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我想发明一把椅子可变大变小400字英语作文
我想发明一把椅子可变大变小400字英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1I Want to Invent a Chair that Can Change SizeHave you ever felt like you're too big or too small for a chair? That the dimensions just don't fit you quite right? Well, I've had that struggle more times than I can count. That's why I want to invent an adjustable chair that can change sizes to fit anyone perfectly. Let me tell you all about my grand vision!To start, my incredible size-shifting chair would be made from lightweight but sturdy materials like carbon fiber and aircraft-grade aluminum. This would allow for easy adjustability without compromising strength. I'm picturing a sleek, modern design with smooth lines and curves. Maybe it could even come in fun colors like bright red or electric blue!But the true magic would lie in the mechanics. With just the push of a button or the voice command, the entire chair structure would dinamically resize itself. The seat could extend or retract, the back could raise or lower, and the arm rests could adjust in and out. Powered by tiny, nearly silent motors, everyaspect would fluidly transform to the perfect ergonomic fit for that person's height, weight and body type.For example, a 5-foot tall child could settle into the chair, and with a few whirs and clicks, it would compact down to an appropriately tiny scale, cradling them in personalized comfort. Then, when an adult users slides in after, the motors would zoom the seat upwards and outwards, the back would stretch tall, and the arm rests would extend out wide to accommodate their larger frame.Or let's say someone is working at a desk or table. They could control the chair height to elevate or lower them to the ideal working position based on the surface they're at. No more dangling legs or hunched backs! The perfect fit every time.I can envision this adjustable wonder being used in so many environments too. At home for maximizing lounge comfort. At the office for Happy ergonomic work sessions. At schools with chairs that could grow with students over the years. On planes or trains where space is limited and flexibility is key. Honestly, the applications would be endless!Not only would the adjustable sizing be insanely convenient, but it could also help solve design and accessibility issues. No more need to purchase special chairs to accommodatedisabilities, injuries, pregnancies, etc. This one chair could simply adapt. It could potentially increase workplace inclusion, reduce health issues from poor ergonomics, and bring top-notch customized comfort to everyone.Of course, developing such a high-tech, adaptive seating system would require some seriously advanced engineering and robotics work. I'm just a kid now, but maybe if I study really hard and learn all about design, materials, mechanics and coding, I could actually make this dream a reality someday! I'd have to prototype and test diligently to create a smooth user experience. Durability and safety would be key concerns. And it would definitely need to be energy efficient and eco-friendly for sustainability.There could even maybe be additional features like massage nodes, heated surfaces, or connectivity to integrate with smart home systems. Why not go all out and create the most luxurious, multi-functional, size-morphing chair ever?!Just think about never having to hunch, squish, or squirm in a chair again. Just settle in and let the adaptive material form perfectly to your body's curves and dimensions. Pure customized relaxation at the push of a button! My invention could bringcomfort and joy to households, businesses and public spaces everywhere.Okay, maybe I'm getting a little carried away here. But can you blame me? I'm just a kid with a passion for problem-solving and wowed by technological possibilities. This robotic, adjustable chair is my wild dream for changing the way we all sit and experience chairs.Sure, it might sound far-fetched or even ridiculous now. But who knows what the future holds? With dedication, creativity and hard work, even the craziest ideas can become realities. You've got to start by imagining the impossible before you can make it possible. So that's exactly what I'm going to do - let my imagination run wild and start making plans to create the adjustable chair of the future! Comfort, here I come!篇2I Want to Invent a Chair that Can Change SizesHave you ever felt like your chair was the wrong size? Maybe it's too small and your knees are jammed up against the desk. Or maybe it's too big and your feet can't reach the floor comfortably. I know I've experienced this frustration many times,and that's why I want to invent an adjustable chair that can change sizes!Let me set the scene of my brilliant idea. I was in my science class last week, trying my best to focus on the lecture about simple machines. But I just couldn't get comfortable in my chair. My legs were too long for the miniature seat, so I had to sit with my knees splayed out to the sides. Not only was this awkward, but it made it really hard to take notes since the desk was digging into my thighs. I shifted around, trying to find a better position, but nothing worked. That's when the light bulb went off in my head - what if chairs could adjust in size to perfectly fit each person?I started sketching out a design in my notebook, ignoring the science lesson entirely (sorry Mr. Mitchell!). The key would be using some kind of expandable material for the seat and back rest, along with adjustable metal legs. There could be a simple lever or knob that would allow you to change the dimensions. For someone my height, I'd make the chair larger. But a smaller child could shrink it down to their size. How convenient would that be?Of course, making the concept a reality would require a lot of engineering know-how. The expandable fabric would have tobe durable but flexible. Maybe a reinforced mesh material could work. And the legs would likely need some kind of sturdy locking mechanism to hold the desired size in place. I'm not an expert on construction or manufacturing, but I'm pretty handy with tools. With some trial and error, I bet I could put together a prototype.Just imagine how helpful my adjustable chair would be in all sorts of settings. In classrooms, it could solve the problem of those awkward desks that never seem to fit anyone perfectly. At home, you could customize the dining room chairs for when guests come over instead of having rigid seating. Offices could get rid of those clunky desk chairs that force you into an uncomfortable riding position. Heck, you could even have an expanding recliner or couch!The more I think about it, the more convinced I am that my invention would be a game-changer. No more suffering through classes, meals, or meetings while squirming in an ill-fitting chair. Instead, everyone could have the luxury of ergonomic, personalized seating with just a simple adjustment. Ahhh, that would be true relaxation.Of course, bringing this idea to market would be a huge challenge. I'm just a student after all, not an engineer or furniture designer. I'd need to do a lot more research and developdetailed technical plans. Prototyping and testing would be critical to work out any kinks. I'd probably need investors to fund manufacturing if I wanted to produce adjustable chairs on a larger scale. And I'm sure legal stuff like patents would get really complicated.But you know what? None of those potential roadblocks are deterring me. This is one of those brilliant, simple ideas that seems so obvious once you think of it. Why hasn't someone made adjustable-size chairs already? Clearly the world is waiting for my big innovation!So that's my goal: to invent and manufacture the most comfortable, customizable chairs the world has ever seen. Of course, I'll need to take it one step at a time. Maybe I'll start small with just creating a prototype for my room at home. Then I'll bring it to school for feedback from my classmates. Who knows, if I play my cards right, maybe I could get my design featured at a science fair or engineering competition. That could help get the word out to investors about the one-size-fits-none chair revolution.Alright, I'm getting ahead of myself here. Obviously this is all hypothetical dreaming for now. But I really do think I'm onto something big with this adjustable chair concept. It just makes somuch sense - why struggle with chairs that are the wrong size when you could simply change the dimensions? My invention would make life more comfortable for students, workers, families, everyone! Just give me some time to figure out the logistics, and I'll personally guarantee a seating revolution.So let's see...reinforced expandable mesh for the seat, adjustable telescoping legs, sturdy locking mechanisms, a simple lever for modifications. Maybe even cup holders as a special premium feature? The more I describe it, the more excited I get. This chair is going to change everything! Who's with me?篇3My Dream Invention: The Size-Shifting ChairEver since I was a little kid, I've loved dreaming up wild and crazy inventions in my mind. While other children fantasized about becoming astronauts or professional athletes, I spent hours sketching designs for futuristic gadgets and gizmos that could make everyday life more fun and exciting. One invention idea that has stuck with me over the years is a special chair that can change sizes at the push of a button. Just imagine how incredibly useful and entertaining a size-shifting seat could be!To start, let me describe what this miraculous chair would look like. On the outside, it wouldn't appear too different from a normal armchair – plush cushions, a sturdy frame, and probably made from some sleek material like brushed aluminum or molded plastic. But hidden underneath the unassuming exterior would lie an intricate system of hydraulics, miniaturized motors, and smart shape-memory alloys that would allow the chair to transform its dimensions.With a simple voice command or by tapping a button on the armrest, the seat could instantly expand from a cozy loveseat to a massive recliner big enough for three or four adults to lounge on. Or it could shrink down to the size of a dollhouse chair, perfect for giving kids their own tiny, tailored seating when playing make-believe. The potential sizes would be virtually limitless, bound only by the extremes of what a regular chair frame could feasibly scale to.Now you might be thinking, "That's a silly idea! Why would anyone need a chair that can resize itself like that?" Well, let me tell you, the hilarious and handy applications of such an invention are endless!Just imagine the looks on your friends' faces when you invite them over for a movie night and they see your ordinary reclinersuddenly balloon up to massively accommodate the whole crew. No more arguing over who gets the good seat – there's tons of prime real estate for everybody to spread out and relax. Or picture shocking your little nephew or niece when you make the chair shrink down to leur size so the two of you can have a tea party together. Their mind would be blown!Beyond just the sheer entertainment value, a size-morphing chair could have lots of amazingly practical uses too. If you're working on a big project like sewing or crafting, you could adjust the seat to be extra wide and give you a huge surface to spread out all your materials and tools. Or make it tiny for when you need to tuck it into a crammed corner or bring it along on a trip. Heck, I bet it would even make moving furniture a total breeze since the chair could simply compact itself down to the size of a briefcase whenever it's time for a house relocation.Of course, building a mechanized seat that can dynamically scale itself like that would require some seriously advanced engineering and futuristic materials science. It certainly wouldn't be an easy or cheap invention to develop. But I like to dream big, and I think the potential awesomeness and sheer wow-factor of a real-life size-shifting chair would make all the R&D struggles worth it.Who knows, maybe if I work hard enough at becoming an engineer or industrial designer when I'm older, I could be the one to finally turn this crazy idea into a reality someday. And if that ever happens, you can bet your bottom dollar I'll be the first in line to get my hands on one of these shape-changing chairs of the future. It may seem like an utterly whimsical and impractical concept, but in my eyes, that's exactly what makes it a dream invention worth striving for. Sometimes a little imaginative novelty is exactly what the world needs!。
ARTISAN TECHNOLOGY GROUP 商业说明书
