公共管理硕士复习辅导：英语精读60篇(二十八)
公共管理硕士复习辅导：英语精读60篇(十)
公共管理硕士复习辅导：英语精读60篇(十)UNIT 10 TEXT I first heard this story a few years ago from a girl I had met in New York‘s Greenwich Village. Probably the story is one of those mysterious bits of folklore that reappear every few year, to be told anew in one form or another. However, I still like to think that it really did happen, somewhere, sometime. Going Home They were going to Fort Lauderdalethree boys and three girlsand when they boarded the bus, they were carrying sandwiches and wine in paper bags, dreaming of golden beaches and sea tides as the gray, cold spring of Now York vanished behind them. As the bus passed through New Jersey, they began to notice Vingo. He sat in front of them, dressed in a plain, ill-fitting suit, never moving, his dusty face masking his age. He kept chewing the inside of his lip a lot, frozen into complete silence. Deep into the night, outside Washington, the bus pulled into Howard Johnson‘s, and everybody got off except Vingo. He sat rooted in his seat, and the young people began to wonder about him, trying to imagine his life: perhaps he was a sea captain, a runaway from his wife, an old soldier going home. When they went back to the bus, one of the girls sat beside him and introduced herself. “We‘re going to Florida,” she said brightly. “I hear it‘s really beautiful.” “It is,” he said quietly, as if remembering something he had tried to forget. “Want some wine?” she said. He smiled and took a swig from the bottle. He thanked her and retreated again into his silence. After a while, she went back to the others, and Vingo nodded in sleep. In the morning, they awoke outside another Howard Johnson‘s, and this time Vingo went in. The girl insisted that he join them. He seemed very shy, and ordered black coffee and smoked nervously as the young。
公共管理硕士辅导：英语精读60篇(二)
公共管理硕士辅导：英语精读60篇（二）UNIT 2TEXTAt sixty-five Francis Chichester set out to sail single-handed round the world. This is the story of that adventure.Sailing Round the WorldBefore he sailed round the world single-handed, Francis Chichester had already surprised his friends several times. He had tried to fly round the world but failed. That was in 1931.The years passed. He gave up flying and began sailing. He enjoyed it greatly. Chichester was already 58 years old when he won the first solo transatlantic sailing race. His old dream of going round the world came back, but this time he would sail. His friends and doctors did not think he could do it, as he had lung cancer. But Chichester was determined to carry out his plan. In August, 1963, at the age of nearly sixty-five, an age when many men retire, he began the greatest voyage of his life. Soon, he was away in this new 16-metre boat, Gipsy Moth.Chichester followed the route of the great nineteenth century clipper ships. But the clippers had had plenty of crew. Chicheater did it all by himself, even after the main steering device had been damaged by gales. Chichester covered 14, 100 miles before stopping in Sydney, Australia. This was more than twice the distance anyone had previously sailed alone. He arrived in Australia on 12 December, just 107 days out from England. He received a warm welcome from the Australians and from his family who had flown there to meet him. On shore, Chichester could not walk without help. Everybody said the same thing: he had done enough; he must not go any further. But he did not listen.After resting in Sydney for a few weeks, Chichester set off once more in spite of his friends‘ attempts to dissuade him. The second half of his voyage was by far the more dangerous part, during which he。
公共管理硕士复习辅导：英语精读60篇(二十九)
公共管理硕士复习辅导：英语精读60篇(二十九)Unit 29 Text In the last days of World War 11, Adolf Hitler and his closest associates had sought shelter in a command bunker before the fall of Berlin. He knew that defeat was close at hand and that he must prepare for his own death. Here is a detailed description of how he ended his life. The Death of Hitler William L. Shirer During the afternoon of April 29, news arrived at the bunker where Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun were separated from the outside world. Mussolini, Hitler‘s fellow fascist dictator and partner in aggression, had met his end, and it had been shared by his mistress, Clara Petacci. They had been caught by Italian guerrillas on April 27 while trying to escape to Switzerland and executed after a brief trial. On the Saturday night of April 28 the bodies were brought to Milan in a truck and dumped on the town square. The next day they were strung up by the heels from lampposts and later cut down so that throughout the rest of Sunday, they lay in the gutter. On May Day Benito Mussolini was buried beside his mistress in the paupers‘plot of a Milan cemetery. In such a horrible climax of degradation Mussolini and Fascism passed into history. It is not know how many of the details of Mussolini‘s shabby end were communicated to the Fuehrer. One can only guess that if he heard many of them he was only strengthened in his resolve not to allow himself or his bride to be made a spectaclenot their live selves or their bodies. Shortly after receiving the news of Mussolini‘s death, Hitler began to make the final preparations for his. He had his favorite Alsatian dog poisoned and two other dogs in the household shot. Then he called in his two remaining women secretaries and handed them capsules of poison to use if they wished to when the。
