Relative Clauses定语从句
relative clauses(疫情时期专用) 全英语定语从句授课原创课件 - 教学资料
How many types of relative clauses are there?
The streets were empty, which was unusual for this time of day. (The fact that the streets were empty was unusual.)
In conversation, a sentential relative clause may also be interjected by another speaker:
What's the difference between defining and non-defining relative clauses?
A defining relative clause identifies or classifies a noun:
Do you know the guy who is talking to Will over there? I wrote my essay on a photo which was taken by Robert Capa.
a photo which was taken by Robert Capa This type of relative clause identifies or classifies the noun that it refers to. An
Relative Clause定语从句(全)
Relative Clause定语从句General Idea• 1.origin• 2.general rulesTesting Point8 pointsⅠGeneral Idea:1. Origin:Verb=1 简单句Verb≥21)并列句→用and, but, or, so, for, etc.连接E.g. Tom is a boy. He likes football.=Tom is a boy, and he likes football.2)主从句→名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句E.g. Tom is a boy. He likes football.=Tom is a boy who likes football.(定语从句)3）非谓语化→略2. General Rules:【总纲】：被修饰的词叫做先行词。
引导从句的词叫做关系词。
关系词与先行词没有关系，只与从句中所缺成份有关。
从句中只可能缺少两种成份，为副词性成份与名词性成份。
代替从句中副词性成份的词叫做关系副词，代替从句中名词性成份的词叫做关系代词。
【关系代词】：指人：who, whom指物：which两者皆可：that, whose, as【关系副词】：when, where, why*Q:为什么不出现what与how？A: 1.what=先行词+关系代词E.g. This is the word（先行词）that（关系代词）he said.=This is what he said.*what引导的从句一定是名词性从句2.在唯一需要使用how的情况中（先行词为the way,从句中不缺名词性成份）做了特殊规定。
how需用in which, that或╱代替。
【只能用that的9种情况】1.取决于先行词的修饰词1）最高级2）序数词3) “the same”4) 强调词→①强调内容：only, very, just, quite②强调数量：all, no, any, many2.取决于先行词1）先行词既有人又有物2）先行词为不定代词：none, one, those, something, anything, nothing, everything 3) 先行词为all3.取决于主从句关系1）避免重复（主句中出现which, who ）2) 先行词在从句中做表语【只能用which的2种情况】1）关系词前有介词2）非限定性定语从句（non-restrictive）*当只用that的情况与只用which的情况矛盾时，依照只用which的情况。
relative clauses(疫情时期专用) 全英语定语从句授课原创
The streets were empty, which was unusual for this time of day. (The fact that the streets were empty was unusual.)
In conversation, a sentential relative clause may also be interjected by another speaker:
Omitting the Relative Pronoun in Restrictive Clauses
In the following examples, the man is the subject of both verbs and cannot be omitted:
The man who told me is coming later. The man that told me is coming later.
NB - WHOM is an object pronoun. It is used in formal English after a preposition and can be used to replace an object,although many no longer do this. In a phrase like 'To whom it may concern', who would not be acceptable.
非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句1. 定义非限制性定语从句（Non-restrictive Relative Clauses）是指用来修饰一个名词或代词，且不对其进行限定的定语从句。
这种从句通常提供一些额外信息，而不是对名词或代词进行修饰、定义或区分。
非限制性定语从句和限制性定语从句的区别在于非限制性定语从句用逗号或破折号将其与主句分隔开来，而限制性定语从句则不用分隔符。
例如：•限制性定语从句：The book that I borrowed last week was very interesting.•非限制性定语从句：My friend, who is a doctor, came to visit me.非限制性定语从句通常用来提供额外的信息，使得整个句子更加丰富和具体。
2. 结构非限制性定语从句的结构相对简单，通常由关系副词（如where, when, why）或关系代词（如who, whom, which）引导，并且使用逗号或破折号将其与主句分隔开来。
以下是一些常见的关系代词和关系副词：•关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that•关系副词：where, when, why例如：•关系代词引导的非限制性定语从句：My brother, who is a teacher, lives in London.•关系副词引导的非限制性定语从句：I still remember the day, when we went to the beach.3. 示例以下是一些示例，以帮助读者更好地理解非限制性定语从句的用法和作用。
1.This is my father, who is an engineer.2.The house, which was built in the 19th century, is now a museum.3.She loves music, which is why she plays the piano every day.4.The dog, whose tail is wagging, seems very happy.5.Tom finally got the job, which he had been dreaming of.4. 注意事项在使用非限制性定语从句时，需要注意以下几点：•逗号或破折号：非限制性定语从句通常使用逗号或破折号与主句分隔开来，这有助于读者更好地理解句子的结构和意思。
Grammar-Relative Clauses
4.定语从句的位置 定语从句的位置 定语从句一定放在被修饰 关联词或 成分之后。 成分之后。
引导词
eg. This is the car which
先行词
he bought last year.
