ch04test
I_E_11e_Ch_04
CHAPTER 4—TARIFFSMULTIPLE CHOICE1. The imposition of tariffs on imports results in deadweight welfare losses for the home economy.These losses consist of the:a. Protective effect plus consumption effectb. Redistribution effect plus revenue effectc. Revenue effect plus protective effectd. Consumption effect plus redistribution effectANS: A PTS: 12. Suppose that the United States eliminates its tariff on steel imports, permitting foreign-producedsteel to enter the U.S. market. Steel prices to U.S. consumers would be expected to:a. Increase, and the foreign demand for U.S. exports would increaseb. Decrease, and the foreign demand for U.S. exports would increasec. Increase, and the foreign demand for U.S. exports would decreased. Decrease, and the foreign demand for U.S. exports would decreaseANS: B PTS: 13. A $100 specific tariff provides home producers more protection from foreign competition when:a. The home market buys cheaper products rather than expensive productsb. It is applied to a commodity with many grade variationsc. The home demand for a good is elastic with respect to price changesd. It is levied on manufactured goods rather than primary productsANS: A PTS: 14. A lower tariff on imported aluminum would most likely benefit:a. Foreign producers at the expense of domestic consumersb. Domestic manufacturers of aluminumc. Domestic consumers of aluminumd. Workers in the domestic aluminum industryANS: C PTS: 15. When a government allows raw materials and other intermediate products to enter a country dutyfree, its tariff policy generally results in a:a. Effective tariff rate less than the nominal tariff rateb. Nominal tariff rate less than the effective tariff ratec. Rise in both nominal and effective tariff ratesd. Fall in both nominal and effective tariff ratesANS: B PTS: 16. Of the many arguments in favor of tariffs, the one that has enjoyed the most significant economicjustification has been the:a. Infant industry argumentb. Cheap foreign labor argumentc. Balance of payments argumentd. Domestic living standard argumentANS: A PTS: 17. The redistribution effect of an import tariff is the transfer of income from the domestic:a. Producers to domestic buyers of the goodb. Buyers to domestic producers of the goodc. Buyers to the domestic governmentd. Government to the domestic buyersANS: B PTS: 18. Which of the following is true concerning a specific tariff?a. It is exclusively used by the U.S. in its tariff schedules.b. It refers to a flat percentage duty applied to a good's market value.c. It is plagued by problems associated with assessing import product values.d. It affords less protection to home producers during eras of rising prices.ANS: D PTS: 19. The principal benefit of tariff protection goes to:a. Domestic consumers of the good producedb. Domestic producers of the good producedc. Foreign producers of the good producedd. Foreign consumers of the good producedANS: B PTS: 110. Which of the following policies permits a specified quantity of goods to be imported at one tariffrate and applies a higher tariff rate to imports above this quantity?a. Tariff quotab. Import tariffc. Specific tariffd. Ad valorem tariffANS: A PTS: 111. Assume the United States adopts a tariff quota on steel in which the quota is set at 2 million tons,the within-quota tariff rate equals 5 percent, and the over-quota tariff rate equals 10 percent.Suppose the U.S. imports 1 million tons of steel. The resulting revenue effect of the tariff quota would accrue to:a. The U.S. government onlyb. U.S. importing companies onlyc. Foreign exporting companies onlyd. The U.S. government and either U.S. importers or foreign exportersANS: A PTS: 112. When the production of a commodity does not utilize imported inputs, the effective tariff rate onthe commodity:a. Exceeds the nominal tariff rate on the commodityb. Equals the nominal tariff rate on the commodityc. Is less than the nominal tariff rate on the commodityd. None of the aboveANS: B PTS: 113. Developing nations often maintain that industrial countries permit raw materials to be importedat very low tariff rates while maintaining high tariff rates on manufactured imports. Which of the following refers to the above statement?a. Tariff-quota effectb. Nominal tariff effectc. Tariff escalation effectd. Protective tariff effectANS: C PTS: 114. Should the home country be "large" relative to the world, its imposition of a tariff on importswould lead to an increase in domestic welfare if the terms-of-trade effect exceeds the sum of the:a. Revenue effect plus redistribution effectb. Protective effect plus revenue effectc. Consumption effect plus redistribution effectd. Protective effect plus consumption effectANS: D PTS: 115. Should Canada impose a tariff on imports, one would expect Canada's:a. Terms of trade to improve and volume of trade to decreaseb. Terms of trade to worsen and volume of trade to decreasec. Terms of trade to improve and volume of trade to increased. Terms of trade to worsen and volume of trade to increaseANS: A PTS: 116. A beggar-thy-neighbor policy is the imposition of:a. Free trade to increase domestic productivityb. Trade barriers to increase domestic demand and employmentc. Import tariffs to curb domestic inflationd. Revenue tariffs to make products cheaper for domestic consumersANS: B PTS: 117. A problem encountered when implementing an "infant industry" tariff is that:a. Domestic consumers will purchase the foreign good regardless of the tariffb. Political pressure may prevent the tariff's removal when the industry maturesc. Most industries require tariff protection when they are matured. Labor unions will capture the protective effect in higher wagesANS: B PTS: 118. Tariffs are not defended on the ground that they:a. Improve the terms of trade of foreign nationsb. Protect jobs and reduce unemploymentc. Promote growth and development of young industriesd. Prevent overdependence of a country on only a few industriesANS: A PTS: 119. The deadweight loss of a tariff:a. Is a social loss since it promotes inefficient productionb. Is a social loss since it reduces the revenue for the governmentc. Is not a social loss because society as a whole doesn't pay for the lossd. Is not a social loss since only business firms suffer revenue lossesANS: A PTS: 120. Which of the following is a fixed percentage of the value of an imported product as it enters thecountry?a. Specific tariffb. Ad valorem tariffc. Nominal tariffd. Effective tariffANS: B PTS: 121. A tax of 20 cents per unit of imported cheese would be an example of:a. Compound tariffb. Effective tariffc. Ad valorem tariffd. Specific tariffANS: D PTS: 122. A tax of 15 percent per imported item would be an example of:a. Ad valorem tariffb. Specific tariffc. Effective tariffd. Compound tariffANS: A PTS: 123. Which type of tariff is not used by the American government?a. Import tariffb. Export tariffc. Specific tariffd. Ad valorem tariffANS: B PTS: 124. Which trade policy results in the government levying a "two-tier" tariff on imported goods?a. Tariff quotab. Nominal tariffc. Effective tariffd. Revenue tariffANS: A PTS: 125. If we consider the impact on both consumers and producers, then protection of the steel industryis:a. In the interest of the United States as a whole, but not in the interest of the state ofPennsylvaniab. In the interest of the United States as a whole and in the interest of the state of Pennsylvaniac. Not in the interest of the United States as a whole, but it might be in the interest of the stateof Pennsylvaniad. Not in the interest of the United States as a whole, nor in the interest of the state ofPennsylvaniaANS: C PTS: 126. If I purchase a stereo from South Korea, I obtain the stereo and South Korea obtains the dollars.But if I purchase a stereo produced in the United States, I obtain the stereo and the dollars remain in America. This line of reasoning is:a. Valid for stereos, but not for most products imported by the United Statesb. Valid for most products imported by the United States, but not for stereosc. Deceptive since Koreans eventually spend the dollars on U.S. goodsd. Deceptive since the dollars spent on a stereo built in the United States eventually wind upoverseasANS: C PTS: 127. The most vocal political pressure for tariffs is generally made by:a. Consumers lobbying for export tariffsb. Consumers lobbying for import tariffsc. Producers lobbying for export tariffsd. Producers lobbying for import tariffsANS: D PTS: 128. If we consider the interests of both consumers and producers, then a policy of tariff reduction inthe U.S. auto industry is:a. In the interest of the United States as a whole, but not in the interest of auto-producing statesb. In the interest of the United States as a whole, and in the interest of auto-producing statesc. Not in the interest of the United States as a whole, nor in the interest of auto-producingstatesd. Not in the interest of the United States as a whole, but is in the interest of auto-producingstatesANS: A PTS: 129. Free traders point out that:a. There is usually an efficiency gain from having tariffsb. There is usually an efficiency loss from having tariffsc. Producers lose from tariffs at the expense of consumersd. Producers lose from tariffs at the expense of the governmentANS: B PTS: 130. A decrease in the import tariff will result in:a. An increase in imports but a decrease in domestic productionb. A decrease in imports but an increase in domestic productionc. An increase in price but a decrease in quantity purchasedd. A decrease in price and a decrease in quantity purchasedANS: A PTS: 1Figure 4.1 illustrates the demand and supply schedules for pocket calculators in Mexico, a "small" nation that is unable to affect the world price.Figure 4.1. Import Tariff Levied by a "Small" Country31. Consider Figure 4.1. In the absence of trade, Mexico produces and consumes:a. 10 calculatorsb. 