Week 1 An Introduction to American Literature
高中英语大单元教学课件
高中英语大单元教学课件全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1High School English Major Teaching CoursewareUnit Title: The American DreamObjectives:1. Understand the concept of the American Dream and its significance in American culture.2. Analyze how different characters in American literature pursue their dreams.3. Explore the obstacles and challenges that individuals face in achieving their dreams.4. Reflect on the similarities and differences between the American Dream and personal goals.Lesson 1: Introduction to the American Dream- Definition of the American Dream- Historical background and evolution of the American Dream- Key elements of the American Dream: freedom, equality, opportunity- Representative texts and works relating to the American DreamLesson 2: The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald- Summary of the plot and major themes- Analysis of Jay Gatsby’s pursuit of the American Dream- Discussion on the corruption and disillusionment in the pursuit of wealth and success- Comparison between Gatsby’s dream and the reality of the American societyLesson 3: Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck- Overview of the story and main characters- Examination of George an d Lennie’s dreams and aspirations- Exploration of the themes of friendship, loneliness, and dreams in the American Dream context- Analysis of the challenges faced by the characters in achieving their dreamsLesson 4: A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry- Summary of the play and its significance in African American literature- Discussion on the Younger family’s dreams and aspirations- Examination of the role of race and societal expectations in shaping individual dreams- Comparison between the American Dream and the African American experienceLesson 5: Conclusion and Reflection- Recap of key points and themes discussed in the unit- Personal reflections on the concept of the American Dream and its relev ance in today’s society- Connection between the American Dream and individual aspirations and goals- Discussion on the ways in which students can pursue their dreams while staying true to their values and beliefsAssessment:- Class discussions and debates on the American Dream and its representations in literature- Written reflections and essays on the themes and characters in the texts studied- Creative projects and presentations exploring the concept of the American Dream in modern settingsOverall, this unit on the American Dream aims to deepen students’ understanding of the cultural and social significance of the concept, while encouraging them to reflect on their own dreams and aspirations in relation to the broader American society. By engaging with a variety of texts and perspectives, students will develop critical thinking skills and empathy towards the struggles and triumphs of individuals in pursuit of their dreams.篇2High School English Large Unit Teaching CoursewareI. Unit Overview- Unit Title: American Literature- Grade Level: 10th grade- Duration: 6 weeks- Objectives:1. Introduce students to key works of American literature2. Develop students' critical thinking and analytical skills3. Enhance students' understanding of literary devices and techniques4. Improve students' reading and writing skillsII. Unit StructureWeek 1: Introduction to American Literature- Overview of the unit- Discussion of the historical context of American literature- Introduction to major literary movements and authorsWeek 2-3: The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald- Reading and analysis of the novel- Exploration of themes such as the American Dream, wealth, and class- Close reading of key passages- Discussion of symbolism and character developmentWeek 4-5: To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee- Reading and analysis of the novel- Examination of themes such as racism, justice, and morality- Analysis of character development and narrative techniques- Discussion of the novel's impact and relevance todayWeek 6: Evaluation and Assessment- Cumulative assessment of students' understanding of the unit- Reflective writing on key themes and concepts- Discussion of the significance of American literature in today's societyIII. Teaching Strategies- Lecture presentations with engaging visuals and multimedia- Small group discussions and collaborative activities- Socratic seminars for in-depth analysis and critical thinking- Writing assignments to develop students' analytical and argumentative skills- Peer feedback and revision process for writing assignmentsIV. Assessment- Quizzes and tests on reading comprehension and analysis- Essay assignments on key themes and literary techniques- Participation in class discussions and group activities- Final exam on the unit's major works and conceptsV. Resources- Textbooks: The Great Gatsby, To Kill a Mockingbird- Supplementary readings: critical essays, poems, short stories- Online resources: literary analysis websites, educational videos- Classroom materials: handouts, worksheets, visual aidsVI. ConclusionThe American Literature unit offers students a broad introduction to key works and themes in American literature. By engaging with diverse texts and developing their analytical skills, students will gain a deeper understanding of the cultural and historical significance of American literature. Through criticalreading, writing, and discussion, students will be able to apply literary concepts to their own lives and perspectives, fostering a lifelong appreciation for literature and the arts.篇3High School English Major Unit Teaching PowerPointI. Introduction- Definition of Major Unit in English Teaching- Importance of Major Unit Teaching- Overall Goals and ObjectivesII. Unit Overview- Introduction to the Unit- Scope and Sequence- Key Concepts and Themes- Essential Questions- Vocabulary and Grammar FocusIII. Lesson PlansA. Introduction to the Unit- Setting the Stage- Pre-Assessment Activities- Objective and AgendaB. Lesson 1: Reading and Comprehension - Reading Strategies- Comprehension Activities- Discussion Questions- Assessment TaskC. Lesson 2: Writing Skills- Writing Prompts- Peer Editing- Vocabulary Development- Grammar ExercisesD. Lesson 3: Speaking and Listening- Speaking Activities- Listening Comprehension Tasks- Role-Playing Scenarios- Assessment CriteriaE. Lesson 4: Project-Based Learning- Collaborative Projects- Research and Presentation Skills- Reflection and EvaluationIV. Assessment and Evaluation- Formative and Summative Assessment- Rubrics and Grading Criteria- Student Feedback and Self-ReflectionV. Differentiation and Support- Accommodations for Diverse Learners- Scaffolding Techniques- Learning Centers and Enrichment Activities VI. Resources and Materials- Textbooks and Supplementary Materials - Online Resources- Classroom Technology IntegrationVII. Conclusion- Review of Unit Goals and Objectives- Student Achievements and Growth- Recommendations for Future UnitsOverall, the High School English Major Unit Teaching PowerPoint provides a comprehensive guide for educators to effectively plan and deliver engaging and interactive lessons for their students. By incorporating a variety of teaching strategies, assessment tools, and support systems, teachers can create a stimulating learning environment that caters to the diverse needs and abilities of their students.。
美国休闲英文全介绍
Baseball
The baseball pre-season now begins in February. The regular season begins at the beginning of April and ends in October.
An Introduction to British and American Culture
Valentine’s Day
Celebrated on February 14th Heart and Cupid, the symbols of Valentine’s Day Cupid, the son of Venus, the goddess of love will shoot his arrows into people’s hearts and the people who are shot will fall in love.
Holidays
Christmas Day
Celebrated on December 25 Santa Claus Reenacts the Christmas story Christmas hymns are sung. Christmas trees Turkey
An Introduction to British and American Culture
An Introduction to British and American Culture
Summary
British Mass Media Sports Holidays
American
Mass Media Sports Holidays
新标准大学英语(第二版)综合教程2 Unit1 AR1
More
Active reading 1: Embarkation
Social affairs
By the middle of the 1960s, it had become almost impossible for President Lyndon Johnson to leave the White House without facing 6) _p_r_o_t_e_s_te__rs_ against the war in Vietnam. In March of 1968, he announced that he would not run for another term.
3. What were the main topics of Bob Dylan’s songs? Social unrest.
4. What did “Do your own thing” mean? Do whatever you wanted, without feeling guilty.
跨文化交际(含教案)(高中英语选修课)
跨文化交际一、课程基本信息1、课程中、英文名称：跨化交文际、Cross-cultural Communication2、课程类别：专业专选课程3、课程学时：18学时4、学分：2分二、课程的目的与任务：跨文化交际作为一门学科涉及到文化和交际的各个层面，包括语言交际、非语言交际、人们之间的相互交往，以及不同文化之间的观念和信仰等。
该课程的目的在于通过不同文化差异的比较研究，分析跨文化交际案例，提高学生对文化差异的敏感性，提高不同文化语境中语言交际的能力，从而更好地适应不同文化环境。
使学生了解其他文化的社会文化习俗和价值观念；在语言学习的同时，更多关注相关国家的文化，特别是通过与本族文化的对比，提高跨文化交际能力，以适应社会发展和国际交流的需要,增加跨文化交际意识，并最终形成跨文化交际能力。
三、课程的重点和基本要求：（一）课程的重点本课程教学的重点是增强学生对跨文化交际中文化差异的敏感性，帮助学员解决在跨文化交际中因文化的差异而产生的种种问题。
通过典型实力分析，模拟交流联系，交际失误分析，英汉双向练习等多种形式，使学生认识语言，文化和交际三者之间的关系，加深对对象国文化的了解，掌握在处理跨文化交际中一些微妙问题时所需要的基本知识和技巧，提高跨文化交流的质量。
（二）．基本要求：1、了解跨文化交际研究的范围和目前发展的动向。
2、掌握跨文化交际研究的基本方法，并运用来解决一些实际问题。
3、奠定向该学科研究纵深发展的理论基础。
四、教学内容及要求本课程以语言学习为前提，强调在语言学习的过程中提高利用外语进行跨文化交际的能力，通过对交际与语言，语言与文化，文化与价值观的学习和讨论，提高跨文化交际意识；通过对文化现象的思考和讨论，反思语言学习过程，增加对文化差异的敏感性；通过课堂活动和案例学习，提高跨文化交际意识和能力，达到有效交流的目的。
1．通过学习，学生能够了解语言及非语言交际在跨文化交际中的重要作用及应用规则。
国际知名报刊
Week01 Introduction◆. American Key NewspapersThe New York Times《纽约时报》1851 The Washington Post《华盛顿邮报》1877 Los Angles Times《洛杉矶时报》1881 USA Today《今日美国报》1983 The Wall Street Journal《华尔街日报》1889 The Christian Science Monitor《基督教科学箴言报》1908 International Herald Tribune《国际先驱论坛报》1963 ◆. American Key PeriodicalsTime《时代》周刊1923 Newsweek 《新闻周刊》1933 U.S. News & World Report《美国新闻与世界报道》周刊1948 Reader‟s Digest《读者文摘》月刊1922 Fortune 《财富》月/ 1978:双周刊1930 /magazines/fortune/Business Week《商业周刊》1929 Far Eastern Economic Review 《远东经济评论》1946 /◆. British Key NewspapersQuality papersThe Times 《泰晤士报》1785 Financial Times 《金融时报》1888 /home/rwThe Guardian 《卫报》1821 /The Daily Telegraph 《每日电讯报》1855 Popular papersDaily Express 《每日快报》Daily Mail 《每日邮报》Daily Star 《每日明星报》Daily Mirror 《每日镜报》The Sun 《太阳报》Mid-market papers◆. British Key PeriodicalsThe Economist《经济学家》1843 The Spectator《旁观者》1828 New Statesman《新政治家》◆.News AgencyAP (Associated Press) 美联社1848 UPI (United Press International) 合众国际社1907 Reuters路透社PA ( Press Association) 报纸联合社法新社：AFP (Agence France Press)塔斯社：TASS - ITAR-TASS News Agency (The Information Telegraph Agency of Russia)◆.Contents and format5 SECTIONS:A: International, Editorial, Opposite Editorial ( Op-Ed)B: MetroC: Business TodayD: Sports MondayE: ArtsObituaries/ Milestones/ TransitionWeather Classified Ads Auto ExchangeUpdated news: ◆.Political tendencyWeek 02 News and JournaleseNews Journalese HeadlineFeatures of headline Headline & background information Newsworthy information:Prominence Government Weirdness Shocking truth Currency Impact Timeliness Proximity Conflict◆. Prominence:information has prominence if it involves a well-known person or organization.◆.Government◆.Weirdness: information has weirdness if it involves somethingunusual or strange.◆.Currency:information has currency if it is related to some general topic a lot of people are already talking about.◆Impact: information has impact if it affects a lot of people.◆Timeliness: information has timeliness if it happened recently."Recently" is defined by the publication cycle of the news medium in which the information will appear.For "Newsweek," events that happened during the previous week are timely.For a daily newspaper, however, events that happened during the 24 hours since the last edition ofthe paper are timely.For CNN Headline News, events that happened during the past half hour are timely.◆Proximity:information has proximity if it involves something happened somewhere nearby.