南京农业大学公共管理硕士MPA2020年考研经验及辅导班推荐
南京农业大学公共管理硕士MPA2020年考研经验及辅导班推荐终于是等到学校的录取结果出来，虽然肯定是问题不大但是看到名字的那一刻竟还有些激动。
几个月的复习下来，虽然不像别的考研学生描绘的那么残酷，但是对于我这种好久没有系统学习过的人也是不容易。
但是总的来看的话，只要熬过初期的磕磕绊绊之后，后面找到方法之后学起来就会很快了。
这里把我自己备考的一些经验分享给大家，希望可以帮助到大家。
首先是对于英语二的复习，我认为英语要根据自己的自身基础确定复习策略。
因为英语可能是大家基础差别最大的科目。
所以我建议大家首先要对自己的英语水平有清晰的认识。
如果基础较差，一定要提早进入复习状态。
英语的主要精力放在阅读和写译。
阅读要多精读，并研究题目，试着了解出题人意图，找到答题感觉。
如果基础太差，生词过多，就从文中找生词，可以隔一查一，隔过去的单词根据上下文猜词义。
语法差就每天研究1-2句长难句。
写译更是体现了自己的真实水平，建议先根据自己的逻辑设计每种文体的写作框架，在框架内练习最适合自己的文风。
遇到想用但不会写的单词或句式就记录下来背诵。
至于完型填空分值不大，且考察知识点多样，建议学有余力的同学专门训练，其他同学以真题为主。
总之英语能力的提升归根结底在使用，由于时间有限，输出的效率要远高于输入。
背单词看网课背作文是输入型学习，除非时间充裕，否则会压缩数学和专业课的时间。
我个人不建议占用太多时间背单词，也不建议看英语视频课。
最好多练习多总结，扎实提升实战能力。
其次是199管综的复习。
数学部分的话我首先看的数学分册，比较简单，看个人的基础可以自由选择。
7月前，我一直看的陈剑高分指南，高分指南我记得每章一二节是基础，后面是提高，所以7月前我看的基础节，7月后是提高章节。
高分指南我大概过了3遍，把每道题，每个知识点都搞懂了，基本都没问题。
10月份，买了个历年真题名家详解，也是配套的，开始刷真题。
逻辑部分的话主要是逻辑精点，逻辑800题。
考研英语美文诵读宝典60+30（晨读）
考研英语美文诵读宝典60+30（晨读）Section One 诵读经典60篇Part 1 智慧人生（38篇）成功悟语（9篇）Self-RelianceWhat I had lived forVirtue of AmbitionCompanionship of BooksHow should one read a bookWork and pleasureOn achieving successMan Is Here For The Sake of Other MenWhy to mark a book青春赞歌（8篇）Problem of YouthRushAdvice to a young manIf I were a boy againYouthOn the Feeling of Immortality in YouthIfAn illusion人生真谛（9篇）How to grow oldLooks Beyond TragedyThree days to seeI will live this day as if it is my lastLove your lifeIf you want to gather honey, don’t kick over the beehive. Let it beApril Showers Bring May FlowersThe True Nobility自然之美（6篇）The most loved placeLate Summer Days in WarOnce more to the lakeAugustThe First SnowOut of Africa快乐箴言（6篇）Philosophy of ChineseThe Unhappy American WayTry to remember the good thingsDo this, and you’ll be welcome everywhereHave Faith, and Expect the BestHappiness is a journeyPart 2 名人之声（22篇）大学演讲（11篇）Don’t park 20 blocks from your destinationI Wish You Bad as Well as GoodThe Lost Children(1)The Lost Children(2)The Fringe Benefits of Failure, and the Importance of Imagination(1)The Fringe Benefits of Failure, and the Importance of Imagination(2)Advices to Avoid making the World Any Worse than It Already IsWe are What We ChooseAthenians and VisigothsNever sell your soulSee China in the Light of Her Development聚焦历史（11篇）The Generation that’s remaking ChinaThe Bishop of London's SermonThe Gettysburg AddressPeaceThe T orch has been passed to a New GenerationThe Strenuous LifeNobel Prize Acceptance SpeechThe Only Thing We Fear is Fear ItselfI Have a DreamBlood, toil, tears and sweatDuty, Honor, CountrySection Two 聚焦考研30篇真题精选（8篇）Herd MentalitySelling Classical MusicThe Amateur as CriticEducation Global workersWomen’s StressThe American Middle-Class on the PrecipiceCheap HappinessParalysis by Analysis同源时文（15篇）Electronic communications media tend to prevent communicationNothing to sell and nothing to buyOn not answering the phoneStresses of Being a CelebrityThe influence of knowledge on the way we perceive the worldWatching television and reading booksArab women’s rightsEaten awayE-publish or perishThe world’s lungsRomanies—A long roadToo narrow, too soon?Over to you, ChinaCritical thinkingThe skills from zapping ’em激情时刻（7篇）Change the inequality of the worldRemember you will be dead soonBarack Obama’s Inaugural Addr essAn Inconvenient truthTribute to Diana Three special choices Three Hamburgers。
公共管理硕士MPA考试英语经典翻译(一)
公共管理硕士MPA考试英语经典翻译（一）新阳光MPA辅导老师整理的公共管理硕士MPA考试英语经典翻译句式，觉得翻译比较难的考生们可以参考下。
1.If its message were confined merely to information and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve,for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive-advertising wound be so boring that no one wound pay any attention.[参考译文]如果其信息只被局限于告知一一就广告而言，如果这不是完全不可能达到的，也是非常难做的，因为即便是一个诸如衬衫的颜色的选择这样的细节都会具有微妙的说服意味，那么广告就会如此地乏味以至于没有人会关注它。
2.The workers who gets a promotion,the student whose grades improve,the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for there efforts.[参考译文]得到了升迁的工人们，成绩进步的学生，学会了一门新语言的外国人一一这些都是那些有可衡量的结果宋显示其努力的人们的例证。
3.As families move away from their stable community,their friends of many years,their extended family relationships,the informal flow of information is cut off,and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.[参考译文]随着家庭离开他们原来稳定的社区，离开他们多年的朋友和扩展的家庭关系，非正式的信息流动被切断了，随之而去的是对在需要时能获得可靠和值得信赖的信息的信心。
2023年考研英语真题及解析
