group6 第三次英语

Group6I.Paraphrase the following sentences.1.Each man sees himself as unique, and so far as he is concerned, the hub of theuniverse, different from any other individual.(para.3)Each man concerned that he is the hub of the universe and different with others, he is unique.2.No two people will ever draw the same conclusions from the same experiences, buteach must interpret events and fit them into the mosaic of his own life’s pattern.Each holds to the structure of the mold into which the soul was cast at the time of its individualization.Human nature is ever true to itself, not to systems of faith or education. (paragraph 4)There will never be the same conclusion for the same experience from two people, but this will become the wealth of their life. Human nature is built at the time of it’s born.The faith or education systems couldn’t influence human nature, it is only due to itself.3.The outer man, too, was originally perfect, but man has so desecrated and abused itthat today it is far cry from the original model.(para.7)Due to the man desecrated and abused the outer man, it is far away from the originally perfect model.4.Man’s majesty and nobility are taken for granted, although his faults andweaknesses are constantly paraded before our eyes.(para.8)It is taken for granted that man’s majesty and nobility, despite his faults and weaknesses are performing before our eyes constantly.5.Man’s inherent goodness, moreover, is revealed by his countless acts of heroism,unselfishness and sacrifice.Through the heroic, unselfish and sacrificial acts reflect man’s inherent goodness.6.Human nature is ever true to itself, not to systems of faith or education. (Para. 4)The faith or education systems couldn’t influence human nature, it is only due to itself. II.Translate the following sentences.1.It is that indestructible matrix upon which the character is built, and whose shape itmust take and keep throughout life.(para.1)性格是建立在一种不可摧毁的基质之上的，它必须以这种机制的形态存在并且会伴随人的一生。

2.No two people will ever draw the same conclusions from the same experiences, buteach must interpret events and fit them into the mosaic of his own life’s pattern.(Para. 4)对于相同的经历任何两个人都不会有相同的结论，但每一人必须反思这件事并将它与自己的生活模式结合到一起。

3.Each holds to the structure of the mold into which the soul was cast at the time of itsindividualization. (Para. 4)一个人的性格和灵魂在个体形成的时候已经成立。

4.People know from experience that an individual who in one year displays knavishcharacteristics seldom in the next becomes any different. Nor does a thief become a trustworthy employee, or a miser a philanthropist. Nor does a man change andbecome a liar, coward or traitor at fifty or sixty; if he is one then, he has been one ever since his character was formed. (Para. 5)人们凭经验得知一个在某年中表现出无赖的性格很少会在下一年表现的不同。

一个小偷不可能成为一名值得信赖的员工，守财奴也不会变成慈善家。

一个人不会在五六十岁时变成一个骗子，懦夫或者是叛徒，如果他那时候是，说明他在性格形成时已经是了。

5.The spirit is perfect, but when it inhabits human structures, it participates in theimperfections of the latter; and during its association with matter takes on the mortal weaknesses, desires and limitations. (Para. 7)精神是完美的，但是当它占据人的身体结构后，它就会参与其中，表现出人的不完美。

当它与事态联系到一起时，就会表现普通人的弱点，欲望和局限。

6.The outer man, too, was originally perfect, but man has so desecrated and abused itthat today it is a far cry from the original model.外在的人原本也是完美的，但是由于人的亵渎和滥用，现在它已经与原来的样子大不相同。

