towns, M. (2001). Kolb for Chemists: David A. Kolb and Experiential Learning Theory. J. Chem. Educ., 78(8), p.1107.3. Nauta, M. (2010). The development, evolution, and status of Holland’s theory of vocational personalities: Reflections and future directions for counseling psychology. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 57(1), pp.11-22.4. Reardon, R. and Lenz, J. (1999). Holland's Theory and Career Assessment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 55(1), pp.102-113.5. . (2016). How to Develop a Skill Gap Analysis. [online] Available at: /develop-skill-gap-analysis-39872.html [Accessed 8 Jun. 2016].6. . (2016). Skills Gap Analysis. [online] Available at: /optimization/skill-gap-analysis.aspx [Accessed 8 Jun. 2016].。
欧盟GMP指南中文版
QbR Frequently Asked QuestionsDisclaimer: These are general answers and may not be applicable to every product. Each ANDA is reviewed individually. This document represents the Office of Generic Drugs’s (OGD’s) current thinking on these topics.Format and SubmissionHow should QbR ANDAs be submitted?OGD’s QbR was designed with the expectation that ANDA applications would beorganized according to the Common Technical Document (CTD) format, a submissionformat adopted by multiple regulatory bodies including FDA. Generic firms are strongly recommended to submit their ANDAs in the CTD format (either eCTD or paper) tofacilitate implementation of the QbR. The ANDA Checklist for completeness andacceptability of an application for filing can be found on the OGD web page:/cder/ogd/anda_checklist.pdf .What is a QOS?The Quality Overall Summary (QOS) is the part of the CTD format that provides asummary of the CMC aspects of the application. It is an important tool to make the QbR review process more efficient.How long should a QOS be?OGD believes the CTD guidance1 recommendation of 40 pages to be an appropriatecompromise between level of detail and concision. The CTD guidance recommendation does not include tables and figures.The same information should not be included in multiple locations in the QOS. Instead of repeating information, refer to the first location of the original information in the QOS by CTD section number.Should the QOS be submitted electronically?All applications should include an electronic QOS. For paper submissions, it isrecommended that both an electronic QOS and a paper QOS be included.What file format should be used for the QOS?All applications, both eCTD and paper submissions, should have an electronic QOS. The electronic QOS should be contained in one document. Do not provide separate files foreach section or question.The electronic QOS should be provided as both a pdf and a Microsoft Word file. Microsoft Word files should be readable by Word 2003.1 Guidance for Industry M4Q: The CTD – Quality (August 2001) /cder/guidance/4539Q.htmWhat fonts should be used in the QOS?Because of FDA’s internal data management systems, please use only use these TrueType fonts: Times New Roman, Arial, Courier New. Times New Roman is recommended as the main text font.Should the applicable QbR question be presented within the body of Module 2 of the relevant section, followed by sponsor's answer?Yes, include all the QbR questions without deletion in the QOS.Can the granularity of module 3 be used in module 2?Yes, the granularity can be used for section and subsection headings. However, the QOS should always be submitted as a single file.Can color be used in the QOS?Yes, but sponsors should ensure that the QOS is legible when printed in black and white.Colored text should not be used.Is the QOS format available on OGD webpage and questions therein mandatory to be followed?For an efficient review process, OGD desires all applications to be in a consistent format.See the OGD QbR questions and example QOS:/cder/ogd/QbR-Quality_Overall_Summary_Outline.doc/cder/ogd/OGD_Model_Quality_Overall_ Summary.pdf/cder/ogd/OGD_Model_QOS_IR_Product.pdfFor amendments to applications, should the documentation consist of a revision of the QOS? Would new PD reports be required?The QOS should not be updated after submission of the original ANDA. Any additional data (including any new PD reports) should be provided as a stand alone amendment.Responses to deficiencies should be provided in electronic format as both a pdf andMicrosoft Word file.After January 2007, what will happen to an application that does not have a QOS or contains an incomplete QOS?OGD will contact the sponsor and ask them to provide a QOS. If the sponsor provides the QOS before the application comes up for review, OGD will use the sponsor’s QOS.OGD’s QbR questions represent the current thinking about what information is essential to evaluate an ANDA. Reviewers will use deficiency letters to ask ANDA sponsors thequestions that are not answered in the sponsor’s QOS.In February 2007, 75% of ANDAs submitted contained a QOS.If a question is not applicable to a specific formulation or dosage form, should the question be deleted or unanswered?Sponsors should never delete a QbR question, but instead answer as not applicable, with a brief justification. Please answer all parts of multi-part questions.For sterile injectables, to what extent should sterility assurance be covered in QOS?The current QbR was not intended to cover data recommendations for Sterility Assurance information. In the future, other summaries will cover other disciplines.MAPP 5040.1, effective date 5/24/04, specifies location of the microbiology information in the CTD format.Where in the CTD should an applicant provide comparative dissolution data between the generic and RLD?The comparison between the final ANDA formulation and the RLD should be provided in5.3.1, this comparison should be summarized in the QOS. Comparisons with otherformulations conducted during development should be included in 3.P.2.Is it possible to submit an amendment in CTD format for a product that was already submitted in the old ANDA format?No, all amendments to an application under review should use the same format as theoriginal submission.How is a paper CTD to be paginated?“Page numbering in the CTD format should be at the document level and not at the volume or module level. (The entire submission should never be numbered consecutively by page.) In general, all documents should have page numbers. Since the page numbering is at the document level, there should only be one set of page numbers for each document.”2. For paper submission, tabs locating sections and subsections are useful.For the ANDA submitted as in paper CTD format, can we submit the bioequivalence study report electronically? Or does the Agency require paper copy only?The bioequivalence summary tables should always be provided in electronic format.Will QbR lead to longer review times?Many of the current long review times result from applications that do not completelyaddress all of the review issues and OGD must request additional information through the deficiency process. This iterative process will be reduced with the use of the QbR template.Sponsors that provide a QOS that clearly and completely addresses all the questions in the QbR should find a reduction in the overall review time.Will DMFs for the drug substance be required to be in CTD if the ANDA is in CTD format?No. CTD format DMFs are recommended.What should be included in 3.2.R.1.P.2, Information on Components?COA’s for drug substance, excipients and packaging components used to produce theexhibit batch.2 Submitting Marketing Applications According to the ICH/CTD Format: General Considerations/cder/guidance/4707dft.pdfHow should an ANDA sponsor respond to deficiencies?OGD requests that sponsors provide a copy of the response to deficiencies in electronic format as both a pdf file and a Microsoft Word file.QUALITY OVERALL SUMMARY CONTENT QUESTIONS2.3 Introduction to the Quality Overall SummaryWhat information should be provided in the introduction?Proprietary Name of Drug Product:Non-Proprietary Name of Drug Product:Non-Proprietary Name of Drug Substance:Company Name:Dosage Form:Strength(s):Route of Administration:Proposed Indication(s):Maximum Daily Dose:2.3.S DRUG SUBSTANCEWhat if an ANDA contains two or more active ingredients?Prepare separate 2.3.S sections of the QOS for each API. Label them 2.3.S [API 1] and2.3.S [API 2].What if an ANDA contains two or more suppliers of the same active ingredient?Provide one 2.3.S section. Information that is common between suppliers should not be repeated. Information that is not common between suppliers (e.g. different manufacturing processes) should have separate sections and be labeled accordingly (drug substance,manufacturer 1) and (drug substance, manufacturer 2).Can information in this section be provided by reference to a DMF?See individual questions for details. As a general overview:•Information to be referenced to the DMFo Drug substance structure elucidation;o Drug substance manufacturing process and controls;o Container/closure system used for packaging and storage of the drugsubstance;o Drug substance stability.•Information requested from ANDA Sponsoro Physicochemical properties;o Adequate drug substance specification and test methods including structure confirmation;o Impurity profile in drug substance (process impurity or degradant);o Limits for impurity/residual solvent limits;o Method validation/verification;o Reference standard.2.3.S.1 General InformationWhat are the nomenclature, molecular structure, molecular formula, and molecular weight?What format should be used for this information?Chemical Name:CAS #:USAN:Molecular Structure:Molecular Formula:Molecular Weight:What are the physicochemical properties including physical description, pKa, polymorphism, aqueous solubility (as function of pH), hygroscopicity, melting point, and partition coefficient?What format should be used for this information?Physical Description:pKa:Polymorphism:Solubility Characteristics:Hygroscopicity:Melting Point:Partition Coefficient:Should all of these properties be reported? Even if they are not critical?Report ALL physicochemical properties listed in the question even if they are not critical.If a property is not quantified, explain why, for example: “No pKa because there are no ionizable groups in the chemical structure” or “No melting point because compounddegrades on heating”.What solubility data should be provided?The BCS solubility classification3 of the drug substance should be determined for oral dosage forms.Report aqueous solubility as a function of pH at 37º C in tabular form. Provide actualvalues for the solubility and not descriptive phrases such as “slightly soluble”.3 See BCS guidance /cder/guidance/3618fnl.pdf for definitionSolvent Media and pH Solubility Form I(mg/ml) Solubility Form II(mg/ml)Should pH-solubility profiles be provided for all known polymorphic forms?No, it is essential that the pH-solubility profile be provided for the form present in the drug product. The relative solubility (at one pH) should be provided for any other more stable forms.Physicochemical information such as polymorphic form, pKa, solubility, is usually in the confidential section of DMF. Is reference to a DMF acceptable for this type of information?No, knowledge of API physicochemical properties is crucial to the successful development of a robust formulation and manufacturing process. In view of the critical nature of thisinformation, OGD does not consider simple reference to the DMF to be acceptable.The Guidance for Industry: M4Q: The CTD-Quality Questions and Answers/ Location Issues says only the polymorphic form used in the drug product should be described in S.1 and other known polymorphic forms should be described in S.3. OGD’s examples placed information about all known polymorphic forms in S.1. Where does OGD want this information?This information may be included in either S.1 or in S.3. Wherever presented, list allpolymorphic forms reported in literature and provide brief discussion (i.e., which one is the most stable form) and indicate which form is used for this product.Other polymorph information should be presented by the ANDA applicant as follows: • 2.3.S.3 Characterization: Studies performed (if any) and methods used to identify the potential polymorphic forms of the drug substance. (x-ray, DSC, and literature) • 2.3.S.4 Specification: Justification of whether a polymorph specification is needed and the proposed analytical method• 2.3.P.2.1.1 Pharmaceutical Development –Drug Substance: Studies conducted to evaluate if polymorphic form affects drug product propertiesWhy does OGD need to know the partition coefficient and other physicochemical properties?Physical and chemical properties may affect drug product development, manufacture, or performance.2.3.S.2 ManufactureWho manufactures the drug substance?How should this be answered?Provide the name, address, and responsibility of each manufacturer, including