OverviewThe National Instruments Educational Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Suite (NI ELVIS) is a LabVIEW-based design and prototyping environment or university science and engineering laboratories.NI ELVIS consists o f LabVIEW-based virtual instruments,a multifunction data acquisition device and a custom-designed benchtop workstation and prototyping board.This combination provides a ready-to-use suite of instruments found in all educational laboratories.Because it is based on LabVIEW and provides complete data acquisition and prototyping capabilities,the system is ideal for academic coursework from lower-division classes to advanced project-based curriculum.Applications•Circuit design and analysis for learning analog and digital electronics•Measurements in mechanical,electrical,biomedical, and physics laboratories•Teaching data acquisition and signal conditioning •Live demonstration of concepts in a lecture hall •Communications and control applications for Electrical and Mechanical Engineering•Hands-on LabVIEW trainingIntegrated Tools for University Laboratories•Offers integrated,multi-instrument functionality •Combines instrumentation,data acquisition and prototyping station •Virtual Instrument Suite •Oscilloscope,DMM,FunctionGenerator,Variable PowerSupply,Bode Analyzer,ArbitraryWaveform Generator,DSA,Voltage/Current Analyzer •LabVIEW source code provided •Completely open and customizable in the LabVIEW environment •Data storage in Excel or HTML Workstation•Short-circuit andhigh-voltage protection •Variable power supplies •Manual or programmatic control •Function generator•Manual or programmatic control •±15 and +5 V supply available •BNC inputs for DMM and scope •Detachable,customizable prototyping board•Affordable for student ownership •Designed to fit in a2 or 3-ring binderNI Educational Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Suite (NI ELVIS)LabVIEW VIs• Oscilloscope• DMM• Function Generator • Arbitrary WaveformGenerator• Bode Analyzer• Dynamic Signal Analyzer • Power SupplyInstrumentationCircuit DesignSignal ProcessingCommunicationControlsMechatronics Prototyping Board WorkstationLabVIEW ApplicationNI Data Acquisition BoardCurriculum ApplicationsNI Educational Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Suite (NI ELVIS)AnalyzersOscilloscopeTwo channelsData storage, cursors, auto scalingMax input bandwidth.......................................50 kHz 1Max sampling rate...........................................500 kHz / channel 1Range................................................................±10 VInput resolution................................................12 or 16 bits1Specification depends on Data Acquisition device functionality.Bode AnalyzerFrequency and phase plotsFrequency range and step controlLogarithmic or linear frequency spacing Data storage, cursors, auto scalingFrequency range............................................... 5 Hz to 35 kHz 11Specification depends on Data Acquisition device functionality.Dynamic Signal AnalyzerInput range.......................................................±10 VInput resolution................................................12 or 16 bitsImpedance AnalyzerMeasurement frequency range........................ 5 Hz to 35 kHz2-Wire Current Voltage AnalyzerVoltage range...................................................±10 V Current range...................................................±10 mA3-Wire Current Voltage AnalyzerNPN BJT transistor onlyData storage, cursors, auto scalingMaximum Collector Voltage.............................10 V Minimum base increment................................15 µADigital MultimeterResistanceAccuracy...........................................................1%Range................................................................ 5 Ωto 3 M ΩDC VoltageAccuracy...........................................................0.3%Range................................................................±20 V Input impedance...............................................1M ΩAC VoltageAccuracy...........................................................0.3%Range................................................................±14 V mrsCurrentDC accuracy......................................................0.25% ±3 mA 1AC accuracy......................................................0.25% ±3 mA 1Range................................................................±250 mA Shunt resistance..............................................0.5 ΩMaximum common mode voltage....................±20 V Common mode rejection..................................70 dB1Proper null correction at the common mode voltage can reduce ±3 mA error to 200 µA noise.CapacitanceAccuracy...........................................................2%Range................................................................50 pF to 500 µF Test voltage range............................................1V ppContinuityResistance threshold........................................15 ΩmaxInductanceAccuracy...........................................................1%Range................................................................100 µH to 100 mH Test frequency..................................................950 Hz Test frequency voltage.....................................1 V ppDigital I/ODigital input resolution....................................8 bits Digital output resolution..................................8 bits Digital addressing............................................ 4 bitsSourceFunction GeneratorManual or software controlSine, triangle, square waveforms Frequency sweep TTL sync pulse out AM, FM modulationFrequency range............................................... 5 Hz to 250 kHz Frequency accuracy..........................................3%Output amplitude.............................................±2.5 V Software amplitude resolution........................8 bits Offset range.....................................................±5 V AM voltage.......................................................10 V max Amplitude modulation......................................Up to 100%FM Voltage.......................................................10 V max Amplitude flatnessTo 50 kHz...................................................0.5 dB To 250 kHz.................................................3 dBArbitrary Waveform GeneratorTwo channelsOne-shot or continuous generation Waveform editorAmplitude.........................................................±10 VFrequency range...............................................DC to 100 kHz 1Output drive current.........................................25 mA max Output impedance.. (1)Slew rate..........................................................1.5 V/µs1Specification depends on Data Acquisition device functionality.Power Supplies±15 V SupplyOutput current...........................................Fused at 500 mA Ripple and noise........................................1%Line regulation...........................................0.5% max 5 V SupplyOutput current...........................................Fused at 2 A Ripple and noise........................................1%Line regulation...........................................0.5% maxVariable power supplies 0 to +12 V and -12 VRipple and noise........................................0.25% Software resolution...................................7 bitsCurrent limiting..........................................0.5 V at 130 mA, 5 V at 275 mA, 12 V at 450 mASpecificationsIntegrated Tools for University Laboratories2National Instruments •Tel: (800) 433-3488•***********•For Desktop ComputersNI ELVIS/PCI-6251 Bundle ........................................778748-02Qty 1-4:$1995 each Qty 5+:$1495 each For Laptop ComputersNI ELVIS/DAQCard-6062E Bundle ............................779064-01Qty 1-4:$2260 each Qty 5+:$1695 eachIncludes NI ELVIS workstation,DAQ device,cable,and LabVIEW drivers.For individual unit pricing please visit /academic .BUY NOW!For complete product specifications,pricing,and accessoryinformation,call (800) 813-3693 (U.S.only) or go to /academic .Ordering InformationNI Services and Supportapplication lif e cycle – f rom planningand development through deploymentand ongoing maintenance.We of erservices and service levels to meetcustomer requirements in research,design,validation,and manuVisit /services.Training and CertificationNI training is the fastest,most certain route to productivity with our products.NI training can shorten your learning curve,save development time,and reduce maintenance costs over the application lif e cycle.We schedule instructor-led courses in cities worldwide,or we can hold a course at your facility.We also offer a prof essional certif ication program that identif ies individuals who have high levels of skill and knowledge on using NI products. Visit /training.Professional ServicesOur Prof essional Services Team is comprised of NI applications engineers,NI Consulting Services,and a worldwide NI Alliance Partner Program of more than 600 independent consultants andintegrators.Services rangerom start-up assistance toturnkey system integration.Visit /alliance.OEM SupportWe of er design-in consulting and product integration assistance if you want to use our products or OEM applications.For information about special pricing and services for OEM customers, visit /oem.Local Sales and Technical SupportIn of f ices worldwide,our staf f is local to the country,giving you access to engineers who speak your language.NI delivers industry-leading technical support through online knowledge bases,our applications engineers,and access to 14,000 measurement andautomation prof essionals within NI Developer Exchange f orums.Find immediate answers to your questions at /support.We also offer service programs that provide automatic upgrades toyour application development environment and higher levels oftechnical support.Visit /ssp.Hardware ServicesNI Factory Installation ServicesNI Factory Installation Services (FIS) is the fastest and easiest way touse your PXI or PXI/SCXI combination systems right out of the box.Trained NI technicians install the so tware and hardware andconfigure the system to your specifications.NI extends the standardwarranty by one year on hardware components (controllers,chassis,modules) purchased with FIS.To use FIS,simply conf igure yoursystem online with /pxiadvisor.Calibration ServicesNI recognizes the need to maintain properly calibrated devices forhigh-accuracy measurements.We provide manual calibrationprocedures,services to recalibrate your products,and automatedcalibration so tware speci ically designed or use by metrologylaboratories.Visit /calibration.Repair and Extended WarrantyNI provides complete repair services for our products.Express repairand advance replacement services are also available.We o erextended warranties to help you meet project life-cycle requirements.Visit /services.© 2005 National Instruments Corporation. All rights reserved. LabVIEW, National Instruments Alliance Partner, NI, , and SCXI aretrademarks of National Instruments. Other product and company names listed are trademarks or trade names of their respective companies.A National Instruments Alliance Partner is a business entity independent from NI and has no agency, partnership, or joint-venture relationship with NI.National Instruments • Tel: (512) 683-0100 • ***********• (800) 433-348825_4929_35_11_D。
Q1A(R2)中英文对照(可编辑修改word版)
人用药品注册技术要求国际协调会ICH三方指导文件新原料药和制剂的稳定性试验Q1A(R2)现第四版2003年2月6日制定Q1A(R2) 文件历程现第四版新原料药和制剂的稳定性试验Q1A(R)修订说明本修订的目的为了明确由于采用了ICH Q1F“在气候带Ⅲ和Ⅳ注册申请的稳定性数据包”而使Q1A(R)而产生的变更。
这些变更如下：1.在下面章节中将中间储存条件从温度30℃±2℃/相对湿度60%±5%修改为温度30℃±2℃/相对湿度65%±5%：2.1.7.1 原料药-储存条件-一般情况2.2.7.1 制剂-储存条件-一般情况2.2.7.3 在半渗透性容器中包装的制剂3 术语-“中间试验”2.在下面章节中可以使用温度30℃±2℃/相对湿度65%±5%替代温度25℃±2℃/相对湿度60%±5%作为长期稳定性试验的条件：2.1.7.1 原料药-储存条件-一般情况2.2.7.1 制剂-储存条件-一般情况3. 在温度25℃±2℃/相对湿度40%±5%的基础上增加了温度30℃±2℃/相对湿度35%±5%作为长期稳定性试验条件，并且在后面的章节中包括了失水比率相关举例的相关情况：2.2.7.3 在半透性容器中包装的制剂在试验阶段中间将中间将储存条件从温度30℃±2℃/相对湿度60%±5%调整为温度30℃±2℃/相对湿度65%±5%是可以的，但相应的储存条件和调整的日期要在注册申报资料中清楚地说明和列出。
如果适用的话建议ICH三方在公布和执行此修订指南三年后，注册申请资料中完整的试验能够包含在中间储存条件，即温度30℃±2℃/相对湿度65%±5%下的实验资料。
S TABILITY T ESTING OF N EWD RUG S UBSTANCES ANDP RODUCTS1.INTRODUCTION1.1.Objectives of the GuidelineThe following guideline is a revised version of the ICH Q1A guideline and defines the stability data package for a new drug substance or drug product that is sufficient for a registration application within the three regions of the EC, Japan, and the United States. It does not seek necessarily to cover the testing for registration in or export to other areas of the world.The guideline seeks to exemplify the core stability data package for new drug substances and products, but leaves sufficient flexibility to encompass the variety of different practical situations that may be encountered due to specific scientific considerations and characteristics of the materials being evaluated. Alternative approaches can be used when there are scientifically justifiable reasons.1.2.Scope of the GuidelineThe guideline addresses the information to be submitted in registration applications for new molecular entities and associated drug products. This guideline does not currently seek to cover the information to be submitted for abbreviated or abridged applications, variations, clinical trial applications, etc.新原料药和制剂稳定性试验1.导言1.1.目的下述的指导原则是ICH Q1A 的修订版本，并且它为新原料药和制剂在欧洲、日本、美国三个地区注册所需要的稳定性资料做出规定要求。
美国FDA对GLP常见问题的答复(中文版)
美国FDA对GLP常见问题的答复(中文版）自1979年6月20日美国颁发和实施GLP以来,广大受监督单位提出了大量问题,为保证解释一致性和精确性,FDA有关官员分别做了解答,并对各种解答进行了广泛收集和整理，经FDA有关部门审核,现已成文。
现将此内容编译，供读者参考。
一．范围1．GLP是否适用于认证试验，以便证实测定受试品在动物组织和药物制剂中的浓度而使用的分析方法？答：不适用。
2．GLP是否适用于下列动物实验的研究：对靶动物种进行超剂量研究，对靶动物种进行动物安全性研究，组织残留物的蓄积和消除研究，以及动物乳房刺激性研究?答:适用。
3．GLP适用于化妆品的安全性研究吗?答:不适用。
此类研究不适用于申请上市许可证。
然而，GLP代表优质管理,这是所有的测试部门应当努力追求的目标.4．用以测定受试品中潜在的滥用药品的特点而进行的安全性研究是否必须依照GLP进行?答：必须。
但是只有当研究必须作为研究许可证申请或上市许可证申请的一部分而递交给主管机构时。
5．GLP是否适用于加工食品的感观评价？答:不适用。
6．GLP是否适用于所有支持性的分析，以便对安全性研究提供补充资料？答：GLP适用于化学规程,以便测定受试品的特点，测定受试品及其混合物的稳定性,测定受试品混合物的均匀性和浓度。
同样,GLP适用于分析样品的化学规程（例如,临床化学、尿分析)。
GLP不适于制定化学分析方法,也不适于建立受试品的规格.7．对个别非临床实验室研究,有可能豁免GLP的具体条款吗？答：有可能。
GLP的制定目标是适用于各种研究受试品以测试系统。
但是,主管机构意识到，并GLP的所有条款都适用于所有的研究。
实际上,GLP的某些条款可能有损个别研究的科学性。