1.[A] selected [B] prepared [C] obliged [D] pleased2.[A] unique [B] particular [C] special [D] rare3.[A] of [B] with [C] in [D] against4.[A] subsequently [B] presently [C] previously [D] lately5.[A] Only [B] So [C] Even [D] Hence6.[A] thought [B] sight [C] cost [D] risk7.[A] advises [B] suggests [C] protests [D] objects8.[A] progress [B] fact [C] need [D] question9.[A] attaining [B] scoring [C] reaching [D] calculating10.[A] normal [B] common [C] mean [D] total11.[A] unconsciously[B] disproportionately[C] indefinitely[D] unaccountably12.[A] missions [B] fortunes [C] interests [D] careers13.[A] affirm [B] witness [C] observe [D] approve14.[A] moreover [B] therefore [C] however [D] meanwhile15.[A] given up [B] got over [C] carried on [D] put down16.[A] assessing [B] supervising [C] administering [D] valuing17.[A] development [B] origin [C] consequence [D] instrument18.[A] linked [B] integrated [C] woven [D] combined19.[A] limited [B] subjected [C] converted [D] directed20.[A] paradoxical [B] incompatible [C] inevitable [D] continuousSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1While still catching up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responsesbecame equal to those of the males.Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well. It’s just that they have so much more to cope with,” says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,” she observes, “it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress.Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt.I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experienc e demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?[A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.[C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22. Dr. Yehuda’s research suggests that women .[A] need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress[B] have limited capacity for tolerating stress[C] are more capable of avoiding stress[D] are exposed to more stress23. According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be .[A] domestic and temporary[B] irregular and violent[C] durable and frequent[D] trivial and random24. The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.” (Line 5, Para. 5) shows that .[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money[B] Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expense s[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out?[B] Response to Stress: Gender Difference[C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say?[D] Gender Inequality: Women Under StressText 2It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove t he author’s names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept thepaper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internet—and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money fromgovernment–funded research by restricting access to it—is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report’s authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (orhis employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybridsof these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses .[A] the background information of journal editing[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers[D] the traditional process of journal publication27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?[A] It criticizes government-funded research.[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.[C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.28. According to the text, online publication is significant in that .[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to .[A] cover the cost of its publication[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it[C] allow other online journals to use it freely[D] complete the peer-review before submission30. Which of the following best summarizes the text?[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.[B] A new mode of publication is emerging.[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.[D] Publication is rendered easily by online service.Text 3In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of the only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches ta ller now than 140 years ago, today’s people—especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations—apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s.And they aren’t likely to get any taller. “In the general population today, at t his genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,” says anthropologist WilliamCameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients—notably, protein—to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height—5'9" for men, 5'4" for women—hasn’t really changed since 1960.Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,” says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today's data and feel fairly confident.”31. Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to .[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S.[C] compare different generations of NBA players[D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players32. Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?[A] Genetic modification.