contractor, and each proposed production site or facility involved in manufacturing and testing.Include the DMF number, refer to the Letter of Authorization in the body of data, andidentify the US Agent (if applicable)How do the manufacturing processes and controls ensure consistent production of the drug substance?Can this question be answered by reference to a DMF?Yes. It is preferable to mention the source of the material (synthetic or natural) when both sources are available.The DMF holder’s COA for the batch used to manufacture the exhibit batches should be provided in the body of data at 3.2.S.4.4.If there is no DMF, what information should be provided?A complete description of the manufacturing process and controls used to produce the drugsubstance.2.3.S.3 CharacterizationHow was the drug substance structure elucidated and characterized?Can structure elucidation be answered by reference to a DMF?Yes.What information should be provided for chiral drug substances?When the drug substance contains one or more chiral centers, the applicant should indicate whether it is a racemate or a specific enantiomer.When the drug substance is a specific enantiomer, then tests to identify and/or quantify that enantiomer should be included. Discussion of chirality should include the potential forinterconversion between enantiomers (e.g. racemization/epimerization).How were potential impurities identified and characterized?List related compounds potentially present in the drug substance. Identify impurities bynames, structures, or RRT/HPLC. Under origin, classify impurities as process impurities and/or degradants.Structure Origin ID ChemicalName[SpecifiedImpurity]Is identification of potential impurities needed if there is a USP related substances method?Yes.Can this question be answered by reference to a DMF?The ANDA should include a list of potential impurities and their origins. The methodsused to identify and characterize these impurities can be incorporated by reference to the DMF.According to the CTD guidance, section S.3 should contain a list of potential impurities and the basis for the acceptance criteria for impurities, however in the OGD examples this information was in section S.4. Where should it go?This information may be included in either S.3 or in S.4.2.3.S.4 Control of Drug SubstanceWhat is the drug substance specification? Does it include all the critical drug substance attributes that affect the manufacturing and quality of the drug product?What format should be used for presenting the specification?Include a table of specifications. Include the results for the batch(es) of drug substance used to produce the exhibit batch(es). Identify impurities in a footnote. Test results and acceptance criteria should be provided as numerical values with proper units whenapplicable.Tests Acceptancecriteria AnalyticalprocedureTest results for Lot#AppearanceIdentificationA:B:AssayResidualSolventsSpecified ImpuritiesRC1RC2RC3Any UnspecifiedImpurityTotal Impurities[AdditionalSpecification]*RC 1: [impurity identity]RC 2: [impurity identity]RC 3: [impurity identity]What tests should be included in the drug substance specification?USP drugs must meet the USP monograph requirements, but other tests should be included when appropriate. For USP and non USP drugs, other references (EP, BP, JP, the DMF holder’s specifications, and ICH guidances) can be used to help identify appropriate tests.Only relevant tests should be included in the specification. Justify whether specific tests such as optical rotation, water content, impurities, residual solvents; solid state properties(e.g. polymorphic form, particle size distribution, etc) should be included in thespecification of drug substance or not.Does OGD accept foreign pharmacopeia tests and criteria for drug substances?There are several examples where a drug substance is covered by a monograph in EP or JP, but not in the USP. ANDA and DMF holders can obtain information regardingphysicochemical properties, structure of related impurities, storage conditions, analytical test methods, and reference standards from EP or JP to support their submission to OGD.Although the USP remains our official compendium, we usually accept EP when the drug substance is not in USP (However, a complete validation report for EP methods should be provided in the ANDA).For each test in the specification, is the analytical method(s) suitable for its intended use and, if necessary, validated? What is the justification for the acceptance criterion?What level of detail does OGD expect for the analytical method justifications and validations?Provide a summary of each non-USP method. This can be in a tabular or descriptive form.It should include the critical parameters for the method and system suitability criteria ifapplicable. See an example in section 2.3.P.5 of this document.For each analytical procedure, provide a page number/link to the location of validationinformation in Module 3. For quantitative non-compendial analytical methods, provide a summary table for the method validation. See an example in section 2.3.P.5 of thisdocument.Is validation needed for a USP method?No, but USP methods should be verified and an ANDA sponsor should ensure that theUSP assay method is specific (e.g. main peak can be separated from all process impurities arising from their manufacturing process and from degradation products) and the USPrelated substance method is specific (e.g. all the process impurities and degradants can be separated from each other and also separated from main peak).Is validation needed if the USP method is modified or replaced by an in-house method?Yes. Data supporting the equivalence or superiority of the in-house method should beprovided. In case of a dispute, the USP method will be considered the official method.Is reference to the DMF for drug substance analytical method validations acceptable?No. ANDA sponsors need to either provide full validation reports from the ANDA holder or reference full validation reports from the DMF holder (provided there is a copy of the method validation report in the ANDA and method verification from the ANDA holder). AppearanceIdentityAssayImpurities (Organic impurities)What format should be used for related substances?List related compounds potentially present in the drug substance. (Either here or S.3)Name Structure Origin[SpecifiedImpurity]Provide batch results and justifications for the proposed acceptance criteria. See guidance on ANDA DS impurities4 for acceptable justifications. If the DS is compendial, include the USP limits in the table. If the RLD product is used for justification/qualification, then its results should also be included. If an ICH justification is used, then the calculation of the ICH limits should be explained.To use the ICH limits, determine the Maximum Daily Dose (MDD) indicated in the label and use it to calculate the ICH Thresholds: Reporting Threshold (RT), Identification1. The amount of drug substance administered per day2. Higher reporting thresholds should be scientifically justified3. Lower thresholds can be appropriate if the impurity is unusually toxicSponsors can use the ICH limits to ensure the LOQ for the analytical method is equal or below the RT, establish the limit for “Any Unspecified Impurity” to equal or below the IT, and establish limits for each “Specified Identified Impurity” and each “SpecifiedUnidentified Impurity”5 to equal or below the QT.An impurity must be qualified if a limit is established above the QT. Options forqualification include reference to the specific impurity listed in a USP monograph,comparison to the RLD product, identifying the impurity as a significant metabolite of the drug substance, literature references including other compendial monographs (EP, BP, JP), or conducting a toxicity study.4/cder/guidance/6422dft.pdf5 The ANDA DS guidance states “For unidentified impurities to be listed in the drug substance specification, we recommend that you clearly state the procedure used and assumptions made in establishing the level of the impurity. It is important that unidentified specified impurities be referred to by an appropriate qualitative analytical descriptive label (e.g., unidentified A, unidentified with relative retention of 0.9)”. Q3A(R) states “When identification of an impurity is not feasible, a summary of the laboratory studies demonstrating the unsuccessful effort should be included in the application.”Name DrugSubstance(Lot #)USPLimit forDrugSubstanceRLDDrugProduct(Lot #)ProposedAcceptancecriteriaJustification[Specified Impurity,Identified][BatchResults][BatchResults][SpecifiedImpurity,Unidentified]Any UnspecifiedImpurityTotalImpuritiesInclude the column for RLD drug product only if that data is used to justify the drugsubstance limit (example a process impurity that is also found in the RLD).What is OGD’s policy on genotoxic impurities?FDA is developing a guidance for genotoxic impurities. According to the ICH Q3A lower thresholds are appropriate for impurities that are unusally toxic.If impurities levels for an approved generic drug are higher than the RLD, can the approved generic drug data be used as justification for a higher impurity specification?According to ANDA DP and DS Impurity guidances, any approved drug product can be used to qualify an impurity level. However, the guidances qualify this by later stating “This approved human drug product is generally the reference listed drug (RLD). However, you may also compare the profile to a different drug product with the same route ofadministration and similar characteristics (e.g. tablet versus capsule) if samples of thereference listed drug are unavailable or in the case of an ANDA submitted pursuant to a suitability petition.”What if there are no impurities’ tests found in the USP monograph for a USP drug substance? What should the ANDA sponsor do?Please work with your supplier (DMF Holder) to ensure that potential synthetic process impurities (e.g. isomers (if any), side reaction products), degradation impurities, metalcatalysts, and residual solvents are adequately captured by your impurities test method.There may be information available in published literature as well, regarding potentialimpurities.Can levels of an impurity found in the RLD and identified by RRT be used for qualification?Qualification of a specified unidentified impurity by means of comparative RRT, UVspectra, and mass spectrometry with the RLD may be acceptable. However, the ANDAsponsor should make every attempt to identify the impurity.If levels are higher than in an approved drug product then the sponsor should provide data for qualification of the safety of this impurity at this level.Can a limit from a USP monograph for “any unspecified impurity” be used to justify a limit for “any unspecified impurity” greater than the ICH Q3 identification threshold?No. Any unspecified impurity (any unknown) limit should not exceed ICH Q3A “IT”based on MDD. Non-specific compendial acceptance criteria (e.g. Any Individual Impurity is NMT 0.5%) should not be used for justification of proposed impurity acceptance criteria.However, if the USP limit is less than the ICH threshold, then the USP limit should be used. Can a limit for an identified impurity in the drug substance be qualified with data obtained from RLD drug product samples treated under the stressed conditions?No. Test various samples of marketed drug product over the span of its shelf life (ideally, near the end of shelf-life). Data generated from accelerated or stressed studies of the RLD is considered inappropriate.Impurities (Residual Solvents)Will OGD base residual solvent acceptance limits on ICH limits or process capability?The ICH guidance on residual solvents6 provides safety limits for residual solvents but also indicates that “residual solvents should be removed to the extent possible”. ANDA residual solvent limits should be within the ICH safety limits, but the review of the ANDA includes both of these considerations.OGD generally accepts the ICH limits when they are applied to the drug product.What about solvents that are not listed in Q3C?Levels should be qualified for safety.Impurities (Inorganic impurities)Polymorphic FormWhen is a specification on polymorphic form necessary?See ANDA polymorphism guidance7 for a detailed discussion.Particle SizeWhen is a drug substance particle size specification necessary?A specification should be included when the particle size is critical to either drug productperformance or manufacturing.For example, in a dry blending process, the particle size distribution of the drug substance and excipients may affect the mixing process. For a low solubility drug, the drug substance particle size may have a critical impact on the dissolution of the drug product. For a high solubility drug, particle size is often not critical to product performance.6 /cder/guidance/Q3Cfnl.pdf7/cder/guidance/6154dft.pdfWhat