Constitutional Monarchy
Constitutional monarchy PPT
Constitutional Monarchy
Constitutional monarchy is a form of government in which a king or queen acts as Head of State.
- A constitutional monarchy also provides stability, continuity and a national focus, as the Head of State remains the same even as governments change.
U.K. Parliament
Parliament is divided into two main Houses – the upper house (the House of Lords), and the lower house (the House of Commons). The Sovereign is the head of Parliament.
Parliament is based in Westminster Palace.
The Upper House – The House of Lords
The Right Honourable The Lords Spiritual and Temporal in Parliament Assembled
783 Seats (positions) Who? Lords Temporal: Peers of the realm: life peers and hereditary peers (Sir, Lord, Baron, Duke etc) Lords Spiritual: senior members of the Church of England What? - Much less power than the House of Commons - Discuss, debate and vote on new laws - if they vote against a new law, they can only stop it from being passed for 2 years House of Lords Act 1999 - Before this, all hereditary peers were automatically allowed to sit in Parliament - Now, life peers automatically allowed to sit - 92 hereditary peers were elected (by life peers) and can also sit in Parliament
英国概况之政府
The Parliament
• The Dispute over the Power of King VS Parliament • 1). James I/ Charles I/ Charles II / James II tried to
govern without the consent of parliament
精品资料
• The system of parliamentary government is not based on a written constitution. The British constitution is not set out in any single document. It is made up of statute law, common law and conventions. The Judiciary determines common law and interprets statutes.
• 3)Parliament passed the Bill of Rights in 1689, which
ensured that the King would never be able to ignore Parliament.
精品资料
functions: passes laws voting for taxation scrutinize government policy, administration and expenditure and to
Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats
精品资料
Queen Elizabeth II
the title: Elizabeth II, her title in the United Kingdom is “Elizabeth
英国历史与文化 (公选课)试卷及答案
英国历史与文化（公选课）试卷（开卷）2010-2011第二学期第一部分回答问题25%Answer the following questions:1. What is the role of the Monarch in British government?Monarchy is the oldest form of government in the United Kingdom.In a monarchy, a king or queen is Head of State. The British monarchy is known as a constitutional monarchy. This means that, while The Sovereign is Head of State, the ability to make and pass legislation resides with an elected Parliament.Although the British Sovereign no longer has a political or executive role, he or she continues to play an important part in the life of the nation.As Head of State, The Monarch undertakes constitutional and representational duties which have developed over one thousand years of history. In addition to these State duties, The Monarch has a less formal role as 'Head of Nation'. The Sovereign acts as a focus for national identity, unity and pride; gives a sense of stability and continuity; officially recognises success and excellence; and supports the ideal of voluntary service.In all these roles The Sovereign is supported by members of their immediate family.2. What do you know about state schools and ‘public schools’ in the U.K.?About 90 percent of the state secondary school population in Great Britain attend comprehensive schools. These take pupils without reference to ability or aptitude and provide a wide-ranging secondary education for all or most of the children in a district.Many of Britain…s public schools are private-run and long-established and have gained a reputation for their high academic standards，as well as their exclusiveness and snobbery.3.What are the major functions of the Parliament?The main functions of Parliament are: (1) to pass laws; (2) to provide, by voting for taxation, the means of carrying on the work of government; (3) to examine government Policy and administrations, including proposal for expenditure; and (4) to debate the major issues of the day.4. What is the most important established church in Britain?It is the Church of England.5. How much do you know about BBC?The British Broadcasting company (English: Broadcasting Corporation), abbreviation is, is a British BBC funded by the government but the independent operation of public media, has long been considered the most respected global one of the media. In a long time, the BBC has monopolized British television and radio. In 1955 the itv and founded in 1973, before British independent radio stations all over Britain BBC has been the only television, radio broadcasting company. Today is a global except in BBC with high visibility of the media, and also provides all kinds of other services, including books, newspapers and magazines, English teaching, a symphony orchestra and the Internet news service.二．解释短语Explain the following terms:25%1.The United KingdomBritish full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, is from England, Scotland, wales and Northern Ireland constitute the United Kingdom, the unification of the central government and in a head of state. Britain is located in continental Europe in Great Britain, the British home anybody by beihai, British Isles, Celtic sea, across the English channel, surrounded by the Atlantic ocean and the Irish sea. Land area 24.36 square kilometers and a population of about 60 million. Britain is the world's first industrialised countries is a culturally diverse and opening-up thoughts of society. Capital London is Europe's largest and most international characteristic city.2. “Shadow Cabinet”The Shadow Cabinet is a team of fictional superheroes created by Milestone Comics and published by DC Comics. They first appeared in Shadow Cabinet #0 (January 1994), and were created by Dwayne McDuffie, Robert L. Washington III and John Paul Leon. Almost all of the original run, issues #4-11 and #13-17, were written by Matt Wayne.3. Compulsory educationCompulsory education is according to legal provision, school-age children and adolescents have to accept, the state, society, families of national education must be guaranteed. Its essence is national in accordance with legal provisions for school-age children and adolescents particular fixed number of year of the implementation of the education system of the force. Compulsory education say again forced education and free compulsory education. Compulsory education have mandatory, free sex, universality characteristic. Our obligations prescribed in the compulsory education law education of schooling for nine years, this stipulation conforms to China's national conditions, is adequate.4. Constitutional