[B] Natural environment.[C] Living standards.[D] Daily exercise.33. On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?[A] Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world.[D] Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.34. We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future .[A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size[B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged[C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen[D] the existing data of human height will still be applicable35. The text intends to tell us that .[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern[B] human height is becoming even more predictable[C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit[D] the genetic pattern of Americans has alteredText 4In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw—having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently,many historians have begun to focus on the role slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More significant, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong—and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was “like having a large bank account,” says Wiencek, auth or of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,” including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’s children—though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravary of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.36. George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to .[A] show the primitive medical practice in the past.[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.[C] stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life.37. We may infer from the second paragraph that .[A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.[B] in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.[C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life.[D] political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history.38. What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?[A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.[B] His status as a father made him free the child slaves.[C] His attitude towards slavery was complex.[D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige.39. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.[B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.[C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.[D] Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.40. Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his .[A] moral considerations.[B] military experience.[C] financial conditions.[D] political stand.Part BDirections:In the following text, some segments have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each ofthe numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write. (41)_______________.Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft. (42) _______________. Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.(43) _______________. Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on either side.If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing. (44) _______________. These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessa ry to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The student who wrote “The A&P as a Stateof Mind” wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women. (45) _______________.Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times—and then again—working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.[A] To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you can easily add words, sentences andcorrections. Write on only one side of the paper.[B] After you have already and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It’s probably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.[C] It’s worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrible, it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.[D] It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.[E] Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains how the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job. Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that d escribed Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P “policy” he enforces.[F] In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in “A&P” the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring t o his refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies.[G] By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say, you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)In his autobiography，Darwin himself speaks of his intellectualpowers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (46)he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his ownPart A51. Directions:You have just come back from Canada and found a music CDin your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to1) make an apology, and2) suggest a solution.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2023年全国硕士硕士招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章总体分析这是一篇议论文。