justification is necessary for drug substance particle size specifications?As for other API properties, the specificity and range of acceptance criteria for particle size, and the justification thereof, could vary from none to very tight limits, depending upon the criticality of this property for that drug product.Particle size specifications should be justified based on whether a change in particle sizewill affect the ability to manufacture the product or the final product performance.In general, a sponsor either should demonstrate through mechanistic understanding orempirical experiments how changes in material characteristics such as particle size affecttheir product.In the absence of pharmaceutical development studies, the particle size specificationshould represent the material used to produce the exhibit batch.When should the particle size be specified as distribution [d90,d50,d10] and when is a single point limit appropriate?When critical, a particle size should be specified by the distribution. There may be othersituations when a single point limit can be justified by pharmaceutical development studies.2.3.S.5 Reference StandardsHow were the primary reference standards certified?For non-compendial, in-house reference standards, what type of qualification data is recommended? Will a COA be sufficient?COA should be included in Module 3, along with details of its preparation, qualification,and characterization. This should be summarized in the QOS.In terms of the qualification data that may be requested, it is expected that these reference standards be of the highest possible purity (e.g. may necessitate an additionalrecrystallization beyond those used in the normal manufacturing process of the activeingredient) and be fully characterized (e.g. may necessitate in the qualification reportadditional characterization information such as proof of structure via NMR) beyond theidentification tests that are typically reported in a drug substance COA. StandardLaboratory Practice for preparation of reference standards entails recrystallization toconstant physical measurements or to literature values for the pure material.2.3.S.6 Container Closure SystemWhat container closure is used for packaging and storage of the drug substance?Can this question be answered by reference to a DMF?Yes.。
letters-内容英语书信的写作格式与范文
Desire to Interview
Express your interest in scheduling an interview,
Signature
[Your Name]
Formality
The sale is a formal meeting that reflects the sender's relationship with the recipient It can range from "Dear Sir/Madam" to "Dear Mr./Ms. [Last Name]" depending on the level of formality
Thank you letter
Details of Act
01
Provide a brief description of what was done or
given,
Expressions of Recommendation
02
Use specific and heartfelt language to
in English Letter Writing
01
English letter writing format
Letterhead
Letterhead location
The letterhead is typically located at the top of the page, providing the sender's contact information such as name, address, phone number, and email address
中英求职信(共7篇)
中英求职信（共7篇）我十七岁，现在正在学习英文和经济学。
毕业后，我希望能够学习酒店管理课程。
去年暑假时，我在中央酒店作服务生。
那儿的领班麦金托什先生会很乐意向你寄交我的推荐信。
我比较喜欢在您的费雷酒店工作因为那儿离我家不远。
但是，如果那没有我的工作，也许您可以考虑让我去斯卡伯勒酒店工作。
如果您能寄给我有关能够提供的那份工作的薪水和工作环境的信息，我会非常高兴。
我可以从七月的第四个星期开始工作，那时学校开始放假。
真诚的彼得•塔克5月22日第2篇：求职信(英)Everycoverletteryouwriteshouldbecustomizedforthejobyouareapplyingfor,clea randconcise,grammaticallycorrect,anderror-free.你写的每一封求职信，都应该对每个应聘的职位有针对性、清晰明了、语法拼写正确、无误。
Herearecoverlettertipsandsuggestionsforwritingcoverletterswhichwillhelpyo ustandoutfromthecrowd.以下是一些求职信的写作技巧和建议，将有助于你脱颖而出。
CoverLetterTips求职信技巧Sendacustomizedcoverletterwitheachresumeyousendout.每次发送简历都要加上一封定制的求职信。
Yourcoverlettermaymakethedifferencebetweenobtainingajobinterviewandhaving yourresumeignored.Evenifanemployerdoesn’trequestacoverletter,it’shelpfulto sendone.求职信将决定你是能得到面试机会还是让你的简历被石沉大海。
即使雇主没有要求求职信，附上一封也会有所帮助的。
Kinect体感游戏安全指南说明书
Version 1.0.2ENGLISH (PAGE 1) 中文(第三十八頁)WARNINGBefore playing this game, read the KineLabs’“Software and Kinect Sensor Preparation Guide”, and any other peripheral manuals for important safety and health information. Keep all manuals for future reference.For additional safety information, see the inside back cover.Important Health Warning About Playing Video Games Photosensitive seizuresA very small percentage of people may experience a seizures when exposed to certain visual images, including flashing lights or patterns that may appear in video games. Even people who have no history of seizures or epilepsy may have an undiagnosed condition that can cause these “photosensitive epileptic seizures”while watching video games.These seizures may have a variety of symptoms including lightheadedness, altered vision, eye or face twitching, jerking or shaking of arms or legs, disorientation, confusion, or momentary loss of awareness. Seizures may also cause loss of consciousness or convulsions that can lead to injury from falling down or striking nearby objects.Immediately stop playing and consult a doctor if you experience any of these symptoms. Parents should watch for or ask their children about the above symptoms－children and teenagers are more likely than adults to experience these seizures. The risk of photosensitive epileptic seizures may be reduced by taking the following precautions: Sit farther from the screen; use a smaller screen; play in a well-lit room; do not play when you are drowsy or fatigued.If you or any of your relatives have a history of seizures or epilepsy, consult a doctor before playing.Table of ContentSoftware and Kinect Sensor Preparation Guide (3)Install Cockroach Invasion (4)Adjust the tilting angle of the Kinect Sensor (11)Cockroach is Coming (12)Getting Started (13)Calibration (15)Game 1: Cockroach Fighter (19)The Power Bar (22)Cockroaches and Scoring (23)Evaluation Report (25)Game 2: Food Hunting (27)How To Control Your Cockroach (29)Evaluation Report (31)Trophy (32)Back to Main Menu (33)Software and Kinect Sensor PreparationGuideBefore reading this manual, you are highly recommended to have a look on our software and Kinect Sensor preparation guide. The guide provides useful information for you to setup your system by installing essential programs and the Kinect sensor.You can download the preparation guide by visiting our website: .hk/kinelabsThe individual box-set of Kinect sensor includes a power supply, while the bundled “Xbox360 + Kinect”game console does not provide such power supply. If so, you need to buy one “Power supply for Kinect sensor” for yourself.(/store/msstore/en_US/buy/pageTy pe.product/externalRefID.9A4CFC08).Install Cockroach InvasionFor downloading the "Cockroach Invasion" Game, please visit our website at .hk/kinelabs. In the "Downloads" page, and click "ENG" after the "Free Downloads" text below the game.1. After the file "kinelabs_riv_en_setup.exe" is downloaded, click and open it and wait for the self-extracting process to be completed.2. (Optional) if your system is not yet installed with "Microsoft XNA Framework Redistributable 4.0", the installer will prompt and install it for you. Please click the "Accept" button to continue and wait for the installation process to be completed.Press "Accept" button3. Click the "Next" button to continuePress "Next" button3. In this dialog, please our "Terms of Use" carefully and accept it by checking the "I Agree" button and then click "Next" button.Press "Next" buttonPlease read and acceptthe terms of use tocontinue the installation.4. Select the installation path, and click the "Next" button.Select the installation folder. Press "Next" button.5. Click the "Next" button and wait for installation process to be completed.Press "Next"button6. Click the “Close” button for completing the installation process.Press "Close" buttonPlease make sure that programs are installed properly, and the Kinect sensor is connected to your computer. Now, you can experience our game!Adjust the tilting angle of the Kinect SensorThe Kinect sensor works like a camera: The farther back you are, the more of you it can see (especially if you’re tall)! If you stand too close, Kinect can’t see your entire body and it will need to adjust its viewing angle during play. You may fine tuning the viewing angle of your sensor by pressing any of following keys on your keyboard. If you want to tile the sensor, you can follow the following buttons, and the sensor can only rotate upward or downward of maximum 30 degrees.Tilting up the sensor with 10 degreesTilting down the sensor with 10 degreesTilting up the sensor with 3 degreesTilting down the sensor with 3 degreesTilting the sensor back to horizontal levelCockroach is ComingAhhh Cockroach is coming Please Help us to kill them Look They are hereGetting StartedTry this: by moving your hands slowly, will you see cursors are moving around on the screen? If so, that means everything is working on your screen! (If the cursors do not appearance or are not following your hands, you may have a look again on our “Software and Kinect sensor Preparation Guide ”.)Your moving hands are represented by cartoon hands.Now, try to move your hands and position the cursor onto one of buttons shown on the screen.Hold in there, you will see the Hong Kong Polytechnic University (PolyU) logo is filling up. Upon the PolyU logo is colored fully in red, the covered button item has been selected. It is similar to a “click ” action in the computer world.CalibrationBefore starting a game, you may calibrate the system in order to fine tuning a set of game play er’s parameter. This can be done by the “Calibration ” process, and it can support up to two persons at the same time.1. To start the calibration process, you can press the “Setting ” button.2. Then, you can choose left or right leg for this process.Press “Setting ” buttonChoose left or right leg3. Press the “Calibration”button, and then the calibration process would be started.4. Firstly, stand up or sit down stably, don’t move, and wait for the PolyU logo to be fully filled.5. Secondly, move your trunk laterally left and right as much as possible.6. Thirdly, move your trunk forward and backward as much as possible.7. Fourthly, lift your selected foot up from the floor as high as possible.8. Finally, you can press the “confirm” button in order to return to the main menu with your calibrated parameters, or you can do the calibration again by pressing the “Reset” button.Press “Confirm”button to returnto the main menuYou can press“Reset” button forre-do thecalibration again.Game 1: Cockroach FighterLook Cockroaches are moving around!! Step and kill them as quickly as possibleWhen you entered the game, you will see two pairs of shoes which are representing the feet of the two players of the game.The red shoes are for the player 1.The blue shoes are for the player 2.When you lift your foot up, you will see the corresponding shoe has been enlarged and at the same time the power bar will also be increased accordingly. While the shoe returns to the normal size when you place your foot on the floor again.The power barThe Power BarSome cockroaches are weaker, you can easily kill them by lifting up your leg a little bit and step on it. However, some cockroaches are stronger, and you should lift up your leg to a higher position before stepping. Let’s have a look how to kill different kinds of cockroaches.Black cockroaches are the weakest. You can kill them by lifting up your leg until seeing a black spot in the centre of the power bar which displayed on your shoe, and then step on it.Red cockroaches are stronger. You can kill them by lifting up your leg until seeing a red spot in the centre of the power bar which displayed on your shoe, and then step on it.Golden cockroaches are the strongest. You can kill them by lifting up your leg until seeing a golden spot in the centre of the power bar which displayed on your shoe, and then step on it.Cockroaches and ScoringIn this game, you will see three types of cockroaches are moving around on the grass. Your mission is to kill them all. To kill a cockroach, you have to step on it 3 times, and the scoring table is listed below:Score for 1st Step onScore for2nd Step onScore for3rd Step onBlackCockroach:30 60 90RedCockroach:50 100 150GoldenCockroach:80 160 240On the other hand, once the cockroach has been stepped by someone, it will move faster until you kill it.Note: the number on the back of the cockroach is the required number of the remaining step actions to kill the cockroach.Evaluation ReportAfter complete the game, you will have an evaluation report to summarize how many cockroaches you have killed in the game.The numbers of cockroaches were killed by this player. Press the “Next Page”button for entering the nextpage of the report.In this page, you will see the success rate of each step on the cockroaches and also the average response times.The kind of cockroaches.Success rate of the first, second and