定语从句
5.定语从句可分为： 定语从句可分为： 定语从句可分为 限制性定语 从句 定语从句 非限制性定 语从句
A telescope is an instrument. It is used for seeing distant objects. A telescope is an instrument that/which is used for seeing distant things.
The girl student is very young. She won the game. The girl student that/who won the game is very young.
Read the sentences below.Circle the relative pronouns and underline the relative clauses.Cross out the pronouns which can be left out. Example I loved the meal ____________________ that we had last night.
The man who called this morning was Marry’s brother.
The teacher pointed out the mistakes. The students hadn’t corrected them. The teacher pointed out the mistakes (that/which) the students hadn’t corrected.
限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句区别知识点总结
限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句区别知识点总结定语从句是英语语法中重要的一部分，通过引导一个修饰性从句来进一步描述或限定一个名词。
在定语从句中，常见的有限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种形式。
本文将总结并对比这两者的区别。
一、定义限制性定语从句（Restrictive Relative Clauses），也称为限定性定语从句，是对被修饰名词进行限定、界定的从句。
它给出一个特定范围，从中选出被修饰的名词，删除该从句将导致句意不完整或不明确。
非限制性定语从句（Non-restrictive Relative Clauses），也称为非限定性定语从句，是对被修饰名词提供额外的附加信息，但不对名词进行限定。
即使删除该从句，句意仍然连贯完整。
二、标点使用1. 限制性定语从句通常不使用逗号进行标点分隔。
如：The bookthat I borrowed last week is very interesting.（我上周借的那本书非常有趣。
）2. 非限制性定语从句使用逗号或者破折号进行标点分隔。
如：My sister, who lives in London, is a doctor.（我妹妹住在伦敦，是一名医生。
）三、修饰范围1. 限制性定语从句修饰的范围是限定、特定的。
它给出特定条件，仅对名词进行限定。
如：The book that I borrowed last week is very interesting.（我上周借的那本书非常有趣。
）2. 非限制性定语从句提供额外的信息，对整个句子进行补充说明。
如：My sister, who lives in London, is a doctor.（我妹妹住在伦敦，是一名医生。
）四、形式1. 限制性定语从句不需要逗号，从句中的关系代词（that, who, whom, whose, which等）在从句中充当主语或宾语。
如：The book that I borrowed last week is very interesting.（我上周借的那本书非常有趣。
定语从句 attributive clause relative clause
定语从句 attributive clause
relative clause
定语从句通常由关系代词（Relative Pronouns）引导，如 who, whom, whose, that, which 等，它们在从句中充当一定的成分，并与先行词（Antecedent）之间存在一定的关系。
以下是一些关于定语从句的详细介绍：
1. 定语从句的作用：定语从句用于进一步描述或限定先行词，提供更多的背景信息或细节。
它可以使句子更加丰富和具体。
2. 关系代词的使用：关系代词在定语从句中起连接作用，同时在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。
它们的选择取决于先行词的性质和在从句中的角色。
3. 先行词的类型：先行词可以是名词、代词、整个句子或其他名词性结构。
4. 限定性和非限定性定语从句：定语从句可以分为限定性（Defining）和非限定性（Non-defining）两种。
限定性定语从句对先行词起到明确限定的作用，而非限定性定语从句则提供额外的信息，并不对先行词进行限定。
5. 关系副词的使用：除了关系代词，还有关系副词（Relative Adverbs）如 where, when, why 等，它们在定语从句中充当状语成分。
总的来说，定语从句是一种重要的句子结构，它通过引入关系代词或关系副词来修饰和限定先行词，提供更多的信息和细节，使句子更加丰富和具体。
正确使用定语从句可以使语言表达更加准确、生动。
Relativeclauses-教案
We use who in a relative clause when we are talking about people.●We know a lot of people who live in London.●An architect is someone who designs buildings.●What was the name of the man who lent you the money?You can also use that instead of who:●The man that lives next door is very friendly.●I don’t like stories that have unhappy endings.●Barbara works for a company that makes washing machines.●The machine which broke down has now been repaired.典型错误：Everything what happened…改正1：Everything that happened was my fault.改正2：What happened was my fault.Exercises:1. A girl was injured in the accident. She is now in hospital._____________________________________________________________________ 2. A man answered the phone. He told me you were away._____________________________________________________________________ 3. A waitress served us. She was very impolite and impatient._____________________________________________________________________ 4. A building was destroyed in the fire. It has now been rebuilt._____________________________________________________________________ 5.Some people were arrested. They have now been released._____________________________________________________________________ 6. A bus goes to the airport. It runs every half hour.Clauses with or without who/that/which●The woman who lives next door is a doctor.The woman lives next door. who在定语从句中作___语●Where is the cheese that was in the fridge?The cheese was in the fridge. that在定语从句中作___语●The woman who I wanted to see was away on holiday.I wanted to see the woman . who在定语从句中作___语●Have you found the keys that you lost?You lost the keys . that在定语从句中作___语When who/that/which is the object (宾语), you can leave it out. So you can say:●The woman I wanted to see was away.●Have you found the keys you lost?●Is there anything I can do?典型错误：Everything what they said…改正：Everything (that) they said was true.Exercise:1.Ann bought a dress. The dress doesn’t fit her very well._____________________________________________________________________ 2.We wanted to visit a museum. The museum was shut when we got there._____________________________________________________________________ 3.You are going to see a film. What’s the name of the film?