MonarchyA constitutional monarchy is a form of constitutional government, where either an elected or hereditary monarch is the head of state, unlike in an absolutemonarchy, where in the king or the queen is the sole source of political power, as he or she is not legally bound by the constitution. Most constitutional monarchies have a parliamentary system (Australia, Belgium, Cambodia, Canada, Denmark, Japan, Malaysia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, United Kingdom) in which the monarch is the head of state, but a directly- or indirectly-elected prime minister is head of government. Although contemporary constitutional monarchies mostly are representative, parliamentary systems, or constitutional democratic monarchies,[citation needed] they have co-existed with fascist andquasi-fascist constitutions (Italy, Spain) and with military dictatorships.5. Boxing DayBoxing Day is a bank and public holiday commonly occurring on 26 December. It is observed in the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, Ghana, Switzerland, Germany, Sweden, Norway, Greenland, Netherlands, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Nigeria, Kenya, Guyana, Trinidad & Tobago, Jamaica and other countries in the Commonwealth of Nations with a mainly Christian population. In South Africa this public holiday is now known as the Day of Goodwill. Though it is not an official holiday in the United States, the term "Boxing Day" is used by some Americans, particularly those that live near the Canada –United States border. In Canada, Boxing Day is listed in the Canada Labour Code as a holiday.[1][2] It is not an official holiday in Quebec or British Columbia.第三部分：Choose the answer that best completes the statement or answers the question:50%1. Which of the following book is written by Geoffrey Chaucer? AA. The Canterbury Tales.B. Beowulf.C. King LearD. Morte D‟Arthur.2. which of the following was NOT one of the three forces that led to the Modern Development of Europe? DA. The growth of capitalismB. The RenaissanceC. The Religious ReformationD. The spiritual leadership of the Roman Catholic Church3. Which of the following is not considered a characteristic of London?A. The cultural centre. DB. Business centreC. The financial centre.D. the sports centre.4. Who are the ancestors of the English and the founders of England?A. The Anglo-Saxons. AB. The Normans.C. The Vikings.D. The Romans.5. Which is the largest city in Scotland? CA. Cardiff.B. Edinburgh.C. Glasgow.D. Manchester6. Which of the following is Not a characteristic of the British government? AA. It offers the Queen high political status and supreme power.B. It is both a parliamentary democracy in the world.C. It is the oldest representative democracy in the world.D. It has no written form of Constitution.7. Which of the following kings was executed in the civil war? AA. James IB. James IIC. Charles I.D. Charles II.8. Under whose reign was the Bill of Rights passed? BA. James II.B. William of OrangeC. Oliver Cromwell.D. George I.9.Which group of people cannot vote in the general election? BA. Members in the House of Commons.B. Lords in the House of Lords.C. The UK Citizens above the age of 18.D. The UK resident citizens of the Irish Republic.10.By whom is a “vote of no confidence” decided? DA. The house of Commons.B. The house of Lords.C. The two major parties.D. The Prime Minister.11. The long poem ___C__ in Anglo-Saxon perio d was termed England‟snational epic.A. The Canterbury TalesB. Paradise LostC. The Song of BeowulfD. The Fairy Queen12. Among the great Middle English poets, Geoffrey Chaucer is known for his production of___D_.A. Piers PlowmanB. Sir Gawain and the Green KnightC. Confessio AmantisD. The Canterbury Tales13. ___A____ is regarded as the father of English poetry.A. Geoffrey ChaucerB. Edmund SpenserC. John MiltonD. D. Wordsworth14. Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between ______ and ______ centuries. AA. 14th...mid-17thB. 14th...mid-18thC. 16th...mid-18thD. 16th...mid-17th15.Shakespeare‟s greate st tragedies are ___A____.A. Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and MacbethB. Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Romeo and JulietC. Hamlet, Coriolanus, King Lear and MacbethD. Hamlet, Julius caesar, Othello and Macbeth16. The sentence “Shall I compare thee to a summer‟s day?” is the line of oneof Shakespeare‟s___D_A. comediesB. tragediesC. historiesD. sonnets8.17. The 18th century England is known as the ____C__ in the history.A. RenaissanceB. ClassicismC. EnlightenmentD. Romanticism.18. The greatest of Scottish poets was ____A__.A. Robert BurnsB. George CrableC. O. GoldsmithD. Thomas Gray19. The greatest English critical realist novelist was ___B____, who criticizedthe bourgeois civilization and showed the misery of the common people.A. William Makepeace ThackerayB. Charles DickensC. Charlotte BronteD. Emily Dickinson20. The longest river in Britain is ___C__.A. the ClydeB. the MerseyC. the SevernD. the Thames21.Which part of Britain is always fighting____D___?A. EnglandB. ScotlandC. WalesD. Northem Ireland22. The first inhabitants in Britain were __C___.A. the NormansB. the CeltsC. the IberiansD. the Anglo-Saxons23. British Recorded history began with __A___.A. Roman invasionB. the Norman ConquestC. the Viking and Danish invasionD. the Anglo-Saxons invasion24. Christmas Day in __B__, Duke William was crowned in Westminster Abbey.A. 1056B. 1066C. 1006D. 106025.___A__ was famous for his abdication because of his marriage with adivorced Ame was famous for his abdication because of his marriage with a divorced American:A. Edward VIIIB. Edward VIIC. George VID. George VII。
Unit_2_The_Constitutional_Monarchy_英国的君主立宪制
The present Sovereign, born in 1926, came to the throne in 1952 and was crowned in 1953. The Queen is the symbol of the whole nation, the center of many national ceremonies and the leader of society.
Constitutional Monarchy君主立宪制 考点：君主立宪制的定义
Keep in Mind
Constitutional monarchy is a governmental system in which the head of State is a king or a queen who reigns but does not rule. The country is namely reigned by the Sovereign(君主), but virtually by His or Her Majesty’s Government —— a body of Ministers who are the leading members of whichever political party the electorate（选民，选区） has voted into office, and who are responsible to Parliament. The Constitutional Monarchy in Britain began in 1689, when king William and Queen Mary jointly accepted the Bill of Rights(《权利法案》), which guaranteed free speech within both the House of Lords(上议院) and the House of Commons(下 议院) and constitutional monarchy, a monarchy with power limited by Parliament began.