third step on action, also the percentage of using left and right leg. “Next Page”buttonGame 2: Food HuntingIn this game, you will become a member of cockroaches. Go and hunt your desires food back to the green circle in the centre.Once you entered the game, you will see some foods displayed on the screen. Your task is to control your cockroach for grabbing the food and then returning to the highlighted green area.The game also supports two players (cockroaches). You can compete will your friend to see who is the winner.Then, return to the highlighted green area.Control yourcockroach moving their for grabbing the food.How To Control Your CockroachTo control your cockroach’s position, you tilt your trunk to any direction: left, right, forward and backward..Evaluation ReportWhen you finished a game, you will have an evaluation report. In this report you will see your success rate for the food you have hunted, and also average response time.Success rate of your hunted food.Averageresponse timePress the“Next Page”buttonTrophyWhen you complete the game, you will have a trophy; the type of trophies is base on your score:Copper trophy when your score is between 0 and250.Silver trophy when your score is between 251 and500.Gold trophy when your score is between 501 and750.Platinum trophy when your score is higher than 751.Back to Main MenuYou can select “Main Menu ” button and select another game. Otherwise, you can directly close the game and take a rest.Enjoy “Cockroach Invasion ”!!Remember if you feel tired, you need to take a rest IMMEDIATELY. This would help you to perform better with a higher score and also good for your health.Press “Main Menu ” button and select another game.Terms of UseThe use of any KineLabs products (our software) is subject to the following terms of use:1. Acceptable UseOur software is free and made available for personal, non-profit use only. You, the user, shall not use the software including any documents provided, in whole or in part, for any purpose that is unlawful, prohibited by or other than those described in these Terms of Use.You agree that you may not modify, redistribute, reproduce, publish, or create derivative works from our software, including, but not limited to the text, graphics, logos, photos, and audio. You may not obtain or attempt to obtain any materials or information through any means not intentionally made available or provided for through our software. You may not use the software to sell a product or service, or to increase profit to your products for commercial reasons, such as bundled sales.The software contains material which is owned by us. This material includes, but is not limited to, the user manuals, design, logos and graphics. Reproduction is prohibited other than in accordance with the copyright notice, which forms part of these Terms of Use.Unauthorized use of our software may give rise to a claim for damages and/or be a criminal offence.2. Privacy PolicyYou will not be asked to submit any personal information about you, such as but not limited to your name, gender and age by downloading or using our software.The software will record and upload your gameplay scoring data to our online server within The Hong Kong Polytechnic University. We hereby declare that the scoring data contain no personal information, and they will only be accessed by our researchers for research purposes. We will never rent, sell, share or otherwise disclose your scoring data to third parties.We reserve the right to use consolidated scoring data for producing academic publications and/or presentation.3. DisclaimerNeither we nor any third parties provide any warranty or guarantee as to the accuracy, timeliness, performance, completeness or suitability of the information provided by our software for any particular purpose. You acknowledge that such information may contain inaccuracies or errors and we expressly exclude liability for any such inaccuracies or errors to the fullest extent permitted by law.Your use of any information or the software is entirely at your own risk, for which we shall not be liable. It shall be your own responsibility to ensure that any information or services available through our software meet your specific requirements.Please note we are not associated with companies mentioned on the documents and that we acknowledge that products, company names and logos mentioned are trademarks of their respected owners.4. CopyrightCopyright (C) 2012 The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (the PolyU). All Rights Reserved. No part of our software including any documents provided by the software may be copied, modified, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the permission in writing of the PolyU.5. Additional TermsWe reserve the right to change or modify our Terms of Use at any time without prior notification; however we will post any new Terms of Use on our website.-- by KineLabs Team 2012 (.hk/kinelabs)Playing Kinect SafelyMake sure you have enough space so you can move freely while playing. Gameplay with Kinect may require varying amounts of movement. Make sure you won’t hit, run into, or trip over other players, bystanders, pets, furniture, or other objects when playing. If you stand or move during gameplay, you need good footing.Before playing: Look in all directions (right, left, forward, backward, down and up) for things you might hit or trip over. Be sure your play area is far enough away from windows, walls, stairs, etc. Make sure there is nothing you might trip on－for example, toys, furniture, loose rugs, children, pets, etc. If necessary, move objects or people out of the play area. Don’t forget to look up－be aware of light fixtures, fans, or other objects overhead when assessing the play area.While playing:Stay far enough away from the television to avoid contact. Keep enough distance from other players, bystanders, and pets－this distance may vary between games, so take account of how you are playing when determining how far away you need to be. Stay alert for objects or people you might hit or trip on－people or objects can move into the area during gameplay, so you should always be alert to your surroundings.Make sure you always have good footing while playing. Play on a level floor with enough traction for the game activities, and make sure you have appropriate footwear for gaming (bi high heels, flip flops, etc.) or are barefoot if appropriate.Before allowing children to use Kinect: Determine how each child can use Kinect and whether they should be supervised during these activities. If you allow children to use Kinect without supervision, be sure to explain all relevant safety and health information and instructions. Make sure children using Kinect play safety and within their limits, and make sure they understand proper use of the system.To minimize eyestrain from glare: Position yourself at a comfortable distance from your monitor or television and Kinect sensor; place your monitor or television and Kinect sensor away from light sources that produce glare, or use window blinds to control light levels; choose soothing natural light that minimizes glare and eyestrain and increases contrast and clarity; and adjust your monitor’s or television’s brightness and contrast.Don’t overexert yourself.Gameplay with Kinect may require varying amounts of physical activity. Consult a doctor before using Kinect if you have any medical condition or issue that affects your ability your ability to safety perform physical activities or if: You are or may be pregnant; you have heart, respiratory, back, joint,or other orthopedic conditions; you have high blood pressure or difficulty with physical exercises; or you have been instructed to restrict physical activity. Consult your doctor before beginning any exercise routine or fitness regimen that includes Kinect. Do not play under the influence of drugs or alcohol, and make sure your balance and physical abilities are sufficient for any movements while gaming.Stop and rest if your muscles, joints, or eyes become tired or sore. If you experience excessive fatigue, nausea, shortness of breath, chest tightness, dizziness, discomfort, or pain, STOP USING IMMEDIATELY, and consult a doctor.警告在您開始玩遊戲之前，請詳閱KineLabs的「軟件及Kinect感應器預備手冊」、以及其他任何周邊裝置手冊上的重要安全與健康須知。
英语应用文写作-简历
including phone number, email address, and possible mailing address. The phone number should provide the international area code, and the email address should be in a professional and easy to remember format.
• Contact: Resume and cover letter complement each other in the job search process. A cover letter can be personalized for a specific position and company, highlighting an individual's interest and suitability for the position; A resume provides employers with more detailed personal information and background information. When submitting a job application, it is common to send both a resume and a cover letter to allow employers to have a more comprehensive understanding of the job seeker.
Achievement display
Highlighting individual achievements and achievements in work, such as project completion, sales performance, etc.
英语作文写提案的格式及范文
英语作文写提案的格式及范文英文回答：Proposal Writing Format.1. Cover page.Title of the proposal.Name of the submitting organization or individual.Date of submission.Contact information (e.g., address, phone number, email)。
2. Executive summary.Brief overview of the proposal.Statement of the problem or need.Proposed solution.Expected outcomes.3. Introduction.Background information.Problem statement.Purpose of the proposal.4. Methodology.Description of the proposed approach. Activities and timelines.Expected results.5. Evaluation plan.Indicators for measuring success.Data collection methods.Evaluation timeline.6. Budget.Itemized list of expenses.Justification for each expense.Total project cost.7. Appendices.Supporting documents, such as research reports, letters of support, or financial statements.Proposal Writing Sample.Title: Proposal for the Implementation of a Youth Leadership Program.Cover Page.[Your Organization's Name][Your Address][Your Phone Number][Your Email]Executive Summary.This proposal outlines a comprehensive plan for the implementation of a youth leadership program in the local community. The program aims to address the critical need for leadership development among young people by providing them with opportunities to develop essential skills and experiences. Through a series of workshops, mentoringsessions, and community service projects, the program will empower youth to become active and responsible citizens.Introduction.Young people are the future leaders of our communities. However, many youth lack the necessary skills and experiences to effectively lead and make a positive impact. This proposal presents a solution to this problem by proposing the implementation of a youth leadership program.Methodology.The program will be implemented through a combinationof workshops, mentoring sessions, and community service projects. Workshops will cover topics such as communication, problem-solving, decision-making, and conflict resolution. Mentoring sessions will provide youth with personalized guidance and support from experienced leaders in the community. Community service projects will give youth the opportunity to apply their skills and make a difference in their community.Evaluation Plan.The program will be evaluated on the basis of several indicators, including:Increased participation in leadership roles.Improved communication and problem-solving skills.Increased confidence and self-esteem.Increased community involvement.Data will be collected through surveys, interviews, and observations.Budget.The total cost of the program is estimated to be$10,000. This includes expenses for workshop materials, mentor stipends, community service project supplies, andadministrative costs.Appendices.Sample workshop curriculum.List of potential mentors.Letters of support from community organizations.中文回答：提案写作格式。
人教版高中英语选择性必修第一册精品课件 Unit 4 分层跟踪检测(2)
ⅠⅡⅢⅣⅤⅥ
3.How do AI tools provide practical value in deepening our insights into animals? A A.By translating animals’ calls and looks. B.By advancing animal well-being. C.By reintroducing endangered species. D.By studying animals’ negative emotions. 解析 细节理解题。根据文章第四段中的“Machine learning decodes pets’ signals like barks and facial expressions.”可知,AI工具能为加深我们对动物 的认知提供实际价值,其背后的机制是破译动物的语言信号,如叫声和面部 表情。故选A项。
解析 推理判断题。根据文章第二段中的“It’s developing AI models that imitate a variety of species,aiming to have ‘conversations’ with animals.”可 知,其目的是用人工智能来理解动物的语言。故选C项。
A 级 必备知识基础练
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.We didn’t always see eye to eye,but we learned the key ____t_o_____
living together:giving in,cleaning up and holding on.
2.After the trial
ⅠⅡⅢⅣⅤⅥ
B 级 素养能力提升练 Ⅳ.阅读理解
(2024山东济宁教学质量检测) Can humans really understand what animals are saying,or are we just barking up the wrong tree?