mpa英语复习资料
mpa英语复习资料MPA英语复习资料MPA（Master of Public Administration）是公共管理硕士的缩写，是一种专业学位。
它旨在培养学生在公共部门和非营利组织中担任领导职务所需的技能和知识。
MPA英语考试是申请MBA学位或从事公共管理相关工作的必备条件之一。
为了帮助考生顺利通过MPA英语考试，以下是一些复习资料的建议。
一、词汇与语法词汇和语法是英语考试中的基础部分。
考生需要掌握常见的单词和短语，并了解它们的用法。
可以通过背单词卡片、阅读英文文章和参加词汇训练班来提高词汇量。
此外，还需要熟悉英语语法规则，如时态、语态、句型转换等。
可以通过参考语法书籍、做练习题和请教老师来加强语法知识。
二、阅读理解阅读理解是MPA英语考试的重要部分。
考生需要快速准确地理解英文文章，并回答相关问题。
为了提高阅读理解能力，可以多读英文报纸、杂志和学术论文，培养阅读英文文章的习惯。
同时，可以做一些阅读理解练习题，提高阅读速度和理解能力。
还可以请教老师，学习一些阅读技巧和策略，如扫读、略读和精读等。
三、写作能力写作是MPA英语考试的另一个重要方面。
考生需要能够清晰、准确地表达自己的观点和想法。
为了提高写作能力，可以多写英文作文，并请教老师或其他同学进行修改和指导。
还可以阅读一些英文范文，学习其中的写作技巧和表达方式。
此外，可以参加写作培训班，学习一些写作的基本规则和方法。
四、口语表达口语表达是MPA英语考试的另一个重要组成部分。
考生需要能够流利地用英语进行交流和表达。
为了提高口语表达能力，可以多参与英语口语练习，与其他同学或外教进行对话。
还可以听一些英文广播、电视节目和纪录片，提高听力和口语能力。
此外，可以参加口语培训班，学习一些口语表达的技巧和方法。
五、模拟考试模拟考试是MPA英语复习的重要环节。
通过模拟考试，考生可以了解自己的考试水平和薄弱环节，并及时进行调整和改进。
可以找一些MPA英语模拟试题进行练习，模拟真实的考试环境，提高应试能力。
新版宁波大学公共管理考研经验考研参考书考研真题
刚上大学的时候，我的家人希望我能考研，因为我的本科学校很普通。
当时，我并没有想过。
直到这几年的学习，出于自身对专业课的兴趣越来越浓厚，想要继续深入系统的学习，而我们本科对专业课的学习知识一点皮毛，是远远不够的！怀着专业的热爱，我毅然决定考研，在大三上册就开始准备复习。
充满信心地去下定决心做一件事情是做好它的前提，最开始自己像一只无头苍蝇一般，没有方向。
只能靠自己慢慢摸索，查资料、看考研经验分享、问学长学姐，虽然这个过程很繁琐，但是我已经下定决心考研，所以无所畏惧！对于考研来说最关键的就是坚持。
一年的考研时间，我想，对于这个词，我是有很多话要说的。
我以为自己是个能坚持的人，但是考研这一年来，真正让我体会到了坚持的不易！正如很多研友的分享所说，考研谁不是一边想放弃一边又咬牙坚持着，那些坚持到最后的人，都会迎来他们的曙光。
文章可能有点长，末尾我也加了一些真题和资料的下载方式，大家放心阅读即可。
一、宁波大学公共管理的初试科目为：（101）思想政治理论、（201）英语一、(622)社会科学研究方法、(820)公共管理学二、(622)社会科学研究方法参考书目为：1.《《社会学研究方法》（第三版），风笑天，中国人民大学出版社，2009年。
2.《《现代社会调查方法》，风笑天，中国人民大学出版社，2012年。
三、(820)公共管理学参考书目为：《公共管理学》（第二版），黎民，高等教育出版社，2011年。
众所周知，真题是考研英语复习的treasure，正所谓真题吃透，英语不愁！那应该什么时候开始拿真题练手呢？假如你是从1月份开始准备考研，考虑到你第一个月刚入门，决心不定、偷工减料，并且觉得考研难不时地需要给自己做点心理建设，那么1月份等同于没学。
真正投入考研事业要从2月份开始算：2、3月两个月的时间怎么也可以背完一轮单词并学到一点语法皮毛了，故在4月这个春暖花开之际刚好可以开始练习真题啦~千万不要单词没背多少或者跳过语法直接做真题，这样不仅做题过程很生涩，而且囫囵吞枣只能是浪费真题，关于真题大家可参考木糖的。
考研英语阅读理解精读100篇
阅读理解精选100篇---经济类考研英语阅读理解精读100篇unit1unit1Some of the concerns surrounding Turkey’s application to join the European Union, to be voted on by the EU’s Council of Minis ters on December 17th, are economic-in particular, the country’s relative poverty. Its G DP per head is less than a third of the average for the 15 pre-2004 members of the EU. But it is not far off that of one of the ten new members which joined on May 1st 2004 (Latvia), and it is much the same as those of two countries, Bulgaria and Romania, which this week concluded accession talks with the EU that could make them full members on January 1st 2007.Furthermore, the country’s recent economic progress has been, according to Donald Johnston, the secretary-general of the OECD, "stunning". GDP in the second quarter of the year was 13.4% higher than a year earlier, a rate of growth that no EU country comes close to matching. Turkey’s inflation rate has just fallen into single figures for the first time since 1972, and this week the countr y reached agreement with the IMF on a new three-year, $10 billion economic programme that will, according to the IMF’s managing director, Rodrigo Rato, "help Turkey... reduce inflation toward European levels, and enhance the economy’s resilience".Resilience has not historically been the country’s economic strong point. As recently as 2001, GDP fell by over 7%. It fell by more than 5% in 1994, and by just under 5% in 1999. Indeed, throughout the 1990s growth oscillated like an electrocardiogram recording a violent heart attack. This irregularity has been one of the main reasons (along with red tape and corruption) why the country has failed dismally to attract much-needed foreign direct investment. Its stock of such investment (as a percentage of GDP) is lower now than it was in the 1980s, and annual inflows have scarcely ever reached $1 billion (whereas Ireland attracted over $25 billion in 2003, as did Brazil in every year from 1998 to 2000).One deterrent to foreign investors is due to disappear on January 1st 2005. On that day, Turkey will take away the right of virtually every one of its citizens to call themselves a millionaire. Six noughts will be removed from the face value of the lira; one unit of the local currency will henceforth be worth what 1m are now-ie, about €0.53 ($0.70). Goods will have to be priced in both the new and old lira for the whole of the year, but foreign bankers and investors can begin to look forward to a time in Turkey when they will no longer have to juggle mentally with indeterminate strings of zeros.注（1）：本文选自Economist；12/18/2004, p115-115, 2/5p；注（2）：本文习题命题模仿2004年真题text 1第1题和第3题（1，3），2001年真题text 1第2题（2），1999年真题text 2第2题（4）和2002年真题text 3第4题（5）；1. What is Turkey’s economic situation now?[A] Its GDP per head is far lagging behind that of the EU members.[B] Its inflation rate is still rising.[C] Its economy grows faster than any EU member.[D] Its economic resilience is very strong.2. We can infer from the second paragraph that__________.