君主立宪制讲解英文ppt
The Monarchy
Britain is a constitutional monarchy: Queen Elizabeth II is the head of state. In practice she reigns, but does not rule. The country is governed, in her name, by the Government, a body of ministers, which is called the Cabinet (consists of 22 leading ministers), who are responsible to Parliament.
the Parliament House of Britain
three major political parties in the British system of politics:
The Labour Party (often called New Labour) The Conservative Party (frequently called the Tories) The Liberal Democrat Party (known as the Lib Dems)
•Diet has powers over the budget, and can unseat a PM and cabinet through a vote of no confidence. It holds Q-time for Pmor or Cabinet, and has a range of specialist committees.
英国部分名词解释
英国部分名词解释英国部分名词解释1.The British Commonwealth 英联邦07年考It is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements. The Commonwealth has no special powers. At present there are 50 members counties within the commonwealth2.Alfred the GreatAlfred was a strong king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them. He founded a strong fleet and is known as "The father of the British navy". He reorganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient. He also translated books and established schools. He formulated a legal system. All this earned him the title "Alfred the Great".3.William the Conqueror 威廉征服William was Duke of Normandy. He landed his army in Oct.1066 and defeated king Harold. Then he was crowned king of England on Christmas Day the same year. He established a strong Norman government and the feudal system in England.4. Heptarchy 七王国During the Anglo-Saxon's time ,Britain was divided into many kingdoms, These seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. They were given the name of Heptarchy.5. Witan 贤人会议Witan was the council or meeting of the wisemen.It was created by the Anglo-Saxons to advise the king .It's the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.6. Domesday BookWilliam sent officials to compile a property record known as Domesday Book, which completed in 1086. It was the result of a general survey of England made in 1085. It stated the extent, value, the population, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land.7. the Great CharterThe Great Charter has been also known as Magna Carta which king John was forced to sign in 1215. It has 63 clauses. Though it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberties, a guarantee of the freedom of the church, its spirit was the limitation of the king’s powers.8. .The Black DeathIt was a modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread by rat fleas. It spread through Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England without warning and any cure. It killed between half and one-third of the population of England. It caused far-reaching economic consequences.9. the Hundred Years’ WarIt referred to the intermittent war between France and England that last from 1337 to 1453. The causes were partly territorial and partly economic. When Edward III claimed the French Crown but the French refused to recognize, the war broke out. At first the English were successful, but in the end, they were defeated and lost almost all their possessions in France. The expelling of the English was a blessing for both countries.10. The Wars of RosesThey referred to the battles between the House of Lancaster and the House of York between 1455 and 1485. The former wassymbolized by the red rose, and the latter by the white one. After the wars, feudalism received its death blow and the king’s power became supreme.11. The Glorious Revolution光荣革命,William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution.12. the Bill of RightsIn 1689, William and Mary accepted the Bill of Rights to be crowned jointly. The bill excluded any Roman Catholic from the succession, confirmed the principle of parliamentary supremacy and guaranteed free speech within both the two Houses.13.Blood Mary血腥玛丽Henry VIII’s daughter and a devout Catholic. When she became Queen, she persecuted and burnt many Protestants. So she was given the nickname “Bloody Mary”. Mary is also remembered as the monarch who lost the French port of Calais.14. Whigs and ToriesIt referred to the two party names which originated with the Glorious Revolution of 1688. The Whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Noncomformists. The T ories were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Whigs formed a coalition with dissident Tories and became the Liberal Party. The T ories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.15. ThatcherismMrs Thatcher firmly believed in self-reliance and what has come to be known as privatization. Her policies are popularlyreferred to as Thatcherism. It included the return to private owner-ship ofstate-owned industries, the use of monetarist policies to control inflation, the weakening of trade forces unions, the strengthening of the role of market forces in the economy, and an emphasis on law and order. 