◆Conflict:information has conflict if it involves some kind of disagreement between two or more people.News that readers might be interested in:1.Politics and government2. Disaster3.Crime and courts4. Business5. Strike, demonstration and disputes6. War and terrorism7. Environment8. Famous people 9. Sports 10. entertainment◆What is news? Definition of newsWell, news is anything that's interesting, that relates to what's happening in the world, what's happening in areas of the culture that would be of interest to your audience.Kurt Loder, American journalist, b. 1945What you see is news, what you know is background, what you feel is opinion.Lester Markel, American journalist, 1894-1977Traits of American News:WeirdnessNegative newsOther definitions of newsTo a journalist, good news is often not news at all.Phil Donahue, American entertainer, b. 1935No news is good news.Ludovic Halevy, French author, 1834-1908For most folks, no news is good news; for the press, good news is not news.Gloria Borger, American journalist, b. 1952The real news is bad news.Marshall Mcluhan, Canadian communications theorist, 1911-1980Negative News is the real news◆What is Journalese? Journalesethe style in which newspapers are written (低劣的)新闻笔调, (文笔草率的)新闻文体The style of writing often held to be characteristic of newspapers and magazines, distinguished by clichés, sensationalism, and triteness of thought. Other definition of journaleseEnglish of a style featured by use of colloquialisms, superficiality of thoughtand reasoning, clever or sensational presentation of material, and evidences of haste in composition, considered characteristic of newspaper writing. Features of News HeadlinesOmission TenseAbbreviations & Acronyms WordingVoice Punctuations Journalistic CoinagesOmissionTensesThe frequent tenses used in the headline are the simple present, the simple future and the present progressive, whether it is of the past event, in order to add to its freshness and immediacy.Acronyms & AbbreviationsInitials or AcronymsShortened Words or AbbreviationsWordingShort, simple and concrete words are often applied in the headlines to create vividness and accuracy.VoicesPassive voice in the headline is often represented without the auxiliary verb ‘be’or ‘by’phrase. Only the bare past participle will do. Punctuations , ——：Comma is often functioned as the conjunction ‘and’.dash is often functioned as quotes, introducing the speaker or the source.Colon is often functioned as …saying‟ or the conjunction of link verb …be‟. Journalistic CoinagesJournalistic coinages are often made up of a phrase by saving some syllables in order to make a compound.Lead1.Functions and characteristics of the lead2. Types and features of the leadLeadThe "lead" in journalism is the first sentence or paragraph. It's used to hook the reader and draw them in to read the entire article or listen to the full story.Lead distinguishes news from other forms of literature. Usually lead refers to the first paragraph or first few paragraphs including the latest, foremost intriguing facts. It is either to summarize, or to outline, or to brief the news in order to lead the readers to the depth of the story. Western journalists regard the lead as the cream of the news as well as a show window of their writing style.Functions and characteristics of the leadSuccinctBeing brief, simple, plain, and concise, a lead is usually of about 25 words or at most 35 words by one sentence.InformativeA lead should tells of the essence of the news within the fewest words. IntriguingTry to attract the readers’interest through its wording.When Where Who What Why HowTypes and features of the leadChronological Order Form/ wiener Form : sports, crimes, obituaries Suspended Interest Form: FeaturesInterpretative Reporting Form: reasoning, answer seekingTypes and features of the leadSummary lead or roundup leadMain fact leadDescriptive leadDirect address lead or personal leadQuotation leadSuspense leadDelayed lead or multi-paragraph leadContrast leadQuestion leadAnecdotal leadCombined lead or multiple element leadLabel lead or empty leadThe Inverted Pyramid FormIn the order of descending importance★★★★★★★Intro containing most important or most interesting information★★★★★★More facts★★★★★Supporting information or background★★★Quotes or more facts of lesser importance★★More detail★Least significant informationDateline （电头）A phrase at the beginning of a newspaper or magazine article that gives the date and place of its origin.News AgencyAP (Associated Press) 美联社1848 UPI (United Press International) 合众国际社1907 Reuters路透社PA ( Press Association) 报纸联合社法新社：AFP (Agence France Press)塔斯社：TASS - ITAR-TASS News Agency(The Information Telegraph Agency of Russia)Newspapers not only carry stories sent by their correspondents or reporters, but also news dispatches provided by different news agencies, especially forthose local or district newspapers. Therefore, news dispatches are the major news source for most of the newspapers.News sourceOfficial官员；spokesman发言人；government official政府官员；Foreign Ministry spokesman外交部发言人；authorities权威人士；high-placed sources 高层消息灵通人士；sources人士；diplomatic ～；military～；police～；official～；reliable～；authoritative~; unimpeacheable ~; well-informed ~; well-placed ~; wired ~; sources close to …接近……(方面)的人士；quarters/circles方面／阶层；financial quarters金融界方面；the quarters concerned有关方面；educational circles; judicial circles; theatrical circles; observers; analysts; experts; witnesses; government statement政府声明；unconfirmed report未经证实的消息；document released by由……发布的文件。
美国梦简要英文介绍带翻译
The American Dream encompasses various elements, including economic prosperity, homeownership, access to education, upward mobility, and equal opportunities. It is a belief that success and social mobility are achievable through hard work, innovation, and determination. The American Dream encourages individuals to pursue their ambitions, overcome obstacles, and strive for a better future for themselves and their families.
III. Impact of the American Dream on Society:
The American Dream has had a profound impact on American society, shaping its culture, values, and economic system. It has motivated generations of individuals to take risks, start businesses, and contribute to the nation's progress. The pursuit of the American Dream has also led to social mobility, as individuals from humble backgrounds have risen to positions of power and influence. However, critics argue that the American Dream can perpetuate inequality and create unrealistic expectations for those who are unable to achieve it.
美国介绍 英文
American IntroductionA reasons of the choicesUnited States is a superpower, whether in the military, is also economically. And the United States position in the world is so important.American introduction-----politicsThe United States consists of 50 states and Washington D.C. The last two States to join the Union were Alaska (49th) and Hawaii (50th). Both joined in 1959. Washington DC is a federal district under the authority of the U.S. Congress. Washington DC is represented in Congress by an elected, non-voting Delegate to the House of Representatives. Residents have been able to vote in presidential elections since 1961.Puerto Rico is a commonwealth associated with the United States. Puerto Ricans are U.S. citizens. Puerto Ricans do not vote in U.S. Presidential elections, but they do elect a non-voting commissioner to the U.S. House of Representatives.U.S. Virgin Islands - St. John, St. Croix, and St. Thomas is an unincorporated territory of the United States. Administered by the Office of Insular Affairs, U.S Department of the Interior Indigenous inhabitants are U.S citizens, but do not vote in U.S. Presidential elections.Northern Mariana Islands is a commonwealth in political union with the United States. Self-governing with locally elected governor and legislature.American Samoa is a unincorporated territory of the United States. Administered by the Office of Insular Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior.Other Dependent Areas of the United States: Baker Island - Howland Island - Jarvis Island - Johnston Atoll - Kingman Reef - Midway Islands - Navassa Island -Palmyra Atoll - Wake IslandGeography environmentAmericans often speak of their country as one of several large regions. These regions are cultural units rather than governmental units - formed by history and geography and shaped by the economics, literature and folkways that all the parts of a region share.What makes one region different from another? Within several regions, language is used differently and there are strong dialects. There are also differences in outlook andattitude based on geography. A region's multicultural heritage as well as distinct demographic characteristics like age and occupation also make regions different and special.The United States is a varied land - of forests, deserts, mountains, high flat lands and fertile plains. The country lies mostly in the temperate zone but there is a very wide range of climate variations. The continental United States stretches 4,500 kilometers from the Atlantic Ocean on the east to the Pacific Ocean on the west. It borders Canada on the north and reaches south to Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico. The United States covers a total area of 9 million square kilometers (including Alaska and Hawaii). Alaska is the largest in area of the 50 states, and Texas is the second largest.From the Appalachian Mountains in the East to the Rocky Mountains in the West, the center of the country is drained by the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers and their branches. The Mississippi is one of the world's great rivers; it was known to Native Americans as the "father of waters." Water from the source of its main branch, the Missouri River, flows about 6,400 kilometers from the northern Rocky Mountains to the mouth of the Mississippi in the Gulf of Mexico. On a topographic map of the United States, the mountains look like jagged masses, the plains like vast, open flat spaces, and the rivers like meanderingthreads. Today, highways, railways and transcontinental aircraft crises-cross the land, making travel easy. But onlya few generations ago, the topographic features on themap represented great dangers and difficulties.Today's visitors, riding over a good road in the CascadeMountains in the west coast states of Oregon andWashington, may see marks on the rocks made by ropeswhere pioneer settlers painfully lowered their horses andwagons down cliffs to reach the fertile river valley far below. In the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California, the main route now runs through a mountain pass which wasonce too narrow for a wagon to go through. Pioneerfamilies reaching that pass had to take their wagons apartpiece by piece, carry them through, and then reassemblethem on the other side. In 1848, pioneers who crossedthe continent made the trip in 109 days - if they werefortunate and strong. Today a New York family can driveby car to San Francisco in less than a week.The coastal plain of the Atlantic seaboard gives way further inland to deciduous forests and the rolling hills of the Piedmont. The Appalachian Mountains divide the eastern seaboard from the Great Lakes and the grasslands of the Midwest. The Mississippi–Missouri River, the world's fourth longest river system, runs mainly north–south through the heart of the country. The flat, fertile prairie of the Great Plains stretches to the west, interrupted by a highland region in the southeast. The Rocky Mountains, at the western edge of the Great Plains, extend north to south across the country, reaching altitudes higher than 14,000 feet (4,300 m) in Colorado. Farther west are the rocky Great Basin and deserts such as the Mojave. The Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountain ranges run close to the Pacific coast. At 20,320 feet (6,194 m), Alaska's Mount McKinley is the tall lest peak in the country and in North America. Active volcanoes are common throughout Alaska's Alexander and Aleutian Islands, and Hawaiiconsists of volcanic islands. The super volcano underlying Yellowstone National Park in the Rockies is the continent's largest volcanic feature UnitedAmerican national flagOne of our great symbols is the American flag,13 red and white stripes corresponding to the number of original stats on a rectangular piece of color, one corner blue with 50 white stars for 50 states.You see the flag everywhere now, "what so proudly we hail.” It means the World Trade Center happened t o all of us. "We're proud to be Americans, "say flags on front porches in small towns across the country. Some homes seem to have been built to fly the flag. This wouldn't be complete without it; just perfect. "We're American too" say the flags inelegant glued to the city apartment windows. The declaration of patriotic intent is everywhere, the simplest as persuasive as the displays where one was considered not enough. Rockefeller Center with 150 beauties is in show business, a stirring sight although it's unlikely that management there loves our country more than the owner of the smallest small business, displaying just one.The Annin flag company makes most American flags. They have more business than they can do now. You don't have to go to Annin to buy a flag though. Flag sales are a street corner cottage industry . Furtive operatives set up shops, to them the buck means more than the bannerThe color of our flag and the numbers of stars and stripes are ordained, but there is no rule regarding dimension. There are tiny flags on sticks made in China. This grand flag is so big on a building in New York that it had to be continued around the corner. This beauty hangsfrom the side wall of a fire house. And you wouldn't want a dirty flag so they wash them.Everyone wants to be associated with the flag.America and Yale, America and Episcopalians, Americaand JPMorgan, America and Maxell, America and the Ritz Tower.There are inevitably people who are more anxious toappear patriotic than to be patriotic. They treat a fine linebetween patriotism and commerce. The flag is everywhere in close proximity to a business interest. It sells shoes andshoe repair, women's dresses. The American flag invitesdiners to foreign restaurants, Japanese, Italian, even Afghan.There is an official flag code but it is routinely ignored.It is not to be used as a awning or a canopy or plasteredto the hood of a car. The code says the American flag isnot to be used as decorative clothing. Some find it irresistibly fashionable though and we are more amused than they.his is how the star spangled banner was meant to beflown on the end of a pole of its own, free to wave majestically in our own free air.capitalStates Washington by Americans, affectionatelyknown as "the heart of the country", is located at the junction of Maryland and Virginia, it is known as"Washington", is in honor of the founding fathers ofWashington and the discovery of the new world ofChristopher Columbus. The city area of 174 squarekilometers, population of about 640,000. Plenty of rain,four distinct seasons, it was Indians living in history, early17th century European settlers established tobaccoplantations here. In1789 Washington decided in this century.Quadrilaterals in the urban area, the layout well proportioned, broad vision. Buildings will not exceed the height of the Washington Monument in the city, downtown Capitol building is the tallest building in town, there are only eight-story building. Almost no factories in the whole city, so abnormal environmentclean, most of local practitioners are public officers, other fundamental are engaged in the work of culture, business, entertainment and tourism.HistoryThe first Europeans to reach North America were Icelandic Vikings, led by Leif Ericson, about the year 1000. Traces of their visit have been found in the Canadian province of Newfoundland, but the Vikings failed to establish a permanent settlement and soon lost contact with the new continent.Five centuries later, the demand for Asian spices, textiles, and dyes spurred European navigators to dream of shorter routes between East and West. Acting on behalf of the Spanish crown, in 1492 the Italian navigator Christopher Columbus sailed west from Europe and landed on one of the Bahamas Islands in the Caribbean Sea. Within 40 years, Spanish adventurers had carved out a huge empire in Central and South America. In the 16th and 17th Century, Northern Europeans settled in what is now the North East Coast of the United States, which soon fell under the British Crown and stayed an English Colony till the Revolutionary Wars in the late 18th Century. Please see links below for an outline of the history of the United States, with a few selected focus areas. EconomyThe United States entered the 21st century with an economy that was bigger, and by many measures moresuccessful, than ever. Though the United States held less than 5 percent of the world's population, it accounted for more than 25 percent of the world's economic output. In the 1990s, the American economy recorded the longest uninterrupted period of expansion in its history. A wave of technological innovations in computing, telecommunications, and the biological sciences were profoundly affecting how Americans work and play.The United States remains a "market economy." Americans continue to believe that an economy generally operates best when decisions about what to produce and what prices to charge for goods are made through the give-and-take of millions of independent buyers and sellers, not by government or by powerful private interests. Besides believing that free markets promote economic efficiency, Americans see them as a way of promoting their political values as well -- especially, their commitment to individual freedom and political pluralism and their opposition to undue concentrations of power. The American belief in "free enterprise" has not precluded a major role for government, however. Americans at times have looked to government to break up or regulate companies. that appeared to be developing so much power that they could defy market forces. They have relied on government to address matters the private economy overlooks, from education to protecting the environment. And despite their advocacy of market principles, they have used government at times to nurture new industries, and at times even to protect American companies from competition.Government OverviewThe United States is a federal union of 50 states, with the District of Columbia as the seat of the federal government. The Constitution outlines the structure of the national government and specifies its powers andactivities, and defines the relationship between the national government and individual state governments.Power is shared between the national and state (local)governments. Within each state are counties, townships,cities and villages, each of which has its own elective government.Governmental power and functions in the UnitedStates rest in three branches of government: thelegislative, judicial, and executive. Article 1 of the Constitution defines the legislative branch and vestspower to legislate in the Congress of the United States.The executive powers of the President are defined inArticle 2. Article 3 places judicial power in the hands ofone Supreme Court and inferior courts as Congress sees necessary to establish. In this system of a "separation ofpowers" each branch operates independently of the others,however, there are built in "checks and balances" toprevent a concentration of power in any one branch andto protect the rights and liberties of citizens. For example,the President can veto bills approved by Congress and thePresident nominates individuals to serve in the Federaljudiciary; the Supreme Court can declare a law enacted byCongress or an action by the President unconstitutional;and Congress can impeach the President and Federal court justices and judgesTouristAmerican Tourist destination --- HawaiiFor most of us, Hawaii begins to weave her spellwith some little glimmer of awareness. Golden beaches and golden people. Sun, sand, sea, and surf……And somewhere between the blue skies and the palm trees……we're hookedThe Hawaiian Islands are one of the most beautifulplaces on earth. The weather is friendly. The temperature ranges from 60-90 degrees all year long. It's a littlewarmer in summer, and a little cooler in winter, but every day is a beach day for somebody.There are no strangers in Paradise. Perhaps the mostbeautiful part of Hawaii is the genuine warmth of people.We call it the spirit of Aloha . It has allowed a melting potof cultures from all over the world to find commonground , and a new home, in this most gentle of places. state-maintained history museumNorth side of the Mall, 14th St NW and ConstitutionAve; closest Metro Smithsonian.If you like kitsch, you won't want to miss the bizarremélange of cultural artifacts at the National Museum ofAmerican History. George Washington's wooden teeth,Muhammad Ali's boxing gloves, and the ruby slippers JudyGarland wore in the Wizard of Oz are set among didacticdisplays tracing the country's development. It's not so much a center for scholarly study as a sanctuary for vanishing Americana, incorporating Model T Fords, oldpost offices and even a restored, turn-of-the-century ice-cream parlor, which still serves up banana splits.As you enter from the Mall, directly on to the secondfloor, a sound-and-light display showcases the batteredred, white and blue flag that inspired the US nationalanthem - the Star-Spangled Banner itself, which survivedthe British bombing of Baltimore harbor during the War of 1812. The worthier exhibits are also on this floor: an account of the rural farm-based society of the early US stands across from an examination of the mass movement of African-Americans from Southern farms to the wartime industries of northern cities. A lunch counter from Woolworths in Greensboro, North Carolina, evokes the sit-in of 1960, while "American Encounters" focuses on New Mexico, looking at how tourism has affected communitiessuch as the pueblo of Santa Clara and Hispanic Chimayo. On the first floor, the "Information Age" gallery tracescommunications from Morse's first telegraph to AppleMacintoshes, while separate galleries display in gloriousprofusion the artifacts and machines that have shapedmodern America - from light bulbs and motorbikes totrains and atomic clocks. The top floor holds politicalmemorabilia (much of it over a century old), stamp andcoin collections, old TV sets and typewriters, though two final outstanding exhibits inject a serious tone - "Personal Legacy: the Healing of a Nation" brings together some ofthe 25,000 items left by relatives at the Vietnam Memorialin DC, while "A More Perfect Union" deals candidly withthe shameful internment of Japanese-American citizens during World War IIEducationUnited States education system and the educationsystem in most other countries one of the main differences, are United States education for everyone, was not set up specifically for minorities. Taxes through free education, in addition to general school subjects, such as math, history, languages, as well as subjects such as sewing, typing, radios and car repair. Students to follow their own interests, future plans and that it would take yourself in many subjects. United States the primary purpose of education, is to develop each child's talents, no each child's talents, no matter to what extent it high or low, and civic awareness to each child.United States law provides that any school-age childshould enter school, and provide (free) primary andsecondary