因此，实验室可就特定的研究向主管机构请求豁免GLP的某些条款。
请求应有充分的事实根据来证明批准豁免是正确的。
8．第二个合同实验室提供特殊的服务设施，比如眼科测试、读动物心电图、脑电图和肌电图、制备组织块和组织切片、统计分析和血液学的服务,这些都属于GLP管辖吗?答：属于，取决于它们对GLP指导下研究的贡献程度.二、定义1.动物笼的卡片可以认为是原始资料吗？答:原始资料的定义是"所有的实验工作单、记录、备忘录、笔记等，这些都是原始观察和活动的结果”,对于研究报告的重新修订和评价都是必需的。
集成电路设计师必备的实用工具与软件介绍
集成电路设计师必备的实用工具与软件介绍As a Baidu Wenku document creator, I will introduce the necessary tools and software for integrated circuit designers. 。
Integrated circuit designers require various practical tools and software to effectively carry out their work. In this essay, I will introduce several essential tools and software that every integrated circuit designer should have.Firstly, simulation software is crucial for circuit designers. It allows designers to simulate and analyze the performance of their circuits before actually implementing them. One widely used simulation software is SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis). SPICE provides accurate and reliable circuit analysis, helping designers identify potential issues and optimize circuit performance.In addition to simulation software, design software is also essential for integrated circuit designers. Design software, such as Cadence and Mentor Graphics, enables designers to create and layout circuit designs. These software tools offer a wide range of features, including schematic capture, layout design, and design rule checking. With these tools, designers can efficiently design and implement complex circuits.Apart from simulation and design software, hardware tools are also necessary for circuit designers. One important hardware tool is the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) development board. FPGA development boards allow designers to prototype and test their circuits in a real-world environment. These boards provide flexibility and reconfigurability, making them ideal for rapid prototyping and system verification.Another indispensable hardware tool is the logic analyzer. Logic analyzers help designers debug and analyze digital circuits. They can capture and display digital signals, allowing designers to examine the behavior of their circuits at a detailed level. With the information obtained from a logic analyzer, designers can identify and fix issues in their circuit designs effectively.In summary, integrated circuit designers require various practical tools and softwareto carry out their work effectively. Simulation software, design software, and hardware tools such as FPGA development boards and logic analyzers are essential for circuit designers. By utilizing these tools, designers can simulate, design, and analyze circuits, ensuring optimal performance and functionality. It is crucial for integrated circuit designers to stay updated with the latest tools and software in order to excel in their field. 。
ANTIBODIESALABORATORYMANUALSECOND…
ANTIBODIES A LABORATORY MANUAL SECOND EDITIONDid you searching for Antibodies A Laboratory Manual Second Edition? This is the best place to read antibodies a laboratory manual second edition before service or repair your product, and we hope it can be fixed perfectly. antibodies a laboratory manual second edition document is now available for free and you can access, read and save it in your desktop. Download Antibodies A Laboratory Manual Second Edition online right now by following link below. There is 3 option download source for antibodies a laboratory manual second edition.[Fast Download] ANTIBODIES A LABORATORY MANUAL SECOND EDITION.PDF[Verified Download] ANTIBODIES A LABORATORY MANUAL SECOND EDITION.ZIP[Direct Download] ANTIBODIES A LABORATORY MANUAL SECOND EDITION.RARProtein Protocols Protein Protocols Hresearchgatethe protein protocols handbook, second edition aims to provide a ... benchtop manual and guide for those who are new to the protein chemistry laboratory ... phage-displayed antibodies have been introduced in the section on antibodies.Date shared: Nov 09, 2014 | File name: i_1333272.pdf | Download & Read OnlineIntroduction To Antibodies Brochurebiochemistrychemicon international inc. is pleased to offer the second edition of introduction to ... the literature, recorded in general laboratory procedures, and described on individual product ...... stored according to manufacturer instructions whenever.Date shared: Nov 09, 2014 | File name: Introduction_to_Antibodies.pdf | Download & Read OnlineAntibodies A Laboratory Manual Second Editionwith our online resources, you will be able to find antibodies a laboratory manual second edition or just about any type of manual, for any type of product.Date shared: Nov 09, 2014 | File name: antibodies-a-laboratory-manual-second-edition.pdf | Download & Read OnlineUsing Antibodiesa Laboratory Manualespringerthis book benefits from being a second edition, in ... written in the form of a practical laboratory manual, ... features of the immune response, antigen-antibody.Date shared: Nov 09, 2014 | File name: A:1006344700838.pdf | Download & Read OnlineManual For The Laboratory Diagnosis Of Measles Rubellasecond edition .... 3.1 role of the laboratory in measles and rubella surveillance ...................... 18. 3.2 structure ...4.2 serological samples for antibody detection.Date shared: Nov 09, 2014 | File name: manual_diagn_lab_mea_rub_en.pdf | Download & Read OnlineManual Of Basic Techniques For A Health Laboratoryworldy – 2nd edition. who ... manual of basic techniques for a health laboratory. second edition ..... 11.4 tests for the determination of anti-streptolysin o antibodies.Date shared: Nov 09, 2014 | File name: s16537e.pdf | Download & Read OnlineKey Lab Manuals Fromgenes & Developmentmolecular cloning a laboratory manual, second edition ... antibodies aims "to put current immunological methodology into the hands of non-.Date shared: Nov 09, 2014 | File name: front-matter.pdf | Download & Read OnlineAntibodies A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition Pdfcypdfedward a. greenfield. antibodies a laboratory manual, second edition. publisher: cold spring harbor. laboratory press; 2 lab edition. (september 30, 2013).Date shared: Nov 09, 2014 | File name: antibodies-a-laboratory-manual-second-edward-a-9118773.pdf | Download & Read OnlineAntibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Second Editioncoldantibodies: a laboratory manual, second edition. the second edition of the classic lab manual antibodies, by harlow and lane, has been revised, extended, ...Date shared: Nov 09, 2014 | File name: CSHLPriceList.pdf | Download & Read OnlineAntibodiescold Spring Harbor Laboratory Presssecond edition. pages cm. summary: “the focus of antibodies: a laboratory manual, 2nd edition, will be unchanged from the original edition by ed. harlow and ...Date shared: Nov 09, 2014 | File name: AB2FM.pdf | Download & Read Online。
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Kriterium Criteria finanzielle Unternehmenssituation Kundenportfolio, Umsatzverteilung Eigentümerstruktur Patentsituation
- Erfahrung mit ähnlichen Projekten - Innovationsfähigkeit des Lieferanten - Kompetenzen bei Entwicklungsmethoden und -prozessen (Ist Entwicklung Kerneigenleistung des Lieferanten? Keine Entwicklungssteuerung sondern inhaltliche Arbeit) - Entwicklungsrelevante CAx-Werkzeuge und Prozesse - Kompetenzen in der Werkzeugplanung Entwicklung Development Entwicklungskompetenzen R&D competencies - Experience with similar projects - Innovation ability of the supplier - Competencies in R&D methods and processes (Is development core internal activity of the supplier? Not control of development but the real work) - R&D relevant CAx-Tools and processes - Competencies in tool planning
good laboratory practices
good laboratory practicesGood laboratory practices (GLPs) refer to a set of guidelines and protocols followed by laboratory personnel to ensure accurate and reliable scientific results. These practices are crucial in maintaining the integrity of research and are commonly used in various industries such as pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and environmental testing.One of the fundamental aspects of GLPs is maintaining a clean and organized laboratory environment. This includes proper storage of chemicals and reagents, regular cleaning of equipment, and maintaining an orderly workspace. By keeping the laboratory clean, the risk of cross-contamination and experimental errors can be minimized.Furthermore, GLPs emphasize the importance of accurate documentation and record-keeping. Lab personnel are required to maintain comprehensive records of all procedures, observations, and results. These records serve as a reference for future experiments, aid in troubleshooting, and provide evidence of compliance withregulatory requirements. Accurate documentation also promotes transparency and reproducibility in scientific research.Another crucial aspect of GLPs is the proper handling and disposal of hazardous materials. Laboratories often work with chemicals, biological agents, and radioactive substances that can pose risks to human health and the environment. GLPs dictate the use of appropriate safety measures such as the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), proper waste segregation, and adherence to disposal regulations. By following these practices, laboratories can ensure the safety of personnel and minimize the impact on the environment.GLPs also emphasize the importance of staff training and competency. Laboratory personnel should receive proper training on GLPs, laboratory techniques, and instrument operation. This ensures that experiments are conducted accurately and consistently, reducing the likelihood of errors and increasing the reliability of results. Regular training and competency assessments help laboratorypersonnel stay updated with the latest techniques and technologies, enabling them to perform experiments efficiently.Lastly, GLPs encourage regular quality control and assurance measures. This includes the calibration and validation of laboratory instruments, routine performance checks, and participation in proficiency testing programs. Through these measures, laboratories can confirm the accuracy and precision of their results, identify and address any potential sources of error, and maintain the highest standards of scientific integrity.In conclusion, good laboratory practices are essential for maintaining the quality, accuracy, and reliability of scientific research. By following guidelines such as maintaining a clean laboratory environment, accurate documentation, proper handling of hazardous materials, staff training, and implementing quality control measures, laboratories can ensure that their results are trustworthy and contribute to the advancement of science and innovation.。
基因敲除鼠鉴定英语
基因敲除鼠鉴定英语Identification of Gene Knockout Mice.Gene knockout mice are valuable tools for investigating gene function and understanding the genetic basis of disease. They are created by inactivating a specific genein the mouse genome, typically using homologous recombination. Once a gene knockout mouse has been created, it is important to confirm that the gene has been successfully inactivated and that the mouse does not have any unintended genetic alterations.There are a number of methods that can be used to identify gene knockout mice, including:PCR: PCR (polymerase chain reaction) can be used to amplify a region of DNA that includes the targeted gene. If the gene has been successfully knocked out, the PCR product will be shorter than the product from a wild-type mouse.Southern blotting: Southern blotting can be used to visualize the DNA fragments that contain the targeted gene. If the gene has been successfully knocked out, the Southern blot will show a different pattern of fragments than the blot from a wild-type mouse.Western blotting: Western blotting can be used to detect the protein product of the targeted gene. If the gene has been successfully knocked out, the Western blot will not show a band corresponding to the protein product of the gene.Immunohistochemistry: Immunohistochemistry can be used to visualize the expression of the targeted gene in different tissues. If the gene has been successfully knocked out, the immunohistochemistry will not show any staining for the protein product of the gene.In addition to these methods, it is also important to perform a variety of other tests to ensure that the gene knockout mouse does not have any unintended genetic alterations. These tests may include:Karyotyping: Karyotyping can be used to visualize the chromosomes of the gene knockout mouse. This test can help to identify any gross chromosomal abnormalities that may have been caused by the gene knockout process.DNA sequencing: DNA sequencing can be used to identify any point mutations or other small genetic alterations that may have been caused by the gene knockout process.Behavioral testing: Behavioral testing can be used to assess the behavior of the gene knockout mouse and to identify any behavioral changes that may have been caused by the gene knockout.By performing a variety of tests, it is possible to identify gene knockout mice that have been successfully created and that do not have any unintended genetic alterations. These mice can then be used to investigate gene function and to understand the genetic basis of disease.Here are some additional details about each of the methods described above:PCR: PCR is a technique that is used to amplify a specific region of