撒切尔主义包括国有工业私有化，用货币政策控制通货膨胀，削弱工会，加强市场力量在经济中的作用，强调法律与秩序16. the Reform Act of 1832It’s also known as the Greater Charter of 1832,it was passed by Parliament in1832 .According to the Act, rotten boroughs were abolished, and parliamentary seats were redistributed more fairly among the growing towns. It also gave the vote to many householders and tenants, based on the value of their property.17. Constitutional monarchy君主立宪制08年考A constitutional monarchy is a country in which the head of the state is a king or a queen .In practice ,the Sovereign reigns ,but does not rule18. the British ConstitutionThere is no written constitution in the United Kingdom. The British Consti t ution is not set out in any single document, but made up of statute law, common law and conventions.19. the House of Commons 10年考The House of Commons is a part of Parliament ,a nd it’s members are elected by universal adult suffrage. It consists of 651members of Parliament. It has the ultimate authority in making laws.20 . The speaker 09年考The speaker of the House of Commons in Britain is electedat the beginning of each new Parliament to preside over the House and enforce the rules of order,and he is acceptable to all shades of opinion in the House of Commons.21. The Privy CouncilFormerly the chief source of executive pow er. It gave the Sovereign private (“privy”) advice on the government of the country. Today its role is mainly formal, advising the Sovereign to approve certain government decrees and issuing royal proclamation. Its membership is about 400.22. The NHSThe National Health Service was established in the UK in 1948 .This Service provides for every residenta full range of medical services. It is now a largely free service.23. Christmas DayDecember 25th ,the greatest of Christian festivals to celebrate the birth of Christ. It’s also a time for the family to get together .24.Bank holiday 07，11年考Official public holiday are also called “bank holidays” The term “bank owes its name to the fact that banks are closed on the days specified”25. Comprehensive schoolsComprehensives schools take pupils without reference to ability or aptitude and provide a wide-ranging secondary education for all or most of the children in a district.26. The Open University 09年考It refers to a non-residential university which is “ open” to all to become students. Founding in 1969, it offers degrees and other courses for adult students of all ages in Britain and the other member countries of the European Union.27. The House of LordsThe House of lLords is a part of parliam ent. It is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal. It has a special judicial function and leader is the Lord Chancellor.28. BeatlesIn the early 1960s, four Liverpool boys who joined together in a group called themselves the Beatles. They represented a new pop culture who writes their own music. The Beatles won the affection and admiration of people of all ages and social backgrounds.29. English feudal system 10年考In this system ,the king owned all the land personally, who gave his barons large estates in England in return for a promise of military and a proportion of the land’s produce30. the welfare stateThe welfare state id a system of government by which the state provides the economic and social security of its citizens through its organization of health services, pensions and other facilities .This system if founded out of nation insurance contribution and taxation.。
君主立宪制讲解英文PPT课件
Monarchy
目录
• Overview of Constitutional Monarchy • The operational mechanism of conceptual
Monarchy • The advantages and disadvantages of
Parliamentary system
Legislature
The paragraph is the law making body in the country, consistent of selected representatives who are responsible for passing laws and approving budgets
The Origin and Development of Constitutional
Monarchy
01
02
03
Development
The British model: The development of Constitutional Monarchy in the United Kingdom in the 19th century provided a model for other countries to follow
The monarch acts as a symbol of national unity, providing a sense of stability and continuity to the country
03
Minimum Government The mIonntthelyruasacgteihoasna
英语国家社会与文化 翻译 第三单元
Text英国可以说是世界上最古老的代表的民主国家，可以在1000年追查根源。
其他国家也有长期的政治历史，但这些历史是由突发期显着，而经常是暴力，改变。
虽然英国也拥有了政治不稳定的时期相比，说，法国，美国，还是中国的国家建设进程一直是一个进化，而不是革命。
这种长期，不间断的历史仍然十分明显，在英国目前的政治体制和政治文化。
The Monarchy政府机构，是最古老的君主（由国王规则）。
这可以追溯到撒克逊人谁的，直到1066年诺曼征服公元5世纪的统治。
本女王伊丽莎白二世，是国王的直系后裔埃格伯特，谁团结在他的829统治英格兰。
君主的权力，主要是来自国王的“神权古代学说”。
有人认为，主权来自他从上帝的权威，不能从他的臣民。
由于这种神圣的权利，尽管有不同的家庭之间，有时谁坚持战斗，他们以合法的王位继承人，君主制的实际存在，很少受到质疑。
对于1000年英国有世袭的国王或女王作为国家元首，但有一个短暂的例外。
在17世纪有一个在英格兰与共和党的“圆颅内战”（即所谓的，因为男人不顾流行时尚和头顶的头发很短）由奥利弗克伦威尔，谁想要废除君主制，并要求领导保皇党谁它继续。
在罢黜国王查理一世在1642年，成功地圆颅党和公正十八年前的君主统治恢复。
虽然在理论上国王对他的球队的上帝在实践中，即使在中世纪，人们认为他不应该行使绝对的权力。
相反，主权应该愿意接受著名男性的意见。
国王是否愿意做领导之间的国王和教会一样强大，拥有土地的封建贵族，其他强大的集团的许多战役。
这是一个封建贵族和教会的反对约翰王（1199年至1216年的一些帮派）的政策。
这种反对如此强烈，国王最终给予了他们的自由和政治权利宪章，但其中世纪的大宪章拉丁名称命名。
大宪章放在国王的能力，他的皇室权力滥用的一些限制。
这仍然被视为英国的官方对公民权利的重要体现。
The Parliament这个词的“议会”的动词“来到往下谈”，即，讨论或交谈。
这个词是第一次使用在1236年正式描述封建贵族和县和偶尔的国王召见城镇代表聚会，如果他想筹集资金。
why Constitutional monarchy was established in UK
The reasons of British constitutional monarchy 君主立宪制出现的原因
Political traditions
In 1295, Edward II formally established Parliament the contradiction between capitalist economy and absolute monarchy In 1295, Edward II formally established Parliament,which marked the beginning and development of the restrictions on crown's power. Parliament was reserved during the process of British development. Parliament's power has steadily increased while the Crown's has steadily declined,breaking the balanced relationship.It founded the base for The British bourgeois revolution.
the limit of royal power
In 1215,King John was forced to sign the Magna Carta.The Magna Carta aim to limit royal power. In British history,monarchy had been advancing while being constrained,both the king and nobility have certain rights and obligations to maintain a balanced relationship. it was the most significant early influence on the extensive historical process that led to the rule of 6 constitutional law.