40 calculatorsc. 60 calculatorsd. 80 calculatorsANS: C PTS: 132. Consider Figure 4.1. In the absence of trade, Mexico's producer surplus and consumer surplusrespectively equal:a. $120, $240b. $180, $180c. $180, $320d. $240, $240ANS: B PTS: 133. Consider Figure 4.1. With free trade, Mexico imports:a. 40 calculatorsb. 60 calculatorsc. 80 calculatorsd. 100 calculatorsANS: D PTS: 134. Consider Figure 4.1. With free trade, the total value of Mexico's imports equal:a. $220b. $260c. $290d. $300ANS: D PTS: 135. Consider Figure 4.1. With free trade, Mexico's producer surplus and consumer surplusrespectively equal:a. $5, $605b. $25, $380c. $45, $250d. $85, $195ANS: A PTS: 136. Consider Figure 4.1. With a per-unit tariff of $3, the quantity of imports decreases to:a. 20 calculatorsb. 40 calculatorsc. 50 calculatorsd. 70 calculatorsANS: B PTS: 137. According to Figure 4.1, the loss in Mexican consumer surplus due to the tariff equals:a. $225b. $265c. $285d. $325ANS: C PTS: 138. According to Figure 4.1, the tariff results in the Mexican government collecting:a. $100b. $120c. $140d. $160ANS: B PTS: 139. According to Figure 4.1, Mexican manufacturers gain ____ because of the tariff.a. $75b. $85c. $95d. $105ANS: A PTS: 140. According to Figure 4.1, the deadweight cost of the tariff totals:a. $60b. $70c. $80d. $90ANS: D PTS: 141. Consider Figure 4.1. The tariff would be prohibitive (i.e., eliminate imports) if it equaled:a. $2b. $3c. $4d. $5ANS: D PTS: 1Assume the United States is a large consumer of steel that is able to influence the world price. Its demand and supply schedules are respectively denoted by D U.S. and S U.S. in Figure 4.2. Theoverall (United States plus world) supply schedule of steel is denoted by S U.S.+W.Figure 4.2. Import Tariff Levied by a "Large" Country42. Consider Figure 4.2. With free trade, the United States achieves market equilibrium at a price of$____. At this price, ____ tons of steel are produced by U.S. firms, ____ tons are bought by U.S.buyers, and ____ tons are imported.a. $450, 5 tons, 60 tons, 55 tonsb. $475, 10 tons, 50 tons, 40 tonsc. $525, 5 tons, 60 tons, 55 tonsd. $630, 30 tons, 30 tons, 0 tonsANS: B PTS: 143. Consider Figure 4.2. Suppose the United States imposes a tariff of $100 on each ton of steelimported. With the tariff, the price of steel rises to $____ and imports fall to ____ tons.a. $550, 20 tonsb. $550, 30 tonsc. $575, 20 tonsd. $575, 30 tonsANS: A PTS: 144. Consider Figure 4.2. Of the $100 tariff, $____ is passed on to the U.S. consumer via a higherprice, while $____ is borne by the foreign exporter; the U.S. terms of trade:a. $25, $75, improveb. $25, $75, worsenc. $75, $25, improved. $75, $25, worsenANS: C PTS: 145. Referring to Figure 4.2, the tariff's deadweight welfare loss to the United States totals:a. $450b. $550c. $650d. $750ANS: D PTS: 146. According to Figure 4.2, the tariff's terms-of-trade effect equals:a. $300b. $400c. $500d. $600ANS: C PTS: 147. According to Figure 4.2, the tariff leads to the overall welfare of the United States:a. Rising by $250b. Rising by $500c. Falling by $250d. Falling by $500ANS: C PTS: 148. Suppose that the production of $500,000 worth of steel in the United States requires $100,000worth of iron ore. The U.S. nominal tariff rates for importing these goods are 15 percent for steel and 5 percent for iron ore. Given this information, the effective rate of protection for the U.S.steel industry is approximately:a. 6 percentb. 12 percentc. 18 percentd. 24 percentANS: C PTS: 149. Suppose that the production of a $30,000 automobile in Canada requires $10,000 worth of steel.The Canadian nominal tariff rates for importing these goods are 25 percent for automobiles and10 percent for steel. Given this information, the effective rate of protection for the Canadianautomobile industry is approximately:a. 15 percentb. 32 percentc. 48 percentd. 67 percentANS: B PTS: 1Exhibit 4.1Assume that the United States imports automobiles from South Korea at a price of $20,000 per vehicle and that these vehicles are subject to an import tariff of 20 percent. Also assume that U.S.components are used in the vehicles assembled by South Korea and that these components have a value of $10,000.50. Refer to Exhibit 4.1. In the absence of the Offshore Assembly Provision of U.S. tariff policy, theprice of an imported vehicle to the U.S. consumer after the tariff has been levied is:a. $22,000b. $23,000c. $24,000d. $25,000ANS: C PTS: 151. Refer to Exhibit 4.1. Under the Offshore Assembly Provision of U.S. tariff policy, the price of animported vehicle to the U.S. consumer after the tariff has been levied is:a. $22,000b. $23,000c. $24,000d. $25,000ANS: A PTS: 152. Suppose an importer of steel is required to pay a tariff of $20 per ton plus 5 percent of the valueof steel. This is an example of a (an):a. Specific tariffb. Ad valorem tariffc. Compound tariffd. Tariff quotaANS: C PTS: 153. A compound tariff is a combination of a (an):a. Tariff quota and a two-tier tariffb. Revenue tariff and a protective tariffc. Import tariff and an export tariffd. Specific tariff and an ad valorem tariffANS: D PTS: 1Table 4.1. Production Costs and Prices of Imported and Domestic VCRsImported VCRs Domestic VCRs Component parts $150 Imported component parts $150 Assembly cost/profit 50 Assembly cost 50 Nominal tariff 25 Profit 25 Import price Domestic priceafter tariff 225 after tariff 22554. Consider Table 4.1. Prior to the tariff, the total price of domestically-produced VCRs is:a. $150b. $200c. $225d. $250ANS: B PTS: 155. Consider Table 4.1. Prior to the tariff, the total price of imported VCRs is:a. $150b. $200c. $225d. $235ANS: B PTS: 156. Consider Table 4.1. The nominal tariff rate on imported VCRs equals:a. 11.1 percentb. 12.5 percentc. 16.7 percentd. 50.0 percentANS: B PTS: 157. Consider Table 4.1. Prior to the tariff, domestic value added equals:a. $25b. $50c. $75d. $100ANS: B PTS: 158. Consider Table 4.1. After the tariff, domestic value added equals:a. $25b. $50c. $75d. $100ANS: C PTS: 159. Consider Table 4.1. The effective tariff rate equals:a. 11.1 percentb. 16.7 percentc. 50.0 percentd. 100.0 percentANS: C PTS: 160. If the domestic value added before an import tariff for a product is $500 and the domestic valueadded after the tariff is $550, the effective rate of protection is:a. 5 percentb. 8 percentc. 10 percentd. 15 percentANS: C PTS: 161. When a tariff on imported inputs exceeds that on the finished good,a. The nominal tariff rate on the finished product would tend to overstate its protective effectb. The nominal tariff rate would tend to understate it's protective effectc. It is impossible to determine the protective effect of a tariffd. Tariff escalation occursANS: A PTS: 162. The offshore assembly provision in the U.S.a. Provides favorable treatment to U.S. trading partnersb. Discriminates against primary product importersc. Provides favorable treatment to products assembled abroad from U.S. manufacturedcomponentsd. Hurts the U.S. consumerANS: C PTS: 163. Arguments for U.S. trade restrictions include all of the following excepta. Job protectionb. Infant industry supportc. Maintenance of domestic living standardd. Improving incomes for developing countriesANS: D PTS: 164. For the United States, a foreign trade zone (FTZ) isa. A site within the United Statesb. A site outside the United Statesc. Always located in poorer developing countriesd. Is used to discourage tradeANS: A PTS: 1TRUE/FALSE1. To protect domestic producers from foreign competition, the U.S. government levies both importtariffs and export tariffs.ANS: F PTS: 12. With a compound tariff, a domestic importer of an automobile might be required to pay a duty of$200 plus 4 percent of the value of the automobile.ANS: T PTS: 13. With a specific tariff, the degree of protection afforded domestic producers varies directly withchanges in import prices.ANS: F PTS: 14. During a business recession, when cheaper products are purchased, a specific tariff providesdomestic producers a greater amount of protection against import-competing goods.ANS: T PTS: 15. A ad valorem tariff provides domestic producers a declining degree of protection againstimport-competing goods during periods of changing prices.ANS: F PTS: 16. With a compound duty, its "specific" portion neutralizes the cost disadvantage of domesticmanufacturers that results from tariff protection granted to domestic suppliers of raw materials, and the "ad valorem" portion of the duty grants protection to the finished-goods industry.ANS: T PTS: 17. The nominal tariff rate signifies the total increase in domestic productive activities compared towhat would occur under free-trade conditions.ANS: F PTS: 18. When material inputs enter a country at a very low duty while the final imported product isprotected by a high duty, the result tends to be a high rate of protection for domestic producers of the final product.ANS: T PTS: 19. According to the tariff escalation effect, industrial countries apply low tariffs to imports offinished goods and high tariffs to imports of raw materials.ANS: F PTS: 110. Under the Offshore Assembly Provision of U.S. tariff policy, U.S. import duties apply only to thevalue added in the foreign assembly process, provided that U.S.