_____________________________________________________________________ 4.I invited some people to the party. Some of the people couldn’t come._____________________________________________________________________ 5.We hired a car. The car broke down after a few miles._____________________________________________________________________ 6.Tom recommended a hotel to us. We stayed at a hotel._____________________________________________________________________That or What?1.I gave her all the money ___________ I had.2.They give their children everything ________________ they want.3.Tell me ______________ you want and I’ll try to get it for you.4.Why do you blame me for everything ___________ goes wrong?5.I won’t be able to do much but I’ll do the best _________ I can.6.I can only lend you ten pounds. It’s all ___________ I’ve got.7.I don’t agree with ____________ you’ve just said.8.I don’t trust him. I don’t believe anything ___________ he says.Relative clauses (定语从句) –(3)Prepositions in relative clauses (带介词的定语从句)●Do you know the woman? – Tom is talking to her.Do you know the woman (who/that) Tom is talking to?●The bed – I slept in it last night – wasn’t very comfortableThe bed (that/which) I slept in last night wasn’t very comfortable.●Are these the keys (that/which) you were looking for?●The woman (who/that) he fell in love with left him after a few weeks.●The man (who/that) I was sitting next to on the plane talked all the time. Exercise:1.We were invited to a wedding. Unfortunately we couldn’t go to the wedding._____________________________________________________________________ 2.I work with a number of people. I like these people._____________________________________________________________________ 3.You told me about a hotel. What’s the name of that hotel?_____________________________________________________________________ 4.We went to a party last night. The party wasn’t very enjoyable._____________________________________________________________________ 5.I applied for a job. I didn’t get the job._____________________________________________________________________ 6.I saw you with a man. Who was that man in the restaurant?_____________________________________________________________________Relative clauses (定语从句) –(4)Relative clauses with whom/whose/whereWhomWhom is possible instead of who when it is the object of the verb in the relative clause. (先行词在定语从句中作宾语时，可以用whom代替who)●The woman whom I wanted to see was away on holiday.You can also use whom with a preposition (to whom / from whom / with whom …) ●The woman with whom he fell in love left him after a few weeks.*Attention! We do not often use whom.● A widow is a woman whose husband is dead.● A few days ago I met someone whose brother I went to school with.●I met a man __________ knows you.●I met a man __________ sister knows you.Where●I would like to live in a country where there is plenty of sunshine.●I recently went back to the town where I was born.When●Do you know the date when we have to submit the first essay?Why●The reason why I’m phoning you is to invite you to a party.Exercise: Complete each sentence using who/whom/whose/where/when/why.1.What’s the name of the man ____________ car you borrowed?2. A cemetery is a place ______________ people are buried.3. A pacifist is a person ______________ believes that all wars are wrong.4.An orphan is a child ______________ parents are dead.5.The place ______________ we spent our holidays was really beautiful.6.The school is only for children ___________ first language is not English.7.I don’t know the name of the woman to ___________ I spoke on the phone.8.I didn’t get a pay rise, but this wasn’t the reason _________ I left.9.The period during which Russ lived in Italy was also the time ________ he beganto paint.Relative clauses (定语从句) –(5) 限定性与非限定性Exercise:1.There was a strike at the car factory. It lasted ten days. It is now over.The strike ____________________________________________________________ 2.I was looking for a book this morning. I’ve found it now.I’ve found ____________________________________________________________ 3.London was once the largest city in the world, but the population is now falling. The population of London _______________________________________________ 4.Margaret has a son. She showed me a photograph of him. He’s a policeman. Margaret showed me ___________________________________________________只能用that的几种常见情况：1. 先行词为all, anything, everything, nothing, much, none, little等不定代词时。
Relative clauses 定语从句 (牛津版九年级英语精品课件)
1.This is an interesting book. 2.This is the book which the girl is taking.