III.What are “figures of speech”? How many “figures of speech” are there in English?Please find some examples to illustrate them and try to find some examples from the text “ON HUMAN NATURE”Theme rhetoric refers to situations based on proper selection of language and expression means to effectively express friendship .The purpose is to make the work more rhetoric vivid and fascinating .Rhetoric can help enrich our own expression in writing .1、SimileSimile is based on two things and phenomena with the same characteristics were compared ,it shows simile relationship between the tenor and the vehicle body .Simile used to represent words have like ,as ,as if ,as though and so on .Eg : Learning is like rowing upstream ;not to advance is to drop back .2、MetaphorMetaphor is a metaphor ,but it is not a metaphor word .It is based on some common features between the two things ,with a hint of things to other things in parables way .Eg : And yet ,while most of us are only too ready to apply to others the cold wind of criticism ,we are somehow reluctant to give our fellows the warm sunshine of praise .3、MetonymyMetaphor is not directly say have to say things ,and things associated with the name of another with it .Eg :Lend me your ears ,please .4、SynecdocheSynecdoche is use in stead of the whole section ,or the whole instead of part ,or special instead of general .Eg :He is the Newton of this century .5、SynesthesiaSynesthesia is a visual ,hearing ,touch and other sensory direct description of things .It is to communicate with a different feeling ,feeling shift caused by Lenovo to feel writing feeling .Eg :Taste the music of Mozart .6、PersonificationPersonification is the life giving inanimate things .Eg :The night gently lays her hand at our fevered heads .7、HyperboleExaggeration is an exaggeration to say express purpose to emphasize that it can strengthen the language potential ,increase the expression effect .Eg :Love you .You are the whole world to me ,and the moon and the starts .8、ParallelismParallelism is substantially the same as or similar to the structure of two or more ,which means relevant ,consistent clusters arranged in a phrase or sentence to form a whole .From the ON HUMAN NA TURE :1、Nor dose a thief become a trustworthy employee or a miser a philanthropist .Nor dose a manchange and become a liar coward or traitor at fifty or sixty ;if he is one then ,he has been one ever since his character was formed .(parallelism)2、Big criminals are first little criminals ,just as giant oaks are first little acorns .(simile)One plunges into the surf and rescues a swimmer from drowning ;another dashes into a burning house and carries a stranger or safety ;others snatch a child from the wheels of death ;many give their blood so that others may live .(parallelism)IV.Human nature can be changed. Give three points to support this thesis statement and for each point, give evidences to support. Try to make it a 5-paragraph essay.Human nature is the originate of character , temperament , morality . The human nature could be reflected in everything they do . Although the human nature relate with the human intrinsic quality , but I think it can be changed . The reasons are as follows .As the Mengzi said , Men at their birth are good in nature . But sometime the human nature would be changed cause by the family . I support everybody is goodness when they were child . But the child who live in a incompetents family , like violence families , divorce families . That will leave the shadow in the heart of child . The human nature would become inner distortion . They always become violence , cruel , and most robber , murderer from them .The human nature could be changed by the friends who you get along with . As the old going said , If you live with a lame person you will learn to limp . Almost person could be influenced by friends . If you have a goodness friends , your heart will also be goodness and gentleness .The environment also could change the human nature . A goodness and pure person who work or study in a fierce competition environment . The environment is full of tight , fame and wealth , intrigue , and jealous . Along stay at this environment long time . The people would also become calculating , more experienced and intrigued .Above all , as far as my concerned ,the human could be changed .Most reason like families , friends , and environment could change the human nature . Human nature is so fragile ,we should stay with goodness .V.Human nature can not be changed. Give three points to support this thesis statement and for each point, give evidences to support. Try to make it a 5-paragraph essay.As the proverb says, “a fox may grow gray, but never good”. So I am strongly convinced that human nature can not be changed.Firstly, human nature is associated with genetic and parents. Our nature are affected by parents since the childhood, it is hard to change. More important, human nature is related to genetic, the gene can not be changed, the same to human nature.Secondly, water is the essence of water, ice is also the essence of water. Although under different external factors, the forms of water has changed, the essence is of the same.Thirdly, in the complex environment, people hide their nature every day, so we only adjust our behavior but not our nature. So human nature is hided, can not be changed.In my opinion, human nature can not be changed.VI.What are organizational patterns? How many kinds of organizational patterns?Please find examples to illustrate them and try to find some examples from the text “ON HUMAN NATURE”.Chronological PatternsA chronological pattern of organization arranges information according to a progression of time, either forward or backward. When a topic is best understood in terms of different segments of time, a chronological format works well. For example, topics of an historical nature are best organized using this pattern.Chronological Pattern ExampleI. 