Integrated Chinese Level 1 Part 1 Teacher’s Handbo
Level 1 • Part 1 Integrated Chinese 中文听说读! TEACHER’S HANDBOOKThird EditionSAMPLE Compiled By Zheng-sheng ZhangYuehua Liu, Tao-chung Yao, Nyan-Ping Bi,Yea-Fen Chen, Liangyan Ge, Yaohua ShiC HENG&T SUI COMPANY•BostonSAMPLECopyright © 2011 Cheng & Tsui Company, Inc.Third EditionAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by anymeans, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, scanning, or any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher.All trademarks mentioned in this book are the property of their respective owners.16 15 14 13 12 11 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Published byCheng & Tsui Company, Inc.25 West StreetBoston, MA 02111-1213 USAFax (617) 426-3669“Bringing Asia to the World”TM ISBN 978-0-88727-669-9Cover Design: Cover Photographs: Man with map © Getty Images; Shanghai skyline © David Pedre/iStockphoto; Building with masks © Wu Jie; Night market © Andrew Buko. Used by permission.The Integrated Chinese series includes books, workbooks, character workbooks, audio products,multimedia products, teacher’s resources, and more. Visit for more information on the other components of Integrated Chinese .Printed in the United States of America.SAMPLE iiiThe Integrated Chinese SeriesTextbook DVDs Watch the Integrated Chinese story unfold with live-action videos of the textbook dialogues andcultural segments for eachlesson.BuilderCardsReinforce and buildvocabulary using fl ashcards.Features all essentialvocabulary from Level 1. eTextbooks Display these downloadable versions of the printed textbooks on interactive whiteboards or your personal computer. Search, bookmark, highlight, andinsert notes.Online WorkbooksComplete the exercises fromthe printed workbooksusing a dynamic, interactiveplatform. Includes instantgrading and intuitive coursemanagement.Textbooks Learn Chinese language and culture through ten engaginglessons per volume. Includes dialogues and narratives, culture notes,grammar explanations, and exercises.Workbooks Improve all four language skills through a wide range ofintegrated activities that accompany the lessons in the textbook.Character Workbooks Practice writing Chinese characters and learnthe correct stroke order.Audio CDs Build listening comprehension with audio recordingsof the textbook narratives, dialogues, and vocabulary, plus thepronunciation and listening exercises from the workbooks.The Integrated Chinese Companion SiteFind everything you need to support your course in one convenient place.• FREE teacher resources• Slideshows for classroom use• Image gallery • Links to previews and demos • Supplementary readings • Sentence drillsFind other publications to supplement your Integrated Chinese course. See page xi for more information about graded readers, listening comprehension workbooks, character guides, and reference materials.To order call 1-800-554-1963 or visit .ivDownloadsUsers of this book have free access to additional downloadable teacher’s resources. To obtain printable versions of the sample syllabi, quizzes and tests in Simplifi ed and Traditional, and more, you simply need to register your product key on Cheng & Tsui’s website.Instructions:1. Visit the Cheng & Tsui download center at /downloads and follow theinstructions for creating a user account.2. Register your product key.3. D ownload the fi les.Fortechnicalsupport,*******************************************************.If you have purchased a used copy of this book, or one without a valid product key, you may purchase a new key on our website () or by contacting our customer service department at 1-800-554-1963.Your Product Key:SAMPLESAMPLEContents 目录Preface 序 (viii)I. General Information I. 概论How to Use this Handbook 本手册使用须知 (x)Layout of Individual Chapters 章节安排 (xii)Sample Syllabus 教学提纲范例 (xviii)Sample Daily Schedule I 逐日教学进度表范例一(以每周四节课为例) (xx)based on four sessions a week Sample Daily Schedule II 逐日教学进度表范例二(以每周五节课为例) (xxvi)based on five sessions a week General Principles and Useful Resources 总体教学原则及资源 (xxxiii)II. Teaching Suggestions II. 教学参考意见Introduction 导论 (1)Lesson 1: Greetings 第一课：问好 (3)Teaching Suggestions and Sequencing of Important Language Points 重要语言点的教学建议与顺序 (4)Exercises for the Main Text 主课文的练习..............................10Lesson 2: Family第二课：家庭 .............................11Teaching Suggestions and Sequencingof Important Language Points重要语言点的教学建议与顺序................12Exercises for the Main Text 主课文的练习 (22)Lesson 3: Dates and Time 第三课：时间 (23)Teaching Suggestions and Sequencing of Important Language Points 重要语言点的教学建议与顺序 (23)Exercises for the Main Text 主课文的练习 (33)Lesson 4: Hobbies 第四课：爱好 (35)Teaching Suggestions and Sequencing of Important Language Points 重要语言点的教学建议与顺序 (35)Exercises for the Main Text主课文的练习 (43)SAMPLE vi Integrated Chinese • Level 1 Part 1 • Teacher’s HandbookLesson 5: Visiting Friends第五课：看朋友 ...........................45Teaching Suggestions and Sequencingof Important Language Points重要语言点的教学建议与顺序................45Exercises for the Main Text 主课文的练习 (55)Lesson 6: Making Appointments 第六课：约时间 (57)Teaching Suggestions and Sequencing of Important Language Points 重要语言点的教学建议与顺序 (57)Exercises for the Main Text 主课文的练习 (63)Lesson 7: Studying Chinese 第七课：学中文 (67)Teaching Suggestions and Sequencing of Important Language Points 重要语言点的教学建议与顺序 (67)Exercises for the Main Text 主课文的练习 (75)Lesson 8: School Life 第八课：学校生活 (77)Teaching Suggestions and Sequencing of Important Language Points 重要语言点的教学建议与顺序 (77)Exercises for the Main Text 主课文的练习 (87)Lesson 9: Shopping 第九课：买东西 (89)Teaching Suggestions and Sequencing of Important Language Points 重要语言点的教学建议与顺序 (89)Exercises for the Main Text 主课文的练习 (97)Lesson 10: Transportation 第十课：交通 (101)Teaching Suggestions and Sequencing of Important Language Points 重要语言点的教学建议与顺序 (101)Exercises for the Main Text 主课文的练习 (112)III. Workbook Answer KeyIII.《学生练习本》答案 ..................115IV. Sample Quizzes and Tests IV. 考试测验范例 .. (145)SAMPLE Publisher’s NoteWhen Integrated Chinese was fi rst published in 1997, it set a new standard with its focus on the development and integration of the four language skills (listening, speaking, reading, and writing). Today, to further enrich the learning experience of the many users of Integrated Chinese worldwide, Cheng & Tsui is pleased to offer this revised and updated third edition of Integrated Chinese. We would like to thank the many teachers and students who, by offering their valuable insights and suggestions, have helped Integrated Chinese evolve and keep pace with the many positive changes in the fi eld of Chinese language instruction. Integrated Chinese continues to offer comprehensive language instruction, with many new features and useful shared resources available on our website at .The Cheng & Tsui Chinese Language Series is designed to publish and widely distribute quality language learning materials created by leading instructors from around the world. We welcome readers’ comments and suggestions concerning the publications in this series. Please contact the following members of our Editorial Board, in care of our Editorial Department (e-mail: editor@).Former members of our Editorial BoardProfessor Timothy Li g ht (emeritus)Professor Stanley R. Munro (emeritus) Professor Ronald Walton (in memoriam) W estern Michigan University University of Alberta University of MarylandProfessor Shou-hsin Teng Chief Editor Graduate Institute of Teaching Chinese as a Second Language National Taiwan Normal UniversityProfessor Dana Scott BourgerieDepartment of Asian and Near Eastern LanguagesBrigham Young UniversityProfessor Samuel CheungDepartment of ChineseChinese University of Hong KongProfessor Hong Gang JinDepartment of East Asian Languages and LiteraturesHamilton CollegeProfessor Ying-che LiDepartment of East Asian Languages and LiteraturesUniversity of HawaiiSAMPLEviiiPrefaceIt has been over ten years since Integrated Chinese (IC ) came into existence in 1997. During these years, amid the historical changes that have taken place in China and the rest of the world, the demand for Chinese language teaching and learning materials has grown dramatically. We are greatly encouraged by the fact that IC has not only been a widely used textbook at the college level in the United States and beyond, but also that it has become increasingly popular with high school classes. One major factor for the success of IC has been the steadfast support from the teachers of Chinese, whose feedback greatly facilitated the repeated revisions of the series throughout the years.In a sense, this new Teacher’s Handbook accompanying the third edition of IC is our way of repaying the teachers who have adopted IC as the textbook for their classes. The aims of the handbook are to make IC easier to use and Chinese language teaching more effective. With those guiding principles for its compilation, this handbook is an expansion of the series that is aimed solely at Chinese language teachers. In this handbook, we have provided discussions of the general principles on teaching Chinese, information on useful resources for teaching, sample syllabi and schedules, answer keys, as well as specific suggestions on teaching the language points in each lesson. Instead of being prescriptive, the content here is intended to alleviate the burden on teachers, who are welcome to utilize its features selectively and adaptively based on their actual needs.Some of the pedagogical practices recommended in this handbook may not be as prevalent in all corners of the Chinese-teaching field. As the user will notice, in this handbook we have called for close attention to common pronunciation errors, especially those due to the similarities between English and pinyin spellings. We have also tried to achieve a new balance between grammar on one side and vocabulary and characters on the other, attaching greater importance to the analysis of specific words and characters. In particular, we have regularly highlighted the phonetic and semantic components in Chinese characters and used them to relate different words and characters by pointing out their shared components. While we firmly believe in the pedagogical value of these practices, we encourage teachers to prioritize their teaching activities based on their students’ proficiency levels in different language skills.In general, materials in this handbook are arranged in order to optimize their effectiveness in the classroom. For instance, the placement of mechanical drills before more communicative activities is prompted by the need for scaffolding. For the same reason, the arrangement of different activities on a given language point usually progresses from easy to difficult and from controlled to more open-ended. Elsewhere, however, the rationale may not be as obvious. For example, at certain places one may find tips on vocabulary and characters mixed together with those on grammar. In these cases, we felt it more effective to group together grammar explanations and vocabulary tips linked by a common theme.The current volume is the result of a long course of preparation. The IC authors have provided a large number of grammar notes, tips on teaching aids and class activities, detailed lesson plans, drill exercises, sample syllabi and course schedules, but it took the sustained efforts of Professor Zheng-sheng Zhang, compiler of this handbook, to edit and reorganize these materials. He is also responsible for many of the added materials in the volume, especially the general instructional principles and most of the tips on teaching vocabulary and characters.Contents ixAs we prepared this handbook, we have accumulated more academic and intellectual debts than wecan possibly acknowledge here. As we said above, the Chinese teachers at both college and high school levelshave always been a primary source of support and inspiration for us. To them we feel eternally indebted.We also wish to take the opportunity to express our gratitude to those who have helped us in different ways. Among many others, our particular thanks go to Laurel D amashek and Minying Tan, our editorsat Cheng & Tsui, as well as Shu-Ling Wu and Changqin Geng, who prepared the sample quizzes and tests inthis handbook.SAMPLESAMPLExHow to Use this Handbook本手册使用须知This handbook contains a collection of teacher resources which are not generally found in the textbook itself. They include the following:本手册为教师提供一般而言并不见之于课本本身的诸多资源，包括：a. General guidelines for instructionb. U seful resourcesc. T ips and suggestions for teaching languagepoints including characters, vocabulary,pronunciation and grammar d. N otes on frequently encountered studenterrorse. Answer key to the student workbookf. Sample quizzes and testsa. 教学实践的一般原则b. 实用性资源c. 汉字、词汇、发音和语法等语言点的教学提示d. 关于学生常见错误的提示e. 《学生练习本》中的练习答案f. 考试测验范例It is important to bear in mind that this manual provides flexible guidelines which teachers can use to develop their own detailed lesson plans. In other words, it should not be regarded as a book of “recipes” to follow. The reasons for this are as follows:请记住本手册并不提供详尽的教程计划。
Guide for Authors-Nature Communications
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Summary and prospect of high school English teachi
Implementation of individualized support measures, such as tutoring or specialized instruction, to address these disciplines
Adaptation of teaching methods
Strategies for improvement
To address these challenges, future teaching practices could benefit from
implementing differentiated instructions, utilizing online resources
Team Growth and Outlook
Professional development opportunities
The team resources professional growth through conferences, research projects, and leadership roles
Situation • Teacher Team Building and Training • The Development Trends of High
School English Subject • Outlook on Future High School
怎么制作英语翻翻书学过的内容