DNA. The PCR reaction is carried out in a thermocycler, which heats and cools the reaction mixture in a controlled manner. The heating and cooling steps allow the DNA to denature, anneal, and extend, which results in the amplification of the target DNA sequence.Southern blotting: Southern blotting is a technique that is used to visualize DNA fragments that have been separated by gel electrophoresis. The DNA fragments are transferred from the gel to a nitrocellulose membrane, where they are hybridized to a labeled DNA probe. The labeled probe will bind to complementary DNA sequences on the membrane, which can then be visualized using autoradiography or chemiluminescence.Western blotting: Western blotting is a technique that is used to detect the protein product of a specific gene. The protein sample is separated by gel electrophoresis, andthe proteins are transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane. The membrane is then incubated with a labeled antibody that is specific for the target protein. The labeled antibody will bind to the target protein on the membrane, which can then be visualized using autoradiography or chemiluminescence.Immunohistochemistry: Immunohistochemistry is a technique that is used to visualize the expression of a specific protein in a tissue sample. The tissue sample is fixed and sectioned, and the sections are then incubated with a labeled antibody that is specific for the target protein. The labeled antibody will bind to the target protein in the tissue, which can then be visualized using microscopy.Karyotyping: Karyotyping is a technique that is used to visualize the chromosomes of a cell. The chromosomes are stained and then photographed under a microscope. The karyotype can be used to identify any gross chromosomal abnormalities, such as deletions, duplications, or translocations.DNA sequencing: DNA sequencing is a technique that is used to determine the order of the nucleotides in a DNA molecule. The DNA sample is sequenced using a DNA sequencer, which separates the DNA fragments by size. The order of the nucleotides in the DNA sample is then determined by analyzing the sequence of the DNA fragments.Behavioral testing: Behavioral testing is a technique that is used to assess the behavior of an animal. Theanimal is placed in a controlled environment and its behavior is observed. The behavioral testing can be used to identify any behavioral changes that may have been causedby the gene knockout.By performing a variety of tests, it is possible to identify gene knockout mice that have been successfully created and that do not have any unintended genetic alterations. These mice can then be used to investigategene function and to understand the genetic basis of disease.。
Experimentation on an 在动物身上做科学实验是合理的吗 英语作文
Do you believe that experimentation on animals for scientific purposes is justified？Are there any alternatives to animal experimentation？Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.You should write at least 250 words.Sample Answer:Medical science has improved tremendously over last few decades. The majority of the medicines available in the market have been tested on the animals and once the satisfactory results have been received, those medicines are approved for human use. Many people questionthese days is it required to torture animals in the name of medical needs. Experimenting on the animals for scientific purposes has been adopted since many years so certainly there must be few advantages of it.Firstly, human life is very important so it would not be a wise step to try medicines directly on humans. Experimenting on animals is a proved technique. Our science has discovered that the human body is similar to the animals. For example, the anaesthesia, which is used to make animals unconscious, works similarly on the humans.On the other hand, it is definitely inhumane to treat animals as a machine. Animals are tortured during the experiments. For instance, to test the nail polish, the chemical is put into rabbit's eyes. Because animals cannot speak, we are unable to understand their pain. In few of the experiments, the animal's body parts are being cut one by one to capture the record the medicine's effect. Science has progressed in all the directions. So, we surely have few alternatives which should be encouraged to alternate animal experimentation. One of them is to use more natural products. If the demand for the chemical product is reduced, suchexperiments would definitely be reduced. For instance, many cosmetic companies are selling natural beauty products, where it is clearly mentioned that "Not tried on animals". If people increase the use of such products, other cosmetic companies would also try to sell natural products. If we can develop medicines to reduce human pain, we should also create medicines to reduce animal’s pain during experiments.I believe that we all have equal rights to live happy and healthy lives on this planet. I wouldsay we should promote a healthier lifestyle to reduce overall use of the medicines.。
Asterisco Tech 电子系统与机械部位测试设备目录说明书
NI Aerospace and Defense Forum -Italy ▪Espositori Gold▪Asterisco Tech▪Info Solution▪IPSES▪MPG Instruments▪Virginia Panel CorporationAsterisco Tech designs and manufactures customized systems for the aerospace industry, focusing on EOL production testing and R&D applications for:•Mechanical transmissiono Tail Rotor Gearboxes for helicopterso Recirculating ball screwso Tiltrotor transmission tilting table•Fuel systemo Full fuel system testo Pumps,valves,injectors•Hydraulic and lubrication systemso Pumps,valves,linear actuators,filterso Ground support test stands for aircraftassembly lineso Impulse testing•Electric accessorieso Fano Control clochesMIL-PRF-5606-H Hydraulic test stand •Pneumatic systems•HVAC systemsBrakes test standLubrication circuit test standBurst and impulse test standASTERISCO TECH SrlVia Yuri Gagarin n.73 -06073 Corciano (PG)Tel. +39 0757825790 / Fax +39 0757823791Email:***********************Web: VIMODRONE(MI)ROMAGENOVATARANTOCONSULTING SERVICESATE/EOL SYSTEM TESTING BOARD TEST EQUIPMENTUser can create complex testsequences using the GUI, noprogramming skill is required.Ideal solution for R&D Labs, for V&VphaseSingle or multi DUT+ Real timeprocessing , Report generation on fileand DBTESTBENCH FOR VALIDATION AND TEST OF MOTORSThe system is able to stimulatethe DUT with electric signalsand thorugh BUScommunication to validate FW onboard. The system includes:-Real Time control logic-Manual control panels-Electric motors-Magnetic brakesIPSES designs and builds high-level solutions for aerospace & defense, industrial manufacturing, automotive & transport and energy applications, focusing on testing and embedded system development. Solutions cover a wide range of applications: functional, vision, RF and Boundary-scan testing with modular hardware and software, embedded development, timing and frequency generation applications.NI CERTIFICATIONS4 Certified LabVIEW Architects3 Certified LabVIEW Developers2 Certified LabVIEW Embedded Developers 2 Certified TestStand Architects1 Certified LabWindows/CVI Developer1 Certified Professional Instructor PARTNERSHIPNational Instruments Silver Alliance partner XJTAG technology partner and exclusive Italian reseller6TL Engineering technology partner and exclusive Italian and Switzerland reseller Microchip Platinum design partnerAddress Via Suor Lazzarotto,10-20020Cesate (MI)-Italy Phone +390239449519+3902320629547Mail **************-Web TESTING •FUNCTIONAL TEST •RF TEST •VISION & AUDIO TEST •BOUNDARY SCAN •COMBINED & INTEGRATEDTEST SYSTEMS •NON-REGRESSION TEST •TEST SEQUENCES RF TECHNOLOGIES Radar, GNSS, WiFi and WiMAX NI-SYSTEMS PXI, VST-VSA-VNA, DAQ CompactRio; FlexRio, CAN, HARDWARE AND FIRMWARE FPGAs, high-speed signals, embedded processors, PCBs SOFTWAREDEVELOPMENT•LabVIEW •LabVIEW real time •LabVIEW FPGA •TestStand •LabWindos/CVI •C++ C# •VHDLAEROSPACEDEFENSEAUTOMOTIVEUNITED STATES EUROPEASIA MIDDLE EAST TELECOMMEDICALMakers of Reliable Mass InterConnectSolutions for Over 60 Years50 Module Solution•High I/O solution (50 modules)•Intermixable connector modules •Platform configurationsupports 81.6 Kilograms•VXI Plug and Play Kit •Reliable connectivitybeyond 20,000cyclesNI Aerospace and Defense Forum -Italy ▪Espositori Silver▪CBL Electronics▪M3 Systems▪MeasureIT▪PCB Piezotronics▪Skytechnology▪TeseoAVIONICSDEFENSESPACENAVALSEMICONDUCTORSINDUSTRIALCONSUMER ELECTRONICSVOCABOLO BODOGLIE148/P/306059 TODI(PG)ATOM-T TEST & TROUBLESHOOTING•Every test system offers the possibility to make burn-in test, ATP, until test and validation of digital and analogue boards.•The common test platform to all GPATE ATOM2series guarantees application portability among the systems of the same family.•With the test systemcomes a ready touse and cost-effective softwareplatform enabling tobuild, maintain andautomate testapplications overtime without specificprogrammingknowledge.GNSS Simulation Test andMeasurement Solution•StellaNGC Simulation •StellaNGC Record & Playback •StellaNGC Scenario ReplayerAUTOMOTIVE | AERONAUTICS | SPACE | DEFENSETOULOUSE BRUXELLESSoftware suite which supports GNSS tests and measurements needs throughout the design cycle,from prototyping to manufacturing .Positioning Performance EvaluationGNSS SensorCharacterizationSystemIntegrationEnd of LineTestingbe the preferred technical partnerin sensors and instruments selection for National Instruments customersin the aerospace fieldMeasureIT Italy@PadovaMeasureIT Portugal@LisbonMeasureIT Spain@Barcelonasensors and components for aerospace measurements vibroacustics fluid/gas/oil electricalCASE ISOLATED ICP® TRIAXIAL ACCELEROMETERS Features:•Case Isolated•TEDS enable•Rugged and durable, thru hole mountingProduct applications:•Vibration measurements in the presence of electrical noise •Radar/Antenna testing•Flight and ground vibration testingSPECIAL SENSORS FOR A&D APPLICATIONSPCB Piezotronics is leader in the developing sensors for A&D applications such as:•Pyroshock accelerometers•Blast sensors•Low outgassing sensors for satellitesCome to visit our booth to discover the new triaxial ICP® accelerometer:▪Mechanically isolated▪Electrically filteredSTTE REALIZATION–HW DESIGN (ELECTRONIC AND MECHANICAL) AND SW•AVIONIC DEVICES, DIGITAL CARDS, RF CARDS ATE E TPS REALIZATION–HW DESIGN ELECTRONIC AND MECHANICAL) AND SW•AVIONIC DEVICES (CMA), DIGITAL CARDS, RF CARDSMULTIPATH FADING EMULATOR IP•SW-IP FOR NI VST•TWO-BEAM MODEL WITH FRACTIONAL DELAYS (RADIO BRIDGES)•CONFIGURABLE•CUSTOMIZABLEPROGRAMMABLE SPACE SUBSYSTEM BASED ON THE SPACE WIRE INTERFACESTTE FOR RFFE CARD–TEST BENCH FOR RADIOFREQUENCY CARD•TEST SW DI TEST DEVELOPED IN CVI•PXI BASKET WITH RF RESOURCES FOR MEASUREMENT MANAGEMENT•RF INTERFACE CUSTOM DRAWER•CARD MOUNTING UNIT•CUSTOM WIRING FOR DIGITALCONTROLS AND RF SIGNALS•SELFTEST•DOCUMENTATION(DESIGN, MDP,ROUTING DIAGRAMS, VTP, VTR)TESEO S.p.A.,part of Eiffage Group through Clemessy,is located in Turin (Italy)and has achieved an outstanding 41years hands-on experience as system integrator,electronics engineering and manufacturer,a specialized technology solution providerApplication Areas▪IronBird –Integration RIG’s –R&D Test Benches▪Manufacturing Test Equipment –STTE –SCOE▪Ground Support Equipment (GSE)▪Telemetry:UAV Links,Flight Test,RF Matrix▪Preventive,Corrective and Evolutive Maintenance▪Radiofrequency modules and applications▪Avionics (IFF-DCU,GPS FU,DSU)▪EW-EWCM Instruments,including RF Matrix▪NI Instrument and Full Test System Calibration▪RF/EMC/DO Testing NCAGE A1372BOA 128454000053683NI SLSC ARCHITECTURECome to visit us at the ExhibitionArea to see our latest NI SLSCsolutions for advanced test configurationTESEO TEFAS-LEFAS Test Bench for M346is a bench fortesting the fly by wire commands on stage A and stage B of M346.The goal is to have an automatic system capable to replace theold manual system used for test the first two M346.It’s used in theFinal Assembly Line and for the customer local test(AGE).Instrumentation:NI PXIAcquisition and control:NI LabVIEW,NI LabVIEW RTTESEO Special To-type Test Equipment(STTE)is the standard test bench for avionic modules,able to run Burn-In or Functional test procedures of Eurofighter Typhoon on-board electronics:▪Distribution Unit(DU)▪Multi Function Rail Launcher(MFRL)▪Integrated Tip Station Unit(ITSU)▪Safety Critical Armament Computer(SCAC)▪Not Safety Critical Armament Computer(NSCAC)▪Enhanced Safety Critical Armament Computer(ESCAC)▪New Enhanced Safety Critical Armament Computer(NESCAC)▪Fuselage Station Unit(FSU)▪Radar Altimeter(RA)Instrumentation:NI PXIAcquisition and control:NI LabVIEW,NI LabVIEW RTTESEO Servo Actuator Test Bench(SATB)is the standard test bench platform which serves R&D and product end of line test of:▪Linear servo-actuators for aircraft FLAPS▪Rotary servo-actuators for aircraft▪Leading Edge Flap Actuation System(LEFAS)▪Trailing Edge Flap Actuation System(TEFAS)▪Linear Main and Tail Rotors servo-actuatorsInstrumentation:NI PXI,NI cRIOAcquisition and control:NI LabVIEW,NI LabVIEW RT。
关于实验室检测的英语作文