[A] Turkey will soon catch the average GDP level of the 15 pre-2004 EU members[B] inflation rate in Turkey used to be very high[C] Turkey’s economy will keep growing at present rate[D] IMF’s economic program will help Turkey join the EU3. The word “oscillated” (Line 3, Para graph 3) most probably means_________.[A] fell[B] climbed[C] developed[D] swang4. Speaking of Turkey’s foreign direct investment, the author implies that_________.[A] it’s stock is far less than that of other countries[B] it does not have much influence on Turkey’s economic progress[C] steady GDP growth will help Turkey attract more foreign direct investment[D] Turkey’s economic resilience relies on foreign direct investment5.We can draw a conclusion from the text that__________.[A] foreign investment environment in Turkey will become better[B] Turkey’s citizens will suffer heavy loss due to the change of the face value of the lira[C] the local currency will depreciate with the removal of six noughts from the face value[D] prices of goods will go up答案：C B D C A篇章剖析本篇文章是一篇说明文，介绍了土耳其的经济状况。
2020年中国人民大学工商管理mpa考研超详细经验贴
2020年中国人民大学工商管理mpa考研超详细经验贴先介绍一下，本人报考2019年在职研究生，人大mpa，初试英语67分，联考137分，复试总成绩350，本人285，加权成绩72左右，总录取230+人，本人排名158（好像是）正文：在2017年10月左右，打算来年报考中国人民大学的专业税务硕士，于是买了一些税务的专业课书籍，结果2018年3月，我打电话问人大研招办，被告知税务专硕不招在职的非全日制，所以我算是白准备了。
（总结1.如果同样在职考生备考，建议先打电话问目标院校的这个专业今年是否继续招人，电话去目标院校官网，一般在上年招生简章里有写）接下来我开始选专业，我本科财政学，跟我专业相近且与工作有关的，是公共管理专业，同时我大学同学有几个也考在职研究生，基本都选择这一专业，考虑也可以跟他们求经验，于是定下专业是mpa，至于为什么选择人大，我想我比较特殊，纯粹是因为实现所爱的人的没有实现的事情。
所以选择人大，我从来不曾动摇过一分，自己总结为对人大有情结。
（总结2.选择学校和专业：选择一个你想去你喜欢的学校，这个一定是你最坚定理由下做出的选择，要不然后期会迫于压力，修改院校，动摇军心，专业没办法帮你们。
）关于买书：英语和专业课我都报名了新祥旭，我不是替他们做广告，或者是他们拖儿，我想我报班觉得好的，也推荐一下，你们选择与否由你们自己定。
所以这块，大多数书都是报完班机构发的，其中有几本书觉得很有帮助，比如《保命28分》，《考研英语词汇大全解》、王诚老师的《管理类联考逻辑》和《管理类联考写作》，自己买了英语真题和联考真题（一）关于英语学习：上半年（在5月份之前都在记单词），记单词方法用的王江涛老师讲的10天搞定考研词汇。
这个是有方法有依据的，依据是根据艾宾浩斯记忆曲线简介，方法是根据里面的时间忘记节点去重复学习单词道长（指王江涛）已经把单词书中20个list 分成10组，每天背哪些个list都已经标注出来（这个如果有需要也可直接问我要）。
在职公共管理硕士MPA英语精读文章(九)
Scientists hope that if we can discover how the brain works, theo put it to. For example, how do we learn language? Man differs most from all the other animals in his ability to learn and use language but we still do not know exactly how this is dine. Some children learn to speak and read and write when they are very young compared to average children. But scientists are not sure why this happens. They are trying to find out whether there is something about the way we teach language to children which in fact prevents children from learning sooner.
考研英语真题阅读理解精读
考研英语真题阅读理解精读英语阅读理解是考研英语中较为重要的一部分内容，是考研必考的公共课之一。
下面就是店铺给大家整理的考研英语真题阅读理解，希望对你有用!考研英语阅读原文On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona's immigration law Monday--a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration's effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona's controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to "establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization "and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial. Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court's liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately "occupied the field" and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal's privileged powers.However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement. That's because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information andcooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice--Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas--agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as "a shocking assertion of federal executive power".The White House argued that Arizona's laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with .Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn't want to carry out Congress's immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.考研英语阅读翻译周一，最高法院以五对三的投票否决了亚利桑那州移民法案的大部分条款，这对于奥巴马政府来说是个不大不小的胜利。
2021考研英语阅读精读100篇(高分版)二十八
2021考研英语阅读精读100篇(高分版)二十八新东方2021考研英语阅读精读100篇(高分版)TEXT TWENTYEIGHTPublishers cannot have enough of books from serious historians about the “whys” of war. Why do they start? Why do they last? What makes a peace fragile? The past is one place to look for answers. Charles Esdaile, a lecturer at the University of Liverpool, is too good a scholar to make easy comparisons between then and now. But the “whys” of war run through his masterly account of the Napoleonic wars, a 12-year conflict between France and Europe's other powers that killed almost 2m soldiers. Mr Esdaile, in a politico-military survey of extraordinary scope and detail, tells us what he believes caused the conflict, what it was about and why it lasted so long despite, as it seemed, frequent chances for peace. Neither battlefield chronicle nor biography in disguise, “Napoleon's Wars” is explanatory history of high order.Historians date the Napoleonic wars from 1803, when Britain declared war on France after the brief Peace of Amiens. Mr Esdaile recounts how Napoleon came to power in 1799, masteringFrance and then Europe. Britain commanded the seas after