英语国家概况海量练习题[1]
![英语国家概况海量练习题[1]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/7ffebc3b0b4c2e3f572763eb.png)
1 How many members are there in the House of Commons? A 650 B 524 C 72 D 651
2 Which of the following people didn’t use to be the British Prime Minister? A Margaret Thatcher B Winston Churchill C Horatio Nelson D John Major
9 The first steam engine was devised by Thomas Newcomer at the end of the 17th century, and the Scottish inventor ____ modified and improved the design in 1765. A Abraham Darby B James Watt C John Kay D Richard Arkwrightthe
5 Females were allowed to vote in national elections until ____. A 1918 B 1916 C 1920 D 1896
6 The British North America Act of 1867 established ____ as a domain. A. Australia B. Canada C. New Zealand D. India 7 During World War II, as a war leader, _____ received massive popular support and led his country to final victory in 1945. A. Harold Wilson B. Edward Heath C. Franklin Roosevelt D. Winston Churchill
英语国家概况部分名词解释
英语国家概况三．简答题1.Standard EnglishStandard English is based on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England, adopted as a broadcasting standard in the British media. It is used as much in printed materials, and is normally taught in schools and to non-native speakers learning the language. It is also called Queen’s English or BBC English. It has developed and has been promoted as a model for the correct British English. Standard English also refers to the norm carried overseas for non-native speakers learning English.2.Constitutional monarchyThe British monarchy is known as constitutional monarchy. It means the monarchy's powers are limited by law and Par. The monarchy actually has no real power. Constitutional monarchy began after the Glorious Revolution in 1688.3.House of commonsIn Britain the upper Chamber is the House of Lords, and the lower the house of Commons. The House of Commons is elected by universal adult suffrage and consists of 651 Members of Parliament (MPs). It is in the House of Commons that the ultimate authority. It has three functions: to draft laws, to scrutinize, criticize and restrain the activities of the government , and to influence future government policy.monwealth of nationsThe Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of independent sovereign states, all of which acknowledge the British monarch as the head. The commonwealth is not a political union of any sort, and its member states have full autonomy to manage their internal and external affairs. It is primarily an organization in which countries with diverse economic backgrounds have an opportunity for close and equal interaction after gaining independence. The major activities of Commonwealth are designed to advocate democracy, human rights, and to promote economic cooperation and growth within its members.5.Industrial Revolution in BritainThe Industrial Revolution in Britain took in Britain for lots of reasons. By the middle of the 19th century, the Industrial Revolution was accomplished in Britain. It changed Britain in many ways. Britain became the most advanced industrial country and also the financial center in the world. The country also underwent a process of mass urbanization. Many new cities sprang up. The Industrial Revolution also created changes in the class structure. The capitalist class replaced the old nobility as the mose important force in the country.prehensive schoolsBritish comprehensive schools provide a general education, offering both academic subjects like cooking and carpentry.7. BBCThe BBC(the British Broadcasting Corporation) and its programs BBC is the largest and dominant broadcasting corporation in Britain. BBC World Service broadcasts international news worldwide in 38 other languages. The BBC is state-run（国营）and it is financed from the sales of television licences. BBC Network Radio serves an audience of 30 million a week in Britain, broadcasting around 38,000 hours of programmers each year on its 5 networks.8. Shakespeare/Charles dickensWilliam Shakespeare is recognized in much of the world as the greatest of all dramatists. There are many reasons why Shakespeare is so famous. The basic one lies in his great understanding of human nature and his ability to find universal human qualities and to put them in dramatic situations.The Critical Realism of the 19th century flourished in the 1840s and the early 1850s. the critical realists described the chief traits of the society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint. The greatest English realist was Charles dickens9. Anglo-Irish agreementAn agreement made in 1985 between the governments of the UK and the Republic of Ireland, which gave the Irish the right to take part in discussions about the future of Northern Ireland10. Quebec ActThe Quebec Act was passed in 1774 by the British Parliament. It granted the people of Quebec linguistic and religious freedom and guaranteed the use of French civil law and British criminal law. It was the fist important in coping with differences between the France and British people and uniting them into one country.四．论述题1. Higher education in BritainStudents spend three years studying full-time for the first degree, Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science. Then if they want to obtain a Master’s Degree in Arts or Master’s Degree in science, they will need another one-year of full-time or two years of part-time study. To obtain a doctoral degree requires from three to five years of additional study and research.2. The service industry in BritainLondon is one of the three principal financial centers of the world. Tourism is on of the largest industries in Britain.3. Multilingualism and multiculturalism in CanadaCanadians are composed of many different races and ethnic groups; they speak different languages at home apart from English and French. While participating as equal partners in the Canadian society, they keep their own cultural heritage, constituting a “cultural mosaic”. In 1971, Canada became the fist country to implement a multilingualism policy to admit pluralism as a fact of Canadian life. In 1988, the Canadian Multilingualism Act was passed. With globalization and increasing immigration, multilingualism and multiculturalism will remain a special feature of the Canadian society4. Ireland economy developmentThe high-tech industries of the 1980s, such as software and biological engineering, gave further impetus to the development of the national economy. As a result, Ireland’s economy finished its transition from an agriculture-based economy to a knowledge-based one.。
整理英语国家概况期末考试题型及复习要点
英语国家概况期末考试题型及复习要点I.Fill in the blanks. (20 points，1 point for each）II.Multiple choice questions. （20 points, 1 point for each）III.True or False. （10 points, 1 point for each)IV.Explain the following terms: (25 points，5 points for each)V.Answer the questions. （25 points，5 points for each)填空、选择和判断正误部分：关注所学英美国家内容中的重点史实和重要知识要点。
名词解释部分：1.British CommonwealthAlso known as the Commonwealth of Nations.a)It is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain。
b)It was established in 1931, replacing the former British Empire。
c)Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements.d)Today there are about 50 member countries within the Commonwealth2. Lake PoetsThe Lake Poets are a group of English poets who all lived in the Lake District of England and were inspired by it to create romantic works at the turn of the 19th century. The three poets of the Lakes School were William Wordsworth，Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Robert Southey。
英国政治体制君主立宪制英文介绍
position : About 1,100 hereditary and life peers
2.The speaker : Appionted by the sovereign on advice of Prime Minister
3.The qualification:
1.The Lords Spiritual (神职贵族)
就只好站在议事厅的入口处，继续 参与会议。
Frontbencher Backbencher scepter
第十二页，共23页。
4.British Government
Prime Minister Ministers (Heads of all important departments) Treasury 财政部 Ministry of Defense 国防
毕业院校：? 伊顿公学、牛津大学 国籍： 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国 (the United Kingdom)
职业： 英国首相 信仰:英国国教 (Anglicanism)( The Church of England understands itself to be
both Catholic and Reformed).
1.Wins the majority of seats in the House of Commons
2.Head of the government 3. Leader of his party
4.He has the right to select his cabinet, hand out departmental positions, decide the agenda(议事日程) for cabinet meetings which he also chairs.