-made components are used by overseas companies in their assembly operations.ANS: T PTS: 111. Bonded warehouses and foreign trade zones have the effect of allowing domestic importers topostpone and prorate over time their import duty obligations.ANS: T PTS: 112. A nation whose imports constitute a very small portion of the world market supply is a price taker,facing a constant world price for its import commodity.ANS: T PTS: 113. Graphically, consumer surplus is represented by the area above the demand curve and below theproduct's market price.ANS: F PTS: 114. Producer surplus is the revenue producers receive over and above the minimum necessary forproduction.ANS: T PTS: 115. For a "small" country, a tariff raises the domestic price of an imported product by the full amountof the duty.ANS: T PTS: 116. Although an import tariff provides the domestic government additional tax revenue, it benefitsdomestic consumers at the expense of domestic producers.ANS: F PTS: 117. An import tariff reduces the welfare of a "small" country by an amount equal to the redistributioneffect plus the revenue effect.ANS: F PTS: 118. The deadweight losses of an import tariff consist of the protection effect plus the consumptioneffect.ANS: T PTS: 119. The redistribution effect is the transfer of producer surplus to domestic consumers of theimport-competing product.ANS: F PTS: 120. As long as it is assumed that a nation accounts for a negligible portion of international trade, itslevying an import tariff necessarily increases its overall welfare.ANS: F PTS: 121. Changes in a "large" country's economic conditions or trade policies can affect the terms atwhich it trades with other countries.ANS: T PTS: 122. A "large" country, that levies a tariff on imports, cannot improve the terms at which it trades withother countries.ANS: F PTS: 123. For a "large" country, a tariff on an imported product may be partially absorbed by the domesticconsumer via a higher purchase price and partially absorbed by the foreign producer via a lower export price.ANS: T PTS: 124. If a "large" country levies a tariff on an imported good, its overall welfare increases if themonetary value of the tariff's consumption effect plus protective effect exceeds the monetary value of the terms-of-trade effect.ANS: F PTS: 125. If a "small" country levies a tariff on an imported good, its overall welfare increases if themonetary value of the tariff's consumption effect plus protective effect is less than the monetary value of the terms-of-trade effect.ANS: F PTS: 126. A tariff on steel imports tends to improve the competitiveness of domestic automobilecompanies.ANS: F PTS: 127. If a tariff reduces the quantity of Japanese autos imported by the United States, over time itreduces the ability of Japan to import goods from the United States.ANS: T PTS: 128. A compound tariff permits a specified amount of goods to be imported at one tariff rate while anyimports above this amount are subjected to a higher tariff rate.ANS: F PTS: 129. A tariff can be thought of as a tax on imported goods.ANS: T PTS: 130. Although tariffs on imported steel may lead to job gains for domestic steel workers, they can leadto job losses for domestic auto workers.ANS: T PTS: 131. Relatively low wages in Mexico make it impossible for U.S. manufacturers of labor-intensivegoods to compete against Mexican manufacturers.ANS: F PTS: 132. According to the infant-industry argument, temporary tariff protection granted to an infantindustry will help it become competitive in the world market; when internationalcompetitiveness is achieved, the tariff should be removed.ANS: T PTS: 1Exhibit 4.2In the absence of international trade, assume that the equilibrium price and quantity of motorcycles in Canada is $14,000 and 10 units respectively. Assuming that Canada is a small country that is unable to affect the world price of motorcycles, suppose its market is opened to international trade. As a result, the price of motorcycles falls to $12,000 and the total quantity demanded rises to 14 units; out of this total, 6 units are produced in Canada while 8 units are imported. Now assume that the Canadian government levies an import tariff of $1,000 on motorcycles.33. Refer to Exhibit 4.2. As a result of the tariff, the price of imported motorcycles equals $13,000and imports total 4 cycles.ANS: T PTS: 134. Refer to Exhibit 4.2. The tariff leads to an increase in Canadian consumer surplus totaling$11,000.ANS: F PTS: 135. Refer to Exhibit 4.2. The tariff's redistribution effect equals $7,000.ANS: T PTS: 136. Refer to Exhibit 4.2. The tariff's revenue effect equals $6,000.ANS: F PTS: 137. Refer to Exhibit 4.2. All of the import tariff is shifted to the Canadian consumer via a higher priceof motorcycles.ANS: T PTS: 138. Refer to Exhibit 4.2. The tariff leads to a deadweight welfare loss for Canada totaling $1,000.ANS: F PTS: 139. Unlike a specific tariff, an ad valorem tariff differentiates between commodities with differentvalues.ANS: T PTS: 140. A limitation of a specific tariff is that it provides a constant level of protection for domesticcommodities regardless of fluctuations in their prices over time.ANS: F PTS: 141. A tariff quota is a combination of a specific tariff and an ad valorem tariff.ANS: F PTS: 142. A specific tariff is expressed as a fixed percentage of the total value of an imported product.ANS: F PTS: 143. The protective effect of a tariff occurs to the extent that less efficient domestic production issubstituted for more efficient foreign production.ANS: T PTS: 144. A tariff can increase the welfare of a "large" levying country if the favorable terms-of-tradeeffect more than offsets the unfavorable protective effect and consumption effect.ANS: T PTS: 145. If the world price of steel is $600 per ton, a specific tariff of $120 per ton is equivalent to an advalorem tariff of 25 percent.ANS: F PTS: 146. An import tariff will worsen the terms of trade for a "small" country but improve the terms oftrade for a "large" country.ANS: F PTS: 147. Suppose that the tariff on imported steel is 40 percent, the tariff on imported iron ore is 20 percent,and 30 percent of the cost of producing a ton of steel consists of the iron ore it contains. The effective rate of protection of steel is approximately 49 percent.ANS: T PTS: 1。
四丁基硫酸氢铵检测方法
四丁基硫酸氢铵检测方法
1.样品准备：将样品称取适量，加入适量的蒸馏水中溶解，得到待测
溶液。
如果样品为固体，可先将固体样品粉碎，并将细粉溶解于蒸馏水中。
2.试剂准备：
a. 盐酸滴定液：取浓度为0.1 mol/L的盐酸溶液，用蒸馏水稀释至
0.01 mol/L。
b.酚酞指示剂：将适量的酚酞溶解于蒸馏水中，得到浓度约为0.1%
的酚酞溶液。
3.试剂标定：
a. 取1.000 g 四丁基硫酸氢铵标准品，完全溶解于蒸馏水中，转移
至250 mL 锥形瓶中，加入适量的盐酸滴定液和酚酞指示剂，用蒸馏水稀
释至刻度，摇匀。
然后，将100 mL 量取，用蒸馏水稀释至250 mL，得到
四丁基硫酸氢铵的1 mg/mL 的标准溶液。
b.用该标准溶液进行滴定，记录所消耗的盐酸滴定液体积。
4.滴定过程：
a.取一定体积的待测溶液（约10mL），转移至250mL锥形瓶中，加
入适量的蒸馏水稀释至刻度。
b.加入几滴酚酞指示剂，溶液会变成粉红色。
c.滴定过程中，以慢速且均匀的滴加盐酸滴定液，每滴一滴后轻轻摇
晃瓶子，直到溶液从粉红色转变为淡黄色。
注意记录所消耗的盐酸滴定液
体积。
5.数据处理：
a.根据盐酸滴定液的浓度，计算出四丁基硫酸氢铵的浓度。
b.若要进行进一步的计算，可以根据样品的摩尔质量计算出四丁基硫
酸氢铵的质量。
这是一种常用的四丁基硫酸氢铵检测方法，可以准确地测定四丁基硫
酸氢铵的含量。
在实际应用中，需要注意选择合适的试剂准备和标定条件，以确保结果的准确性。
ch-4柴机油机油检测报告
ch-4柴机油机油检测报告汽车用油汽油机油柴油机油变速箱油刹车油冷却液汽油柴油车用齿轮油光伏电站变压器油检测（监测）、并网电站变压器油检测（监测）、变电站用变压器油检测（监测）、升压变压器油检测（监测）、光伏并网电站变压器油换油检测、太阳能电站系统变压器油检测、110KV 电站变压器油换油检测、220KV电站变压器油换油年检、500KV光伏并网电站变压器油检测、35KV并网变压器油年检、供电系统变压器油换油检测工业用油液压油导热油齿轮油冷冻油导轨油防锈油空气压缩机油航空润滑油水含量，密度或相对密度，氮含量，饱和烃，沉淀物和原油中生物，铁、镍、钠、钒含量，原油酸值，残炭，氯含量，粘度，盐含量等燃料用油辛烷值、抗爆指数、铅含量、馏程、蒸气压、实际胶质、诱导期、硫含量、博士试验或硫醇硫含量、铜片腐蚀、水溶性酸或碱、机械杂质及水分、苯含量、芳烃含量、烯烃含量、氧含量、甲醇含量、锰含量、铁含量、色度、氧化安定性、十六烷值或十六烷指数、硫含量、10％蒸余物残炭、酸度、馏程、闪点、凝点、铜片腐蚀、灰分、密度、水分、机械杂质、运动粘度、润滑性、多环芳烃、脂肪酸甲酯含量。
油品新型添加剂低温动力粘度、边界泵送温度、运动粘度、粘度指数、倾点、水分、泡沫性、蒸发损失、过滤性、均匀性和混合性、高温沉积物、凝胶指数、机械杂质、闪点、磷、碱值、硫酸盐灰分、硫、氮。
汽油：GB17930-2011根据研究法辛烷值将汽油分为90#、93#、97#三个牌号。
运动粘度、倾点、闪点、腐蚀试验、抗乳化性、液相锈蚀、硫酸盐灰分、老化特性、减压蒸馏蒸出80%后残留物特性、中和值、水溶性酸碱、水分、机械杂质等通用锂基脂极压锂基脂钡基脂钙基脂钠基脂建筑石蜡沥青食品级润滑脂501抗氧剂工作锥入度延长工作锥入度滴点防腐蚀性蒸发量腐蚀水淋流失量钢网分油氧化安定性漏失量游离碱含量杂质含量低温转矩。
中级财务会计英文ch04-文档资料
Cash
Overdraft
Negative bank account balance reported as a current liability.