education, access to private schools, of course,will have to pay very expensive fees. Some publicsecondary schools, admission of foreign students andforeign students ' visas will be issued, but these foreignstudents, had to pay tuition, roughly the same with other students into private schools. As primary school andMiddle School of system, in tie Shang also has severaldifferent of forms, due to each State and each city orTownship of different situation and has different (such assome is six years primary school and the six years in thesystem, also some is learn is divided into II or three yearssystem of junior high school and the four years system ofhigh school and so on forms), but regardless of what, in principle in students 18 age, should read finished secondary education. As the United States keeps suppliesof universal education, some 93% of school-age childrenenrolled in secondary education, and 70% can completetheir studies, most of them to enter university or post-secondary college to continue their studies, began their higher (tertiary) education.CultureThe main content of American culture is the emphasize on individuals' value, the pursue of democracy and freedom, the promotion of deportation and competition and the need of realistic and practicality. Its core is individualism: self first, personal need first, pursue of individual benefit and enjoyment, emphasize on achieving individual value by self-strive and self-design. This type of intentionally build up of personality and pursue customized individualism has its pros and cons, it gives incentives to people and make them exert on their potential and wisdom and as a result accelerate the development of the entire race and nation; on the other hand it is difficult to keep good relationship among people if everyone is egocentric thus make the entire society lack of unity.Egocentric:American citizens emphasize on achievements and respect heroes. They have great sense in their hearts topraise success and heroes. Personal achievements are oneof those with the highest value in Americans mind.Americans have very strong senses of success. Success isthe pursuit of most Americans, it is their attractive futureand the incentives for moving forward. They believe thatone's personal value is equivalent to his achievements inhis career. Some high achievers in their career such as entrepreneurs, scientists, artists and all kinds of super starts became modern heroes. The process and result ofhow they strived have become the frame of reference ofsocial culture value and the real life text book for parents to educate their children.Incentive: Serving to induce or motivateAmerican society has great movements within itself.These movements are shown in two aspects: movementsamongst locations and movements inside the society. The United States are relatively more open and have more freedom. Developed transport and the tradition of adventure and sporty makes a lot of American migrate from countryside to cities, from downtown to uptown; and from north to the southern sunny land, from one city to another. Unlike European countries, the social classes in America is not so stable. Further more, with the avocation of public education, movements upwards along the social ladder have become possible. Many people living in the states, no matter whether they are Native American or immigrants from overseas, have the same dream of changing their social class and make their lifetime dream come true through their own efforts. This is what they often called "American dream".avocation：(=advocacy)United States culture stresses personal values are the main content, the pursuit of democracy and freedom,advocating the development and competition, the rationaland practical, the core of which is individual-centered:gerent his hang, war against the first, and the right ofindividuals to pursue their private interests, throughpersonal struggles, personal design, the pursuit of theultimate realization of personal values. This deliberatelyshaped itself, the pursuit of personalized individualism has its positive side, also has a negative side. It mobilized the enthusiasm of the individuals, leaving many people to givefull play to the wisdom and potential, so as to promote therevitalization and development of Nations and States as awhole. However, all I-centric, human relationships makesit difficult to get along, and society as a whole will lackcohesion.United States public focus on achievement, admiredhero, has a profound psychological accumulation ofachievements of worship and hero worship. Values in the evaluation of individual achievements are all Americans one of the highest value. Americans have very strong achievements (or success). Pursuit of success is all Americans, are enticing prospect, forward motion. They strongly believe that a person is equal to the value of his achievements in his career. Some successful entrepreneurs, scientists, artists and various stars, became a hero of the new age. The process and results of their personal struggles, became the frame of socio-cultural value orientation, parents educate their children live teaching material.United States is a highly mobile society. Thismovement manifests itself in two aspects: geographicalmobility and social movements. United States relativelyfree, better transport and adventure traditions make manyAmericans of good flows from rural to urban, and flowsfrom the Center to the suburbs; streaming from the North to the southern Sunbelt, flowing from one city to another city. United States social classes is less fixed than European countries,together with universal access to public education, made it possible to down the social ladder for upward mobility. Many of those living in the United States who is a native American, was winging came to the United States of foreign immigrants, have a dream, that through their own efforts, change his or her status in society to realize its dream of life, which is often talked about "United States dream."social customs and habitsetiquetteIn United States society must "Malaysians"You must understand and comply with United States rules of social etiquette summaries inIn terms of dress, although Americans for easygoing, informal impressions, but at work, dinner occasions, still very formal, dress rules very much, but to take, for example, attend weddings, funerals, should be black or plain clothing, women Office dresses, avoid wearing denim trousers.By bus, car seat the size of the order, depends on the host drive or driving to other vendors. Is aboard taxi, should yahoo block right of seat for maximum block, Hour block of left bit for followed by, again second for middle, and drivers next to of seat for most British Columbia bit. as drove of is friends, is he next to of seat for most statue bit, second is Hour block right, and left and the Middle bit. therefore in China common men and women friends aboard taxi Shi, men always open door let Lady first entered,moved to left bit, men again sat to right bit Shang, this is full does not meet official Western etiquette of, correctly way should is let Lady seat Hour, Around tothe left door on its own on the train seat. up and down the stairs there is a certain rule should be letting the lady up the stairs, the elderly, Mrs. is meant to protect,security for the elderly.In diet of area, to attention tableware should first by most outside of a Deputy knives and forks began using, food to with fork pressure tight, cut small block only into mouth, eat food and the drink soup Shi not voice, drink coffee of small spoon is used to mixing milk and the sugar of, remember not with spoon to drink coffee, and avoid in restaurant in the hubbub, as received please posted dinner, to attention following several points: is needs sent Hui Cambodia, told master participate in or not, sometimes also available phone notification, as please posted Shang indicate "regrets only", You only notice if unable to attend, "RSVP" regardless of the participation were sent back or call. Attention of the party have nodress rules.On time, when attending the reception, you can within the time prescribed (such as from five o'clock) and, of course, should not be too late to.If invited to dinner guests, the masters should note 1.with a guest for company：familiar people should be invited and guest relations to accompany.2.Food:Should understand the guests have an avoid certain food, such as whether for vegetarians, as the Jews do not eat pork and scaly fish.3.Seat:Owners should sit at the back gate location, subject and its opposite, also, note class, hierarchy, and to the principle of men and women, husbands and wives, sat at home and abroad.Staple food and drinks at table types should be subject to, such as eating fish to drink liquor, eating meat, drinkingred wine, red wine should be identical to room temperature, and are not strongly invited guests "a toast", as regards spirits such as whisky and brandy, is more than a meal or a drink before dinner. International social etiquette provisions abound, these are only a few end, United States rows out of the social etiquette, also needs to keep his eyes open on weekdays and can only learn. CourtesyBow, etiquette between is subordinate to a parent or sibling. Bow hat, the right hand holding the Central Hat brim removed, left hanging, upper body leaning about 15 degrees, his eyes watching the nation's economy prospers, and greetings.Handshake ceremony is common courtesy in the world. Originated in Europe, initially said no weapons in their hands, or kind of mean. Handshake to handshake ceremony to the first extension release. Normally shake hands without gloves, but noble man and woman can wear gloves. Via bogey when you cross via, shook hands with a woman not too tight.Nod, a peer or between people of the same generation of etiquette. Meet on the road, in the road map. , Such as the Executive, superior or elder, no nod and bow.Hand salute, which is military etiquette. When via the right hand, fingers straightened and aligned, finger contact brim right side, palms slightly outside the send a gift, arm and shoulder high, his eyes watching the nation's economy prospers, the other side will be lined up in hands down.Hand-kissing, was courtesy of the upper classes in Europe and America. And noble women or when we meet her, if she put out a hand hanging type, then gently lift the Palm kiss. If the woman does not reach out, you can't Hand-kissing.。
开题报告英文模板
开题报告英文模板篇一：开题报告英文版模板Proposed Title for Dissertation：（Times New Roman 四号加粗）On Domestication and Foreignizationfrom the Perspective of Intercultural Communication（Times New Roman加粗小三号, 居中）I. Background（Times New Roman加粗四号）文本部分全部使用Times New Roman 小四号字体；1.5倍行距；缩进使用tab键本部分些个人选择所领域的原因和背景。
英文例子只是为了让学生能对字号和行距要求有一个直观的理解。
Over the last ten years, the implications of research into language acquisition (Crook & Gass, 1993) and the results of Prabhu?s task-based teaching experiment in India (Willis, 1990) have led to an increasing interest in the potential of task-based teaching of languages. However, this approach seems not easy to apply in Mainland China and Hong Kong due to the large class EFL teaching in those areas and a general lack of the environment in practicing thetarget language (Tsang, XX).Recent years have shown an explosion of interest in using computers for language teaching and learning. With the advent of multimedia computing and the Internet, ?the role of computers in language instruction has now become an important issue confronting large numbers of language teachers throughout the world? (Warschauer & Healey,1998). In the growing field of foreign language teaching to university students in large EFL class, then, the Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) approach may appear to be an almost obvious choice. Nevertheless, the research into an integrative use of the task-based language (TBL) approach and CALL has be(本文来自： 小草范文网:开题报告英文模板)en rather sparse in China.II. Research Questions and Its SignificanceThis dissertation aims at finding an answer to the question of what is the most appropriate way of teaching Chinese university students in large EFL class. The research begins with the hypothetical premise that CALL may solve some problems in large EFL class teaching,and it highlights aspects around using tasks in CALL approach. In doing so, the researcher hopes to gain some insights into the CALL approach and to contribute in some way to the improvement of English language teaching (ELT) in China.研究意义可参照中文版本Ⅲ. Literature Review本选题在国内外研究的现状，内容参照中文版本IV. Difficulties and Initiatives of the Research 内容参照中文版本V. Outline of the Proposed Structure of the Dissertation1. Introduction论述当今…的现状，从而引出本课题的研究重点，选题意义，简要说明本文的文章结构和布局。