Constitutional monarchy
Why the Constitutional Monarchy can be preserved inBritain?Everybody knows that the United Kingdom still keeps an old-fashioned government established on the basis of constitutional monarchy. But why the constitutional monarchy can be preserved in Britain?What is constitutional monarchy?Constitutional monarchy is a form of government in which a king or queen acts as Head of State. In practice, the Sovereign reigns, but does not rule; the country is governed, in the name of the Sovereign, but by His o r Her Majesty’s Government—a body of ministers who are the leading members of whichever political party the electorate has voted into office, and who are responsible to Parliament. However, the Sovereign retains an important political role as Head of State, formally appointing prime ministers, approving certain legislation and bestowing honours.The Sovereign governs according to the constitution .Part of the British Constitution are written and some are not. The Constitution is made up of three main parts: Statutory Law (the most important), Common Law (deduced from custom or legal precedents), and Conventions (rules and practices which do not exist legally).The History and background of the constitutional monarchyThe origins of constitutional monarchy in Britain go back a long way. Until the end of the seventeenth century, British monarchs were an executive monarch, which means that they had the right to make and pass legislation.With the signing of the Magna Carta in 1215, for example, the leading noblemen of England succeeded in forcing King John to accept that they and other freemen had rights against the Crown. The Magna Carta is regarded as the foundation of the British constitutionalism.In the seventeenth century, the Stuart kings propagated the theory of the divine right of kings, claiming that the Sovereign was subject only to God and not to the law.Widespread unrest against their rule led to civil war in the second half of the seventeenth century. In 1688-1689, Britain had the Glorious Revolution and Parliamentarians drew up a Bill of Rights, which established basic tenets and limited the power of the monarch .And in 1701, they drew up the Act of Settlement. TheGlorious Revolution was complete, in which Parliament succeeded in establishing a system known as constitutional monarchy.The constitutional monarchy we know today developed in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, as day-to-day power came to be exercised by Ministers in Cabinet, and by Parliaments elected by a steadily-widening electorate.Nowadays the monarchy in Britain is politically neutral and by convention the role is largely ceremonial. No person may accept significant public office without swearing an oath of allegiance to the Queen.The importance of the constitutional monarchy in modern society Although there are many criticisms of the Monarchy for the monarch’s expensive cost or something else, many people still agree that the monarchy should be exist.There are some arguments to prove the importance of the constitutional monarchy.The first point is that the monarchy sets standards of citizenship, family life and general morality. The Royal family and the Queen can get more concern and respect than prime minister, when they are involved in the activities and other organizations, because of their special privileged.The second thing is that it is used as a symbol of the unity of the national community, continuity and tradition. The queen stays clearly at the focus of the national pride or national expression, because she is always neutral. On the other hand, in every year, there are many traditional ceremonies to attend for the monarchy, without the attendance of monarchy, these traditions may be lost.The next is that the monarchy is used to represent the continuity and adaptability of the whole policy system. The Queen has the formal power to warn the government and can have some effect on Parliament, for the Sovereign has three rights: "the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, the right to warn".The fourth point is that the existence of monarchy is good for tourism and the domestic media and entertainment industries. It can bring nice benefit to the British economic. With the reports and discussion of the monarchy, the media can have a considerable income, such as with the Prin ce William’s marriage. In addition, many tourists come to Britain and must go to watch the monarch’s life.The final point is that the Queen’s long knowledge and experience is inva luable to prime ministers. For more than 50 years, the Queen Elizabeth II has held similar meetings with many prime minister.ConclusionWith the above reasons, we can see that the constitutional monarchy is very important, British people also have many benefits from it. In my opinion, although the monarchy has some deficiencies, since it has been a part of British people’s life, the constitutional monarchy will always exist until the next century, it is almost impossible to abolish the Monarchy.。
英国君主立宪制--British Constitutional Monarchy
政党制度的演变
Whigs
the liberal party the labour party
Article6
except for the parliament 's permission,any other activities Military power of enlistment or maintaining a standing army, all belong to illegal.
Establishment of democracy 建立民主
《 Bill of right 》《权利法案》
The expansion of the right to be voted as the parliament representative
Complement of democracy 完善民主
election
The parliament （ legislative power ）
The upper House
（ judicial power ）
people
11
Complement of democracy 完善民主
01
The expansion of the right to be voted as the parliament representative议会选举权的扩大 The evolution of party system 政党制度的演变 The formation of responsibility cabinet system 责任内阁制的形成
Constitutional Monarchy君主立宪制
The Oliver Cromwell
Roundheads led by Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) Cromwell’s New Model Army defeated forces of Charles I, who was put on trial and executed in 1649 Cromwell created the English Commonwealth but soon disbanded Parliament and ruled England as a dictator
The Stuart Restoration
After the death of Oliver Cromwell, Parliament recalled the Stuart dynasty Charles II (1660-1685) James II (1685-1688) was a Roman Catholic but had 2 Protestant daughters:
Bourgeois revolution
The English Civil War The Commonwealth The Stuart Restoration The Glorious Revolution
Social background of
• Time：in the 17th century
Charlie I (Charles Ⅰ, November 19, 1600 - January 30, 1649), England, Scotland and the king of Ireland, the only one in history was publicly executed king. • Charlie I was the second son of James I and princess Anne of Denmark , was thin, and his father is from Scotland Presbyterian teacher, proficient in Latin and Greek. His brother died at the age of 18, he became the prince Welsh. He was fascinated by the Spanish princess, but at that time the British had converted to Anglicanism (Protestant), and the thirty years war in Europe support among Protestant Party (including Charlie's sister, brother-in-law PFALZ ( King Frederick V and Queen), and Catholic Spain (Catholicism)shoul d the enemy.