关于实验室检测的英语作文I just got back from the lab testing and it was quitean experience. The process was pretty straightforward, but the waiting time was a bit long. I had to give a blood sample and wait for the results, which took a couple of hours. But I guess it's better to be safe than sorry, right?The lab technicians were really professional and mademe feel at ease during the whole process. They explained everything to me in detail and answered all my questions.It's important to have a good rapport with the people who are handling your samples, don't you think?The equipment in the lab was top-notch. I was amazed by all the high-tech machines and gadgets they had. It's reassuring to know that they're using the latest technology to ensure accurate results. I mean, who wants to deal with outdated equipment when it comes to their health?The waiting area was quite comfortable, with plenty ofmagazines and a TV to keep me entertained. It's nice that they try to make the experience as pleasant as possible, considering the circumstances. I appreciated the little touches that made the wait more bearable.Overall, I'm glad I got the testing done. It's always a bit nerve-wracking, but it's important to stay on top of your health. The lab staff did a great job and I left feeling reassured that everything was okay. I hope I won't have to go back anytime soon, but it's good to know that the lab is there when I need it.。
Evaluation of Coagglutination Test Kit for Red Sea
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology B 5 (2015) 437-440doi: 10.17265/2161-6264/2015.06.009Evaluation of Coagglutination Test Kit for Red Sea Bream IridovirusSurya Amanu1, Achmad Bahtiar Rifai2, Lina Yulianah2 and Pramudya Dwiwahyu21. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta 560862, Indonesia2. Fish Quarantine and Inspection Agency, Batam 29464, IndonesiaAbstract: Coagulation test, in principle, is an immunodiagnostics technique, in which immunoglobuline G of antibody is bound to protein A from Staphylococcus aureus. The aim of study is to develop a rapid test kit for detecting iridovirus infection in fish. Method was summarized as follows: (1) vaccine of iridovirus was injected to rabbit four times with a dosage as 0.5 mL, 1 mL, 2mL, 3 mL each week. Serum was collected at the fifth week as a coagglutination test kit; (2) through the positif polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test, the kidney and spleen sample infected with iridovirus are homogenized by using the phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution of pH 7.2 with ratio 1:2 (W/V); (3) the supernatant material is collected after centrifugation at 8,000 rpm for 15 min; (4) filtrate/supernatant from sample was dropped on a slide an added with coagglutination test kit with the same volume (1:1); (5) the agglutination observation is done after the 30, 60 and 90 min incubate at room temperature. The coagglutination test gave positive result in 25% of the test samples.Key words: Diagnostics, coagglutination, test kit, iridovirus.1. IntroductionImmunodiagnostic test using coagglutination with antibody-sensitised Staphylococcus has been recognized for its ability to detect bacterial and viral pathogen in fish. The method is proven to have many advantages for its characteristics, such as simple, fast, accurate and inexpensive especially for field application [1-6].This test does not require sophisticated laboratory equipment, but its value has been overshadowed by more expensive tools, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or flouresent antibody technique (FAT). On the other side, the test result needs less time rather than traditional/conventional diagnostic test.Coagglutination test is an immunodiagnostic technique, in which immunoglobulin G of antibody is bound to protein A from Staphylococcus aureus. This test can detect the presence of specific antigen inCorresponding author: Kurniasih, professor, research fields: fish and prawn disease. kidney and spleen or affected tissue of fish.Red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV) is the genus member that firstly was reported as the cause of serious illness especially for the marine culture fish species in East and South East Asia. Iridovirus is one of virus known as the main cause of grouperfish death. The infection of iridovirus for the grouper caused the grouper sleepy disease iridovirus (GSDIV). This infection of virus caused the mass death only in few days or weeks, the infected fish showed clinically symptom, such as abnormal swimming, lethargie and mortality sometimes reached 50%-90% within two months [7]. Histopathological studies of the affected fish showed enlarged basophilic cells in the gill, kidney, heart, spleen and liver [7, 8].The aim of study was to develop a rapid test kit for detecting iridovirus infection in fish from Indonesia.2. Materials and Methods2.1 Immunoglobulin PreparationSeparation of immunoglobulin is done byAll Rights Reserved.Evaluation of Coagglutination Test Kit for Red Sea Bream Iridovirus 438ammonium sulfate precipitation method [5, 9]. Equal amount of immune serum was added with 50% ammonium sulfate (pH 8.0) slowly while stirring by stirrer for 30 min. The suspension was centrifuged (6,000 rpm, 30 min), the supernatant was discarded and the pellet was resuspended again in physiological saline to initial volume and then re-precipitated using ammonium sulfate. Repeat this process up to three times. Precipitate/final pellet was re-dissolved in phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.2) to a number of initial volume and placed in a dialysis membrane. Aliquot is washed by immersing in dialysis membrane PBS solution for 48 h, with replacement of PBS solution every 12 h.2.2 Preparation of Protein AS. aureus isolates used is collected from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gadjah Mada. Isolates was propagated in tryptic soy agar (TSA) plate, harvested and centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 15 min three times. The final pellet was added 2% formalin and left overnight at room temperature. Aliquot then was heated at a temperature of 80 °C water bath for 15 min and immediately cooled in the refrigerator. Final suspension was centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 15 min and the pellet was added PBS 1:10 (w/v) [5].2.3 Coupling of Immunoglobulin G and Protein ASuspension of S. aureus and immunoglobulin G with volume of 1:1 is homogenized. After incubation for 2 h at room temperature, the suspension was centrifuged at 1,500 rpm for 20 min. Supernatant was discarded, PBS was added to return to the initial suspension volume and was used as a reagent for the coagglutination test.2.4 Positive SampleThe positive sample of iridovirus was collected from silver pompano (Trachinotus blochii) through the PCR test from Batam Island. That fish will be necropsied by taking some organs/specimen, such as kidney and spleen, meanwhile the negative control is using Nucleus-free water.2.5 Coagglutinatiom Test ProcedureCoagglutination test procedure was carried out using method described by Kimura and Yoshimizu [2]. The organ sample was homogenized using the physiological saline solution with ratio of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:4 (w/v) and then centrifuged at 8,000 rpm for 15 min. Filtrate/supernatant from sample was dropped on a slide and added with coaglutination test kit with the same volume (1:1). The agglutination observation is done after the 30, 60 and 90 min incubation [2, 3, 10]. The positive control uses vaccine killed Aqua Irido Vaccine product from Intervet International BV and the negative control uses Nucleus-free water .3. Results and DiscussionSerum anti to iridovirus is bound to protein A from Staphylococcus aureus which can large size, when the S. aureus-IgG coupling is bond to iridovirus antigen, a large complete is formed in spite of the amount of antigen, so it can be used to detect iridovirus of the organ without the need any special apparatus and can be seen with the naked eyes. Identification of iridovirus infection in fish using co-agglutination test takes only 30-60 min. The result showed that the test kit is able to detect iridovirus from organ samples in infected fish, faster, simpler and more economical than conventional biochemical.The positive result was marked by little sand around the suspension and can be seen with eyes or by the magnifying glass. For the negative result, the mixture suspension formed is a liquid and there is no agglomeration like sand (Fig. 1). This is happened because of the formation of agglutinin agglutinin S. Aureus than immunoglobulin complex with antigen from iridovirus. Antigen collected from spleen and kidney of fish which was infected by iridovirus showed little sand around the suspension (Fig. 2).All Rights Reserved.Evaluation of Coagglutination Test Kit for Red Sea Bream Iridovirus 439Fig. 1 Positive control iridovirus and negative control iridovirus.Fig. 2 Spleen and kidney positive iridovirus.In the present study, coagglutination test gave positive results in 25% of the test samples and Rotalex test gave positive results in 20% of the cases [4], proving that coagglutination is more sensitive than Rotalex test. In control group, coagglutination test was positive only in 2.5% of cases, showing that coagglutination test correlates well with Rotalex test. The Rotalex kits are to be imported and are costly. Therefore, coagglutination test is a good substitute for mass screening and quick diagnosis of rotavirus infection [3].4. ConclusionsThe application of the coagglutination test using Staphylococci specifically sensitized with protein A Staphylococcus aureus was able to detect iridovirus directly from the spleen and kidney infected organ of fish.The most importance of the co-agglutination test in the diagnostic of fish disease would be to detect the specific viral antigen in the organ or tissue of infected fish.Coagglutination method is proven to have many advantages for its characteristics, such as simple, fast, accurate and in expensive especially for field applications.References[1]Bootland, L. M., and leong, J. A. 1992. “StaphylococcalCoagglutination, a Rapid Method of Identifiying Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus.” Applied andEnviromental Microbiology 58 (1): 6-13.[2]Kimura, T., and Yoshomizu, M. 1983. “CoagglutinationTest with Antibody-Sensitized Staphylococci for Rapidand Simple Serological Diagnostic of Fish Furunculosis.”Fish Pathology 17 (4): 259-62.[3]Kimura, T., and Yoshimizu, M. 1984. “CoagglutinationTest with Antibody-Sensitized Staphylococci for RapidSerological Identification of Rough Strains of Aeromonas salmonicida.” Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 50(3): 439-42.[4]Mathur, M. S., and Bhave, G. G. 1993. “ComparativeEvaluation of Coagglutination and Latex AgglutinationTest (Rotalex Kit) for Detection of Rota Virus.” J.Postgrad. Med. 39 (3): 130-1.[5]Saharia, P. K., and Prasad, K. P. 2001. “Development ofCoagglutination Kit for the Diagnosis of Pseudomonasfluorescens Infection in Fishes.” Asian Fisheries Science14 (3): 293-300.[6]Taksdal, T., and Thoreed, K. 1999. “Evaluation of aRapid Coagglutination (COA) Test for the Detection ofInfectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus in Tissue Sample ofAtlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.).” Journal of FishDisease 22 (2): 117-24.[7]Wang, C. S., Shih, H. H., Ku, C. C., and Chen, S. N. 2003.“Studies on Epizootic Iridovirus Infection among Red SeaBream, Pagrus major (Temminck & Schlegel), Cultured inTaiwan.” Journal of Fish Disease 26 (3): 127-33.[8]Kurita, J., and Nakajima, K. 2012. “Megalocytiviruses.”Viruses 4 (4): 521-38.[9]Garvey, J. S., Crener, N. E., and Sussdorf, D. H. 1977.Methods in Immunology: A Laboratory Test for(a) Negative iridovirus(b) Positive iridovirus(a) Spleen(b)KidneyAll Rights Reserved.Evaluation of Coagglutination Test Kit for Red Sea Bream Iridovirus 440Instruction and Research, 3rd ed.. New York: W.A.Benjamin Inc. Publisher.[10]Yoshimizu, M., and Kimura, T. A. 1985. “Coagglutination Test with Antibody-Sensitized Staphylococci for Rapid and Simple Diagnosis of Bacterial and Viral Diseases of Fish.” Fish Pathology 20 (2-3): 243-61.All Rights Reserved.。
有人努力并最终实现梦想的英文作文