美国各个时期的文学作家及作品
An Introduction to LiteratureHomework IIIClass: 5 Name: 庞玲Mark: American Writers and Their Representative Works:Colonial AmericaNovelists Benjamin Franklin本杰明.富兰克林A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper MoneyPoor Richard’s Almanac 《穷查理历书》The Autobiography 《自传》The Way to Wealth 《致富之道》Thomas Paine 托马斯.潘恩The Case of the Officers of Excise《税务员问题》Downfall of Despotism《专制体制的崩溃》Common Sense 《常识》Rights of Man 《人的权利》The Age of Reason 《理性时代》American Crisis 《美国危机》Poet Philip Freneau菲利普.弗伦诺The Rising Glory of America 《蒸蒸日上的美国》The Indian Burying Ground 《印第安人殡葬地》The Wild Honeysuckle 《野生金银花》To the Memory of the Brave Americans 《纪念美国勇士》The Britain Prison Ship 《英国囚船》American RomanticismNovelists Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文A History of New York 《纽约历史》The Alhambra 《阿尔罕伯拉》Talks of Travelers 《旅客谈》Brace Bridge Hall 《布里斯布里奇田庄》The Sketch Book 《见闻札记》The Legend of Sleepy Hollow《睡谷的传说》New England TranscendentalismNovelists Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔.霍桑Twice-told Tales 《尽人皆知的故事》Mosses from an Old Manse 《古屋青苔》Young Goodman Brown 《年轻的古德曼.布朗》The Scarlet Letter 《红字》The House of the Seven Gables 《有七个尖角阁的房子》The Marble Faun 《玉石雕像》Herman Melville 赫尔曼.梅尔维尔Moby Dick/The White Whale 《白鲸》Typee 《泰比》Omoo 《奥穆》Mardi 《玛第》Redbum 《雷德本》White Jacket 《白色外衣》Pierre 《皮尔埃》Piazza 《广场故事》Billy Budd 《比利.巴德》Poets Ralph WaldoEmerson拉尔夫.沃尔多.爱默生Essays 《散文集》The American Scholar 《论美国学者》Nature 《论自然》Over Soul 《论超灵》Self-reliance 《论自立》The Transcendentalism 《超验主义》Representative Men 《代表人物》English Traits 《英国人的特征》School Address 《神学院演说》Concord Hymn 《康考徳颂》The Rhado 《杜鹃花》The Humble Bee 《野蜂》Days 《日子》Henry David Thoreau 亨利.戴维.梭罗Wadden, or Life in the Woods 《华腾湖林中生活》Resistance to Civil Government《抵制公民政府》A Week on the Concord and Merrimack RiversHenry Longfellow亨利.朗费罗The Courtship of Miles Standish 《迈尔斯.斯坦迪什的求婚》The Song of Hiawatha 《海华沙之歌》V oices of the Night 《夜吟》Ballads and Other Poems 《民谣及其它诗》Belfry of Bruges and Other Poems 《布鲁茨的钟楼及其它诗》An April Day 《四月的一天》Paul Revere’s Ride 《保罗.里维尔的夜奔》Poems on Slavery 《奴役篇》Walt Whitman 沃尔特.惠特曼When Lilacs Lost in the Dooryard Bloom《小院丁香花开时》Leaves of Grass 《草叶集》Song of the Broad-Axe 《阔斧之歌》I Hear American Singing 《我听见美洲在歌唱》Democratic Vistas 《民主的前景》The Tramp and Strike Questions 《流浪汉和罢工问题》Song of Myself 《自我之歌》Emily Dickinson 埃米莉.迪金森The Poems of Emily Dickinson《埃米莉.迪金森诗集》Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加.爱伦.坡Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque 《怪诞奇异故事集》Tales 《故事集》Fall of the House of Usher 《厄舍古屋的倒塌》Ligeia 《莱琪儿》Annabel Lee 《阿纳贝尔.李》Tamerlane and Other Poems 《帖木儿和其它诗》Al Araaf, Tamerlane and Minor Poems 《艾尔.阿拉夫，帖木儿和其它诗》The Raven and Other Poems 《乌鸦》The City in the Sea 《海城》Israfel 《伊斯拉斐尔》To Hellen 《致海伦》The Age of RealismNovelists William DeanHowells 威廉.狄恩.豪威尔斯Criticism and Fiction，Novel-Writing and Novel-Reading 《小说创作与小说阅读》The Rise of Silas Lapham 《塞拉斯.拉帕姆的发迹》A Modern Instance 《现代婚姻》A Hazard of Now Fortunes 《时来运转》A Traveler From Altruia 《从利他过来的旅客》Through the Eye of the Needle 《透过针眼--乌托邦小说》Henry James 亨利.詹姆斯The Real Thing and Other Tales 《真货色及其他故事》Daisy Miller 《苔瑟.米勒》The Portrait of A Lady 《贵妇人画像》The Bostonians 《波士顿人》The Wings of the Dove 《鸽翼》The Ambassadors 《大使》The Golden Bowl 《金碗》Local ColorismNovelist Mark Twain 马克.吐温The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County 《加拉维拉县有名的跳蛙》The Innocent’s Abroad 《傻瓜出国记》The Gilded Age 《镀金时代》The Adventures of Tom Sawyer 《汤姆.索耶历险记》The Prince and Pauper 《王子与贫儿》The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 《哈克贝利.费恩历险记》A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court 《亚瑟王宫中的美国佬》Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc 《冉.达克》The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg 《败坏哈德莱堡的人》How To Tell A Story 《怎样讲故事》American NaturalismNovelists Stephen Crane 斯蒂芬.克莱恩Magic A Girl of the Streets 《街头女郎梅姬》The Red Badge of Courage 《红色英勇勋章》The Open Boat 《小划子》The Bride Comes To Yellow Sky 《新娘来到黄天镇》Frank Norris 弗兰克.诺里斯Moran of the Lady Letty 《茱蒂夫人号上的莫兰》Mc-Teague 《麦克提格》The Epic of the Wheat 《小麦史诗》Octopus 《章鱼》The Pit 《小麦交易所》A Deal in Wheat and Other Stories of the Old and New West 《小麦交易所及其他新老西部故事》Theodore Dreiser 西奥多.德莱赛Sister Carrie 《嘉莉姐妹》Jennie Gerhardt 《珍妮姑娘》Trilogy of Desire 《欲望三部曲》An American Tragedy 《美国的悲剧》Nigger Jeff 《黑人杰夫》Upton Sinclair厄普顿.辛克莱尔Spring and Harvest 《春天与收获》The Jungle 《屠场》King Coal 《煤炭大王》Oil 《石油》Boston 《波士顿》Dragon’s Teeth 《龙齿》Dramatist Jack London 杰克.伦敦The Son of the Wolf 《狼之子》The Call of the Wild 《野性的呼唤》The Sea-wolf 《海狼》White Fang 《白獠牙》The People of the Abyss 《深渊中的人们》The Iron Heel 《铁蹄》Martin Eden 《马丁.伊登》How I Become A Socialist 《我怎样成为社会党人》The War of the Classes 《阶级之间的战争》What Life Means To Me 《生命对我意味着什么》Revolution 《革命》Love of Life 《热爱生命》The Mexican 《墨西哥人》Under the Deck Awings 《在甲板的天蓬下》The 1920sNovelists Francis ScottFitzgerald弗朗西斯.斯科特.菲茨杰拉德The Beautiful and the Damned 《美丽和倒霉》The Side of Paradise 《人间天堂》The Great Gatsby 《了不起的盖茨比》Tender in the Night 《夜色温柔》The Last Tycoon 《最后的巨头》Flappers and Philosophers 《姑娘们和哲学家》Tales of the Jazz 《爵士时代的故事》Taps at Reveillle 《早晨的起床号》The Ice Palace 《冰宫》The Diamond as Big as the Ritz 《像里茨大饭店那样大的钻石》Winter Dreams 《冬天的梦》The Rich Boy 《富家子弟》Babylon Revised 《重访巴比伦》The Crack-up 《崩溃》Ernest Hemingway 欧内斯特.海明威In Our Time 《在我们的年代里》The Torrents of Spring 《春潮》The Sun Also Rises 《太阳照常升起》Farewell To Arms 《永别了，武器》For Whom the Bell Tolls 《丧钟为谁而鸣》Men Without Women 《没有女人的男人》The Winners Take Nothing 《胜者无所获》The Fifth Column and First Forty-nine Stories 《第五纵队与首次发表的四十九个短篇》The Old Man and the Sea 《老人与海》The Snows of Kilimanjaro 《乞力马扎罗的雪》William Faulkner 威廉.福克纳The Marble Faun 《云石林神》Soldiers’ Pay 《兵饷》Dry September 《干燥的九月》The Sound and the August 《八月之光》Absalom，Absalom 押沙龙，押沙龙Sherwood Anderson 舍伍德.安德森Windy McPherson’s Son 《饶舌的迈克菲逊的儿子》Marching Men 《前进中的人们》Mid-American Chants 《美国中部之歌》Winesburg, Ohio 《俄亥俄州的温斯堡》Poor White 《穷苦的白人》Many Marriages 《多种婚姻》Dark Laughter 《阴沉的笑声》The Triumph of the Egg and Other Stories 《鸡蛋的胜利和其他故事》Death in the Woods and Other Stories 《林中之死及其他故事》I Want To Know Why 《我想知道为什么》Sinclair Lewis 辛克莱.刘易斯Dur Mr Wren 《我们的雷恩先生》The Job 《求职》The Main Street 《大先进》Babbitt 《巴比特》Arrowsmith 《埃罗史密斯》Elmer Gantry 《艾尔默.甘特里》It can’t Happen Here 《事情不会发生在这里》Kingsblood Royal 《王孙梦》Thomas Wolfe 托马斯.沃尔夫Look Homeward Angel 《天使，望乡》Of Time and the River 《时间与河流》The Web and the Rock 《蛛网与岩石》You can’t Go Home Again《有家归不得》The Hills Beyond 《远山》From Death To Morning 《从死亡到早晨》Poets Ezra Pound 艾兹拉.庞德The Spirit of Romance 《罗曼司精神》The Anthology Des Imagistes 《意象派诗选》Literary Essays 《文学论》Personage 《面具》Polite Essays 《文雅集》The Cantos of Ezra Pound 《庞德诗章》Thomas Steams Eliot 托马斯.艾略特Prufrock and Other Observations 《普洛夫洛克》The Waste Land 《荒原》The Burial of the Dead 《死者的葬礼》A Game of Chess 《弈棋》The Fire Sermon 《火诫》Dead by Water 《水边之死》What the Thunder Said 《雷电之声》Wallace Stevens 华莱士.史蒂文斯Harmonium 《风琴》The Man With the Blue Guitar 《弹吉他的人》Notes Toward a Supreme Fiction 《关于最高虚幻的札记》The Auroras of Autumn 《秋天的晨曦》William Carlos Williams 威廉.卡罗.威廉斯Spring and All 《春》The Journey of Love 《爱的历程》Pictures From Brueghel 《步留盖尔的肖像》Paterson 《佩特森》Asphodal，That Green Flower 《长春花日光兰》Red Wheelbarrow 《红色手推车》The Widow’s Lament in Spring 《寡妇的春怨》The Sparrow，to My Father 《麻雀-致父亲》Proletarian Portrait 《无产阶级肖像》Robert Frost 罗伯特.罗伯斯特A Boy’s Wish 《少年心愿》North of Boston 《波士顿之北》Mountain Interval 《山间》The Road Not Taken 《未选择的路》West-running Brook 《西流的溪涧》Further Range 《又一片牧场》A Witness Tree 《一株作证的树》Carl Sandburg 卡尔.桑德伯格Always the Young Stranger 《永远是陌生的年轻人》In Reckless Ecstasy 《肆无忌惮的狂热》The Prairie Years 《草原的年代》The War Years 《战争的年代》The American Songbag 《美国歌袋》The People，Yes 《人们，好》Honey and Salt 《蜜与盐》Com-huskers 《碾米机》Smoke and Steel 《烟与钢》E Cummings 肯明斯Tulips and Chimneys 《郁金香与烟囱》The Enormous Room 《大房间》Viva 《万岁》No，Thanks 《不，谢谢》Eimi 《爱米》The 1930sNovelists John Steinbeck 约翰.帕索斯The Three Soldiers 《三个士兵》The Adventures of a Young Man 《一个年轻人冒险》Number One 《第一号》The Grand Design 《伟大的计划》Orient Express 《东方特别快车》John Steinbeck 约翰.斯坦贝克Cup of Cup 《金杯》Tortilla Flat 《煎饼房》Of Mice and Men 《鼠和人》The Grapes of Wrath 《愤怒的葡萄》The Moon Down 《月亮下去了》Cannery Row 《罐头工厂》The Pearl 《珍珠》The Red Pony 《小红马》The Promise 《许诺》The Leader of the People 《人们的领袖》Black American LiteratureRalph Ellison 拉尔夫.埃利森Invisible Man 《看不见的人》William E.B Dubois 威廉.艾伯.杜波伊斯Souls of Black Folk 《黑人的灵魂》The Philadelphia Negro;John Brown;The Black Flame 《黑色的火焰》James Baldwin 詹姆斯.鲍德温Note of a Native Son 《土生子的笔记》Fire Next Time 《下一次烈火》No Name in the Street 《他的名字被遗忘》The Devil Finds Work 《魔鬼找到工作》Go Tell it on the Mountain 《向苍天呼唤》Giovanni’s Room 《乔万尼的房间》Another Country 《另一个国度》Tell Me How Long the Train’s Been Gone 《告诉我火车已开多久》Just Above My Head 《就在我头上》Going to Meet the Man 《去见这个人》The Amen Corner 《阿门角》Blues For Mister Charley 《为查理先生唱布鲁斯》One Day When I was Lost 《有一天当我迷失的时候》American DramaDramatists Eugene Oneal 尤金.奥尼尔Bound East to Cardiff 《东航卡迪夫》The Long V oyage Home 《归途迢迢》Beyond the Horizon 《天边外》Anna Christie 《安娜.克里斯蒂》The Emperor Jones 《琼斯黄》The Hairy Ape 《毛猿》All the God’s Children Got Wings 《上帝的女儿都有翅膀》The Great God Brown 《大神布朗》The Strange Interlude 《奇异的插曲》The Long Days Journey Into Night 《进入黑夜的漫长旅程》。
英语中考配对阅读材料
英语中考配对阅读材料中考专项训练十一．阅读匹对。
左栏是对5个人想参加的活动的描述，右栏是8个活动的简介，请为每一个人选择最适合参加的1项活动，并将答案的字母编号填在题号前的括号内。
答案：ECGFH十二.阅读匹对。
左栏是对5个人想参加的活动的描述，右栏是8个活动的简介，请为每一个人选择最适合参加的1项活动，并将答案的字母编号填在题号前的括号内。
答案：AHBDC十三．阅读匹对。
左栏是对5个人接完电话后的感受的描述，右栏是8个电话的简介，请为每一个人选择最有可能接的1个电话，并将答案的字母编号填在题号前的括号内。
答案：BDECF十四．阅读匹对。
左栏是对5个人想阅读报纸内容的描述，右栏是报纸8个版面的简介，请为每一个人选择最适合阅读的1个版面，并将答案的字母编号填在题号前的括号内。
答案：GFDBA十五.阅读匹对。
左栏是对5个人所需的描述，右栏是对超市8层楼的简介，请为每一个人选择最适合去的1层，并将答案的字母编号填在题号前的括号内。
答案：CDAHG十六.阅读匹对。
左栏是对5个人以不同的方法写的段落，右栏是8种段落写作方法的简介，请为每一个人选择出各自所用的方法，并将答案的字母编号填在题号前的括号内。
答案：GCBFA中考英语看图填词50篇1看图填词：请根据图中的提示，在短文的横线上填入适当的词，使短文的意思完整与正确，每空一词。
(本大题共10分，每空1分)Li Lei 1 a student. He usually gets up early. But this morning he got up 2 . It was already 3 o'clock. He had no time to have his breakfast. He said goodbye to his 4 andhurried out. He 5 to school quickly by 6 . When he 7 to the school gate, he found it was 8 . Suddenly he 9 it was 10 . He had already forgotten that.2看图写话：根据图画所提供的语景，在空格中填入适当的词，使其意思完整、语法正确，每空格限填一个英语单词。
美国
Introduction to the Colony
The Plymouth Colony Flagship Mayflower arrives - 1620 Leader - William Bradford Settlers known as Pilgrims and Separatists The Mayflower Compact provides for social, religious, and economic freedom, while still maintaining ties to Great Britain.
3. Simplicity in Style
The Writers in Colonial Period
William Bradford (1590-1657) Anne Bradstreet (c. 1612-1672) Edward Taylor (c. 1644-1729)
William Bradford (1590-1657)
The American puritans, like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to the “purity” pf the first century church as established by Jesus Christ himself.
They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God.
America 1
乔治· 沃克· 布什 贝拉克· 奥巴马
米歇尔· 罗宾森 比尔· 克林顿
American Dream— Values and Beliefs
individual
freedom self-reliance equality of opportunity competition material wealth hard work
美国的国徽是由威廉· 巴顿William Barton和 查尔斯· 汤姆逊Charles Thomson设计的，美国 政府于1782年6月20日开始用这个国玺来鉴定 重 要文件。
国徽的图案，正中是一只象征独立、自由 精神的白头鹰，前面盾牌状的国旗，代表了 1777年加入美国联邦的十三个州。白头鹰的右 爪持着希望和平的橄榄枝，左爪握着决心自卫 的利箭。白头鹰衔着一条用拉丁文写着“合众 国” 字样的彩带，国徽顶端则是透过云雾，闪 闪发光的十三颗金星。
How come the Americans cheirsh these values?