sWoldeiercsa.n leave out who, which or that in
4a. rTehleasetiavree tchleautsoye swoldhieerns(w_ith_i_cih_s/_t_th_ha_te)Jaonbe jgeacvet Tom. 5o.fTthhiseisvtehrebwoimnanth_we_h_oc_/l_ta_hu_ast_e_.looks after Tom. 6. This is the fence(_W_h_i_c_h/_t_h_a_t)Tom’s friends painted.
1.This is a blue flower. 2.This is the flower which is blue.
relative clause a sentence to describe the noun
Relative clauses
PK
Relative clauses
Who is my friend?
This is the book which the girl is taking.
Relative clauses
This is a blue flower.
This is the flower which is blue.
Relative clauses
an adjective to describe the noun
世界上没有定语从句（relativeclause）
世界上没有定语从句（relativeclause）英语国家的权威语法书都不使⽤这个术语：定语从句（attributive clause）。
⽐如⽜津、朗⽂、柯林斯出版的语法书。
它们都⽤：关系从句（relative clause）。
那，“定语从句”是中国⼈“⾃制”的术语？也不尽然。
那我此⽂标题是什么意思？我只想强调：1个句⼦来作定语没有任何新鲜。
汉语⾥⽐⽐皆是。
更关键是，即便是汉语定语，⼤多也可有2种“下场”：1. 直接被省略；2. 被拆分成另1个句⼦。
⽐如王⼩波提倡：这2句话来⾃他的情书，不假。
不过他的所有写作都贯彻了：不喜欢形容词。
⼜⽐如王朔坦⽩：他列举了这些他讨厌的词⾥有不少形容词，或可当形容词⽤的名词。
汉语本没有严格词性。
他讨厌它们，因为觉得“装”。
定语就是来“装”的。
“装饰（modify）”也好，“装腔作势（pretend）”也好，都是“装”。
定语⼤多由形容词充当。
以上2位和形容词关系不怎么好的⼤作家⼀定程度说明：思想越锐利，定语越可能被省略。
☛点击可看：世界能浓缩到化学元素周期表⾥，英语学习就能精简到65个单词⾥“被省略”是定语的第1种“下场”。
那第2种“下场”是什么？这是“宝⽯”的百度百科词条。
（注：原词条略不通顺，我已稍作改动。
）科技⽂章是汉语定语从句最密集的领域。
好在它们可“拆分”：定语从句消失了。
世界上不存在定语从句。
我们不是百度百科，也不做逻辑严密的科普达⼈。
当1个定语⾮常冗长和复杂，其中包括“琢磨”、“抛光”、“达到”这些动词时，我们就1个办法：把这个定语变成另1个句⼦。
那，我们也可对维基百科的gemstone词条这么⼲吗？gemstone：宝⽯。
答：当然可以！我们把词条第1句话“拆分”：你可能觉得句⼦太复杂，看不懂。
没关系。
我们先种下这个概念就好。
即：不管是汉语或英语，定语从句都可以被拆卸下来，变成另1个独⽴句⼦（independent clause）。
为什么？答：因为说到底，它只是主句⾥某个名词的修饰和限定成分。
什么是定语从句
什么是定语从句？定语从句（Relative Clause）是英语中一种用来修饰名词或代词的从句结构，它通过引导词（关系代词或关系副词）与主句进行连接，并在主句中充当定语的作用。
定语从句通常用于对名词进行进一步的描述、限定或补充。
以下是关于定语从句的详细解释和使用指导：定语从句的引导词：1. 关系代词（Relative Pronouns）：关系代词用于在定语从句中引导主句和从句之间的关系。
常用的关系代词有：that、which、who、whom、whose。
它们根据其在定语从句中的作用和指代的名词的性质而有所不同。
例如：- The book that/which I bought is interesting.（我买的那本书很有趣。
）- She is the person who/whom I met yesterday.（她是我昨天见到的人。
）- This is the house whose windows are broken.（这是那座窗户破碎的房子。
）2. 关系副词（Relative Adverbs）：关系副词用于在定语从句中引导主句和从句之间的关系，通常用于修饰地点、时间和原因。
常用的关系副词有：where、when、why。
例如：- This is the place where I was born.（这是我出生的地方。
）- Do you remember the day when we went to the beach?（你还记得我们去海滩的那一天吗？）- I don't know the reason why he is late.（我不知道他迟到的原因。
）定语从句的位置和结构：定语从句通常位于被修饰的名词或代词之后，用于对名词进行进一步的描述、限定或补充。
定语从句可以使用非限制性定语从句（Non-defining Relative Clause）或限制性定语从句（Defining Relative Clause）。
非限定性定语从句的使用技巧
非限定性定语从句的使用技巧非限定性定语从句（Non-defining Relative Clauses）是英语中常见的一种定语从句结构，它用于对主句中的某个成分进行补充说明，而不是对主句进行限制或定义。
非限定性定语从句在句子中的位置比较灵活，可以出现在句首、句中或句末。
本文将介绍非限定性定语从句的使用技巧，以帮助读者正确运用这一语法结构。
一、非限定性定语从句的基本结构非限定性定语从句由关系词（通常为关系副词"where, when, why"或关系代词"who, whom, whose, which"）引导，关系词在从句中担当成分的作用，从句的主语和谓语与主句无关。
非限定性定语从句使用逗号与主句隔开，这是与限定性定语从句的一个重要区别。
例如：- My sister, who is a doctor, is coming to visit me.- The Great Wall, which is a famous tourist attraction, attracts millions of visitors every year.- We went to the restaurant, where we had a delicious meal.二、非限定性定语从句的使用技巧1. 使用逗号隔开非限定性定语从句与主句之间应使用逗号进行隔开，这是非限定性定语从句的一个重要标志。
这个逗号的作用是将定语从句与主句分开，使得读者能够更清楚地理解主句的意思。
2. 关系代词的选择非限定性定语从句中的关系代词通常选择"who"、"which"或"whose"。
"who"用于引导人，"which"用于引导事物，而"whose"表示所有格关系。
关系代词在非限定性定语从句中充当成分的作用，例如主语或宾语。
Relative Clause 定语从句