Britain Constitution Monarchy
British Constitutional Monarchy2007级英语7班张兰（第4组Unit3 Q1）学号：200703101732 Britain is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy. United Kingdom is in the world the earliest establishing the constitutional monarchy country, British constitutional monarchy is that the United Kingdom "Glorious Revolution" queen builds.In Britain, the oldest institution of government is the Monarchy (rule by the king) which can dates back to the Saxons. The United Kingdom bourgeois revolution happened. In the 17th century, Oliver Cromwell led the “Roundheads” to abolish the monarchy. But by 1660, Charles 2nd was restored to the throne. Then because of the conflict between the parliament and the monarchy, Glorious Revolution happened, leading politicians and church authorities asking James’son-in-law, William of Orange to replace James 2nd. In return, William promised these representatives that he would declare governing without parliamentary consent to be illegal. In 1689, Parliament passed the “Bill of Rights”, from legally, affirming "parliament sovereign right" principle, restricting Royal prerogative further. Without parliament, the king is unable to presumptuously agreement, approve a law, abolish a law or break off the law putting into effect; Regulation, the king must believe in Established Church.There are some characters in the Britain Constitutional Monarchy:1. The monarch is primarily to symbolize the traditional and unity of the British state. The Queen reigns but does not rule. And she is legally head of the executive and judiciary branches, an integral part of the legislature, the commander-in-chief of all armed forces and “supreme governor” of the Church of England2. Parliament becomes the country authority centre, which have right to pass laws, bills and acts of Parliament, to vote for taxation, to scrutinize, criticize and restrain the actions of the government and so on.3. The king must believe in Established Church (being that person succeeds to the throne not to be that Prod), catholic or same catholic get married.。
British-Government
LEGISLATURE
Parliament
(House of Lords) (House of Commons)
EXECUTIVE
Cabinet; Privy Council Civil Service
JUDICIARY
Headed by Lord Chancellor and
Presidential System: 总统制 The executive branch is to the legislative.
The Relation between the Nation and Its Components
Unitary State: 单一制国家
The local government is subordinate to the central government.
Law Lords
In 829, Egbert, the king of Wessex defeated other kingdoms and became the first king in England.
Divine Right of Kings
君权神授
The monarch personally exercised supreme legislative, executive, and judicial power over centuries in history.
House of Lords
➢All the members in the Upper House are appointed.
1. Lords Spiritual: 2 archbishops (神职议员) 24 senior bishops
consitutional monarchy 君主立宪制论文
AbstractConstitutional monarchy, also known as parliamentary monarchy, is a governmental form in which Parliament exercises the supreme power. However, the monarch, as head of state, is only a symbol of authority. Britain is a typical representative of this governmental form. In this paper, firstly it explains the concept of constitutional monarchy, and then comes the history and reasons of Britain constitutional monarchy, then gives brief introductions of constitutional monarchy that once existed or still exists in other countries, namely France, Japan and China. Finally it talks about the influence of constitutional monarchy. From the historical review of constitutional monarchy, it is helpful to develop a systemic and deeper understanding of constitutional monarchy.Key words: Constitutional monarchy, Parliament, Britain, Power, DevelopmentHistorical review of Constitutional MonarchyI IntroductionConstitutional Monarchy has had a history of more than 300 years. Firstly established in Britain, it has been continuously perfecting itself afterwards. In the governmental system, Parliament has a stronger power than Crown. As such a crucial political structure, how did it come into being? When did it start? What does it really mean？How does it work on the whole world? Here the paper will have specific illustrations.II Body1.The Concept of Constitutional MonarchyConstitutional monarchy is a form of government in which a monarch acts as head of state within the parameters of a written, unwritten or blended constitution. It differs from absolute monarchy in that an absolute monarch serves as the sole source of political power in the state and is not legally bound by any constitution.Most constitutional monarchies employ a parliamentary system in which the Monarch may have strictly Ceremonial duties or may have Reserve Powers, depending on the constitution, have a directly or indirectly elected prime minister who is the head of government and exercises effective political power.In the past, constitutional monarchs have co-existed with fascist and quasi-fascist constitutions and with military dictatorships. Contemporary constitutional monarchies include Australia, Canada, Japan, Norway, Spain, andUnited Kingdom and so on.2.The History of British Constitutional MonarchyBritain is the democratic cradle of western politics in modern world. As the earliest constitutional mode in the world, British parliamentary constitutional monarchy has great impact in the world. Therefore, it is indispensable to havea brief view of British constitutional monarchy. Here are two instrumentalevents in the history of British constitutional monarchy.2.1The Great Charter of LibertyThe Great Charter of Liberty was originally issued on June 15, 1215, which required king John of England to proclaim certain rights, respect certain legal procedures, and accept that his rights will be bound by the law.The Great Charter of Liberty had a significant influence on the historical process in some English speaking countries. It influenced the development of most famous documents, such as the United States Constitution.The Great Charter of Liberty was a document that firstly forced an English king in an attempt to limit his power as well as protect the barons’privileges. King Henry I was the first monarch who voluntarily stated that his power was under the law.2.2 Glorious RevolutionThe glorious revolution, which was also famous as the war of English succession bloodless revolution, was the overthrow of King James II of England. In 1688, a union of parliamentarians and the Dutch stadtholder William II led an army to invade England, and the throne was ascended as William III of England. After the revolution, modern British parliamentary democracy commenced, never since has the monarch held absolute power, and the Bill of Rights has become one of the most important document in the political history of Britain. Since 1689, government under a system of constitutional monarchy in England, and later the United Kingdom, has been uninterrupted. Since then, Parliament’s power has steadily increased while the Crown’s has steadily declined.3.The Reasons of British Constitutional MonarchyIn the long-time development of civilization, eventually England employed constitutional monarchy as its political system, which was totally suited to national conditions and promoted the economic development of British capitalism. Its constitutional mode of representative