The Pacific Ocean
The Atlantic Ocean Mexico
Global Location
North America Europe Asia
Africa South America Australia
The Great Seal
USA’s Emblem
The Great Seal shows a wide-spread eagle, faced front, having on his breast a shield with thirteen perpendicular red and white stripes, surmounted by a blue field with the same number of stars. In his right talon the eagle holds an olive branch, in his left a bundle of thirteen arrows, and in his beak he carries a scroll inscribed with the motto: "E Pluribus Unum“, meaning "out of many, one" The Eagle appears in the Seals of many of our States, on most of our gold and silver coinage, and is used a great deal for decorative patriotic purposes. The eagle represents freedom.
华盛顿欧文英文介绍
04
Washington Irving's Style and
Characteristics
Unique sense of humor
His humor was often wry and self deprecating, making fun of his own appearance or character This self-awareness and ability to poke fun at himself have his stories a unique charge that was both charging and smoking
Introduction of the natural in culture
Irving's works were among the first to introduce the natural in culture, a trend that has persisted in global culture
Later Works
Over the course of his career, Irving pending numerical works across various genres, including biographies, novels, short stories, and travel narratives His most rapid works include "The Legend of Sleep Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle," both of which are considered to be among the most ionic short stories in American literature
1. Introduction to America literature
• Novelists: Hawthorne(霍桑) & Melville(梅尔维尔)
• Poets: Whitman (惠特曼) & Emily Dickson (迪金
森)
• Edgar Allan Poe (爱伦坡)
• Slavery-abolishing Literature: Harriet Beecher Stowe — Uncle Tom’s Cabin
up the bondage of the England
literature, such as
– Washington Irving – James Fenimore Cooper
2. Post-romanticism
• often known as – New England Transcendentalism超验主 义
• In fact American writers have brought out some of the world’s best literature.
nine American Nobel Prize Winners in Literature
• • • • • • • • • 1930: Sinclair Lewis, 刘易斯 1936: Eugene O’Neill, 奥尼尔 1938: Pearl S. Buck, 赛珍珠 1949: William Faulkner, 福克纳 1954: Ernest Hemingway, 海明威 1962: John Steinbeck, 斯坦贝克 1976: Saul Bellow, 索尔· 贝娄 1978: Isaac Bashevis Singer, 辛格 1993: Toni Morrison, 莫里森
初中英语单元教学设计指南 上海
初中英语单元教学设计指南上海全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Shanghai Middle School English Unit Teaching Design Guide1. IntroductionThe English curriculum in Shanghai middle schools aims to develop students' communicative competence in English, focusing on listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills. This teaching design guide provides a roadmap for teachers to effectively plan and deliver English lessons in a systematic and engaging manner.2. Unit OverviewThis unit covers various topics such as vocabulary, grammar, reading comprehension, and writing skills. The unit is designed to be interactive and communicative, with an emphasis onreal-life situations and practical language use. Teachers are encouraged to integrate multimedia resources, group activities, and project-based learning into their lessons.3. Learning ObjectivesBy the end of the unit, students should be able to:- Demonstrate an understanding of key vocabulary and grammar structures- Comprehend and respond to texts in English- Express themselves fluently in English, both orally and in writing- Collaborate effectively with their peers in group activities4. Teaching StrategiesTo achieve the learning objectives, teachers can employ various teaching strategies, such as:- Engaging students in communicative activities, such as role-plays, debates, and discussions- Providing opportunities for students to practice their speaking and listening skills through pair work and small group activities- Incorporating authentic materials, such as songs, videos, and articles, to make lessons more engaging and relevant5. AssessmentAssessment should be ongoing and formative, with a focus on evaluating students' progress and understanding throughout the unit. Teachers can use a variety of assessment tools, such as quizzes, presentations, projects, and peer evaluations, to gauge students' language proficiency and skills development.6. DifferentiationTo cater to the diverse learning needs of students, teachers should provide differentiated instruction and activities. This can include offering extra support for struggling students, providing enrichment activities for advanced learners, and adapting lesson materials to accommodate students with different learning styles.7. ConclusionIn conclusion, this teaching design guide serves as a valuable resource for Shanghai middle school English teachers looking to enhance their teaching practices and deliver engaging and effective English lessons. By following the guidelines outlined in this document, teachers can create a stimulating learning environment that fosters students' language skills development and overall English proficiency.篇2Title: A Guide to Unit Teaching Design of Middle School English in ShanghaiIntroduction:In the context of globalization and internationalization, English education plays a crucial role in the education system of China. In Shanghai, as one of the most developed cities in China, English teaching in middle schools is of great importance. However, designing effective unit teaching plans is essential to ensure the quality of English education. This guide aims to provide a detailed overview of how to design unit teaching plans for middle school English classes in Shanghai.Unit Teaching Design:1. Setting Learning Objectives:- Define clear and measurable learning objectives for each unit based on the Shanghai Middle School English Curriculum Standards.- Align learning objectives with the Shanghai English Proficiency Index (SEPI) to ensure students are developing the necessary language skills.- Include a variety of communicative, functional, and cultural objectives to cater to different learning needs and styles.2. Selecting Content and Materials:- Choose relevant and engaging content that is suitable for the students' age, interests, and language proficiency.- Incorporate a mix of authentic materials such as videos, articles, and real-life examples to expose students to authentic language use.- Use a variety of teaching materials, including textbooks, workbooks, multimedia resources, and online platforms to enhance the learning experience.3. Planning Lessons and Activities:- Break down the unit into manageable sections and plan lessons based on a clear sequence of language skills (listening, speaking, reading, writing).- Design a variety of activities that cater to different learning styles and promote active participation, such as group work, pair work, role-plays, and games.- Provide opportunities for students to practice language skills in real-life contexts through project-based learning, presentations, and simulations.4. Assessing Student Learning:- Develop a variety of formative and summative assessments to monitor student progress and evaluate learning outcomes.- Use a combination of assessment tools, such as quizzes, tests, projects, portfolios, and self-assessments to provide a comprehensive view of student achievement.- Provide constructive feedback to students based on their performance to guide their learning and encourage growth.5. Differentiating Instruction:- Adapt teaching methods, materials, and assessments to meet the diverse needs of students, including English language learners, gifted students, and students with learning disabilities.- Provide additional support and resources for struggling students, such as extra practice activities, tutoring, and peer assistance.- Offer enrichment activities and challenges for advanced students to extend their language skills and foster creativity.Conclusion:Designing effective unit teaching plans for middle school English classes in Shanghai requires careful planning, creativity, and flexibility. By setting clear learning objectives, selectingengaging content, planning interactive lessons, assessing student learning, and differentiating instruction, teachers can create a dynamic learning environment that meets the needs of all students. This guide serves as a roadmap for teachers to design successful unit teaching plans that promote language development, critical thinking, and cultural understanding in the classroom.篇3Unit Teaching Design Guide - Junior High School EnglishI. Unit IntroductionTitle: Discovering CultureGrade: Junior High SchoolSubject: EnglishDuration: 4 weeksLearning Objectives:- To develop students’ language skills (listening, speaking, reading, writing) in English.- To introduce students to different aspects of culture (food, traditions, festivals) from English-speaking countries.- To enhance students’ communicati on and collaboration skills.II. Unit FrameworkWeek 1:- Introduction to cultural diversity and its importance.- Vocabulary building related to food and traditions.Week 2:- Exploring British culture through videos, articles, and group discussions.- Writing a short paragraph about British culture.Week 3:- Introduction to American culture through interactive activities and games.- Vocabulary building related to American festivals.- Group project on an American festival presentation.Week 4:- Reviewing the unit content.- Grammar focus on using adjectives to describe culture.- Final assessment: writing a postcard to a pen pal from another country.III. Unit Resources- Textbooks: Oxford Junior English Book 3- Online resources: National Geographic Kids, BBC Learning English- Videos: Cultural documentaries, Virtual tours of famous landmarks- Worksheets: Vocabulary exercises, Reading comprehension tasks- Visual aids: Pictures, Maps, Flags- Group project materials: Posters, PowerPoint presentationsIV. Assessment- Formative assessments: Weekly quizzes, Group discussion participation- Summative assessment: Unit test (listening, reading, writing), Group project presentation- Self-assessment: Student reflections on their learning progress and goalsV. Differentiation and Inclusion- Providing support for students with different learning needs through extra resources and tailored activities.- Creating a safe and inclusive learning environment where students respect and appreciate each other’s cultures.VI. Collaboration- Encouraging group work and pair activities to promote collaboration and communication skills.- Facilitating peer learning and feedback to enhance students’ understanding and learning outcomes.VII. Reflection and Feedback- Reflecting on the unit’s effectiveness in achieving learning objectives.- Soliciting feedback from students on their overall learning experience and areas for improvement.- Incorporating suggestions for future unit designs and improvements in teaching practices.By following this comprehensive unit teaching design guide, teachers can effectively engage students in exploring differentcultures while developing their language skills and fostering a sense of global citizenship.。
英语论文—肯尼迪就职演讲修辞分析
IntroductionStylistics is the study of language style with modern linguistic theories and approaches. Functional stylistic theory is one of the most influential theories in recent years, when linguistics lays much emphasis on the social-cultural context. The American Presidential Inaugural Address (APIA) is a very important variety with worldwide influence and long-lasting significance. In the address the speaker makes great efforts to make his policy known to the public and to persuade the public to accept and support his policies. To achieve the aims, the address has to resort to lots of language skills among other things. Therefore, a stylistic study on APIA is extremely meaningful. In the paper, the writer attempts to apply the theories of functional styl istics into the analysis of American president Kennedy’s address, trying to find out the linguistic characteristics of the particular discourse and explain and evaluate them with the theories.1.An Introduction to American Presidential Inaugural AddressThe inaugural address is the speech delivered by the president-elected on the inauguration day.In the speech, for the first time, the newly elected president will officially announce that he will take up that the responsibility as the highest executive of the country in the next four years. Inaugurals mark the end of the election campaign and at the same time the beginning of a new administration. Although the inaugural address is not required by the constitution, it is made every four years by all the presidents before they take office. It has already become a tradition set by the first president—George Washington. As a rule, the new administrator’s philosophy of politics and the outline of his policy will be announced in his inaugural address. The inauguration is held as a celebration witnessed by many audiences.Inaugurals are of great significance because of what they reveal about the fundamental political values, particular political principles, and enactment of a presidential persona. Their political meanings thus become clear. Inaugural addresses attempt to persuade the citizens ofthe nation on that the newly elected president is fit for the political role and that he is entitled to achieve his programmatic objectives. The addresses, then, cast muc h light on the legitimacy of political power and the worldviews of presidents. Their political intention is to call for support and loyalty to a political regime from both other power-holders in the political system and the public at large during their administration.2. An Introduction to Functional StylisticsThe functional linguistic theory advocated by British linguist, M. A. K. Halliday has been prevailing since the 1970s. It is widely used in stylistic analysis. Functional stylistics has three features: first, stressing the relationship between the text and the context of the situation, and advocating studying the style in the social--cultural context; second, adopting systematic-functional grammar in stylistic analysis; third, summarizing the foregrounding theory systematically. Systematic-functional grammar is a very useful approach to stylistic analysis to some extent, and the theory about context is widely accepted.