Compensating balance
Minimum balance that must be maintained in a company’s account as support for funds borrowed from the bank.
Travel Expenses Customer Business Lunches Express Mail Postage Miscellaneous Office Supplies
$79.30 93.42 55.00 32.48
Prepare the journal entry to record replenishing fund if the balance on July 31 was $137.80.
中级财务会计英文ch04-文档资料
点击此处可添加副标题
Cash and Receivables
Chapter
4
Intermediate Accounting 12th Edition
Kieso, Weygandt, and Warfield
Chapter 4-2
Prepared by Coby Harmon, University of California, Santa Barbara
balances. Permit reconciliation of ledger and bank cash
account balances. Result in the physical control of cash.
4,4-双(仲丁基氨基)-二环己基甲烷 结构式
4,4-双(仲丁基氨基)-二环己基甲烷结构式前言在有机化学中，化合物的结构式是对其分子结构的简洁而准确的描述。
本文将围绕着4,4-双(仲丁基氨基)-二环己基甲烷这一具有特殊结构的有机化合物展开深入探讨，希望通过全面评估和分析，为大家呈现一篇有价值的文章。
1. 4,4-双(仲丁基氨基)-二环己基甲烷的结构式简介4,4-双(仲丁基氨基)-二环己基甲烷，又称为bis(2-methyl-2-propanyl) cyclohexylmethane，是一种有机化合物。
其结构式如下所示：[插入4,4-双(仲丁基氨基)-二环己基甲烷的结构式图片]从结构式中可以看出，4,4-双(仲丁基氨基)-二环己基甲烷分子中包含两个环己基甲烷基团和两个仲丁基氨基团，这种结构使得该化合物具有独特的性质和用途。
2. 4,4-双(仲丁基氨基)-二环己基甲烷的物理性质关于4,4-双(仲丁基氨基)-二环己基甲烷的物理性质，我们可以通过理论计算和实验数据来进行评估。
该化合物的分子量、沸点、密度、溶解性等性质都是我们需要深入了解的内容。
1) 分子量：根据结构式，可以推算出4,4-双(仲丁基氨基)-二环己基甲烷的分子量为多少？2) 沸点：该化合物的沸点是多少？这一性质对于它的应用有着怎样的影响？3) 密度：通过实验数据可以得知，4,4-双(仲丁基氨基)-二环己基甲烷的密度是多少？这对于其在工业生产中的使用有何意义？4) 溶解性：在不同溶剂中，该化合物的溶解性如何？这对于它在化工领域的应用有着怎样的影响？3. 4,4-双(仲丁基氨基)-二环己基甲烷的化学性质除了物理性质外，4,4-双(仲丁基氨基)-二环己基甲烷的化学性质也是我们需要重点了解的内容。
包括了它的稳定性、反应性、合成方法等方面。
1) 稳定性：该化合物在常温下的稳定性如何？对于它的贮存和运输有着怎样的要求？2) 反应性：在不同环境条件下，4,4-双(仲丁基氨基)-二环己基甲烷会发生怎样的化学反应？这些反应有着怎样的应用价值？3) 合成方法：目前已知的合成该化合物的方法有哪些？它的合成途径是否经济、高效？4. 对4,4-双(仲丁基氨基)-二环己基甲烷的深入理解和个人观点4,4-双(仲丁基氨基)-二环己基甲烷作为一种特殊结构的有机化合物，其在聚合物、医药、染料、香料等领域都有着广泛的应用。
ch04-6维生素的测定-VC的测定
荧光法
结果计算
cV 100 X F m 1000
式中 X-----试样中抗坏血酸及脱氢抗坏血酸总含量， mg/100g； c------由标准曲线查得或由回归方程算得试样溶 液浓度， μ g/mL m------试样的质量，g； V-------荧光反应所用试样体积，mL； F-------试样溶液的稀释倍数。
荧光法
仪器
荧光分光光度计或具有350nm及430nm 波长的荧光计；捣碎机。
试样的制备
称取100 g鲜样,加100mL偏磷酸-乙酸溶液， 倒入捣碎机内打成匀浆，先取少量样品加入1滴 百里酚蓝，若显红色(pH=1.2)，即用偏磷酸-冰醋 酸溶液定容至100 mL；若显黄色(pH=2.8)，即用 偏磷酸-冰醋酸-硫酸溶液定容至100 mL，定容后 过滤备用。
2,6-二氯靛酚滴定法
方法说明
① 所有试剂最好用重蒸馏水配制。在处理各种样品时，如遇有泡 沫产生，可加入数滴辛醇消除。 ② 样品采取后，应浸泡在已知量的2%草酸溶液中，以防止维生素 C氧化损失。测定时整个操作过程要迅速，防止抗坏血酸被氧化。 ③ 若测动物性样品，须用10%三氯乙酸代替2%草酸溶液提取。 ④ 若样品滤液颜色较深，影响滴定终点观察，可加入白陶土再过 滤。白陶土使用前应测定回收率。 ⑤ 若样品中含有Fe2+、Cu2+、Sn2+、亚硫酸盐、硫代硫酸盐等还原 性杂质时，会使结果偏高，使用醋酸可以避免这种情况的发生 ⑥测定样液时，需做空白对照，样液滴定体积扣除空白体积。滴 定时，可同时吸二个样品。一个滴定，另一个作为观察颜色变化 的参考；
VC测定方法综述
维生素C在体内能进行可逆氧化。维生素C 的氧化还原特性决定 了它是一种电子供体。维生素C的所有生理功能几乎都与还原作用 有关 1.作为酶的辅因子或辅底物参与多种重要的生物合成 包括胶原蛋白、肉碱、某些神经介质和肽激素的合成及酪氨酸代 谢等。 2.抗氧化作用 参与O2-· 、OCl3· 、OH·、NO· 、NO2· 等自由基的清除，保护DNA、 Pro和膜结构免受损伤 3.对Fe吸收、转运和储存、叶酸转变为四氢叶酸、胆固醇转变为胆 酸从而降低血胆固醇均有作用 4.其他 对其它维生素，包括B族维生素、维生素A、维生素E有节省作用， 还可抑制N-亚硝基化合物的合成而预防癌症。 维生素C能保持巯基酶的活性和谷胱甘肽的还原状态，起解毒作用 等。
104报文解读
104规约大致有1997年和2002年（02版）两个版本，在配置上没什么变化，只4096个，YK最多可配256个，YM最多可配512个。
4个控制域8位位组：前两个是发送序号，后两个是接收序号。
补充说明：1、报文中的APDU长度指的是除68和APDU长度字节的所有字节。
2、注意长帧报文的“发送序号”与“接收序号”具有抗报文丢失功能。
3常用的类型标识遥测：09----带品质描述的遥测量，每个遥测值占3个字节0a----带3个字节时标的且具有品质描述的遥测值，每个遥测值占6个字节0b---不带时标的标度化值，每个遥测值占3个字节0c---带3个字节时标的标度化值，每个遥测值占6个字节0d---带品质描述的浮点值，每个遥测值占5个字节0e---带3个字节时标且具有品质描述的浮点值，每个遥测值占8个字节 15---不带品质描述的遥测值，每个遥测值占2个字节遥信：01---不带时标的单点遥信，每个遥信占1个字节03---不带时标的双点遥信，每个遥信占1个字节14---具有状态变位检测的成组单点遥信，每个字节包括8个遥信SOE：02---带3个字节短时标的单点遥信04---带3个字节短时标的双点遥信1e---带7个字节时标的单点遥信1f---带7个字节时标的双点遥信遥脉：0f---不带时标的电度量，每个电度量占5个字节10---带3个字节短时标的电度量，每个电度量占8个字节25---带7个字节长时标的电度量，每个电度量占12个字节其他：2d---单点遥控2e---双点遥控2f---双电遥调64---召唤全数据65---召唤全电度67---时钟同步命令4、常用的传送原因列表：1---周期、循环2---背景扫描3---突发、自发上传4---初始化5---请求或被请求6---激活7---激活确认8---停止激活9---停止激活确认0a---激活结束14---响应总召唤104报文1、初始化链路及总召唤TX:68 04 07 00 00 00主站发送请求连接报文。
管理研究方法(英文版第13版)教学课件Schindler_CH_04_Accessible
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
4-3
What Is Research Design?