Relative clause(attributive clause)1 what is relative clause?That man over there was talking to me. I don’t know him.Can you combine the sentence?I don’t know the man who was talking to meWhich one is main clause and suboridnate clause?A relative clause……is a subordinate clause,……gives information about a person or a thing……and is usually introduced by a relative pronoun2 Relative pronoun:The woman who phoned me last night was my mother (who is the subject)Relative pronouns can be subject of the relative clauseThe woman whom I phoned me last night was my mother( whom is the object)作主语，指物：that, which做主语，指人：that, who做宾语，指物：that/which/不填做宾语，指人：that/whom/不填3 relative adverbs:Why/when/ where4defining and non-defining relative clauseDefining relative clause:A defining relative clause can give esseitial information about a noun. For example, we can use a defining relative clause to write a definition, such as:A teacher is a person who teaches othes knowledge and skills.Non-defining relative clauseA non-defining relative clause adds extra information about the noun it describes. For example: Tess, who is an esl teacher, can be seen on other videos made by Miya.Eg: This is SZ is beautiful (lack of subject, that/which)2 This is SZ I visited (lack of object, that/ which/ -omit)。
relative clause的意思
relative clause的意思摘要：1.了解相对状语从句的概念2.分析相对状语从句的构成3.相对状语从句的用法和意义4.英语中其他类似的从句结构5.如何在写作中运用相对状语从句正文：相对状语从句（relative clause）是一种定语从句，用于对名词或代词进行修饰。
它通常由一个关系词引导，如who、whom、whose、which或that 等。
相对状语从句可以清晰地表达句子结构，使文章更具可读性。
1.了解相对状语从句的概念相对状语从句是一种特殊的定语从句，它与所修饰的名词或代词具有密切的逻辑关系。
这种从句通常用来对人物、事物、地点或时间等进行说明。
例如：- The girl who is singing is my friend.（唱歌的女孩是我的朋友。
）- The book which I read last night is very interesting.（我昨晚读的那本书非常有趣。
）2.分析相对状语从句的构成相对状语从句通常由关系词加上一个完整的句子构成。
关系词分为以下几种：- 指人的关系词：who、whom、whose- 指物的关系词：which、that（指物时，可以用that替换which）需要注意的是，在非正式英语中，人们有时会省略关系词who或which，直接用that引导相对状语从句。
例如：- The man that I met yesterday is a famous actor.（我昨天遇见的那个男人是一位著名演员。
）3.相对状语从句的用法和意义相对状语从句可以清晰地表达修饰关系，使句子更加简洁明了。
例如：- This is the girl whose bike was stolen.（这是那个自行车被偷的女孩。
）- He bought the computer that I recommended.（他买了我觉得不错的电脑。
）4.英语中其他类似的从句结构除了相对状语从句，英语中还有其他类型的定语从句，如：- 地点状语从句：in which、wherever等- 时间状语从句：at which、whenever等- 原因状语从句：because of whom、why等5.如何在写作中运用相对状语从句在写作中，运用相对状语从句可以提高句子的复杂度，展示语言能力。
relative clause 定语从句
We are proud of Yao______________ who played basketball _________________. very well in NBA (在NBA篮球打得很好）
Yu Minhong is a famous (who) many young man_________________ people like ___________.（许多年轻 人很喜欢）
21st Century is the that is very newspaper_________ popular with the English ___________________ learners _________.（在英语学 习人中很流行）
This is the baby__________ (that) you will ______________ see this weekend .(这周末你将见到的）
• He is the boy (who/whom/that) I am looking for look for/at, listen to, look after为固定词组.
whose cover
• Please pass me the book ____________ is white. of which the cover
Have you ever read the whose cover is green book_______________ (它的封面是绿色的）?
Do you like the baby__________ whose eyes ______________ are big .(她的眼睛很大）
3. The coloured gas ___________________ we can’t live is called oxygen. with whom 4. Nancy is the person _________________ I should discuss the problem. whom 5. This is the person ___________ we are
19.英语语法 Relative Clauses 关系从句