有人努力并最终实现梦想的英文作文My Big Dream and How I Made It Come TrueEver since I was a little kid, I've had this big dream. It's a dream that made my heart beat fast and my eyes get all wide just thinking about it. I dreamed of becoming a great inventor and creating amazing new gadgets and machines that would make the world a better place.Other kids wanted to be firefighters, doctors, athletes or astronauts when they grew up. Those are all really cool jobs for sure. But for me, there was nothing as exciting as the idea of using my brain to design and build totally new things that nobody had ever seen before!I loved taking things apart to see how they worked on the inside. I was always tinkering with old toys, tools and electronics to try and make new creations out of the parts. Sometimes they didn't work so well and I'd get in trouble for making a mess. But a lot of times, I was able to put things together in a new way that was useful or just plain fun.I remember one time I made this remote control car out of popsicle sticks, rubber bands, a small motor and some other odds and ends. It didn't go very fast, but it could do tricks likespinning around and jumping over little ramps. All the neighborhood kids thought it was the coolest thing ever and wanted me to make them one too. That's when I first started dreaming about being an inventor for real someday.In elementary school, a lot of my inventions didn't really work that well or were kind of silly ideas. Like the time I tried making a helicopter backpack out of a little motor, some balsa wood and a big plastic bag. It could barely get off the ground before crashing back down. My classmates all laughed at me and made fun of my "dumb invention." I felt so embarrassed, but part of me was proud for at least trying to make something totally new.As I got into middle school and high school, my ideas and creations started getting a little more advanced and realistic. I spent a lot of my free time in the school's workshop, learning about things like electrical wiring, coding, 3D printing and more. I'd stay late after classes experima lot of times working on my latest project. My friends thought I was a total nerd, but making stuff is what I lived for.There were plenty of failures and setbacks along the way though. Like when I spent over a year building this cool robot for a school science fair, only to have it completely malfunction rightbefore the judging. Or that time my 3D printed prototype for a new gardening tool snapped and broke before I could even test it out properly. With every mistake and mess-up, there were lots of tears, feeling upset, and wanting to just give up on the whole inventor dream.But I never quit because inventing is truly my passion. Each failure was just an opportunity to learn from my mistakes, get feedback, and figure out how to make it better next time around. Slowly but surely, my skills improved and my creations got more impressive.It all paid off my senior year when I entered an invention competition with this pretty awesome design for a new underwater robot that could safely explore coral reefs and help scientists study ocean life. I spent months working on that thing - building circuit boards, writing code, molding components with a 3D printer, and more. When they announced that my invention won the grand prize, I felt like I was dreaming! All the long hours, sacrifices, and effort were finally worth it.That big win gave me a ton of confidence and opened up new opportunities like getting investor funding, going on talk shows, and being recruited by a bunch of prestigious colleges and tech companies. They all wanted the "kid inventor" to jointheir programs or teams. But deep down, I knew my true calling was to start my own invention factory where I could freely build whatever I could dream up.So at 18 years old, just fresh out of high school, I used the prize money and initial investments to rent out some workshop space and buy a bunch of high-tech tools and equipment. I hired a small team of other aspiring inventors and makers. And just like that, my childhood dream was finally coming true as we started cranking out cool new prototypes.The first few years were really tough though, let me tell you. Running a start-up inventing company was way more complicated than just tinkering in my parents' garage. There was so much business stuff I had to deal with - hiring employees, managing money, marketing our inventions, and a million other things I knew nothing about at first. We went through periods of having basically no cash flow at all and almost shutting down several times.But just like when I was a little kid failing over and over again at making inventions work, I refused to give up on my vision and big dream. Through all the struggle and hard times, my team and I remained determined. We just had to figure things out and find smarter ways to operate.Eventually, things started taking off once we made a few key inventions and products that sold really well. With the revenue from those successes, plus more investors coming on board, we were finally able to truly grow and thrive as an inventing powerhouse!Ten years after starting that little inventing workshop, we now have a gigantic research and development facility. Hundreds of incredible thinkers, builders and designers are part of my team. And our cutting-edge technology has made a real positive impact in fields like renewable energy, medical tech, space exploration and so much more.We're probably most famous for our solar-powered survival pods that can provide shelter, water, and food for people displaced by natural disasters. Or maybe our robotic surgery system used in hospitals worldwide. And I'm incredibly proud of our work designing and prototyping the new Mars rovers that will help explore that planet soon.I often look back and am just amazed at how my crazy childhood dream of becoming a great inventor has led me to all of this success. If you had told that little 8-year-old kid tinkering with popsicle sticks and motors that he'd one day run a massive technology empire, he probably wouldn't have believed it!But that's the thing about big dreams - no matter how unrealistic they may seem, if you truly nurture that dream through hard work, dedication and perseverance, you can absolutely make it happen. Inventing and creating new things has always been my greatest passion. And by never giving up on that passion, it's now my reality.But for now, I'll just say that I am truly blessed to be living out my biggest dream as a wildly successful inventor. And I hope my story can inspire other kids to never stop chasing their biggest, craziest dreams either...no matter how impossible they may seem!。
怀柔实验室英语作文
怀柔实验室英语作文下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。
文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copyexcerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!The Huairou Laboratory is an amazing place where scientific wonders come to life. It is a hub of innovation and discovery, where brilliant minds from around the world gather to push the boundaries of knowledge.Walking into the laboratory, you are immediately struck by the buzzing energy and excitement in the air. Scientists in white lab coats scurry around, conducting experiments and analyzing data. The sound of machines whirring and beeping fills the room, creating a symphony of science.In one corner, you might find a group of researchers huddled together, brainstorming ideas for their next project. Their faces light up with enthusiasm as they discuss the possibilities and potential breakthroughs. It's a melting pot of ideas and perspectives, wherecollaboration is key.Moving further into the laboratory, you come acrossrows of high-tech equipment and cutting-edge technology. Microscopes that can zoom in to the tiniest of particles, machines that can analyze DNA sequences in seconds, and computers that can process data at lightning speed. It's a paradise for tech enthusiasts and science nerds alike.But it's not just about the gadgets and gizmos. The Huairou Laboratory is also a place of deep curiosity and wonder. Scientists here are driven by a thirst for knowledge and a desire to unravel the mysteries of the universe. They ask questions that have never been asked before and seek answers that have never been found.In this laboratory, failure is not seen as a setback, but as a stepping stone to success. Scientists here embrace the idea of trial and error, knowing that every failed experiment brings them one step closer to a breakthrough. They are not afraid to take risks and think outside the box, pushing the boundaries of what is possible.The Huairou Laboratory is not just a place of work, but a community of like-minded individuals who share a passionfor science. It's a place where friendships are formed and lifelong bonds are created. Scientists here support and inspire each other, creating an environment that fosters creativity and innovation.Leaving the laboratory, you can't help but feel a sense of awe and inspiration. The Huairou Laboratory is a testament to the power of human curiosity and the endless possibilities of science. It's a place where dreams are turned into reality and where the future is being shaped.In conclusion, the Huairou Laboratory is a place like no other. It's a melting pot of ideas, a hub of innovation, and a community of brilliant minds. It's where scientific wonders come to life and where the boundaries of knowledge are pushed. It's a place that inspires and captivates, leaving a lasting impression on all who enter its doors.。
发明书包的作文怎么写英语
As a high school student with a penchant for innovation, I have always been fascinated by the idea of creating something that could revolutionize the way we carry our essentials. This led me to the concept of inventing a new type of backpack. Heres how I approached this ambitious project.The InspirationThe idea struck me one day as I was walking home from school, laden down with heavy textbooks and supplies. My shoulders ached, and I could feel the strain on my back. I thought, There must be a better way to carry all this stuff! Thats when the seed of invention was planted in my mind.Research and PlanningI began my journey by researching existing backpack designs. I studied their features, drawbacks, and the materials used. I also looked into ergonomics to understand how a backpack could be designed to better distribute weight and reduce strain on the body. This research phase was crucial as it helped me identify the gaps that my invention could fill.Sketching and PrototypingWith a clear vision of what I wanted to achieve, I started sketching various designs. I wanted a backpack that was lightweight, durable, and had compartments for easy organization. I also wanted it to be adaptable to different body types and sizes. After several iterations, I settled on a design that I believed could meet these criteria.The prototyping phase was both exciting and challenging. I used materials like lightweight nylon for the body of the backpack and mesh for the back panel to improve ventilation. I incorporated adjustable straps and a unique compartment system that could be customized according to the users needs.Testing and FeedbackThe next step was to test the prototype. I enlisted the help of my classmates to use the backpack and provide feedback. Their input was invaluable. They pointed out areas that needed improvement, such as the need for more padding in certain areas and the addition of a waterresistant coating.Refining the DesignBased on the feedback, I made several adjustments to the design. I added extra padding to the straps and back panel for comfort and incorporated a waterresistant coating to protect the contents from rain. I also finetuned the compartment system to make it more userfriendly.The Final ProductAfter months of hard work, I finally had a backpack that I was proud of. It was not only functional but also stylish, with a sleek design that appealed to both practical and aesthetic sensibilities. The backpack was designed todistribute weight evenly, reducing the strain on the shoulders and back, and its compartments made it easy to organize books, laptops, and other essentials.The ImpactThe invention of this backpack was not just about creating a new product it was about solving a realworld problem. I received positive responses from my peers, and even teachers noticed the difference it made in the way students carried their loads. It was rewarding to see my invention making a tangible difference in peoples lives.Looking ForwardThis project taught me the importance of innovation and the joy of creating something from scratch. It also showed me that with determination and a bit of creativity, one can tackle everyday problems and come up with effective solutions. I am excited to continue exploring the world of design and invention, and I hope to one day see my backpack on the market, helping students and professionals alike.In conclusion, inventing a backpack was more than just a school project it was a journey of discovery and creation. It was a testament to the power of imagination and the potential of young minds to bring about change. As I look back on this experience, I am filled with a sense of accomplishment and a desire to continue pursuing my passion for innovation.。
中心实验室英文常见术语
中心实验室英文常见术语In the heart of the scientific community, the central laboratory stands as a hub of innovation and discovery. Here, a lexicon of terms is as essential as the tools of the trade."Experiment" is a cornerstone term, referring to a testor investigation to discover something or test a hypothesis.It's where curiosity meets methodology."Hypothesis" is the starting point of any scientific inquiry, a proposed explanation that can be tested by observation and experimentation."Data" is the raw material of research, collected through observation and measurement, and is the basis for analysisand conclusions."Variable" is a crucial concept, referring to any factor, trait, or condition that can change and potentially affectthe outcome of an experiment."Control" is a fundamental element in experimental design, where a standard is maintained to compare the effects of the experimental manipulation."Observation" is the act of watching and recording phenomena, a key step in gathering data without influencingthe outcome."Replication" ensures the reliability of findings, where an experiment is repeated under the same conditions to confirm results."Peer review" is a critical process in the scientific community, where research is evaluated by other experts to maintain standards and integrity."Publication" is the culmination of research efforts, where findings are shared with the scientific community through journals and conferences.。
中科院理化所 抗菌实验认证 英语