Trafalgar in 1805. But France held the continent thanks to victories on land against the Austrians, Prussians and Russians. Setbacks in Spain, which Napoleon's troops entered in 1807, and disaster in Russia in 1812, led to eventual defeat at Waterloo.Mr Esdaile makes that familiar story fresh in three connected ways. He shows how marginal-looking conflicts—for example over the Romanian lands, Sweden, Portugal, Canada—ignited larger ones or divided potential allies. He reminds us that defeating Napoleon was never sure. Europe's armies had first to learn from their own failures and their rulers had to make common cause. Both things happened, but late in the day. Above all, he stresses that the conflict was not ideological but geopolitical. It was about the balance of power, disturbed for a century by Ottoman decline, Russian and Prussian growth and Franco-British rivalries.Few if any of France's foes were fighting for regime change in Paris. At many times they would have settled with Napoleon —had he settled with them. But they could never trust him to settle, and the wars went on. His two strongest opponents, Britain and Russia, resisted him, in Mr Esdaile's view, not because he was a revolutionary, a republican or the head of anupstart dynasty. They fought him because as long as he controlled France, there was no telling where France would stop.At this point Napoleon's character enters Mr Esdaile's intricate geopolitical equations. Without accepting a great-man theory of history, he thinks the Napoleonic wars deserve their name. Europe's powers would have fought over their differences without Napoleon. But the scale and ferocity of conflict was due in large part to the emperor's “aggression, egomania and lust for power”.Mr Esdaile's book reflects a vast and varied range of recent scholarship. But he never leaves his geopolitical story for long. War started, he believes, because Europe was not in balance. It dragged on because Napoleon could not be trusted. Peace came—and lasted until later generations forgot the horror of the alternative.1.Mr. Esdaile’s book can be best described as_____[A] a politico-military survery of the Napoleonic wars.[B] an account of the Napoleonic wars in extrodinary scope and detail.[C] a historical chronicle of the Napoleonic wars with comparisons of the past and the present.[D] an exploration of the deep-rooted reason that led tothe long war.2. Mr Esdaile holds the view that the Napoleonic wars are originated by _____[A] marginal conflicts.[B] imbalance of power in Europe.[C] Napoleon’s aggressive ambition.[D] Franco-British rivalries.3. Mr. Esdaile’s novelty in recounting the conflict in _____[A] that he dates from 1799 when Napoleon came to power in France.[B] that he explains Napoleon’s character and history in detailed and vivid account.[C] that he reminds us the importance of some marginal-looking conflicts.[D] that he thinks the war was indeed started due to geopolitical factors.4. France’s rivals fought against Napoleon despite chances for peace because_____[A] the political imbalance of Europe stimulated inevitable hatred and conflict between the countries and Napoleon.[B] they were alert to the possible aggression by Napoleon.[C] they attempted to settle with Napoleon but in vain.[D] Napoleon was too ambitious to be trusted by them.5. According to the passage, which one of the following statements is NOT true of the Napoleonic wars?[A] The wars would not have been fought without Napoleon.[B] The wars were due to the emperor’s aggression, egomania and lust for power.[C] The wars lasted for so long time because France’s rivals could not trust Napoleon.[D] The wars were fought over the difference of the Europe’s powers.123文章剖析：这篇文章介绍了Esdaile先生的《拿破仑战争》一书。
研究生英语精读教程(第三版 上)--课文翻译及课后题解答
Unit one你认为自己是什么样的人，那你就是什么样的人如果你改变想法——从悲观变为乐观——你就可以改变自己的生活卡勒普-撒弗兰[ 1 ] 你看酒杯是半杯有酒而不是半杯空着的吗?你的眼睛是盯着炸面圈，而不是它中间的孔吗? 当研究者们自细观察积极思维的作用时，这些陈辞滥调突然问都成了科学问题。
[ 2 ] 迅速增多的大量研究工作——迄今已有104个研究项目，涉及大约15 000人——证明乐观的态度可以使你更快乐、更健康、更成功。
与此相反，悲观则导致无望、疾病以及失败，并与沮丧、孤独及令人苦恼的腼腆密切相关。
位于休斯敦莱斯大学的心理学家克雷格·A·安德森说：“如果我们能够教会人们更积极地思考，那就如同为他们注射了预防这些心理疾病的疫苗。
”[ 3 ]“你的能力固然重要，”匹兹堡的卡内基一梅降大学的心理学家迈克尔·F·沙伊尔说，“但你成功的信念影响到你是否真能成功，”在某种程度上，这是由于乐观者和悲观者以截然不同的方式对待同样的挑战和失望。
[ 4 ] 以你的工作为例。
宾夕法尼亚大学的心理学家马丁·E·P·塞利棉曼与同事彼得·舒尔曼在一项重要研究中对大都市人寿保险公司的推销员进行了广泛调察。
他们发现，存工龄较长的推销员中，积极思考比消极思考者要多推销37％的保险额。
机新雇用的推销员中，乐观主义者则多销了20％。
[ 5 ] 公司受到了触动，便雇用了100名虽未通过标准化企业测试但在态度乐观一项得分很高的人。
这些本来可能根本不会被雇用的人售出的保险额高出推销员的平均额10％。
[ 6 ] 他们是如何做的呢？据塞利格曼说，乐观主义者成功的秘诀就在于他的“解释方式”。
出了问题之后，悲观主义者倾向于自责。
他说：“我不善于做这种事，我总是失败。
”乐观主义者则寻找漏洞，他责怪天气、抱怨电话线路、或者甚至怪罪别人。
他认为，是那个客户当时情绪不好。
《新编MPA英语阅读教程教学参考书》部分译文
第一单元公共管理定义预习问题：1、公共管理指哪些活动？2、公共管理有哪些子域？3、与公共管理发生的具体形式和层次相关的专门领域和焦点有哪些？课文A公共管理一、重点词语释义：1. to refer to: to pertain; concern与…有关：涉及；关于例句：The term electronics refers to electronically induced action. 电子学这一术语涉及电子导致的作用。
2. to convey: to communicate or make known; impart交流或使知道；告知例句：When I returned home, I tried to convey the wonder of this machine to my husband. 回到家时，我竭力向丈夫传达了这种机器的神奇。
I can't convey my feelings in words. 我的情感难以言表。