怎么制作英语翻翻书学过的内容Learning new material can often feel like a daunting task, especially when it comes to mastering a foreign language like English. However, one engaging and interactive way to reinforce your understanding of English vocabulary, grammar, and concepts is by creating your own English flip book. Flip books, also known as flick books, are a simple yet effective tool that allow you to animate a series of images by rapidly flipping through the pages. By creating your own English flip book, you can transform static information into a dynamic learning experience that helps cement your knowledge in a fun and creative way.To begin making your English flip book, you'll first need to decide on the specific content you want to cover. This could include vocabulary words, verb conjugations, common idioms, or any other English language elements you're hoping to commit to memory. Onceyou've selected the material, start by writing or printing out each item on a separate index card or piece of sturdy paper. Make sure the text is large and clear enough to be easily visible when flipping through the pages quickly.Next, arrange the cards in the order you want them to appear in your flip book. This sequencing is crucial, as it will determine the flow and animation of your final product. You may want to group related words or concepts together, or alternate between different types of content to maintain variety and interest. As you organize the cards, also consider leaving a bit of blank space around the edges to allow for the "flipping" motion.With your content organized, it's time to bind the pages together into a cohesive flip book. There are a few different methods you can use for this:1. Staple binding: Simply stack the cards neatly on top of each other and staple them together along one edge. This is the quickest and most basic binding option.2. Spiral binding: Use a plastic spiral binding coil or comb to bind the cards together. This allows the pages to flip more smoothly and evenly.3. Glue binding: Apply a thin layer of glue or adhesive along one edge of the stacked cards, then clamp them together until the glue dries. This creates a more sturdy and durable binding.Whichever binding method you choose, be sure to leave enough space between the pages to allow for easy flipping. You may also want to consider decorating the cover of your flip book with an eye-catching title, images, or other design elements to make it visually appealing.Once your flip book is assembled, it's time to bring your English content to life. Firmly hold the book in one hand, with your thumb on the top edge and your fingers on the bottom. Using your other hand, quickly flip through the pages, allowing the images or text to blur together and create the illusion of movement. With a little practice, you'll be able to develop a smooth, consistent flipping motion that brings your English material to life.As you flip through your custom-made English flip book, pay close attention to the information presented on each page. Actively engage with the content by reading the words aloud, mentally reciting definitions or conjugations, or even acting out the concepts. The kinesthetic experience of physically flipping through the pages can help cement the material in your memory in a way that passive studying may not.Additionally, you can make your English flip book even more interactive by incorporating small drawings or doodles that animate as you flip through the pages. For example, you could draw a simplestick figure performing an action verb, or create a series of images that tell a short story using the vocabulary words you're practicing. This added visual element can make the learning process even more captivating and enjoyable.One of the great benefits of creating an English flip book is that it can be easily customized and updated to suit your evolving learning needs. As you progress in your English studies, you can create new flip books to cover more advanced material, or modify your existing ones to include new vocabulary, grammar rules, or cultural concepts. The hands-on nature of the flip book format also makes it a versatile tool that can be used in a variety of learning contexts, from individual study sessions to small group activities in the classroom.Furthermore, sharing your English flip book with classmates, tutors, or language exchange partners can be a great way to reinforce your own understanding while also engaging others in the learning process. You can take turns flipping through each other's books, quizzing one another on the content, or even collaborating to create a shared flip book that combines your collective knowledge and perspectives.In conclusion, creating an English flip book is a fun, interactive, and highly effective way to learn and retain new language material. By transforming static information into a dynamic, hands-on learningexperience, you can tap into multiple sensory pathways and solidify your understanding of English in a way that is both engaging and memorable. So why not give it a try? Grab some index cards, a bit of creativity, and get flipping your way to English language mastery.。
英语中标书模板
英语中标书模板Title: English Bid Proposal TemplateWord Count: Approximately 1500 wordsIntroduction:In the competitive world of business, submitting a well-structured and professional bid proposal is crucial to securing contracts and projects. This article aims to provide a comprehensive English bid proposal template that can be utilized by individuals or organizations seeking to present their services or products effectively to potential clients.1. Cover Page:The cover page should include the title "Bid Proposal," the name of the bidding company or individual, contact information, and the date of submission. It should be visually appealing and clearly display the professionalism of the bidder.2. Executive Summary:The executive summary should be a concise overview of the bid proposal, summarizing the key points of the proposal, such as the scope of work, deliverables, and unique selling points of the bidder. It should be written in a persuasive manner to capture the attention of readers.3. Introduction:The introduction section should provide background information about the bidding company or individual, including their expertise, experience, and relevant credentials. It should establish trust and credibility.4. Project Description:In this section, provide a detailed description of the project, including its objectives, timeline, and specific requirements. Break down the project into manageable components and clearly explain how the bidder plans to achieve its goals.5. Approach and Methodology:Describe the approach and methodology proposed by the bidder to complete the project successfully. Highlight any innovative or unique strategies that distinguish the bidder from competitors. Use bullet points or numbered lists to enhance readability.6. Budget and Pricing:Present a clear and itemized budget for the project, including all necessary costs such as labor, materials, and other expenses. Indicate any cost-saving measures or value-added services that may appeal to the client. Ensure the pricing is competitive and transparent.7. Qualifications and Experience:This section should emphasize the bidder's qualifications, experience, and success stories related to similar projects or industries. Provide case studies or references to showcase achievements and expertise.8. Team and Resources:Introduce the key team members who will be involved in the project, emphasizing their qualifications, relevant experience, and roles within the team. Highlight any additional resources or technological capabilities that could contribute to project success.9. Timelines and Milestones:Present a detailed timeline for the project, highlighting important milestones and expected deliverables. Use visual aids such as Gantt charts or timelines to enhance clarity and comprehension.10. Risk Assessment and Mitigation:Identify potential risks and challenges that may arise during the project and propose mitigation strategies to overcome them. This section demonstrates the bidder's ability to anticipate and handle any obstacles that may affect project implementation.11. Terms and Conditions:Specify the terms and conditions of the bid proposal, including payment terms, intellectual property rights, confidentiality agreements, and any other contractual matters. Use clear and concise language to avoid any misunderstandings.12. Conclusion:Conclude the bid proposal by reiterating the bidder's commitment to delivering high-quality results and expressing gratitude for the opportunity to submit the proposal. Provide contact information for further inquiries.Remember to tailor the content of the bid proposal to the specific requirements of each potential client or project, ensuring it remains professional, persuasive, and well-organized throughout.Disclaimer: This English bid proposal template serves as a guideline and should be customized to suit individual needs and preferences.Word Count: Approximately XXX words.。
九年级英语新闻评论练习题40题
九年级英语新闻评论练习题40题1<背景文章>In today's digital age, technology is rapidly changing the landscape of education. The impact of technological advancements on education cannot be overstated. With the advent of online learning platforms, virtual classrooms, and educational apps, students now have access to a wealth of knowledge at their fingertips.Technology has made learning more accessible and convenient. Students can learn at their own pace and in their own time. They can access educational resources from anywhere in the world, breaking down geographical barriers. Moreover, technology has enabled personalized learning, tailoring educational content to the individual needs and learning styles of students.However, with the increasing reliance on technology in education, there are also concerns. Some worry that technology may lead to a decline in face-to-face interaction and social skills. Others are concerned about the potential for distractions and cyberbullying. Despite these concerns, it is clear that technology will continue to play a significant role in shaping the future of education.1. The main idea of the passage is that ___.A. technology is bad for educationB. technology has both positive and negative impacts on educationC. technology has no impact on educationD. technology is only good for online learning答案：B。
小学上册第十五次英语第五单元真题试卷
小学上册英语第五单元真题试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.What is the main language spoken in Spain?A. SpanishB. FrenchC. PortugueseD. Italian2.I see a _____ (bird/fish) flying.3.What do we call a story that is believed to be true but cannot be proven?A. FableB. MythC. LegendD. FolkloreC4.Did you see that _____ (小鸟) fly past?5.An emulsion is a mixture of two ________ that do not usually mix.6.The ______ is the layer of gas that surrounds the Earth.7.I need to _____ (buy/sell) some groceries.8.What do we call the large body of saltwater?A. RiverB. OceanC. LakeD. PondB9.My grandmother makes the best ____.10.The __________ (种植计划) is essential for successful gardening.11.An acid reacts with a base to produce ______.12. (Great Wall) was built to protect China from invasions. The ____13. A ______ is a geographical feature that can influence ecosystems.14. A _______ can symbolize love and beauty.15.I saw a ______ (小马) running in the field. It looked very ______ (快乐).16.What is the name of the imaginary line that divides the Earth into Eastern and Western Hemispheres?A. EquatorB. Prime MeridianC. Tropic of CancerD. Tropic of CapricornB17.The boy is a good ________.18.I saw a _______ (小鹿) in my yard.19.I like to experiment with my ________ (玩具类型).20.The _____ (植物观察日志) can document seasonal changes.21.What do we call a scientist who studies the properties of matter?A. PhysicistB. ChemistC. BiologistD. GeologistB22.I enjoy the smell of ______ (新鲜空气) after rain.23.What is the process of changing from a liquid to a solid called?A. MeltingB. FreezingC. EvaporationD. CondensationB24.I like to go ________ (跳伞) during summer.25.What is the main ingredient in chicken soup?A. RiceB. NoodlesC. ChickenD. All of the aboveD26.We go to the ______ to learn. (school)27.The _____ (baby) is laughing.28.My favorite author is _______ (名字). 她写的书很 _______ (形容词).29.What is the capital city of the United Kingdom?A. ParisB. LondonC. BerlinD. RomeB30.The chemical symbol for thallium is _____.31.What do we call a large body of salt water?A. LakeB. RiverC. OceanD. PondC32.My aunt loves to __________. (阅读)33.What do you call a sweet, baked dessert filled with fruit?34.What is the first month of the year?A. DecemberB. JanuaryC. FebruaryD. March35.The concept of ecosystem services refers to the benefits provided by ______.36.I love learning languages. It opens up opportunities to connect with more people. I am currently learning __________ and enjoy practicing it with others.37.The first emperor of China was ________ (秦始皇).38.We are going to ___ a festival. (attend)39.The _______ (The Age of Enlightenment) emphasized reason and individual rights.40.What is the capital city of Canada?A. TorontoB. OttawaC. VancouverD. Montreal41.The __________ is a mountain range that runs along the west coast of North America.42.What do you call a group of fish swimming together?A. SchoolB. PodC. SwarmD. Flock43.The chemical formula for water is ______.44.What is the main ingredient in soup?A. WaterB. SaltC. SugarD. OilA45. A homogeneous mixture is uniform throughout and cannot be easily _______.46.Which food comes from cows?A. EggsB. MilkC. HoneyD. CheeseB47.We have a ______ (学校) trip next week.48.The _____ (小猫) pounces on a toy mouse.49.I have a ______ of marbles. (bag)50.I saw a ________ in the sky.51.What do you call the area of land between two rivers?52.The chemical symbol for chlorine is ______.53.The owl is a symbol of ______ (智慧) in many cultures.54.The _____ (丰收) time is exciting for farmers.55.What do you call the first page of a book?A. CoverB. IntroductionC. Title PageD. ForewordC56.I like to ___ (explore/hike) in the woods.57.The Pacific Ring of Fire is known for its __________.58.What is the name of the holiday celebrated on July 4th in the USA?A. ThanksgivingB. Independence DayC. Memorial DayD. Labor DayB59.My hamster is very _________. (活泼)60.The sun is ___ in the afternoon. (setting)61.