中科院理化所抗菌实验认证英语全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1Oh gosh, have you heard about the super cool experiment at the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (CASIPCR)? It's all about testing different substances to see if they can fight bacteria and stop them from spreading.This experiment is called the Antibacterial Test Certification, and it's super important because bacteria can make us sick. So the scientists at CASIPCR are working hard to find ways to stop them.They use special equipment and tools to test things like soaps, cleaners, and even medicines to see if they can kill bacteria. They conduct their tests in a lab so they can control everything and make sure their results are accurate.After testing different substances, the scientists write up a report with all their findings. If a substance does a good job at killing bacteria, it gets a special certification to show that it's effective.This experiment is not only fun and interesting, but it's also really important for keeping us healthy. So next time you wash your hands with soap or take your medicine, remember all the hard work that the scientists at CASIPCR are doing to keep bacteria away!篇2As a primary school student, I am excited to tell you about the certification of the antibacterial experiment at the Institute of Physics and Chemistry of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.So, let me tell you all about it in a fun and simple way!In the experiment, scientists at the Institute tested different materials to see how well they could kill bacteria. They found that some materials, like silver and copper, were super good at killing bacteria. These materials were then used to make antibacterial products like clothes, shoes, and even toys!The scientists did lots of tests to make sure that these products really worked. They put them in special machines that had lots of bacteria in them and watched to see how well the materials killed the bacteria. And guess what? The antibacterial products passed the tests with flying colors!After all the tests were done, the Institute of Physics and Chemistry awarded the products with a special certification that said they were antibacterial and safe to use. This means that we can now use these products to stay clean and healthy!In conclusion, the certification of the antibacterial experiment at the Institute of Physics and Chemistry is a big deal because it shows that the products are not only fun and cool to use, but also safe and effective in keeping us healthy. Yay for science!篇3Title: My Visit to the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of ChemistryHi friends! Today I want to share with you all about my super cool visit to the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Chemistry. It was so amazing and I learned a lot of interesting things about antimicrobial experiments!When I first arrived at the institute, I was so excited to see all the fancy equipment they use for their experiments. There were microscopes, test tubes, and all kinds of cool stuff! The scientists there were super nice and they explained to me that they were working on developing new ways to fight bacteria and germs.One of the experiments they showed me was testing different substances to see how well they could kill bacteria. They used a special machine to measure the effectiveness of each substance and it was so interesting to see how some worked better than others.I also learned that the institute has been doing a lot of research on antimicrobial resistance, which is when bacteria become resistant to the drugs we use to fight them. It's a really big problem and the scientists are working hard to find new solutions.At the end of my visit, I got to see the certificate of antimicrobial experiment certification that the institute had received. It was so cool to see how their hard work had paid off and they were recognized for their amazing research.I had such a fun time at the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Chemistry and I can't wait to go back and learn more about how they are fighting bacteria and keeping us all safe and healthy. Thanks for listening to my story, friends!篇4Hey guys, today I wanna talk to you about something super cool - the Antibacterial Experiment Certification at the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research!So, you know how germs and bacteria can make us sick, right? Well, the scientists at the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research are doing some really amazing experiments to find ways to fight those nasty little bugs. And guess what? They've come up with some really awesome antibacterial products that can keep us safe and healthy!The Antibacterial Experiment Certification is like a stamp of approval for these products. It means that they've been tested in the lab and proven to be super effective at killing germs and bacteria. How cool is that?And you know what's even cooler? The scientists at the Institute are always coming up with new and improved ways to fight bacteria. They're like our own super heroes, working tirelessly to keep us safe and healthy.So next time you see a product with the Antibacterial Experiment Certification, you'll know that it's been tested and proven to be super effective at fighting germs. Isn't that awesome?I don't know about you guys, but I think the work being done at the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research is totally amazing. Let's give a big thumbs up to all the scientists there who are working hard to keep us safe and healthy. Thanks, guys!篇5Once upon a time, there was a magical place called the Institute of Physics and Chemistry at the Chinese Academy of Sciences. This place was filled with amazing scientists who were really smart and loved to do experiments.One day, the scientists at the Institute decided to do an experiment to test how well different substances could fight off bacteria. They called this experiment the Antibacterial Test Certification.First, they gathered all the materials they needed, like test tubes, bacteria samples, and various substances to test. Then, they set up the experiment in a lab with big machines and fancy equipment.The scientists carefully mixed the bacteria with each substance and watched to see how it would react. Some substances didn't do much to the bacteria, while others made itshrink away. The scientists were amazed at how powerful some of the substances were at fighting off the bacteria!After many days of testing and observing, the scientists finally had their results. They found that some substances were really good at killing bacteria, while others weren't as effective.The Institute of Physics and Chemistry at the Chinese Academy of Sciences was so proud of their results that they decided to give the substances that passed their test a special certification. This certification let people know that the substances were really good at fighting off bacteria and keeping things clean and healthy.And so, the scientists at the Institute continued to do amazing experiments and discover new things to help make the world a better and cleaner place. The end.篇6Once upon a time, there was a super cool place called the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research. They were like the superheroes of science, always coming up with new ways to make the world a better place. One day, they decided to do an experiment to test some special superpowers that could help usfight off those nasty germs. They called it the Antibacterial Experiment Certification.First, they gathered all the super smart scientists from different corners of the world to join forces and work on this important mission. They rolled up their sleeves, put on their lab coats and got to work. They mixed and stirred different potions and concoctions until they came up with the perfect recipe to make things super clean and germ-free.Next, they tested their special potion on all kinds of germs and bacteria to see if it could defeat them. And guess what? It worked like magic! The germs were no match for the superpowers of the scientists' potion. They were vanquished and banished from existence!The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research was overjoyed with the results of their experiment. They knew they had created something truly amazing that could protect us all from getting sick. So, they proudly issued the Antibacterial Experiment Certification to prove that their potion was super effective at fighting off germs.And that, my friends, is the story of how the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research became the heroes of the Antibacterial Experiment Certification. They may not wear capesor masks, but their superpowers are just as impressive. Thanks to them, we can all rest easy knowing that we have a powerful weapon to keep those pesky germs at bay. Hip hip hooray for science!篇7The Antibacterial Experiment Certification from the Institute of Chemistry and Physics of the Chinese Academy of SciencesHey everyone! Today I want to talk about something super cool and important - the Antibacterial Experiment Certification from the Institute of Chemistry and Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. This certification is like a super special stamp of approval that shows that a product is really good at fighting off harmful bacteria. Isn't that awesome?So, how does this certification work? Well, scientists at the Institute of Chemistry and Physics test out different products to see how well they can kill bacteria. They use all sorts of fancy equipment and techniques to make sure the results are accurate. Once a product passes the test with flying colors, it gets the Antibacterial Experiment Certification.But why is this certification so important? Well, bacteria can make us sick if we're not careful. By using products that have theAntibacterial Experiment Certification, we can help keep ourselves and our families healthy. It's like having a secret weapon against germs!Next time you see a product with the Antibacterial Experiment Certification, remember that it's been put to the test by some really smart scientists. It's like having your own personal superhero fighting off bacteria for you. So let's all give a big cheer for the Institute of Chemistry and Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences for helping to keep us safe and healthy!篇8Once upon a time, there was a group of super smart scientists at the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Chemistry working on a super important project - testing the effectiveness of different antibacterial substances. They wanted to find out which ones could help fight off germs and keep us safe and healthy.The scientists set up a super cool lab with all sorts of fancy equipment to test out the antibacterial properties of different substances. They used petri dishes filled with bacteria and then added a drop of each substance to see how well it could kill off the germs.After lots and lots of testing, the scientists found out that some substances, like tea tree oil and alcohol, were super good at killing bacteria. They made a special report about their findings and even got a certification from the lab to show that their results were legit.The scientists were so happy that their hard work had paid off and they had discovered new ways to fight bacteria and keep us all healthy. They even wrote a super cool article in a science journal to share their findings with the world!And that, my friends, is the story of how the smart scientists at the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Chemistry helped us all stay safe from germs with their super awesome antibacterial research.篇9Title: Amazing Antimicrobial Experiment at Institute of Physical and Chemical ResearchHello everyone! Today I want to tell you about a super cool experiment that I saw at the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research. It was all about antimicrobial substances and how they can help kill germs and bacteria.First, let me tell you what antimicrobial means. Antimicrobial substances are things that can kill or stop the growth of bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms that make us sick. Isn't that amazing?In the experiment, the scientists at the institute were testing different antimicrobial substances to see how effective they were at killing bacteria. They used a special machine to measure the amount of bacteria left after the substances were applied.I was so surprised to see that some of the substances were really good at killing the bacteria. It was like they were superheroes fighting off the bad guys! The scientists were so excited about their results because it meant that they could use these substances to make things like hand sanitizers and cleaning products even better at keeping us healthy.I learned a lot from watching the experiment. I learned that bacteria are everywhere, even on things that look clean. But with the right antimicrobial substances, we can keep them under control and stay healthy.I can't wait to go back to the institute and see what other amazing experiments they are doing. Science is so cool! Thank you, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, for teaching meabout antimicrobial substances. Let's all work together to fight off those pesky germs!篇10Hey everyone! Today I want to share with you some super cool stuff about the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Chemistry and their antibiotic research certification.So, the scientists at the Institute have been working really hard to develop new antibiotics that can fight against harmful bacteria. They do all sorts of cool experiments in their lab to test the effectiveness of these new antibiotics.And guess what? The results have been amazing! The antibiotics they have developed are super strong and can kill even the toughest bacteria. This is really important because some bacteria can make us really sick if they aren't stopped.The Institute of Chemistry has received certification for their antibiotic research from a bunch of really smart scientists. This means that their research is top-notch and can be trusted to help fight against bacteria that make us sick.I think it's so cool that there are scientists out there who are working so hard to make the world a healthier place. Thanks tothe Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Chemistry, we can all feel a little safer knowing that there are powerful antibiotics out there to help us when we need them.Keep up the good work, scientists! We're all cheering you on!。