The ambassador personally conveyed the president's message to the premier. 大使亲自向总理转达了总统的问候。
3. to cover:to extend over延伸，遍及例句：Introduction to Chemistry aims to cover important topics in organic chemistry. 《化学》一书的绪论打算包括有机化学中的重要话题。
4. to account for: to provide an explanation or justification做出解释，提出理由例句：The suspect couldn’t account for his time that night. 嫌疑犯不能说明那天晚上他的时间安排。
5. to recognize: to know or identify from past experience or knowledge认知，看出，从过去的经历或知识中得知或辨认出例句：The receptionist recognized him at once. 招待员立刻认出了他。
新编MPA英语阅读教程（第三版）作业02
新编MPA英语阅读教程（第三版）作业02Unit 11. Public administration is so much a branch of management that many graduate schools of management (or business or administration) are divided into public and private—and now increasingly nonprofit-programs.译文：公共管理很大程度上是管理的一个分支，许多管理（或商学或行政）研究生院被分为公共的和私有的——而且现在越来越是非营利的——计划。
2. Whether they are republics or constitutional monarchies, it is government agencies putting into practice legislative acts that represent the will of the people.译文：无论是共和制国家还是君主立宪制国家，政府机构行使立法活动代表了人民的意志。
3. Most of what an executive does is to manage existing programs, to run the bureaucracy.译文：行政部门所做的大部分事情是管理现有计划，运行政府机构。
4. These appointees,while functioning as top managers significant management responsibilities, are seldom professional managers and seldom think of themselves as management experts.译文：虽然这些被任命者作为最高管理者行使重要的管理职责，但他们中很少是专业的管理者，而且很少把自己看做管理专家。
公共管理硕士辅导：英语精读60篇(四)
公共管理硕士辅导：英语精读60篇（四）UNIT 4TEXTMany people in the United States spend most of their free time watching television. Certainly, there are many worthwhile programs on television, including news, educational programs for children, programs on current social problems, plays, movies, concerts, and so on. Nevertheless, perhaps people should not be spending so much of their time in front of the TV. Mr Mayer imagines what we might do if we were forced to find other activities.Turning off TV: a Quiet HourI would like to propose that for sixty to ninety minutes each evening, right after the early evening news, all television broadcasting in the United States be prohibited by law.Let us take a serious, reasonable look at what the results be if such a proposal were accepted. Families might use the time for a real family hour. Without the distraction of TV, they might sit around together after dinner and actually talk to one another. It is well known that many of our problemseverything, in fact, from the generation gap to the high divorce rate to some forms of mental illnessare caused at least in part by failure to communicate. We do not tell each other what is disturbing us. The result is emotional difficulty of one kind or another. By using the quiet family hour to discuss our problems, we might get to know each other better, and to like each other better.On evenings when such talk is unnecessary, families could rediscover more active pastimes. Freed from TV, forced to find their own activities, they might take a ride together to watch the sunset. Or they might take a walk together (remember feet?) and see the neighborhood with fresh, new eyes.With free time and no TV, children and adults might rediscover reading. There is more entertainment in a good book than in a。
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公共管理硕士复习辅导：英语精读60篇(二十八)
Unit 28 Text Daydreaming has always had reputation, but now scientific research has revealed that daydreaming may actually improve your mental health and creativity. It can even help you achieve your desired goals. Daydream a Little Eugene Raudsepp “Daydreaming again, Barb? You‘ll never amount to anything if you spend your time that way! Can‘t you find something useful to do?” Many youngsters have heard words like those from their parents. And until recently this hostile attitude towards daydreaming was the most common one. Daydreaming was viewed as a waste of time. Or it was considered and unhealthy escape from real life and its duties. But now some people are taking a fresh look at daydreaming. Some think it may be a very healthy thing to do. Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. Once it was thought that nighttime dreams interfered with our needed rest. But then researchers tried interrupting the dreams of sleepers. They learned that sleepers who aren‘t allowed to dream lost the benefits of rest. They become tense and anxious. They become irritable. They have trouble concentrating. Their mental health is temporarily damaged. To feel well again, they must be allowed to dream. Now researchers are finding that daydreaming may also be important to mental health. Daydreaming, they tell us, is a good means of relaxation. But its benefits go beyond this. A number of psychologists have conducted experiments and have reached some surprising conclusions. Dr. Joan T. Freyberg has concluded that daydreaming contributes to intellectual growth. It also improves concentration, attention span, and the ability to get along with others, she says. In an experiment。