1895 - 1920Significant Event # 1Significant Event # 2II. 1920 - 1945Significant Event # 1Significant Event # 2III. 1945 - 1970Significant Event # 1Significant Event # 2IV. 1970 - 1995Significant Event # 1Significant Event # 2Sequential PatternsA sequential pattern of organization is similar to a chronological pattern, but arranges information according to a step-by-step sequence that describes a particular process. Using a sequential pattern, each main section of information represents a main step that one would follow in the actual process. The points included within each main section represent the sub-steps one would follow. When one wishes to describe a process that follows a specific series of steps in a particular order, then, a sequential pattern works well.Sequential Pattern ExampleI. Step One: Harvest the grapes1.Harvesting procedure number one2.Harvesting procedure number twoII. Step Two: Prepare the grapes1.Preparation procedure number one2.Preparation procedure number twoIII. Step Three: Ferment the grapes1.Fermenting procedure number one2.Fermenting procedure number twoIV. Step Four: Press the grapes1.Pressing procedure number one2.Pressing procedure number twoV. Step Five: Age the wine1. Aging procedure number one2. Aging procedure number twoSpatial PatternsA spatial pattern of organization arranges information according to how things fit together in physical space; i.e., where one thing exists in relation to another. This pattern works well when a writer wishes to create a mental picture of something which has various parts distinguished by physical location. Topics involving geography, for example, are often best organized using a spatial pattern.Spatial Pattern ExampleI. Downtown Waterfront1. Aquarium2. Pike Place MarketII. Seattle Center1. Space Needle2. Pacific Science CenterIII. University District1. University of Washington campus2. The "Ave" (shops on University Avenue)Compare-Contrast PatternsA compare and contrast pattern arranges information according to how two or more things are similar to or different from one another (or both). This is an effective pattern to use when the reader can better understand one subject when it is described in relation to another. If the reader is familiar with one topic, the writer can compare or contrast it with another topic to shed insight on it.Compare and Contrast Pattern Example OneI. Cost of Tuition1. Two-year2. Four-yearII. Quality of Education1. Two-year2. Four-yearIII. Educational Programs1. Two-year2. Four-yearCompare and Contrast Pattern Example TwoI. Points of Comparison1. Educational Programs2. Cost of TuitionII. Points of Contrast1. Quality of Education2. Type of DegreeAdvantages-Disadvantages PatternsThis pattern organizes information about a topic by dividing it up into its "good" and "bad" parts, or pro's and con's. It is effective to use when a writer wishes to objectively discuss both sides of an issue without taking a persuasive stance. This allows the reader to weigh both sides of an issue. As with the compare-contrast pattern, there are a number of possible variations to an advantages-disadvantages pattern. The simplest form of this pattern is shown below.Advantages and Disadvantages ExampleI. Advantages1. Cost2. AccessibilityII. Disadvantages1. Number of educational programs2. Quality of instructionCause-Effect PatternsThis pattern is used to show the different causes and effects of various conditions. This pattern is particularly effective when writing a persuasive document in which the writer advocates some action to solve a problem, because it demonstrates important relationships between variables. There are two major variations to this pattern; (a) dividing the outline into two major sections comprised of causes and effects; or (b) dividing the outline according to the different causes, with the effects of each cause contained within the larger "causes" section. See the examples below.Cause and Effect Pattern Example OneI. Causes of Conflict Escalation1. Expanding the issues2. Personal attacksII. Effects of these causes1. Lose focus on original issue2. Cycle of defensive responses3. Win-Lose orientation4. Negative emotionsCause and Effect Pattern Example TwoI. Cause: Expanding the issues1. Effect: Lose focus on original issues2. Effect: Cycle of defensive responsesII. Cause: Personal attacks1. Effect: Negative emotions2. Effect: Win-Lose orientationProblem-Solution PatternsA problem-solution pattern divides information into two main sections, one that describes a problem and one that describes a solution. This pattern is typically used in persuasive writing, where the writer's general purpose is to convince the reader to support a certain course of action. The pattern is designed to compel the reader to make some kind of change in opinion or behavior by establishing that a problem exists, then providing a solution. In the problem section,the writer identifies different aspects of the problem being discussed and offers evidence of these problems. In the solution section, the writer identifies a potential solution and supports the effectiveness of this solution over others.Problem-Solution ExampleI. Problem: Motorized Transportation1. Increasing traffic congestion2. Increasing pollution3. Increasing "road rage" from traffic-related stressII. Solution: Riding Bicycles1. Bike riding reduces the number of motorized vehicles in use2. Bike riding is not a source of pollution3. Bike riding has physical and psychological health benefitsTopical PatternsThis pattern is the most commonly used format, and will typically work when the other patterns do not. A topical pattern arranges information according to different sub-topics within a larger topic, or the "types" of things that fall within a larger category. Using this pattern, each "type" represents a main section of information.Topical Pattern Example OneI. Red WinesA. European1. Bordeaux2. Burgundy3. ChiantiB. Californian1. Cabernet Sauvignon2. Pinot Noir3. ZinfandelII. White WinesA. European1. Bordeaux2. Burgundy3. MoselB. Californian1. Sauvignon Blanc2. Chardonnay3. RieslingTopical Pattern Example TwoI. European WinesRed1.___2.___3.___White1.___2.___3.___II. Californian WinesRed1.___2.___3.___White1.___2.___3.____Some examples from the text “ON HUMAN NATURE”:Chronological Pattern ExampleThe basic nature of human beings dose not and cannot change.It is only the surface that is capable of alteration,improvement and refinement.1.the people who walked this earth in antiquity2.the men and women of todayCompare and Contrast Pattern ExampleSpirit and the personality and the physical body1.Originally2.nowSpatial Pattern ExampleThe spirit remains untouched and undefiled by evil. Only the personality and physical body becomes imperfect, due to ignorance,wrong thinking and violation of the law of being.1.the inner man2.Outer manVII.Try to find out the main idea of each paragraph and analyze the structure of the essay.1.Definition of human nature.2.The basic nature beings does not and cannot change.3.Moreover no one wishes his nature to change.4.Every man unfolds a distinct character over which circumstances and education have only the most limited control.5.The constancy of human nature is proverbial,as no one believe that a man can fundamentally change his nature.6.Man isn’t prefect but we can be studied controlled and directed.7.Man is perfect as a seed is perfect, germinally,but today it is a far cry from the original model.8.Man’s majesty and nobility are taken for granted.9.Man’s inherent goodness,moreover,is revealed by his countless acts of heroism,unselfishnessand sacrifice.10.Human nature does not and cannot change but unfolds its inherent pattern,we can only endeavor to understand man as he is.Part1:1,Define of human nature.Part2:2-5,The basic nature is proverbial,it cannot be changed and no one wishes his nature to change.Part3:6-9,The characteristic of human nature.Part4:10,Summary.。