Relative clauses give more information about a subject or object. They usually follow and "agree" with the noun they modify and often occur between a Subject and Verb. However, they usually have no effect on the S + V relationship.Examples:The man who works at IBM comes from Hong Kong.The house that Jack built remains empty.The people who came to the party had a great time.Those who arrive early are entitled to a rebate.I ate an apple that had a worm in it.She is the one who I told you about.The man who lives over there is my uncle.One of the men who lives over there is my uncle.Only one of the people who work in the company is qualified.Most relative clauses use the words who, whom, whose, which, that, when or where.This is the place where I met my wife.Paul is the man who loves Mary. Simon is the man who(m)Mary loves. (subject position) (object position)Commas which set off relative clauses function like parentheses ( ) indicating non-essential information.My wife, who is a doctor, works at Community Hospital.My wife (who is a doctor) works at Community Hospital.Without commas, relative clauses specify one member of a group:My brother who is a scientist works at the university.My brother who is a mechanic works at Bob’s Garage.Specifies “which brother” (one of many)Sample usage from the article:•Other regions (which were) surveyed…•…part of a US-based programme (which is) known as…You may delete the relative pronoun (who, that, which) and the “be” verb when:1. they are followed by a prepositional phrase.A. The man who is in the house likes to watch television all day.The man in the house likes to watch television all day.B. The books that are on the desk are mine.The books on the desk are mine.2. the main verb in the relative clauseis progressive.A. The man who is swimming in the lake is my father.The man swimming in the lake is my father.B. The clothes that are lying on the floor belong to me.The clothes lying on the floor belong to me.3. the main verb in the relative clauseis passive.A. The survey which was conducted by the government did not indicate true public opinion.The survey conducted by the government did not indicate true public opinion.B. The food that was eaten by the mice was poisonous.The food eaten by the mice was poisonous.Same timeTime clauses with "while" and "when" can be reduced by deleting the subject and "be"verb.•While I was eating dinner, I watched television.•While eating dinner, I watched television.•When you are in Rome, (you) do as the Romans do.•When in Rome, do as the Romans do.If there is no "be" verb, change the verb in the subordinating clause to its -ing form.Sometimes the subordinator (when or while) can be deleted as well.•When I opened the door, I saw a strange sight.•When opening the door, I saw a strange sight.•Opening the door, I saw a strange sight.•While I was taking a shower, my sister called from California.•(NOT) While taking a shower, my sister called from California.Be careful when reducing time clauses that come at the end of sentences.•We saw many beautiful birds while we were fishing in the lake.•We saw many beautiful birds while fishing in the lake.•(NOT) We saw many beautiful birds fishing in the lake.In the last sentence, the meaning is ambiguous: Are we fishing or are the birds fishing?Different times•After I finished my homework, I went to bed.•After finishing my homework, I went to bed.