“Context of situation”is originally suggested by Malinowski and subsequently elaborated by Firth in his 1950 paper Personality and language in society. Essentially what this implies is that language comes to life only when functioning in some environment. According to Halliday, the situation is the environment in which the text comes to life. The type of the language, which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation, is a register. He said, “A register can be defined as the configuration of semantic resources that the member of a culture typically associates with a situation type. It is the meaning potential that is accessible in a given so cial context.” (Halliday, 2001:111) He further distinguishes three social variables that determine the register: field of discourse, tenor of discourse, and mode of discourse.The field is the social action in which the text is embedded; it includes the subject-matter, as one special manifestation. The tenor is the set of the role relationships among the relevant participants; it includes levels of formality as one particular instance. The mode refers to the medium or way that the communication between people goes. People usually see speaking and writing as the medium.As far as APIA is concerned, the field of the APIA is political since the newly inaugurated president often uses this address to lay out goals and principles, address the nation’s divisions, beliefs, achievements, domestic and world-wide situations, and project American’s place in the world or future expectation.The tenor of the APLA can be displayed in the following way. The participants in the event are the President of the United States, as an addresser, and all the government officials and all the citizens in the country and even people all over the world, as the addressee.The mode of the APLA is also distinct in the situation. In the situation, every word in the address plays a constitutive role. The speech has to fulfill some functions, or convey the president’s attentions, i.e. to make his government policies known to the public and persuade the public to accept and support his government. So the language used in the context is mainly informative and persuasive.3.A Stylistic Study on Kennedy’ s Inaugural AddressThe following analysis aims to reveal the stylistic features of the American presidential inaugural address. It is mainly based on M. A. K. Hallid ay’s functional stylistic theor ies, especially on his theories about “context”. It also adopts some other commonly accepted linguistic theories. Systematic investigation of the linguistic data is a characteristic of this paper. The analysis is mainly concerned with the lexical level, syntactic level, textual level and rhetorical devices. Because of the close relation between speech skill and rhetorical devices, the analysis on the rhetorical device is also a part of this paper.3.1 The Stylistic Features on the Lexical LevelWord is a basic grammatical unit, which is smaller than sentence. This analysis will begin with the analysis on the lexical level.3.1.1Word StructureStylisticians usually set six letters or three syllables in a word as a standard to analyze the length of the words. The words with more than six letters are usually regarded as long words. These long words may be words of Latin, French or Greek origin, which are usually formal words. And they may also be derivation or compounding words, which have relatively complicated structure.John · Fitzgerald · Kennedy’s inaugural speech has a total vocabulary of 1595, of which there is 438 words with more than six letters, accounting for 26%. In English，the words of more than six letters or three syllable are often seen as big. These words often come from the Latin, Greek or French, or have a complex internal structure. “The percentages in daily conversation, instant commentary, and even advertisement are not more than 20%”.( Wang Zuoliang, 1987:235) So comparatively speaking, the words used in inaugural address of Kennedy are quite formal and the structures of the words are more complicated. There are two reasons for this. First, the president deliberately uses formal words to make his speeches more serious. E.g.: prosperity, discrimination, obligation.Then, the intrinsic structures of the words are quite complicated. There are many derivational or compounding words. The derivation from verbs to nouns is a characteristic of the language in the addresses. We can find many such words: affirmation, aggression, celebration. These derivations not only help to form long words with more complicated structures, but also make the words in the address more formal.There is a long lasting dispute that whether public speaking is a spoken variety or a written one. The above analysis on the lexical level shows clearly that as one type of public speaking, American presidential address embodies more features of a written variety, whic h is characteristic of long, complicated, formal words. These features correspond with the tenor of discourse: both consultative and formal, and mode of discourse: written to be spoken.Besides that, in Kennedy’s address we can find m any abstract nouns with such suffixes as: -tion, -ment, -cy, -ty, for they usually refer to the state, quality, cause or result of an action. This phenomenon is determined by the field of discourse. American presidential inaugural address is one type of public political speaking. Its field of discourse is political. Manypolitical terms are abstract. It is natural for Kennedy to use many abstract nouns in his address.3.1.2Word ClassThe choice of word class is determined mainly by the tenor.The functional tenor of inaugural address is both persuasive and informative. In the inaugural address, the speaker is not only to make his government policies known to the public, but also to persuade the public to accept and support his policy. So like advertisements, inaugural address belongs to a loaded language, which triggers emotional reaction. It should have great persuasive power. So the words used in the inaugural address us ually contain emotional color. This is reflected especially in the use of adjectives and the first-person pronoun.AdjectivesThe use of adjectives in the address is mainly determined by the functional tenor of the language. In the address of Kennedy, there are 105 adjectives, accounting nearly 7.8% in the total words of 1342. This percentage is obviously higher than that instant commentary, which is 5%. (Wang Zuoliang，1987:221) Most of the adjectives are subjective and emotional words, such as: fruitful, peaceful, great, powerful, solemn, hard, steady.This is determined by the functional tenor of the presidential address. In these address the speaker is expected to make their government policies known to the public and to persuade the public to accept and support his policy. In order to achieve these aims, the speaker often resorts to emotional appeal among other things. Adjectives are very useful in expressing one’s emotion, so the speaker uses so many adjectives in the address. Comparatively, there are fewer adjectives in the instant commentary, which is more objective than the inaugural address.On the other hand, the percentage of adjectives is much smaller than that of the advertisement, which is about 30%. (Qin Xiubai, 2002: 309) This is because as a political address with worldwide influence, American presidential address is much more serious thanadvertisements. Preaching political views is different from promoting goods. It should seem more subjective and could not be too garish.The First-person PronounAnother noticeable fact in the presidential address is the use of the first-person pronouns, which is determined by the personal tenor of the inaugural address.The most frequently used pronouns are the first-person pronouns:I, we and their derivational forms: me, us, and our etc. In most of situation, Kennedy used lots of first-person pronouns to substitute the second-person pronoun you.(1) We dare not forget today that we are the heirs of that first revolution.(2) Nor will it be finished in the first one thousand days, nor in the life of thisAdministration, nor even perhaps in our life time on this planet. But let us begin.Because the speaker usually mentions himself and his opinions, it is very natural for him to use I or me frequently. We or us in English are the form referring to both the speaker plus the audience. In the inaugural address, the speaker frequently uses we, us, and our instead for you or yours. This creates some special effects.First, the inclusive pronouns unite the speaker and the audience. They are helpful to build a sense of closeness between the speaker and the audience. The American president appears to be one member among ordinary American citizens. Thus the speech becomes more intimate, and more acceptable.Second, the first person plural can encourage a sense of group unity, a feeling of cohesiveness. “This practice minimizes differences within our group, and emphasizes between group members and those on the outside”. (Lucas, Stephen E, 2004:98) For example in Kennedy’s address, he said,“Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friends, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty.” The first person plurals: we, us in this sentence distinguish American people from the other nations, encourage a sense of group unity, awaken a sense of national pride and responsibility, thus make the speech very inciting.In addition, “the first-person plural in declarative structure can also perform an imperative function”. (Wang Zuoliang，1987:267) This indirect imperative form is implicit and much easier to accept. For example, “We dare not forget today that we are the heirs ofthat first revolution.” If we rewrite the above sentences with imperative sentences, they may sound more like orders than requests, and then widen the gap between the speaker and the audience. Thus the inciting effect cannot be achieved.3.2The Stylistic Features on the Syntactical LevelTraditionally, a sentence is seen as a sequence of words. How words are combined to form sentence to achieve the stylistic effects in APIA of Kennedy will be discussed in this part. The discussion will include the sentence structure, the postmodification in noun phrase, tense in verb phrase, and imperative sentences.3.2.1Sentence StructureThe average sentence length of different variety is different. According to Wang Zuoliang’s analysis, “the average sentence length of daily conversation is less than 12 words per sentence”. (Wang Zuoliang, 1987:247)The sentence length of legal document is much longer. Most sentences in legal document contain more than 40 words. Generally speaking, the longer the sentence length is, the more formal the variety is. “The average sentence length of all varieties is 17.8 words per sentence”. (Wang Zuoliang, 1987:245) Short sentence is the characteristic of spoken language.From the sentence length in terms of John F. Kennedy in his inaugural speech of 1342 words, with a total sentence of number 52, the average sentence length of 25.8 words. Of these, the number of sentences containing 1-9 words is 7, accounting for 13.5 percent of the total number; with 10-19 words of the sentence has 13, accounting for 25%; with 20-29 words of the sentence has 17, accounting for the total number of 32.7%; with 30-39 words of the sentence there are five, accounting for 9.6%; containing more than 40 words sentence 10. These figures indicate that the average sentence length of Kennedy’s address is longer than that of daily conversation, but shorter than news report, much shorte r than legal document. And it is near the average sentence length of all varieties.Judging from the types of sentences, simple sentence has 20, accounting for 38.5 percent sentence of the total number; compound sentence has four, accounting for 7.7%; complex sentences are 28, even up to 53.8%. The above data show that Kennedy's speech is mainly based on the complex sentences, followed by a simple sentence, compound sentence the least.From the above statistics about the length and type of the sentences, we can conclude that the sentence structure of American presidential address is characteristic of formal written language while exhibiting features of spoken language.This is determined by its tenor of speech. American president delivers the inaugural address to the people at home or abroad when he takes office. He has good education background, and the situation of inauguration is quite formal. In the address the orator are expected to make his government policy known to the public and to persuade the public to accept and support his policy. These personal tenor and functional tenor determine that inaugural address should not be as casual as daily conversation, and it is unnecessary to be as serious as news report and legal document.It is also influenced by the mode of the speech. The address is well prepared in advance in the form of written language, so it is possible to make long and well-structured complicated sentences, which manifest the characteristics of written language. On the other hand, the address is to be spoken. Then, too long and complicated sentences, such as the sentences with more than 40 words, may make trouble for the orator to speaker and for the audience to understand. So most sentences in the address are in middle-length with 10-30 words per sentence.Short sentences are usually emphatic, whereas long sentences are capable of expressing complex ideas with precision, because it may contain more modifiers. Involving such amount of short sentences, long sentences in the address is not only helpful to stress the ideas that should be stressed, but also helpful to achieve a variety of sentence pattern, length and rhythm, thus avoid monotony.3.2.2Postmodification in Noun PhraseThe majority of noun phrases consist of a head noun plus one or two optional elements. These optional elements refer to premodifier and postmodifier. Premodifier refers to the determiners, numbers, pronouns, and adjectives, or nouns with an adjectival function, which appear to the left of the head noun. Postmodifier refers to the phrases or clauses that appear to the right of the head noun. Most of the premodifiers are simple, thus save space. Some types of text, such as adverts, newspaper headlines, frequently use premodifications. The postmodification keeps the head noun in the front of part of the noun phrase, thus making it prominent. In addition, the postmodification supplies more space for accurate expression. The long and complicated postmodification, especially the one with relative clause, appears more frequently in formal texts.In Kennedy's speech, there are 282 nouns; about 32.6% nouns are postmodified. These postmodifiers are infinitive phrases, prepositional phrase, participle phrase, etc. The postmodification makes the expression more serious and emphatic. In addition, the postmodification provides more space for more information, and also make the inaugural address more formal. All these are determined by the tenor of discourse.3.2.3TenseThe use of tense is related to the field of discourse. In American preside ntial inaugural address the president make his government policy known to the public. They need to review the past, summarize the present, and then forecast the future.The tense in the APIA of Kennedy mainly concerns simple present, perfect present, and future tense. 80.8% of sentences in the address are in simple present. 7.7% of sentences are in present perfect. 