__________ (高分子) are made up of many repeating units.62.We studied the ________ (经济) of different countries.63.What is the opposite of clear?A. CloudyB. HazyC. FoggyD. All of the aboveD64.I love to eat ______ (水果沙拉).65.An exothermic reaction releases _____ into the environment.66.The _______ (小水獺) plays in the river.67.The _____ (海豚) has a friendly personality.68.My ________ (玩具名称) is a special gift from my parents.69.What is the capital of Japan?A. TokyoB. SeoulC. BeijingD. BangkokA70.What is the capital of Malaysia?A. Kuala LumpurB. PenangC. Johor BahruD. MalaccaA71.The chemical formula for iron(III) oxide is ______.72.What is the fastest land animal?A. ElephantB. HorseC. CheetahD. Lion73.____(Mount Everest) is the tallest mountain in the world.74.__________ are used to improve the flavor of food.75. A ____(case study) examines specific examples of practices.76.The _____ (果实收获) occurs in late summer.77.My aunt loves __________ (探索新事物).78.Many plants prefer ________ (阴凉) spots.79.How many colors are in the national flag of the USA?A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 5B80.What do we call the part of the plant that absorbs water and nutrients?A. StemB. LeafC. RootD. FlowerC81.I can ___ (solve) puzzles quickly.82.She is studying to be a ________.83.I enjoy _____ (乘坐) the bus.84.The _______ (马) pulls a cart.85.My grandma teaches me how to ____ (knit).86.What do you call the place where you can see fish?A. ZooB. AquariumC. FarmD. Park87.I have a _____ (toy) that talks.88. A rabbit loves to ______ (跳) around in the grass.89.She is ___ a song. (writing)90.What do we call the person who teaches us in school?A. DoctorB. TeacherC. ChefD. DriverB91.What is the name of the famous scientist known for his work on the electromagnetic spectrum?A. James Clerk MaxwellB. Albert EinsteinC. Heinrich HertzD. Nikola TeslaA92.I like to drink hot chocolate on ______ (寒冷的) days.93.What is the term for a word that has the same meaning?A. AntonymB. SynonymC. HomonymD. Metaphor94.The weather is ___ (warm) today.95.What is the term for a planet outside of our Solar System?A. ExoplanetB. AsteroidC. CometD. Dwarf planet96. A mole digs underground ______ (隧道).97. A _______ can be formed through ionic or covalent bonding.98.Earth has one moon, but some planets have ______.99.My sister is my best _______ because we share everything together.100.The _____ (火车) goes fast.。
人教版八年级英语上册《能力培养与测试》听力
人教版八年级英语上册《能力培养与测试》听力全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Listening: The Unsung Hero of Language LearningAs an 8th grader, the world of English learning can often feel like a daunting maze. With grammar rules to memorize, vocabulary to master, and writing skills to hone, it's easy to overlook the importance of one crucial aspect: listening. However, in my journey through the "People's Education Press Grade 8 English Textbook Volume 1," I've come to appreciate the pivotal role that listening plays in truly mastering a language.The "Listening Skill Development and Assessment" section of our textbook is a treasure trove of invaluable resources and exercises designed to sharpen our ears and train our minds to comprehend the spoken word. At first glance, the listening exercises may seem deceptively simple – just a series of audio clips accompanied by comprehension questions. But as I've delved deeper, I've realized that they are meticulously crafted to challenge us in ways that go beyond mere word recognition.One of the most valuable aspects of these exercises is their emphasis on real-life situations. The dialogues and conversations we listen to are not contrived or overly simplified; instead, they mimic the natural flow of speech, complete with idioms, slang, and cultural nuances. This exposure to authentic language usage is invaluable, as it prepares us for the inevitable encounters with native speakers or immersive environments.Moreover, the exercises don't just test our ability to comprehend isolated words or phrases; they challenge us to grasp the overall context, tone, and implied meanings. We learn to pick up on subtle cues, such as the speaker's intonation, pauses, and emphasis, which can significantly alter the intended message. This holistic approach to listening comprehension is crucial in developing our ability to engage in meaningful conversations and understand the complexities of the English language.But the benefits of the "Listening Skill Development and Assessment" section extend far beyond simply improving our listening abilities. As I've worked through the exercises, I've noticed a remarkable improvement in my overall language proficiency. By actively listening and processing the audio material, I've subconsciously absorbed new vocabulary, grammarstructures, and pronunciation patterns. It's as if my brain has been silently absorbing and internalizing the intricacies of the language, laying a solid foundation for my future growth.Furthermore, the listening exercises have instilled in me a sense of patience and focus – two qualities that are indispensable in language learning. Listening attentively requires us to quiet our minds, block out distractions, and concentrate fully on the task at hand. This discipline has not only enhanced my listening skills but has also translated into improved concentration and focus in other areas of my studies.Of course, the journey hasn't been without its challenges. Initially, I found myself struggling to keep up with the pace of the audio clips, or getting tripped up by unfamiliar accents or speech patterns. But with consistent practice and the guidance of our dedicated teachers, I've slowly but surely chipped away at these obstacles. Each exercise has become an opportunity to celebrate small victories and build confidence in my listening abilities.As I look back on the past year, I can't help but feel a sense of pride and accomplishment. The "Listening Skill Development and Assessment" section of our textbook has played a pivotal role in my English language journey, equipping me with the tools and strategies to navigate the ever-expanding world of spokencommunication. And while listening may often take a backseat to the more visible aspects of language learning, I've come to appreciate it as the unsung hero – the foundation upon which all other language skills are built.篇2Listening Comprehension: My Ongoing BattleAs an eighth-grader, one of the biggest challenges I face in my English studies is the listening comprehension section. It's like an ongoing battle, where my ears and brain have to work together as a well-oiled machine to decipher the rapid-fire English phrases that come at me through the speakers.The first few times I attempted the listening exercises in our textbook, I felt like a complete novice – like I was trying to learn a new language from scratch. The speakers' voices sounded like an incomprehensible blur, and I found myself constantly rewinding and replaying the audio, hoping that the next time around, some magical switch in my brain would flip, and everything would suddenly make sense.But as the weeks went by, and I diligently practiced the listening exercises, something remarkable started to happen. Slowly but surely, my ears began to adjust to the rhythms andintonations of the English language. Words that once sounded like indistinguishable gibberish started to take shape, and I could make out individual phrases and sentences.The listening exercises in our textbook cover a wide range of topics, from everyday conversations to news reports and even short stories. Each exercise is carefully crafted to challenge our listening skills in different ways, exposing us to various accents, speaking styles, and levels of complexity.One exercise that I found particularly challenging was the one about a news report on the Great Barrier Reef. The reporter's Australian accent, coupled with the rapid delivery of information, made it feel like I was trying to decipher a secret code. But through perseverance and multiple replays, I gradually pieced together the gist of the report, learning about the threats facing this natural wonder and the conservation efforts underway.Another exercise that stands out in my memory is the one featuring a dialogue between two friends discussing their plans for the weekend. At first, the casual banter and colloquial expressions had me utterly baffled. But as I listened more closely, I began to pick up on the nuances of casual English conversation, learning how to interpret idioms and slang expressions in context.Apart from the diverse content, what I appreciate about the listening exercises in our textbook is the incremental increase in difficulty. Each exercise builds upon the previous one, gradually ramping up the complexity and challenging us to stretch our listening abilities to new heights.Of course, the listening comprehension section isn't just about the exercises themselves; it also includes various tests and assessments designed to evaluate our progress. These tests can be nerve-wracking, as they often involve listening to unfamiliar materials and answering questions under time pressure.One technique that has proven invaluable in these tests is active listening. Instead of passively letting the audio wash over me, I've learned to concentrate intently, mentally repeating the words and phrases as I hear them. This not only helps me retain the information better but also allows me to pick up on subtle clues and contextual cues that can aid my understanding.Another strategy that has served me well is taking concise notes as I listen. By jotting down key words and phrases, I create a sort of mental map that I can refer back to when answering the questions. This has been particularly useful for longer listening passages, where it's easy to get lost in the sea of information.Despite the challenges, I've come to appreciate the vital role that listening comprehension plays in mastering a language. It's not just about understanding words and phrases; it's about developing a deeper connection with the rhythms, cadences, and cultural nuances that breathe life into a language.As I continue my journey through the listening comprehension section, I'm reminded of the famous quote by Epictetus: "We have two ears and one mouth so that we can listen twice as much as we speak." It's a humbling reminder that true mastery of a language lies not in our ability to produce perfect sentences but in our willingness to listen, to open our minds and hearts to the rich tapestry of sounds and stories that make up the fabric of human communication.So, while the listening comprehension section may be an ongoing battle, it's one that I'm determined to win, one exercise and one test at a time. With each passing day, my ears grow a little sharper, my mind a little more attuned to the intricacies of the English language. And who knows? Perhaps one day, I'll be able to listen and comprehend with the ease and fluency of a native speaker, unlocking a world of understanding that transcends mere words on a page.篇3Listening Comprehension - The Struggle is Real!Ah, the dreaded listening section of our English exams. For many of us students, it's the part we fear the most. Why is it so hard to understand those rapid-fire English conversations and passages? Let me take you through the trials and tribulations of preparing for this section.First off, the accents and pronunciation are just completely different from what we're used to hearing in class from our Chinese English teachers. The native English speakers talk at lightning speed with all kinds of slang, idioms, and contractions that we haven't really learned yet. Half the words seem to get swallowed or blended together in one jumbled mess. Trying to pick out individual words, let alone comprehend entire sentences, is an immense challenge.Then you have the problem of unfamiliar topics and vocabulary. Sure, we've learned lots of words related to school life, subjects, hobbies and so on. But these listening materials can be about anything from penguins in Antarctica, to the manufacturing process of rubber tires, to ancient Celtic mythology. My vocabulary banks simply aren't prepared for such random subject matter. I find myself constantly guessing theoverall gist rather than actually understanding most of what's being said.Don't even get me started on the audio quality issues we sometimes encounter. Whether it's scratchy recordings that make everything sound muffled, or background noise like lawnmowers and construction that drowns out major parts of the dialogue - these audio gremlins are maddening! I keep having to rewind and relisten multiple times, losing precious time on the exam.Despite all these hurdles, we can't neglect this key language skill if we want to achieve English proficiency. Listening comprehension is so fundamental for being able to communicate effectively. So how can we improve? Here are some tips that have helped me along the way:Get exposure through media like English TV shows, movies, podcasts etc. While entertainment media uses conversational English that's easier to understand, it still gets your ears used to authentic pronunciation and speech patterns.When practicing with exam materials, don't just listen once then scramble for the answers. Take the time to listen twice at least. Focus on getting a general overview first before trying to pull out specific details.Learn to recognize common discourse markers and transition words that signal a change in topic or provide cues about what's coming next.If a slew of unfamiliar vocabulary stumps you, don't panic. Use context clues from the parts you understand to make logical inferences about the overall meaning.Short of investing in audiophile equipment, simple things like using good quality headphones or adjusting audio EQ settings on your device can help optimize sound quality.Most importantly, be patient with yourself and don't get discouraged. Developing listening skills takes a ton of practice over time. We're still just starting out on this English journey after all. Every listening experience enhances our brain's ability to process what we hear more easily.As for testing day, combat those listening jitters with plenty of strategic preparation beforehand. Get a good night's sleep, stay hydrated, do some deep breathing, and visualize yourself calmly working through each section with focus and confidence. It's normal to miss parts here and there, just avoid blanking out completely.Take it from someone who absolutely bombed their first few listening tests - it does get better! Stick with a positive mindset, employ active listening strategies, and immerse yourself in English audio exposure as much as you can. Before you know it, those speedy conversations won't sound like indecipherable blather anymore. You've got this!The road to listening mastery is arduous, but ultimately so gratifying. Keep chipping away at it steadily. Those high listening scores become very attainable once you overcome the initial hump. We can pat ourselves on the back for even attempting to take on this challenging task that so many never get to experience. That's the advantage of an English education! Let's appreciate the opportunity and make the most of these listening passages.。