•After I had finished my homework, I went to bed.•After having finished my homework, I went to bed.•Having finished my homework, I went to bed.•Before he left the dance, Jerry said good-bye to his girlfriend.•Before leaving the dance, Jerry said good-bye to his girlfriend.Other clausesSometimes clauses with because can be reduced.•Because he was a doctor, George knew how to handle the situation.•Being a doctor, George knew how to handle the situation.•As a doctor, George knew how to handle the situation.There are two types of relative clauses, restrictive and non-restrictive. Restrictive clauses specify which (of many) nouns the speaker is referring to. They do not require commas.For example,I have three brothers.My brother who lives in Virginia is a rocket scientist.My brother who lives in Ohio is a civil engineer.My brother who lives in Hawaii is a surfer.Each of the relative clauses in the above examples specifies a different brother. It tells “which one.”Non-restrictive clauses, on the other hand, are separated by commas. They merely give more information about the noun. In other words, they tell more about the same topic.The commas function as parentheses.I have one brother.My brother (who is from Oklahoma) is an architect.My brother, who is from Oklahoma, is an architect.Noun clause used as an objectHe said something . S V OHe said that he was sick .Noun clause used as a subjectSomething is your business. S VWhatever you do is your business.Someone is still in the cafeteria. S VWhoever ate my lunch is still in the cafeteria.What did he say?What is your business?Who is in the cafeteria?The subordinator may take the "subject" or "object" position in a noun clause. Note the usage of the following: Henry loves Mary. (S V O)Mary loves Jim. (S V O)The person who(m) Lee loves is a secret.The person who loves Tim is a secret.Who(m) Henry loves is a secret.Mary is the "object" of the sentence. Mary is the "subject" of the sentence.Relative clause (subordinator in obj. position)Relative clause (subordinator in subj. position) Noun clause (subordinator in obj. position) Noun clause (subordinator in subj. position)Who loves Tim is a secret.that what who whoever whatever whether whichwherewhenhowwhyifhow muchhow manyhow longhow farhow oftenwhoseRemember to preserve word order in noun clauses: I don’t know who he is.Whoever she is is not important.Whatever is in the box is a mystery.Can you tell me what he is doing?She doesn't undestand why he is leaving.I wonder how much that costs.Do you know how long it will take?。
定语从句完整本知识点归纳Relative Clauses
• We can’t accept the excuse why you were absent.
• The reason ___ he was absent was ___ he had a bad cold.
• A. when because
B. when why
• C. why because
A person _______steals things is called a thief. The man _______I talked with is Mr. Li.
These are the trees _______ were planted last year.
He is the man_______ I told you about. I saw a woman _______bag was stolen.
that √ which ×
who √ whom √
√何时可√以省略√ ？
√做宾语时√ 可以√省略
×
√√
×
×
√
Attributive Clause 关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词的用法
关系副词 指代 在从句中的作用
when where why
时间 地点 原因
时间状语 地点状语 原因状语
判断关系代词与关系副词
a) There’s no reason why we shouldn’t be friends. b) Could you help me to find out the reason why
the brake doesn’t work?