11.5% of sentences are in future simple. But the simple past tense is even not used.This model of tenses in the American presidential address is quite unique. Because the normal tense used in other literary works, especially in fictional narrative is the simple past tense. Even in other public speaking.In the address, the address makes his government policy known to the public. The policyis planned to be adopted in future. So the future simple is frequently used. And the policy is based on the present situation, explain the reason for the reform, and thus persuade the public to support the policy. The simple present tense is frequently used. Although they need to mention something in the past, the emphasis is its influence to the present situation. So instead of using the simple past, the present perfect is used, which emphasizes the influence of the past events to the present situation.A noticeable phenomenon is that in the address of Kennedy, the simple past tense is not used at all, which is determined by the special social context in his time, and his special personal tenor.When John Kennedy took office in 1961, he was only 44 years old. As the youngest president of America, Kennedy had much confidence in his own governing policy, and was hopeful of the future. It was natural for him to neglect the past and stress the present state and the future plan. So in his address, the simple past tense was not used either.3.3The Stylistic Features on the Textual LevelThe text refers to a unified sentence groups composed by a series of sentences, spoken or written. The stylistic analysis on the textual level is actually to analyze the stylistic features of the textual cohesion, which is also called as the semantic consistency. Moreover, the semantic consistency is dependent upon the socio-cultural context. As a result, the semantic structure and socio-cultural context will be discussed in the following.3.3.1 The Semantic Structure“The text is a sense unit, not a grammar unit paralleled with sentence and clause. Language has mechanism to make any stretch of spoken or written discourse into a coherent and unified text and make a living message different from a random list of sentences. The mechanism is just the semantic structure of the text.”(Zhang Delu, 1998:336) Generally, thetextual function in the context is realized by a certain semantic structure.“A well-organized speech is more easily understood and more positively evaluated than a disorganized message.”(Lucas, Stephen E, 2004:110) Research has shown that a clear organization is positively associated with audience’s understanding and retention; it may influence audience’s perceptions of the speaker’s credibility, and the speech effect is also greatly influenced by organization. The structure of a speech should follow the way people naturally see and arrange in their minds. A well- structured speech has good form, symmetrical and orderly.Inaugural speech is to be delivered to the people both at home and abroad. Every newly elected president attaches much importance to it. And every inaugural speech is well prepared beforehand. Thus not only is the language effective, but the structure is also well organized. Generally speaking, the American presidential inaugural address follows the following pattern:(1)T o greet the audience(2)To declare to take office(3)T o make known the government policy and to persuade the public to accept andsupport his policy(4)T o say the prayersThe third part is the most important part of the whole address. Let’s take Kennedy’s address to have a detailed analysis:(1)T o state the basic policy goals(2)T o address different groups of allied nations or would-be allies(3)T o speak to his enemy(4)T o appeal to his countrymen for support and sacrificeHere, the orator makes the speech clear and proper to show his aims that the new generation of American will do their best to assure the survival and the success of liberty. It follows the process of human thinking and leads the listeners step by step to the desired action.3.3.2 Socio-cultural ContextLanguage is a communicative means of human beings, but any effective communication must be based on a specific social circumstance. Otherwise, the intended function of the text cannot be attained. In other words, text can not fulfill their goals without the necessary context. “Context can mean the history, culture, conventional customs and views on the value of the two sides of communication, so it is also named as socio-cultural context, that is, the so-called background of society and culture”. (Zhang Delu, 1998:340)It has been long recognized that language is an essential and important part of a given culture and the impact of culture upon a given language is something intrinsic and indispensable. Study of languages in socio-cultural context is exactly what Halliday and many other modern linguists advocate. Public speaking, which bears much political color and influences the public ideology, inevitably expresses and embodies cultural and social reality.Religion is a very important part of the westerner’s life. Most of the westerners believe in Christianity. Their thoughts and actions are greatly influenced by the doctrines of Bible. Many public speakers make best use of this to make their speeches more inciting. The American presidential addresses are inevitably characteristic of much religious color.First, at the beginning of the inaugural, the newly elected president must put his hand on the Bible and swear the oath. Kennedy say, “For I have swore before you and Almighty God the same solemn oath our forebears prescribed nearly a century and three quarte rs ago.”Second, when he finishes his address, the president usually says prayers: “Let us go forth to lead the land we love, asking His blessing and His help, but knowing that here on earth God’s work must truly be our own.”Third, the speaker tends to quote directly some words from the Bible to illustrate or support his political views. We can find a quotation from the Old Testament: “Let both side unit to heed in all corners of the earth the command of Isaiah—to undo the heavy burdens…and to let the oppressed go free.”Then, Kennedy uses Biblical language in some place to add solemnity to some of his weightier sayings. For example: “Let the word go forth from this time and place……”Religion is a product of its social development. The speaker makes use of this and preaches his own idea in the name of God. The religious color in the inaugural address is very helpful to make the address more inciting.3.4Rhetorical Features“The history of stylistics can be traced back to the rhetoric in the ancient Greek, whe n rhetoric refers to the skill of public speaking”. (Hu Zhuanglin，2000：11-24). Rhetorical devices are closely related to the skill of public speaking. And according to Halliday, many rhetorical devices, such as alliteration, parallelism, simile, and metaphor, may have some stylistic effects. So the analysis of the rhetorical features in American presidential inaugural address is not only necessary but also important.The object of a political speech is to explain, convince and persuade the audience that what the speaker is saying and planning to do best represent their interests so they should support him. In inaugural address, the president of the USA has to appeal not only to the American people but also to the different groups of nations in the international community. The address should be moving, forceful, and effective. To do this successfully, the speaker must employ suitable rhetorical devices, such as parallelism, metaphor, and alliteration. Kennedy’s inaugural address is generally regarded as one of the best delivered by an American president. Here we’ll take his address to have a detailed analysis of the rhetorical devices.3.4.1 Syntactical Rhetorical Device“Parallelism is a syntactic rhetorical device. It refers to a structural arrangement of parts of a sentence, paragraphs, and larger units of discourse by which one element of equal importance with another is similarly developed and phrased”. (Feng Cuihua, 2004:31) In parallel construction it is necessary to balance word for word, phrase with phrase, clause withclause, sentence with sentence, or paragraph with paragraph.(1) …not because the Communists may be doing it, not because we seek their votes, butbecause it is right.(2) Let the world go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that thetorch has been passed to a new generation of Americans, born in this century,tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancientheritage, and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of these human rightsto which his nation has always been committed, and to which we are committedtoday at home and around the world.V ery often, repetition is used with parallelism to emphasize the equal importance and weight of the parallel parts. The same sentence appears repeatedly in order to display intense emotion and impression; it is one of the common rhetoric tactics ---- Repetition. Most of the above parallelisms are repetitions too. As for repetition of important words we have: “all force”and “belief”, “committed”, “good”and “free”. Repetition has been proven to increase recall and comprehension, particularly if the message is complex.Another rhetorical device used with parallelism is climax. Climax refers to the arrangement of phrases or sentences in ascending order of importance. The elements in the parallel constructions are usually arranged in climactic order in order to add force. For example, in Kennedy’s inaugural address, “Nor will it be finished in the first one thousand days, nor in the life of this Administration, nor even perhaps in our life time on this planet.”“Antithesis is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve force and emphasis”. (Feng Cuihua, 2004:35) Antithesis is different from parallelism, because it not only needs neat sentence structure but also requests the meanings to be opposite or relative.(1) United , there is little we cannot do…D ivide, there is little we can do…(2) If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who arerich.Parallelism, repetition, antithesis, and climax all involve regular, consistent expressions. Owing to its balanced structure, neat rhyme, parallelism plays an important role in making the inaugural address emphatic, forceful, thus making it a successful appeal to the emotion.。
Week 1 Introduction
• Around 3000 years before the greatest era of Greek history, civilizations flourished in Mesopotamia and in Egypt. • These civilizations were urban, productive, religious and law abiding and in all meanings of the word, civilized. • Between 4000-3000 B.C., the first cities appeared in the region. This was in response to the pressures of population growth, the organizational requirements of irrigation and the demands of more complex trade patterns.
An Introduction to European Culture
Lecture 1Ancient Greece and before..
• •
Hale Waihona Puke ••What is culture? From Latin cultura, from cultus, (perfect passive participle of colere), till (the land), cultivate, worship. The arts, customs, and habits that characterize a particular society or nation. In his The Interpretation of Cultures, 1973, Clifford Geertz suggests culture is a “storehouse of pooled learning.”
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Period of Romanticism
Terms: Transcendentalism over-soul Free verse Puritanism Originaபைடு நூலகம் sin
Realism
period
Harriet Beecher Stowe ﹝1811-1896﹞:The Uncle 1811-1896﹞ Tom’ Tom’s Cabin; or, Life Among the lowly (the most popular American book of the 19th century) Kate Chopin ﹝1851-1904﹞:The Awakening 1851-1904﹞ ﹝1899﹞(in search of self-realization; Poetic evocations of 1899﹞ selfocean, birds (caged and freed), and music endow this short novel with unusual intensity and complexity.)
Henry James ﹝1843-1916,cosmopolitan novelist﹞: 1843novelist﹞ The Portrait of a Lady ﹝1881﹞ 1881﹞ The Ambassadors﹝1903, James felt it was his best novel﹞ novel﹞ (He once wrote that art, especially literary art, “make life, make interest, make importance.” James’s fiction and criticism is the most highly conscious, sophisticated, and difficult of its era.With Twain, James is generally ranked as the greatest American novelist of the second half of the 19th century. James is noted for his “international theme” —That is, —the complex relationships between naǐve Americans and cosmopolitan Europeans. James’s first phase of literary creation is called “international”. The second is experimental—feminism and social experimental— reform. In his third, or “major,” phase James returned to international subjects, but treated them with increasing sophistication and psychological penetration. If the main theme of Twain’s work is appearance and reality, James’s constant concern is perception. In James, only self-awareness and clear perception of others yieds selfwisdom and selfisacrificing love.As James develops, his novels become more psychological and less concerned with external events.)
Period of Romanticism
Herman Melville (1819-1891) : (1819Moby Dick Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) : (1817Walden Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807(18071882) : The Song of Hiawatha
Selected Readings in American Literature
Guiyang College
Instructor：Cai fengming
Classification of American Literature
Five Periods Period of Independent war (1775-1783) (1775Romantic Period (1815-1865) (1815Realism period (1865-1914) (1865Modernism period (1914-1945) (1914Contemporary period (1945-the 21st century) (1945-
Period of Romanticism
Washington Irving (1783-1859)( Father of (1783American literature) : The Sketch Book (《随笔 集》或《见闻札 记》—1819-1820, Rip Van Winkle from it) 1819Irving discovered and helped satisfy the new nation’s sense of history. James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851): (1789The Leather-stocking Tales (皮袜子故事集) : Leather皮袜子故事集) It is composed of five novels which constitute a vast prose epic by bringing to life frontier America from 1740 to1804.
Realism period
Mark Twain (1835-1910, the pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens) :
The Gilded Age The Innocents Abroad The Adventures of Tom Sawyer The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) (the founder of (1803transcendentalism): Nature; Self -Reliance ; The American Scholar; The Oversoul He tried to avoid building a logical intellectual system, and believed in intuition and flexibility and called for the birth of American individualism and the need for a new national vision.
Walt Whitman (1819-1892) : (the (1819pioneer of American poem revolutionary): Leaves of Grass, [Song of myself ] Emily Dickinson (1830-1886): (1830I’m Nobody ; Success is Counted Sweetest
Notes: Notes: The triumph of the hard-fought hardAmerican independence (1775-1783) 1775-1783) seemed to many at a time a divine sign that America and her people were destined for greatness. Military victory greatness. fanned nationalistic hopes for a great new literature.
Period of Romanticism
Notes: Notes:
Americans were painfully aware of their excessive dependence on English literary models. The search for a models. native literature became a national obsession. “Dependence is a obsession. state of degradation fraught with disgrace, and to be dependent on a foreign mind for what we can ourselves produce is to add to the crime of indolence the weakness of stupidity. ” stupidity. Cultural revolutions, unlike military revolutions, cannot be successively imposed but must grow from the soil of shared experience. experience. Revolutions are the expressions of the heart of the people; people; they grow gradually out of new sensibilities and wealth of experience. It would take 50 years of accumulated experience. history for America to earn its cultural independence and to produce the first great generation of American writers. writers.