• Blueprint • Plan • Guide • Framework
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
4-4
Research Design Essentials
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
4-19
Topical Scope (1 of 2)
Statistical Study
Case Study
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
4-20
Topical Scope (2 of 2)
Statistical Study • Breadth • Population inferences • Quantitative • Generalizable findings
dilemma • Provide insight on
management problem • Define research
question/hypotheses
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
4-7
Some Exploratory Study Methods
• Participant observation • Film, photographs • Projective techniques • Case studies • Ethnography • Expert interviews • Document analysis • Proxemics and Kinesics
吡嗪盐酸盐的合成实验报告
吡嗪盐酸盐的合成实验报告实验目的：本实验旨在通过反应合成吡嗪盐酸盐，并利用物理方法对合成产物进行表征。
实验原理：吡嗪（Pyrimidine）是一种六元杂环化合物，化学式为C4H4N2、吡嗪盐酸盐是吡嗪的盐酸盐形式，由于其中的阳离子是盐酸根，因此会增加溶解度和稳定性。
吡嗪盐酸盐在医药领域具有广泛的应用，因此其合成具有重要意义。
实验步骤：1. 在一个干燥的圆底烧瓶中加入吡嗪（0.1 mol）。
2. 缓慢加入氯化氢气（稀释到1 mol/L），并同时加热至回流。
3.在反应进行的同时，将烧瓶表面进行冷却以充分回收氯化氢气。
4.反应持续3小时后，关闭加热，将混合溶液冷却至室温。
5.用去离子水稀释混合溶液，直至氨水添加后PH值大于76.过滤得到橙色的沉淀产物。
7.将沉淀产物在抽滤干燥器中干燥至恒定质量。
8.对产物进行红外光谱、质谱和元素分析进行表征。
实验结果与讨论：形成的吡嗪盐酸盐产物以橙色的沉淀形式出现，在干燥后呈现黄色粉末状。
通过元素分析，发现样品中含有C、H和N元素，符合吡嗪盐酸盐的化学式C4H4N2·HCl。
红外光谱显示样品中有特征的C-N、C=O和C-H官能团的伸缩振动吸收峰，进一步验证了样品的结构。
质谱分析进一步证实了产物的分子质量以及分子离子峰。
结论：本实验成功合成了吡嗪盐酸盐，并通过红外光谱、质谱和元素分析对其进行了表征。
实验结果表明所得产物为吡嗪盐酸盐，并与理论值符合较好。
本实验为吡嗪盐酸盐的合成提供了一个简单有效的方法，对于相关领域的研究具有重要意义。
实验中可能存在的问题和改进方法：1.实验过程中需要注意溶剂的干燥和质量控制，以避免水分对反应的干扰。
2.实验过程中可以考虑加入催化剂或调整反应条件，以提高反应速率和产率。
3.为了更好地对产物进行分析和表征，可以增加其他实验技术的应用，如核磁共振和X射线衍射分析。
Ch04_ Introduction to Probability
Slide 15
Mutually Exclusive Events
Two events are said to be mutually exclusive if the events have no sample points in common. Two events are mutually exclusive if, when one event occurs, the other cannot occur.
If we can identify all the sample points of an experiment and assign a probability to each, we can compute the probability of an event.
Slide 10
Some Basic Relationships of Probability
Slide 1
Probability as a Numerical Measure of the Likelihood of Occurrence
Increasing Likelihood of Occurrence Probability:
0
The event is very unlikely to occur.
Slide 4
A Counting Rule for Multiple-Step Experiments
Bradley Investments can be viewed as a two-step experiment. It involves two stocks, each with a set of experimental outcomes. Markley Oil: Collins Mining: Total Number of Experimental Outcomes: n1 = 4 n2 = 2
肉桂酸说明书
肉桂酸-4-羟化酶（Cinnamic acid-4-hydroxylase，C4H）
试剂盒说明书
微量法100管/96样
注意：正式测定前务必取2-3 个预期差异较大的样本做预测定
测定意义：
C4H 又称反式肉桂酸-4-单氧化酶，多存在于高等植物、酵母、菌类中，该酶催化肉桂酸羟化作用产生4-香豆酸盐，是苯丙烷途径中继L-苯丙氨酸解氨酶之后的第二个关键酶。
测定原理：
C4H 催化肉桂酸和NADP 生成4-香豆酸盐和NADPH，在340nm 下测定NADPH 生成速率，即可反映C4H 活性。
需自备的仪器和用品：
紫外分光光度计/酶标仪、台式离心机、可调式移液器、微量石英比色皿/96 孔板、研钵、冰和蒸馏水。
试剂的组成和配制：
提取液：100mL×1 瓶，4℃保存；
试剂一：液体25 mL×1 瓶，4℃保存；
试剂二：粉剂×2 瓶，-20℃保存；。
Incucyte
Product Information Presentation, Storage and StabilityThe Incucyte® Fabfluor-pH Antibody Labeling Reagents for antibody internalization are supplied as lyophilized solids in sufficient quantity to label 50 μg of test antibody, when used at the suggested molar ratio (1:3 of test antibody to labeling Fab). The lyophilized solid can be stored at 2-8° C for one year. Once re-hydrated, any unused reagent should be aliquoted and stored at -80° C for up to one year. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.Incucyte® Fabfluor-pH Antibody Labeling ReagentsFor Antibody Internalization AssaysAntibody Labeling Reagent Rehydrated: -80° C *Excitation and Emission maxima were determined at a pH of 4.5.Fabfluor_quick_guideBackgroundIncucyte ® Fabfluor-pH Antibody Labeling Reagents are designed for quick, easy labeling of Fc-containing test antibodies with a Fab fragment-conjugated pH-sensitive fluorophore. The pH-sensitive dye based system exploits the acidic environment of the lysosomes to quantify in-ternalization of the labeled antibody. As Fabfluor labeled antibodies reside in the neutral extracellular solution (pH 7.4), they interact with cell surface specific antigens and are internalized. Once in the lysosomes, they enter an acidic environment (pH 4.5–5.5) and a substantial in-crease in fluorescence is observed. In the absence of ex-pression of the specific antigen, no internalization occurs and the fluorescence intensity of the labeled antibodies remains low. With the Incucyte ® integrated analysis soft-ware, background fluorescence is minimized. These reagents have been validated for use with a number of different antibodies in a range of cell types. The Incucyte ® Live-Cell Analysis System enables real-time, kinetic eval -uation of antibody internalization.Recommended UseWe recommend that the Incucyte ® Fabfluor-pH Antibody Labeling Reagents are prepared at a stock concentration of 0.5 mg/mL by the addition of 100 μL of sterile water and triturated (centrifuge if solution not clear). The reagent may then be diluted directly into the labeling mixture with test antibody. Do NOT sonicate the solution.Additional InformationThe Fab antibody was purified from antisera by a combination of papain digestion and immunoaffinity chromatography using antigens coupled to agarose beads. Fc fragments and whole IgG molecules have been removed.Human Red (Cat. No. 4722) or Human Orange (Cat. No. 4812)—Based on immunoelectrophoresis and/ or ELISA, the antibody reacts with the Fc portion of human IgG heavy chain but not the Fab portion of human IgG. No antibody was detected against human IgM, IgA or against non-immunoglobulin serum proteins. The anti-body may cross-react with other immunoglobulins from other species.Mouse IgG1 (Cat. No. 4723), IgG2a (Cat. No. 4750) or IgG2b (Cat. No. 4751)—Based on antigen-binding assay and/or ELISA, the antibody reacts with the Fc portion of mouse IgG, IgG2a or IgG2b, respectively, but not the Fab portion of mouse immunoglobulins. No antibody was detected against mouse IgM or against non–immunoglobulin serum proteins. The antibody may cross-react with other mouse IgG subclasses or with immunoglobulins from other species.Rat (Cat. No. 4737)—Based on immunoelectrophoresis and/or ELISA, the antibody reacts with the Fc portion of rat IgG heavy chain but not the Fab portion of rat IgG. No antibody was detected against rat IgM, IgA or against non-immunoglobulin serum proteins. The antibody may cross-react with other immunoglobulins from other species.A.B.C.D.R e d O b j e c t A r e a (x 105 μm 2 p e r w e l l )Time (hours)A U C x 106 (0–12 h )log [α–CD71] (g/mL)Example DataFigure 1: Concentration-dependent increase in antibody internalization of Incucyte ® Fabfluor labeled-α-CD71 in HT1080 cells. α-CD71 and mouse IgG1 isotype control were labeled with Incucyte ® Mouse IgG1 Fabfluor-pH Red Antibody Labeling Reagent. HT1080 cells were treated with either Fabfluor-α-CD71 or Fabfluor-IgG1 (4 μg/mL); HD phase and red fluorescence images were captured every 30 minutes over 12 hours using a 10X magnification. (A) Images of cells treated with Fabfluor-α-CD71 display red fluorescence in the cytoplasm (images shown at 6 h). (B) Cells treated with labeled isotype control display no cellular fluorescence. (C) Time-course of Fabfluor-α-CD71 internalization with increasing concentrations of Fabfluor-α-CD71 (progressively darker symbols). Internalization has been quantified as the red object area for each time-point. (D) Concentration response curve to Fabfluor-α-CD71. Area under the curve (AUC) values have been determined from the time-course shown in panel C (0-12 hours) and are presented as the mean ± SEM, n=3 wells.CD71-FabfluorIgG-FabfluorProtocols and ProceduresMaterialsIncucyte® Fabfluor-pH Antibody Labeling ReagentTest antibody of interest containing human, mouse, or rat IgG Fc region (at known concentration)Target cells of interestTarget cell growth mediaSterile distilled water96-well flat bottom microplate (e.g. Corning Cat. No. 3595) for imaging96-well round black round bottom ULA plate (e.g. Corning Cat. No. 45913799) or amber microtube (e.g. Cole Parmer Cat. No. MCT-150-X, autoclaved) for conjugation step0.01% Poly-L-Ornithine (PLO) solution (e.g. Sigma Cat. No. P4957), optional for non-adherent cells Recommended control antibodiesIt is strongly recommended that a positive and negative control is run alongside test antibodies and cell lines. For example, CD71, which is a mouse anti-human antibody, is recommended as a positive control for the mouse Fab.Anti-CD71, clone MEM-189, IgG1 e.g. Sigma Cat. No. SAB4700520-100UGAnti-CD71, clone CYG4, IgG2a e.g. BioLegend Cat. No. 334102Isotype controls, depending on isotype being studied—Mouse IgG1, e.g. BioLegend Cat. No. 400124, Mouse IgG2a e.g. BioLegend Cat. No. 401501Preparation of Incucyte® Antibody Internalization Assay 1. Seed target cells of interest1.1 Harvest cells of interest and determine cell concentra-tion (e.g. trypan blue + hemocytometer).1.2 Prepare cell seeding stock in target cell growth mediawith a cell density to achieve 40–50% confluence be-fore the addition of labeled antibodies. The suggested starting range is 5,000–30,000 cells/well, although the seeding density will need to be optimized for each cell type.Note: For non-adherent cell types, a well coating may be required to maintain even cell distribution in the well. For a 96-well flat bottom plate, we recommend coating with 50 μL of either 0.01% Poly-L-Or-nithine (PLO) solution or 5 μg/mL fibronectin diluted in 0.1% BSA.Coat plates for 1 hour at ambient temperature, remove solution from wells and then allow the plates to dry for 30-60 minutes prior to cell addition.1.3 Using a multi-channel pipette, seed cells (50 µL perwell) into a 96-well flat bottom microplate. Lightly tapplate side to ensure even liquid distribution in well. Toensure uniform distribution of cells in each well, allowthe covered plate sit on a level surface undisturbed at room temperature in the tissue culture hood for 30minutes. After cells are settled, place the plate insidethe Incucyte® Live-Cell Analysis System to monitor cell confluence.Note: Depending on cell type, plates can be used in assay once cells have adhered to plastic and achieved normal cell morphology e.g.2-3 hours for HT1080 or 1-2 hours for non-adherent cell types. Some cell types may require overnight incubation.2. Label Test Antibody2.1 Rehydrate the Incucyte® Fabfluor-pH Antibody Label-ing Reagent with 100 µL sterile water to result in a final concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. Triturate to mix (centrifuge if solution is not clear).Note: The reagent is light sensitive and should be protected fromlight. Rehydrated reagent can be aliquoted into amber or foilwrapped tubes and stored at -80° C for up to 1 year (avoid freezing and thawing).2.2 Mix test antibody with rehydrated Incucyte® Fabfluor–pH Antibody Labeling Reagent and target cell growth media in a black round bottom microplate or ambertube to protect from light (50 µL/well).a. Add test antibody and Incucyte® Fabfluor–pH Anti-body Labeling Reagent at 2X the final concentration.We suggest optimizing the assay by starting with afinal concentration of 4 µg/mL of test antibody or theFabfluor-pH Antibody Labeling Reagent (i.e. 2Xworking concentration = 8 µg/mL).Note: A 1:3 molar ratio of test antibody to Incucyte® Fabfluor-pHAntibody Labeling Reagent is recommended. The labeling re-agent is a third of the size of a standard antibody (50 and 150KDa, respectively). Therefore, labeling equal quantities will pro-duce a 1:3 molar ratio of test antibody to labeling Fab.b. Make sufficient volume of 2X labeling solution for50 µL/well for each sample. Triturate to mix.c. Incubate at 37° C for 15 minutes protected from light.Note: If performing a range of concentrations of test antibody,e.g. concentration response-curve, it is recommended to createthe dilution series post the conjugation step to ensure consistentmolar ratio. We strongly recommend the use of both a negativeand positive control antibody in the same plate.3. Add labeled antibody to cells3.1 Remove cell plate from incubator.3.2 Using a multi-channel pipette, add 50 µL of 2X labeledantibody and control solutions to designated wells.Remove any bubbles and immediately place plate in the Incucyte® Live-Cell Analysis System and start scanning.Note: To reduce the risk of condensation formation on the lid priorto first image acquisition, maintain all reagents at 37° C prior toplate addition.4. Acquire images and analyze4.1 In the Incucyte® Software, schedule to image every15-30 minutes, depending on the speed of the specific antibody internalization.a Scan on schedule, standard. If the Incucyte® Cell-by-Cell Analysis Software Module (Cat. No. 9600-0031)is available, adherent cell-by-cell or non-adherentcell-by-cell scan types can be selected.b Channel selection: select “phase” and “red” or“phase” and "orange” (depending on reagent used).c Objective: 10X or 20X depending on cell types used,generally 10X is recommended for adherent cells,and 20X for non-adherent or smaller cells.NOTE: The optional Incucyte® Cell-by-Cell Analysis SoftwareModule enables the classification of cells into sub-populationsbased on properties including fluorescence intensity, size andshape. For further details on this analysis module and its appli-cation, please see: /cell-by-cell.4.2 To generate the metrics, user must create an AnalysisDefinition suited to the cell type, assay conditions andmagnification selected.4.3 Select images from a well containing a positiveinternalization signal and an isotype control well(negative signal) at a time point where internalizationis visible.4.4 In the Analysis Definition:Basic Analyzer:a. Set up the mask for the phase confluence measurewith fluorescence channel turned off.b. Once the phase mask is determined, turn the fluores-cence channel on: Exclude background fluorescencefrom the mask using the background subtractionfeature. The feature “Top-Hat” will subtract localbackground from brightly fluorescent objects withina given radius; this is a useful tool for analyzing ob-jects which change in fluorescence intensity overtime.i The radius chosen should reflect the size of thefluorescent object but contain enough backgroundto reliably estimate background fluorescence inthe image; 20-30 μm is often a useful startingpoint.ii The threshold chosen will ensure that objectsbelow a fluorescence threshold will not bemasked.iii Choose a threshold in which red or orange objectsare masked in the positive response image but lownumbers in the isotype control, negative responsewell. For a very sensitive measurement, for example,if interested in early responses, we suggest athreshold of 0.2.NOTE: The Adaptive feature can be used for analysis but maynot be as sensitive and may miss early responses. If interestedin rate of response, Top-Hat may be preferable.Cell-by-Cell (if available):a. Create a Cell-by-Cell mask following the softwaremanual.b. There is no need to separate phase and fluorescencemasks. The default setting of Top-Hat No Mask forthe fluorescence channel will enable backgroundsubtraction without generation of a mask. Ensurethat the Top-Hat radius is set to a value higher thanthe radius of the larger clusters to avoid excess back-ground subtraction.c. The threshold of fluorescence can be determined inCell-by-Cell Classification.Specifications subject to change without notice.