After the word reason, we can use why in
英语作文句型定语从句,宾语从句等
英语作文句型定语从句,宾语从句等英文回答：Relative Clauses (定语从句)。
A relative clause is a clause that contains a relative pronoun (such as who, that, which, where, when, or whose) and modifies a noun or pronoun.There are two types of relative clauses: restrictive and nonrestrictive.Restrictive relative clauses limit the meaning of the antecedent noun or pronoun. They are essential to the sentence and cannot be omitted without changing the meaning of the sentence.Nonrestrictive relative clauses provide additional information about the antecedent noun or pronoun. They are not essential to the sentence and can be omitted withoutchanging the meaning of the sentence.Example of a restrictive relative clause: The man who is wearing the blue shirt is my brother.Example of a nonrestrictive relative clause: My brother, who is wearing the blue shirt, is a doctor.Object Clauses (宾语从句)。
定语从句和疑问词引导的同位语从句
定语从句和疑问词引导的同位语从句各5句含翻译定语从句是在句中用来修饰某个名词或代词的从句，常由关系代词或关系副词引导。
同位语从句则是对一个名词或代词作进一步解释或说明，常由疑问词引导。
以下是各5句定语从句和同位语从句的例句，包含中文翻译：定语从句（Relative Clauses）：1. The book that is on the table belongs to Mary.-在桌子上的那本书属于玛丽。
2. The person who is talking to the teacher is my friend.-正在和老师交谈的那个人是我的朋友。
3. I like the movie that we watched last night.-我喜欢昨晚我们看的那部电影。
4. The car which is parked outside is red.-在外面停着的那辆车是红色的。
5. The house whose roof is green is for sale.-那座屋顶是绿色的房子正在出售。
同位语从句（Appositive Clauses）：1. His dream, what he had since childhood, was to become a doctor.-他从小就有的梦想，那就是成为一名医生。
2. The news, that the company is closing down, shocked everyone.-公司要关闭的这个消息让每个人都感到震惊。
3. My goal, which I have been working towards for years, is finally achieved.-我多年来一直在努力实现的目标终于达成了。
4. The challenge, whether we can overcome it or not, is ahead of us.-面临的挑战，我们是否能够克服，就在眼前。
关系从句
关系从句（Relative clauses）/定语从句（Attributive clauses）关系从句又可称为定语从句或形容词从句，它像形容词一样可以形容人、物及事件。
关系从句可分为限定性（defining）关系从句（不带逗号）和非限定性（non-defining）关系从句（带逗号）。
我们在这里只讨论限定性关系从句。
关系代词可以有四个概念:①代人的, 做主语或宾语who，只做宾语的whom②代物的, 做主语或宾语which③代人的也可以代物的做主语或宾语that④ whose其代表的东西由其在句子中的成分_____决定(不一定指人)不论这些关系代词指的是单数还是复数，其形式都保持不变。
关系代词在关系从句中作宾语时往往可以省略，作主语时则不可以：This is the photo (that/which) I took.这是我拍的照片。
The man (who/whom) I served was wearing a hat.我接待的那个人戴着一顶帽子。
The lady who is standing behind the counter served me.接待我的是站在柜台后面的那位女士。
I bought the books which are on the counter.我买的就是柜台上的那些书。
The millionaire whose son ran away from home a week ago is not a kind father.有个儿子一周前从家里逃走的那位百万富翁不是个慈父。
The girls who are standing behind the counter served us.接待我们的是站在柜台后面的那几位姑娘。
关系代词that和which的用法区别：在定语从句中，当先行词是指物时，关系代词which可以由that代替，如果which不在介词之后，也可省略。
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Attributive Clauses (I)
I. Check the recitation of two sentences
1. I’ll listen to this new album which I bought yesterday.
2. Her father likes musicians who can play different kinds of instruments.
II. First check (√) the sentences with attributive clauses, then circle the antecedent and underline the attributive clauses.
e.g. (√) The book which was written by Mo Yan is the best in the world. ( ) 1. I prefer movies that can cheer me up.
( ) 2. A doctor is a person who takes care of people’s health.
( ) 3. Emma believes that our class will win the competition.
( ) 4. Which costume do you want, this Superman or that Spiderman?
( ) 5. The river which runs through the centre of the city was polluted seriously.
III. Fill in the blanks, using which, that, who(m).
e.g. The friend who/that came to dinner tonight wasn’t hungry at all.
1. He is the man _______ gave me a hand last month.
2. The eggs _______ I bought yesterday were not fresh.
3. I know the person _______ our teacher shook hands with?
4. Do you know the woman _______ is an excellent music teacher in our school?
5. Sandy, please pass me the red books _______ are on the top of the shelf.
IV. Join the two sentences into one by using an attributive clause.
e.g. Tom is the boy. He broke the vase this morning.
Tom is the boy who broke the vase this morning._
1. This is the stranger. He saved the boy’s life.
_____________________________________________
2. Mary is the girl. She is singing an English song.
_____________________________________________
3. I wanted the book. The book is written by Han Han.
_____________________________________________
V. Complete the translation of each sentence.
e.g. 我们现在正在学习对我们未来非常有用的英语。
We’re studying English which is very useful for us in the future.
1. 昨天去世的那个老太太留下了100万美元。
The old lady __________________ left one million dollars.
2. 父母双亡的孩子被称做孤儿。
A child ____________________ is called an orphan.
3. 他吃了我妈妈昨天给我的糖果。
He had eaten the candies _________________.。