governmental system combined with the political culture and historical tradition of the country constitutes the parliamentary kaleidoscope of democratic politics of the world today. Through many historians and politicians’analysis, it has been figured out that political tradition and national psychology are two reasons of the system. .3.1Political traditionsIn British history, monarchy had been advancing while being constrained,that is to say, both the king and nobility have certain rights and obligations to maintain a balanced relationship. In 1925, Edward II formally established Parliament, which marked the beginning and development of the restrictions on crown’s power. This tradition was reserved during the process of British development. Parliament’s power has steadily increased while the Crown’s has steadily declined, breaking the balanced relationship now and then. Every time when it was recovered, Parliament’s power has a shade increased once more. Apparently it can be proved that British monarchy has a centuries-long evolutionary process, ultimately established after the British bourgeois revolution, rather than the product of bourgeois overnight.3.2 National psychologyThe English Nation is a stable and legalistic people. In the long course of historical development, they formed legal tradition and the idea of loyalty.Among different classes in Britain, they all held full respect to their majesty.They owed much to the king for the boost of social and economic development. In a sense, King was an idol of the whole nation for protecting people’s freedom and property. For example, Charles II was welcomed when he returned with a promise that “respecting P arliament”; on the contrary, feeling of relaxation filled the whole country after Cromwell’s death. The former one was under Parliament while the latter was not. That is why the English nation supports King.The establishment of parliamentary system is aiming to adapt to the capitalist socio-economic development and the need for political democratization, likewise the reservation of monarchy was determined by considering the British tradition and the objective reality. Therefore, constitutional monarchy was the best choice made by bourgeois and nobility under the historical conditions.4.Constitutional Monarchy in Other Nations4.1FranceIn French history, constitutional monarchy temporarily appeared in the July Dynasty. It was established by great bourgeois during the French July Revolution of 1830, which was the final and highest phase of the constitutional monarchy in France. The natural hostilities between great bourgeois and landed aristocracy determined the inexorable trend for the July dynasty to replace the Bourbon Court, while the French constitutional problems and the limits of French great bourgeois made the constitutional monarchy in an inevitable dilemma.4.2JapanIn the later half of 19th century, Japan was experiencing a renewal of itself.The famous Meiji Restoration was a chain of events that led to enormous changes in Japan’s social and political structure. Thereafter Japan became a country of constitutional monarchy. But the constitutional monarchy in Japan was not the same as in Britain. The tenno in Japan holds more power than thequeen in Britain.4.3ChinaIn China, constitutional monarchy has never existed. However, once there was a group of bourgeois trying to establish it, hence the One Hundred Days Restoration came up. Unfortunately it merely lasted one hundred days. When probing into the reason, feudalism was the instrumental point of the failure. It showed that China had no foundation of capitalism and constitutional monarchy. Though it failed, the ideology of constitutional monarchy did havea huge impact in China’s society at that time.5.The Influence of Constitutional MonarchyBritain, as the head of leading to develop capitalism, has suffered from a long and tortuous history in order to create the very political structure, which serves for the survival and development of capitalism. Eventually British chose the constitutional monarchy which has proved itself a propellant in British history. It cannot be denied that constitutional monarchy did work on the British development, and that it has a positive influence on the international society.However, some historians have been argued that British revolution has the deficiencies of conservativeness and concession. It made a concession to the feudalism with conserving the monarch. Admittedly, it is a question open to dispute. Nevertheless, when contemplating this question, it is better to take the historical conditions into consideration. Constitutional monarchy was the best possible form at that time, and later it has had a significant and far-reaching influence among most western countries. They were following the example of Britain which so far 13 countries of Northern and Western Europe in all are under constitutional monarchy.III ConclusionConstitutional monarchy is a pretty important political structure in the Europe. During its 300-year history of development, it has been generated an enormous impact in the political system of the European countries, expanding to the world. British constitutional monarchy, as the earliest constitutional mode in the world, plays the bellwether in exploring the road of representative governmental system. From the analysis above, it is more straightforward to havea deeper understanding of the constitutional monarchy.IV References[1]曹娟，英日两国君主立宪制的区别，理解教材，12[2]陈利金，近代英国君主立宪制的局限性，广西师范大学学报[J]，1990(8)，76-83[3]来安方，《英美概况》，郑州：河南人民出版社，2004.[4]李其荣，从英国君主立宪制的确立看英国资产阶级革命的保守性，80-81[5]刘杰，论英国宪政模式的世界影响，历史教学[J]，2006(2)，32-35[6]尚待贵，维新派君主立宪思想的反思，法治纵论[J]，249-262[7]沈尊华，英国确立君主立宪制原因初探，安徽教育学院学报[J]，1997(3)，27-28.[8]谢天冰，英国君主立宪制及其历史渊源，福建师范大学学报[J]，1989(2)，93-99[9]许金华，论法国七月王朝君主立宪制的建立，史学月刊[J],2001(4)，86-90[10]王宇博，君主立宪制：英国的历史选择，60-64[11]汪效驷，论君主立宪制在英国的建立及影响，淮北煤师院学报[J]，2001(5)，42-51[12]赵丽霞，漫谈英国君主立宪制的历史成因，休闲驿站[J]，37。
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Monarchy
God bless the queen, British commonwealth head of state, queen Elizabeth II of the United kingdom of great Britain and northern Ireland and her other territories. The queen has no executive power, just a symbolic, ceremonial activity, as the head of state of Britain and the Grenadines, Honours, speech. The other is to sign the bill passed by congress, even if the document is to kill her. At the same time, she is the founder of the Anglican church, although the queen has no real power, but as a symbol of the state and religious leader, the queen has an important role in the unity of the country and national unity. For example, during world war ii, when princess Elizabeth ii, in defiance of the danger after the London bombing, shocked the people at the scene, greatly inspiring the morale of the people.Monarchy来自英国国家大权掌握在谁手中？
无实权 国家元首 最高 决策者
现任英国首相卡梅伦 前英国首相布朗
Constitutional monarchy differs from absolute monarchy (in which a monarch holds absolute power), in that constitutional monarchs are bound to exercise their powers and authorities within the limits prescribed within an established legal framework.
Other Constitutional Monarchies
英王扮演的角色 • The head of the whole country • The symbol of national unity • The head of the Church of England
英国女王的头 衔全称是“天 佑大不列颠及 北爱尔兰联合 王国和她的其 他领土及领地 的女王、英联 邦元首、基督 教护教者伊丽 莎白二世”