© 2020. All rights reserved. Incucyte, Essen BioScience, and all names of Essen BioScience prod -ucts are registered trademarks and the property of Essen BioScience unless otherwise specified. Essen BioScience is a Sartorius Company. Publication No.: 8000-0728-A00Version 1 | 2020 | 04Sales and Service ContactsFor further contacts, visit Essen BioScience, A Sartorius Company /incucyte Sartorius Lab Instruments GmbH & Co. KGOtto-Brenner-Strasse 20 37079 Goettingen, Germany Phone +49 551 308 0North AmericaEssen BioScience Inc. 300 West Morgan Road Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48108USATelephone +1 734 769 1600E-Mail:***************************EuropeEssen BioScience Ltd.Units 2 & 3 The Quadrant Newark CloseRoyston Hertfordshire SG8 5HLUnited KingdomTelephone +44 (0) 1763 227400E-Mail:***************************APACEssen BioScience K.K.4th floor Daiwa Shinagawa North Bldg.1-8-11 Kita-Shinagawa Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-0001 JapanTelephone: +81 3 6478 5202E-Mail:*************************5. Analysis GuidelinesAs the labeled antibody is internalized into the acidic environment of the lysosome, the area of fluorescence intensity inside the cells increases.This can be reported in two ways:Ways to Report Basic AnalyzerCell-by-Cell Analysis* To correct for cell proliferation, it is advisable to normalize the fluorescence area to the total cell area using User Defined Metrics.For Research Use Only. Not For Therapeutic or Diagnostic Use.LicensesFor non-commercial research use only. Not for therapeutic or in vivo applications. Other license needs contact Essen BioS cience.Fabfluor-pH Red Antibody Labeling Reagent: This product or portions thereof is manufactured under license from Carnegie Mellon University and U.S. patent numbers 7615646 and 8044203 and related patents. This product is licensed for sale only for research. It is not licensed for any other use. There is no implied license hereunder for any commercial use.Fabfluor-pH Orange Antibody Labeling Reagent: This product or portions thereof is manufactured under a license from Tokyo University and is covered by issued patents EP2098529B1, JP5636080B2, US8258171, and US9784732 and related patent applications. This product and related products are trademarks of Goryo Chemical. Any application of above mentioned technology for commercial purpose requires a separate li -cense from: Goryo Chemical, EAREE Bldg., SF Kita 8 Nishi 18-35-100, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, 060-0008 Japan.SupportA complete suite of cell health applications is available to fit your experimental needs. Find more information at /incucyte Foradditionalproductortechnicalinformation,************************************************************/incucyte。
四氢糠醛红外光谱
四氢糠醛红外光谱1.引言1.1 概述概述部分的内容可以如下所述：引言作为文章的开篇，旨在介绍读者将要阅读的内容和文章的目的。
本文主要研究的是四氢糠醛的红外光谱特征。
红外光谱是一种非常有效的分析方法，广泛应用于化学、生物、医药等领域。
通过测量物质在红外光谱范围内发生的吸收、散射或透射现象，可以获取物质的结构信息、功能性群以及它们之间的相互作用等重要参数。
四氢糠醛是一种含有酮、羟基等官能团的有机化合物，具有广泛的应用前景和研究价值。
它被广泛应用于医药、染料、植物生长调节剂等领域。
研究四氢糠醛的红外光谱特征，将有助于深入理解其化学性质、结构特征以及在不同领域中的应用。
本文将从红外光谱的基本原理入手，介绍红外光谱的概念、原理以及其在分析领域中的应用。
同时，将对四氢糠醛的结构与性质进行详细的描述与分析。
通过对四氢糠醛的红外光谱特征进行研究和分析，可以揭示其分子结构以及与其它官能团相互作用的信息。
最后，将探讨四氢糠醛红外光谱在实际应用中的前景以及其在科学研究中的研究价值。
通过对四氢糠醛红外光谱的深入研究，不仅可以为相关领域的科学研究提供参考和借鉴，还可以为四氢糠醛的应用与开发提供理论依据和实验指导。
希望本文的研究能够为读者对于四氢糠醛红外光谱的理解和应用提供一定的帮助和启发。
文章结构部分的内容可以是关于本文的章节分布和内容概述，以帮助读者快速了解本文的主要内容和组织结构。
【1.2 文章结构】本篇文章分为以下三个部分进行阐述: 引言、正文和结论。
每个部分的主要内容如下所示：1. 引言部分将会首先对本文的研究对象——四氢糠醛红外光谱进行概述，介绍该光谱分析方法的重要性和应用领域，给出读者对论文的背景和意义有一个初步的了解。
同时，引言还会简要介绍文章的结构和研究目的，使读者在进一步阅读文章内容之前对整体内容有一个整体把握。
2. 正文部分将主要由两个小节组成。
首先，2.1小节将详细阐述红外光谱分析的基本原理，包括光谱仪器的工作原理、红外辐射与物质相互作用的原理等。
四乙酰核糖的气相测定原理
四乙酰核糖的气相测定原理四乙酰核糖是一种有机化合物，其分子式为C10H10O5。
气相测定是一种常用的分析方法，可以用于确定物质的组成和浓度。
四乙酰核糖的气相测定原理主要包括样品的制备、进样和测定。
样品的制备是首先要将四乙酰核糖从样品中提取出来，并且纯化。
提取的方法可以采用溶剂萃取、液液分配、气相色谱等方法。
例如，可以将样品溶解在一个有机溶剂中，然后通过使用酸或碱进行酸碱中和反应，使得四乙酰核糖转化为相应的盐形式。
然后，可以将盐通过萃取的方式从有机溶剂中分离出来，再通过蒸馏等方法进行纯化。
进样是将纯化后的样品引入气相测定仪器中进行分析的过程。
在进样之前，需要将样品溶解在合适的溶剂中，通常是通过稀释溶解来获取合适的浓度。
然后，将溶解后的样品使用注射器等方法引入气相测定仪器中。
在进样过程中，需要控制样品的体积和浓度，以确保分析的准确性和可重复性。
测定则是将样品在气相测定仪器中进行分析的过程。
气相测定仪器通常是由气相色谱仪和检测器组成。
气相色谱仪是一种常用的分离和分析方法，其原理是通过样品在固定相或稳定相上的吸附和解吸来实现分离。
在气相测定中，可以选择合适的固定相，例如聚酯、聚碳氢化合物等，以实现对四乙酰核糖的分离。
分离后，四乙酰核糖进入检测器进行检测。
检测器通常使用火焰离子化检测器、热导率检测器、质谱检测器等来检测样品的特定性质。
在气相测定中，四乙酰核糖的浓度可以通过峰面积和标准曲线的方法来确定。
首先，需要建立一个含有已知浓度的四乙酰核糖的标准溶液系列。
然后，在气相测定过程中，通过测量样品的峰面积和标准溶液的浓度，可以绘制出一个峰面积与浓度之间的标准曲线。
最后，通过测量样品的峰面积，并使用标准曲线进行插值，可以计算出四乙酰核糖在样品中的浓度。
总结起来，四乙酰核糖的气相测定原理主要包括样品的制备、进样和测定。
在样品的制备过程中，需要将四乙酰核糖从样品中提取出来，并通过纯化方法获取高纯度的样品。
在进样过程中，需要控制好样品的体积和浓度，以使分析结果准确可靠。
四氢萘 检测标准
四氢萘检测标准一、范围本标准规定了四氢萘的检测方法、试验方法和检验规则等。
本标准适用于四氢萘的检测。
二、规范性引用文件下列文件对于本文件的应用是必不可少的。
凡是注日期的引用文件，仅注日期的版本适用于本文件。
凡是不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本（包括所有的修改单）适用于本文件。
GB/T 18817-2018 物质化学名称和分子量信息查询系统三、术语和定义下列术语和定义适用于本文件。
四氢萘：一种具有1,4-环己二烯结构的化合物，分子式为C10H12，是一种有机化合物。
四、要求1.外观：四氢萘应为无色或浅黄色透明液体，无机械杂质。
2.纯度：四氢萘的纯度应大于等于98.0%。
3.沸点：四氢萘的沸点应在一定温度范围内。
4.闪点：四氢萘的闪点应大于等于50℃。
5.水溶性：四氢萘应不溶于水。
6.酸碱性：四氢萘应呈中性。
7.稳定性：四氢萘应具有良好的稳定性，在常温下不易分解。
五、试验方法1.外观观察：观察四氢萘的外观，应无色或浅黄色透明液体，无机械杂质。
2.纯度测定：采用色谱法等分离技术对四氢萘进行纯度测定，按GB/T 18817-2018中规定的方法进行操作。
3.沸点测定：采用蒸馏法对四氢萘进行沸点测定，按GB/T 18817-2018中规定的方法进行操作。
4.闪点测定：采用闭杯闪点试验法对四氢萘进行闪点测定，按GB/T 18817-2018中规定的方法进行操作。
5.水溶性试验：将四氢萘置于水中，观察其溶解情况，应不溶于水。
6.酸碱性试验：采用指示剂法对四氢萘进行酸碱性试验，按GB/T 18817-2018中规定的方法进行操作。
7.稳定性试验：将四氢萘置于常温下保存一段时间，观察其变化情况，应具有良好的稳定性，在常温下不易分解。
六、检验规则1.出厂检验：每批产品均应进行外观、纯度、沸点、闪点和水溶性等项目的检验，并符合本标准的规定。
四氢姜黄素检验标准
四氢姜黄素检验标准
四氢姜黄素，也称为巴豆醛，是一种常见的天然黄色素，广泛应用于药物、食品、化
妆品等领域。
为了确保四氢姜黄素的质量和安全性，制定了一系列的检验标准和测试方
法。
1. 外观和颜色
四氢姜黄素的外观应为黄色至橙黄色结晶固体，质地脆硬，无杂质和异味。
其颜色应
符合产品规定的颜色范围。
2. 含量检测
四氢姜黄素的含量检测是关键的品质控制指标之一，常用的方法包括高效液相色谱法（HPLC）、气相色谱法（GC）、比色法等。
其中，HPLC方法是最常用的分析方法。
3. 溶解度测定
四氢姜黄素的溶解度测定是一个重要的物理性质检测，常用的方法包括重量损失法和
观察颜色和浑浊度变化的方法。
4. 残留溶剂检测
在四氢姜黄素的生产过程中，可能使用一些有机溶剂，残留在四氢姜黄素中对人体的
安全构成潜在威胁。
因此，要对四氢姜黄素中是否残留有机溶剂进行检测，常用的方法包
括气相色谱法（GC）和液相色谱法（LC）。
5. 重金属、微生物和生物毒素检测
四氢姜黄素在生产和储存过程中容易受到重金属污染或者微生物污染，因此需要检测
四氢姜黄素中是否含有某些重金属如铅、镉、汞等，或者是否受到微生物和生物毒素的污染。
总之，对于四氢姜黄素的检验标准需多方面考虑，其中的含量检测和残留溶剂检测是
非常重要的品质控制指标，其余检测也同样涉及安全性和质量控制等方面，需要进行全面、可靠的检测和分析。
氢化肉桂酸检测
迪信泰检测平台
氢化肉桂酸检测
氢化肉桂酸（Hydrocinnamic acid）又称3-苯丙酸、氢化桂皮酸等，天然存在于覆盆子和岩蔷薇中。
有幽雅的香豆素、香荚兰豆样的香气，还有风信子及玫瑰样的香韵。
是香料的定香剂，也可用作医药中间体，也用于有机合成。
迪信泰检测平台采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法，结合蒸发光散射检测器（ELSD）或DAD检测器，可高效、精准的检测样本中氢化肉桂酸的含量变化。
此外，迪信泰检测平台还提供其他多种植物多酚检测服务，以满足您的不同需求。
HPLC和LC-MS测定氢化肉桂酸样本要求：
1. 请确保样本量大于0.2g或者0.2mL。
周期：2~3周。
项目结束后迪信泰检测平台将会提供详细中英文双语技术报告，报告包括：
1. 实验步骤（中英文）。
2. 相关质谱参数（中英文）。
3. 质谱图片。
4. 原始数据。
5. 氢化肉桂酸含量信息。
迪信泰检测平台可根据需求定制其他物质测定方案，具体可免费咨询技术支持。
4,4-偶氮双(4-氰基戊酸)标准
4,4-偶氮双(4-氰基戊酸)标准
4,4-偶氮双(4-氰基戊酸)是一种有机化合物，化学式为
C10H6N4O2。
它是一种偶氮化合物，具有两个4-氰基戊酸基团。
这种化合物在化学研究和工业应用中具有重要的作用。
4,4-偶氮双(4-氰基戊酸)是一种具有高度稳定性和低毒性的化
合物。
它可以作为染料、颜料和光敏剂等多种化学品的中间体。
在染料工业中，它可以作为合成各种颜色的染料的原料。
在颜料工业中，它可以用于制备各种颜色的颜料，如红色、黄色、蓝色等。
在光敏剂工业中，它可以用于制备光敏剂，用于光敏材料的制备和光敏反应的研究。
4,4-偶氮双(4-氰基戊酸)还具有一定的药理活性。
研究发现，
它具有抗肿瘤、抗病毒和抗菌等作用。
因此，它在医药领域也有一定的应用价值。
例如，它可以作为抗肿瘤药物的原料，用于合成具有抗肿瘤活性的化合物。
此外，它还可以用于制备抗病毒和抗菌药物，用于治疗各种感染性疾病。
除了在化学研究和工业应用中的重要性外，4,4-偶氮双(4-氰基
戊酸)还具有一定的环境意义。
由于其低毒性和高度稳定性，
它在环境中的降解速度较慢，对环境影响较小。
因此，在环境保护方面，它可以作为一种相对安全的化学品使用。
总之，4,4-偶氮双(4-氰基戊酸)是一种重要的有机化合物，具有广泛的应用价值。
它在化学研究、工业应用、医药领域和环境保护等方面都发挥着重要的作用。
随着科学技术的不断进步和应用领域的扩大，相信它的应用前景将会更加广阔。
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File: Ch04; Chapter 4: Demand and Supply, Offer Curves, and the Terms of TradeMultiple Choice1. Which of the following statements is correct?a. The demand for imports is given by the excess demand for the commodityb. the supply of exports is given by the excess supply of the commodityc. the supply curve of exports is flatter than the total supply curve of the commodityd. all of the aboveAns: dLevel: EasyHeading: The Equilibrium-Relative Commodity Price with Trade – Partial Equilibrium Analysis2. At a relative commodity price above equilibriuma. the excess demand for a commodity exceeds the excess supply of the commodityb. the quantity demanded of imports exceeds the quantity supplied of exportsc. the commodity price will falld. all of the aboveAns: cLevel: EasyHeading: The Equilibrium-Relative Commodity Price with Trade – Partial Equilibrium Analysis3. The offer curve of a nation shows:a. the supply of a nation's importsb. the demand for a nation's exportsc. the trade partner's demand for imports and supply of exportsd. the nation's demand for imports and supply of exportsAns: dLevel: EasyHeading: Offer Curves4. The offer curve of a nation bulges toward the axis measuring the nationsa. import commodityb. export commodityc. export or import commodityd. nontraded commodityAns: bLevel: EasyHeading: Offer Curves5. Export prices must rise for a nation to increase its exports because the nation:a. incurs increasing opportunity costs in export productionb. faces decreasing opportunity costs in producing import substitutesc. faces decreasing marginal rate of substitution in consumptiond. all of the aboveAns: dLevel: MediumHeading: Offer Curves?6. Which