英文阅读笔记模板
英语阅读笔记模板1A useful English reading note template can greatly enhance your reading comprehension and language proficiency. The overall framework of this template is divided into several parts. Firstly, the main idea of the article is to be summarized, which helps you grasp the core content at a glance. Secondly, the section for new words is crucial. When recording new words, you should mark their parts of speech, definitions and examples. For instance, if it's a verb like "accommodate", you can note that it means "provide lodging or sufficient space for" and give a sentence like "The hotel can accommodate up to 500 guests." Another important part is the collection of wonderful sentences. These sentences can be either beautifully written or have complex grammatical structures that are worth learning.By using this template, you can improve your reading efficiency. It allows you to systematically organize the knowledge you acquire from reading. Moreover, regularly reviewing these notes will strengthen your memory and understanding of English, thereby gradually improving your language skills. In a word, this English reading note template is an effective tool for your language learning journey.When it comes to English reading, having an effective note-taking template is of great significance. The design of this template is based on two main principles: systematicity and specificity. Systemicity ensures that all important aspects of the reading material are covered, while specificity allows for focusing on the particular elements that are relevant to the reader's learning goals.The template consists of several key sections. Firstly, there is the summary section where the main ideas of the text are briefly outlined. This helps in grasping the overall content at a glance. Secondly, the wonderful sentence excerpt section is crucial. Here, not only are the sentences copied, but also their grammar structures and writing techniques are analyzed. For example, complex sentence patterns and the use of various literary devices are explored. Another important part is the vocabulary section, where new words and their usages are noted down.It should be noted that this template can be personalized according to individual needs. If one is preparing for an English exam, more emphasis can be placed on grammar and vocabulary. If the aim is to improve writing skills, more attention can be given to the analysis of writing techniques. In conclusion, a well-designed and personalized English reading note template can significantly enhance our understanding and learning from the reading materials.Reading is a wonderful journey that enriches our minds and broadens our horizons. A well-structured English reading note template is of great significance as it helps us better understand and remember what we read.The template usually consists of several parts. Firstly, there is the introduction of the article's background, which includes information like the author, the publication date, and the main topic. Secondly, a summary of the key paragraphs is essential. This helps us grasp the core ideas and important details.For example, when reading an article about environmental protection, we can note that the background is a recent research report by a renowned scientist. The key paragraphs might cover the causes and effects of environmental pollution and the proposed solutions.Consistently using this template has numerous positive impacts. It enhances our comprehension skills, improves our memory, and enables us to organize our thoughts more systematically. It also makes it easier to review and share our reading insights with others.In conclusion, a good English reading note template is a valuable tool that can greatly enhance our reading experience and learning outcome.4When it comes to English reading, having a well-structured note-taking template can be like finding a hidden treasure chest. Let me introduce you to a unique and fascinating English reading note template that can be your reliable companion on the journey of knowledge acquisition.First, there is the "Theme Analysis Area". Here, you need to summarize the main idea and key points of the reading material. For example, if the text is about environmental protection, you might write, "This article focuses on the importance of conserving natural resources and the negative impacts of human activities on the environment."Then, we have the "Language Difficulty Conquering Area". Whenever you encounter new words, phrases, or complex sentence structures, note them down and try to understand their meanings and usage. Say you come across the phrase "carbon footprint", you could write, "The term 'carbon footprint' refers to the amount of greenhouse gases produced by an individual or an activity."Another essential part is the "Thought and Reflection Area". After reading, think about your own opinions and feelings. Maybe you could write, "I was deeply moved by the author's call for action to protect our planet. It made me realize that small changes in our daily lives can have a significant impact."This template is like a magical tool that helps you organize your thoughts and deepen your understanding. So, dear readers, give it a try andunlock the doors to a world of knowledge and growth through English reading!5A scientific and reasonable English reading note template is based on profound theories. From the perspective of cognitive psychology, it aims to enhance comprehension and retention. One of the key elements is recording the reading time. By doing so, we can consciously monitor our speed and gradually improve it through practice. Another crucial aspect is summarizing the main ideas. This helps us distill the essence of the text and strengthen our understanding. Also, noting down unfamiliar words and expressions enriches our vocabulary.When it comes to choosing the appropriate template form based on the difficulty of the reading material, for simple texts, a basic template focusing on main ideas and key points might suffice. However, for complex and academic materials, a more detailed template including analysis of the structure, logical reasoning, and personal reflections would be more beneficial. Such a template enables us to delve deeper into the content and extract more valuable knowledge. In conclusion, a well-designed English reading note template is an effective tool to enhance our reading skills and learning efficiency.。
财务规章制度封面
财务规章制度封面英文回答：As a seasoned financial professional, I understand the paramount importance of meticulous financial regulations. They provide a solid foundation for sound financial management, ensuring transparency, accountability, and compliance. To effectively govern your financial operations, consider the following essential elements for yourfinancial regulations' cover page:Title Page: Begin with a clear and concise title that encapsulates the purpose and scope of your financial regulations. For instance, "Financial Regulations for XYZ Company" succinctly conveys the document's intent. Thistitle should be prominently displayed at the top of the cover page.Company Name and Logo: Proudly showcase your company's name and logo on the cover page. This establishes ownershipand enhances brand recognition.Effective Date and Version Number: Clearly specify the effective date when your financial regulations become operational. This date serves as a reference point for compliance and understanding. Additionally, include the version number to track revisions and updates over time. For example, "Version 1.0, Effective January 1, 2023."Approving Authority: Identify the authorizedindividual or entity responsible for approving and implementing the financial regulations. This could be the Chief Financial Officer, Board of Directors, or other designated authority. Their signature or endorsement on the cover page signifies their approval.Table of Contents: Provide a comprehensive overview of the document's structure and content. The table of contents acts as a roadmap, guiding users to specific sections and topics of interest. Ensure it's clear and easy to navigate.Purpose and Scope: Succinctly outline the purpose andscope of your financial regulations. Clearly define the intended audience and the areas of financial management covered by the document. This section provides context and sets the stage for the regulations.Revision History: Maintaining an accurate revision history is crucial for tracking changes and updates to your financial regulations. List the revision dates, version numbers, and brief descriptions of modifications made. This transparency fosters understanding and facilitates compliance.Distribution List: Identify the individuals or departments who will receive copies of the financial regulations. This distribution list ensures proper dissemination and access to the document.By incorporating these essential elements into your financial regulations' cover page, you establish a professional and informative document that sets the tonefor effective financial management.中文回答：作为一名经验丰富的财务专家，我深知细致财务规章制度的重要性。
优美的英语文章 书籍
优美的英语文章书籍Elegant English Compositions: The Allure of BooksIn the vast realm of human knowledge and creativity, books stand as beacons, illuminating the paths of understanding and transporting us to realms beyond our immediate experience. These repositories of wisdom, imagination, and cultural heritage possess a unique allure that transcends the confines of time and space, captivating the hearts and minds of countless individuals throughout history.The beauty of a book lies not merely in its physical form, but in the boundless potential it holds within its pages. From the moment we open a book, we embark on a journey of discovery, unraveling the intricate tapestry of words that weave together to form a narrative, a treatise, or a poetic expression. Each page is a gateway to a world of exploration, inviting us to delve into the depths of human experience, to grapple with profound ideas, and to be swept away by the power of language.One of the most captivating aspects of books is their ability to transport us to different times and places. Whether it is the sweeping historical epic that transports us to bygone eras, the poignantmemoir that grants us a window into another's life, or the imaginative work of fiction that opens up entirely new realms, books possess the remarkable capacity to transcend the boundaries of our own existence. By immersing ourselves in the written word, we become witnesses to the human condition, gaining a deeper understanding of the triumphs and tribulations that have shaped the world around us.Moreover, the beauty of books extends beyond their content, as the physical form itself can be a source of aesthetic delight. The feel of the paper, the design of the cover, and the carefully crafted typography all contribute to the overall sensory experience of engaging with a book. The tactile pleasure of holding a volume in one's hands, the satisfying sound of turning a page, and the subtle scent of aged paper all serve to enhance the intimacy of the reading experience, making it a truly multidimensional encounter.Beyond their individual merits, books also play a vital role in shaping our collective cultural heritage. They serve as repositories of knowledge, preserving the accumulated wisdom and insights of generations past, and enabling the dissemination of ideas that have the power to transform societies. From the great works of literature to the groundbreaking scientific treatises, books have the ability to transcend the limitations of time and space, connecting us to the broader human experience and inspiring us to engage in meaningfuldiscourse.In a world increasingly dominated by digital media and instantaneous communication, the enduring allure of books remains a testament to their timeless value. The act of reading, of immersing oneself in the written word, offers a respite from the relentless pace of modern life, allowing us to slow down, to reflect, and to engage in a deeply personal and enriching experience. It is in the pages of books that we find solace, inspiration, and the boundless potential to expand our horizons and deepen our understanding of the world around us.In conclusion, the beauty of English compositions lies in their ability to captivate, enlighten, and transport us. From the elegance of their language to the depth of their content, books possess a unique and enduring appeal that continues to inspire and enrich the lives of countless individuals. As we turn the pages and lose ourselves in the written word, we are reminded of the transformative power of literature and the enduring significance of the book as a medium of human expression and exploration.。