of the following statements regarding partial equilibrium analysis is falsea. It relies on traditional demand and supply curvesb. it isolates for study one marketc. it can be used to determine the equilibrium relative commodity price but not the equilibrium quantity with traded. none of the aboveAns: cLevel: MediumHeading: The Equilibrium-Relative Commodity Price with Trade – Partial Equilibrium Analysis?7. Which of the following statements regarding partial equilibrium analysis is truea. The demand and supply curve are derived from the nation's production frontier and indifference mapb. It shows the same basic information as offer curvesc. It shows the same equilibrium relative commodity prices as with offer curvesd. all of the aboveAns: dLevel: EasyHeading: The Equilibrium-Relative Commodity Price with Trade – Partial Equilibrium Analysis8. In what way does partial equilibrium analysis differ from general equilibrium analysis?a. The former but not the latter can be used to determine the equilibrium price with tradeb. the former but not the latter can be used to determine the equilibrium quantity with tradec. the former but not the latter takes into consideration the interaction among all markets in the economyd. the former gives only an approximation to the answer sought.Ans: dLevel: MediumHeading: Relationship between General and Partial Equilibrium Analysis9. If the terms of trade of a nation are 1.5 in a two-nation world, those of the trade partner are:a. 3/4b. 2/3c. 3/2d. 4/3Ans: bLevel: MediumHeading: Relationship between General and Partial Equilibrium Analysis10. If the terms of trade increase in a two-nation world, those of the trade partner:a. deteriorateb. improvec. remain unchangedd. any of the aboveAns: aLevel: MediumHeading: The Terms of Trade11. If a nation does not affect world prices by its trading, its offer curve:a. is a straight lineb. bulges toward the axis measuring the import commodityc. intersects the straight-line segment of the world's offer curved. intersects the positively-sloped portion of the world's offer curveAns: cLevel: HardHeading: The Terms of Trade12. If the nation's tastes for its import commodity increases:a. the nation's offer curve rotates toward the axis measuring its import commodityb. the partner's offer curve rotates toward the axis measuring its import commodityc. the partner's offer curve rotates toward the axis measuring its export commodityd. the nation's offer curve rotates toward the axis measuring its export commodity Ans: dLevel: HardHeading: The Terms of Trade13. If the nation's tastes for its import commodity increases:a. the nation's terms of trade remain unchangedb. the nation's terms of trade deterioratec. the partner's terms of trade deteriorated. any of the aboveAns: bLevel: HardHeading: The Terms of Trade14. If the tastes for a nation import commodity increases, trade volume:a. increasesb. declinesc. remains unchangedd. any of the aboveAns: aLevel: MediumHeading: The Terms of Trade15. A deterioration of a nation's terms of trade causes the nation's welfare to:a. deteriorateb. improvec. remain unchangedd. any of the aboveAns: dLevel: MediumHeading: The Terms of Trade16. Suppose nation 1 has a comparative advantage in good X over nation 2 and the two nations are currently engaged in equilibrium trade for good X. A decrease in the cost of producing good X in nation 2 would cause the international price of good X to _______ and the quantity of good X traded to ______.a. increase; increaseb. increase; decreasec. decrease; increased. decrease; decreaseAns: dLevel: MediumHeading: The Equilibrium-Relative Commodity Price with Trade – Partial Equilibrium Analysis 17. The index of relative U.S. export prices fell during the first few years of the 21st century. The primary cause of this wasa. the growing U.S. trade deficitb. the rising price of commodities, such as oilc. the persistent appreciation of the U.S. dollard. the introduction of the Euro as a major world currencyAns: bLevel: EasyHeading: The Terms of Trade18. The equilibrium price and quantity for a commodity traded between two nations occurs wherea. the slopes of the two offer curves are the same.b. the two offer curves intersectc. the slopes of the two offer curves is equal to zerod. the price ratio of good X for good Y is equals one.Ans: bLevel: MediumHeading: The Equilibrium-Relative Commodity Price with Trade – General Equilibrium Analysis19. Suppose nation 1 is an importer of good X. In a general equilibrium framework, an increase in the demand for good Y willa. decreased the price of good X and increase the volume of imports of good Xb. decreased the price of good X and decrease the volume of imports of good Xc. increase the price of good X and increase the volume of imports of good Xd. increase the price of good X and decrease the volume of imports of good XAns: aLevel: MediumHeading: The Equilibrium-Relative Commodity Price with Trade – General Equilibrium Analysis20. Suppose nation 1 is an importer of good X. In a general equilibrium framework, an increase in the cost of producing good X in nation 2 willa. decreased the price of good X and increase the volume of imports of good Xb. decreased the price of good X and decrease the volume of imports of good Xc. increase the price of good X and increase the volume of imports of good Xd. increase the price of good X and decrease the volume of imports of good XAns: dLevel: MediumHeading: The Equilibrium-Relative Commodity Price with Trade – General Equilibrium AnalysisShort Answer21. Carefully define an “offer curve” and explain how it is derived.Ans: An offer curve of a nation shows how much its import commodity the nation demands to be willing to supply various quantities of its export commodity. The offer curve is derived from a nations production function and its utility maximizing production and consumption levels at alternative prices. The offer curve bends towards the axis of the nation’s comparative advantage due to rising opportunity cost of specialization.Level: EasyHeading: Offer Curves22. Carefully define and explain the meaning of “equilibrium terms of trade”Ans: The equilibrium terms of trade occurs at a price ratio where the desired quantity of exports of good X and desired quantity of imports of commodity of good by one nation equals the desired quantity of imports by another nation for .Level: MediumHeading: The Equilibrium-Relative Commodity Price with Trade – Partial Equilibrium Analysis 23. Explain the role of petroleum price have had on the terms of trade and relative export prices for the United States in recent years.Ans: In recent years the price of petroleum has risen dramatically. Because petroleum is a significant import for the United States it has negatively impacted the terms of trade and relative export prices for the United States.Level: MediumHeading: The Terms of Trade24. Suppose the terms of trade for nation X rises from 100 to 110. Explain how this will impact the terms of trade for nation Y.Ans: Nation Y’s terms of trade are the reciprocal of Nation X’s terms of trade. Nation Y’s terms of trade will deteriorate from 100 to (100/110)*100=91Level: MediumHeading: The Terms of TradeEssay25. Draw a figure showing: (1) in Panel A a nation's demand and supply curve for A traded commodity and the nation's excess supply of the commodity, (2) in Panel C the trade partner's demand and supply curve for the same traded commodity and its excess demand for the commodity, and (3) in Panel B the supply and demand for the quantity traded of the commodity, its equilibrium price, and why a price above or below the equilibrium price will not persist. At any other price, QD ≠ QS, and P will change to P2.Ans: See Figure 2.The equilibrium relative commodity price for commodity X (the traded commodity exported by Nation 1 and imported by Nation 2) is P2 and the equilibrium quantity of commodity X traded is Q2. Level: HardHeading: The Equilibrium-Relative Commodity Price with Trade – Partial Equilibrium Analysis。