设计一个杯子英语作文
设计一个杯子英语作文As I embarked on the task of designing a cup, I was filled with a sense of excitement and a blank canvas of possibilities. The cup, a mundane object in our daily lives, was to be transformed into a masterpiece that marries aesthetics with practicality.ConceptualizationThe first step was to decide the purpose of the cup. Would it be for daily use, a decorative piece, or a collector's item?I chose to create a cup that could be used in everyday life, yet stand out with its design. I wanted it to be more than just a vessel for liquids; I wanted it to be a conversation starter.Sketching the DesignWith a clear vision, I began sketching. The shape of the cup was to be ergonomic, with a slight curve that fits thenatural grip of the hand. I envisioned a silhouette that is both modern and timeless. The handle was designed to be an extension of the cup's body, providing a seamless transition from the cup to the handle, ensuring comfort and ease of use.Material SelectionMaterial choice was crucial. I opted for ceramic for itsclassic appeal and the ability to retain heat or cold without affecting the drink's temperature. The ceramic also allowed for a wide range of artistic expressions through glazing and painting.Artistic ExpressionThe design of the cup was to be minimalist yet intricate. I decided on a hand-painted pattern that would wrap around the body of the cup. The pattern would be inspired by the natural world, with elements of leaves and vines, symbolizing growth and renewal. Each cup would be unique, as the hand-painting process ensures that no two designs are identical.Functionality and SafetyFunctionality was at the core of the design. The cup's rim was designed to be smooth for a pleasant drinking experience. The base was slightly wider than the bottom of the cup to provide stability and prevent spills. The cup's capacity was calculated to be large enough for a satisfying drink but small enough to be easily lifted and handled.Sustainability ConsiderationIn line with modern design principles, the cup was designed to be eco-friendly. It was to be made from high-quality ceramic that does not deteriorate over time, ensuring a long lifespan and reducing waste. The glaze used was lead-free, making it safe for daily use.Prototyping and TestingOnce the design was finalized, I created a prototype to test its functionality. The prototype was used for a variety of drinks, both hot and cold, to ensure that it performed well under different conditions. Feedback from users was gathered and incorporated into the final design.Final ThoughtsDesigning a cup is more than just creating a functional object; it's about crafting an experience. The cup I designed is not just a vessel but a piece of art that enhances the act of drinking. It's a testament to the idea that even the most common objects can be elevated through thoughtful design and creativity.。
BinaxNOW COVID-19 Antigen Self Test产品说明书
INSTRUCTIONSINTENDED USEThe BinaxNOW™ COVID-19 Antigen Self Test is a lateral flow immunoassay intended for the qualitative detection of nucleocapsid protein antigen from SARS-CoV-2.This test is authorized for non-prescription home use with self-collected anterior nasal (nares) swab samples from individuals aged 15 years or older or adult collected anterior nasal (nares) swab samples from individuals 2 years or older. This test is authorized for individuals with symptoms of COVID-19 within the first seven days of symptom onset when tested at least twice over three days with at least 48 hours between tests, and for individuals without symptoms or other epidemiological reasons to suspect COVID-19, when tested at least three times over five days with at least 48 hours between tests.The BinaxNOW COVID-19 Antigen Self Test does not differentiate between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. Results are for the identification of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein antigen which is generally detectablein anterior nasal (nares) swabs during the acute phase of infection. Positive results indicate the presence of viral antigens, but clinical correlation with patient history and other diagnostic information is necessary to determine infection status. Positive results do not rule out bacterial infection or co-infection with other viruses. The agent detected may not be the definite cause of disease. Individuals who test positive with the BinaxNOW COVID-19 Antigen Self Test should self-isolate and seek follow-up care with their physician or healthcare provider as additional testing may be necessary.All negative results should be treated as presumptive and confirmation with a molecular assay, if necessary for patient management, may be performed. Negative results do not rule out SARS-CoV-2 infection and should not be used as the sole basis for treatment or patient management decisions, including infection control measures such as isolating from others and wearing masks. Negative results should be considered in the context of an individual’s recent exposures, history and the presence of clinical signs and symptoms consistent with COVID-19. Individuals who test negative and continue to experience COVID-like symptoms of fever, cough and/or shortness of breath may still have SARS-CoV-2 infection and should seek follow up care from their healthcare provider. Individuals should report their test result through the NAVICA app and provide all results obtained with this product to their healthcare provider in order to receive appropriate medical care. All healthcare providers will report all test results they receive from individuals who use the authorized product to relevant public health authorities in accordance with local, state, and federal requirements using appropriate LOINC and SNOMED codes, as defined by the Laboratory In Vitro Diagnostics (LIVD) Test Code Mapping for SARS-CoV-2 Tests provided by CDC. The BinaxNOW COVID-19 Antigen Self Test is intended for non-prescription self-use and/or, as applicable for an adult lay user testing another person aged 2 years or older in a non-laboratory setting. The BinaxNOW COVID-19 Antigen Self Test is only for use under the Food and Drug Administration’s Emergency Use Authorization. This product has not been FDA cleared or approved.Turn OverTEST KIT COMPONENTS OVERVIEWDo not open any parts before reading instructions.!HOW TO USE THIS TESTSerial testing should be performed in all individuals with negative results; individuals with symptoms of COVID-19and initial negative results should be tested again after 48 hours. Individuals without symptoms of COVID-19, andwith initial negative results, should be tested again after 48 hours and, if the 2nd test is also negative, a 3rd timeafter an additional 48 hours. Y ou may need to purchase additional tests to perform this serial (repeat) testing.If you test negative but continue to have symptoms of COVID-19, and both your first and second tests arenegative, you may not have COVID-19, however you should follow-up with your healthcare provider.If your test is positive, then proteins from the virus that causes COVID-19 have been found in your sample and youlikely have COVID-19.FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONSWhat are the Known and Potential Risks and Benefits of this Test?Potential Risks Include:• Possible discomfort during sample collection.• Possible incorrect test results (see Results section).Potential Benefits Include:• The results, along with other information, can help your healthcare provider make informed recommendationsabout your care.• The results of this test may help limit the spread of COVID-19 to your family and others in your community.For more information on EUAs go here: https:///emergencypreparedness-and-response/mcm-legal-regulatory-and-policy-framework/emergencyuse-authorizationWhat is the Difference Between an Antigen and Molecular Test?There are different kinds of tests for the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19.Molecular tests detect genetic material from the virus. Antigen tests, such as the BinaxNOW COVID-19Antigen Self Test, detect proteins from the virus. Due to the lower sensitivity of antigen tests, there is a higherchance this test will give you a false negative result when you have COVID-19 than a molecular test would.How Accurate is this Test?Clinical studies have shown that antigen tests more accurately determine whether you are infected with the virusthat causes COVID-19 when taken multiple times across several days. Repeat testing improves test accuracy.This serial testing approach is recommended to minimize the risk of incorrect results. For more information on theperformance of the test and how the performance may apply to you, please refer to the performance data in theHealthcare Provider Instructions for Use available at www.globalpointofcare.eifu.abbott.What if I Have a Positive Test Result?A positive result means that it is very likely you have COVID-19 because proteins from the virus that causesCOVID-19 were found in your sample. Y ou should self isolate from others and contact a healthcare provider formedical advice about your positive result.What if I have a Negative Test Result?A negative test result indicates that antigens from the virus that causes COVID-19 were not detected in yoursample. However, if you have symptoms of COVID-19, and your first test is negative, you should test again in48 hours since antigen tests are not as sensitive as molecular tests. If you do not have symptoms and received anegative result, you should test at least two more times with 48 hours in between tests for a total of three tests. Ifyou have a negative result, it does not rule out SARS-CoV-2 infection; you may still be infected and you may stillinfect others. It is important that you work with your healthcare provider to help you understand the next stepsyou should take.What does an Invalid Test Result mean?An invalid result means the test was not able to tell if you have COVID-19 or not. If the test is invalid, a new swabshould be used to collect a new nasal specimen and you should test again with a new test.IMPORTANTDo not use this test as the only guide to manage your illness. Consult your healthcare provider if your symptomspersist or become more severe.Individuals should provide all results obtained with this product to their healthcare provider.LIMITATIONSThe performance of this test was established based on the evaluation of a limited number of clinical specimenscollected between January, 2021, and May, 2022. The clinical performance has not been established for allcirculating variants but is anticipated to be reflective of the prevalent variants in circulation at the time andlocation of the clinical evaluation. Performance at the time of testing may vary depending on the variantscirculating, including newly emerging strains of SARSCoV-2 and their prevalence, which change over time.All COVID-19 antigen test negative results are presumptive and confirmation with a molecular assay may benecessary. If you continue to have symptoms of COVID-19, and both your first and second tests are negative,you may not have COVID-19, however you should follow-up with a healthcare provider.If the test is positive, then proteins from the virus that causes COVID-19 have been found in the sample and youlikely have COVID-19.There is a higher chance of false negative results with antigen tests than with laboratory-based molecular tests dueto the sensitivity of the test technology. This means that there is a higher chance this test will give a false negativeresult in an individual with COVID-19 as compared to a molecular test, especially in samples with low viral load.Incorrect test results may occur if a specimen is incorrectly collected or handled.This test is read visually and has not been validated for use by those with impaired vision or color-impaired vision.WARNINGS, PRECAUTIONS and SAFETY INFORMATION1. For in vitro diagnostic use.2. Wear safety mask or other face covering when collecting anterior nares swab specimen from a child oranother individual.3. Use of gloves is recommended when conducting testing.4. Keep testing kit and kit components out of the reach of children and pets before and after use.5. In the USA, this product has not been FDA cleared or approved but has been authorized by FDA under anEUA.6. This product has been authorized only for the detection of proteins from SARS-CoV-2, not for any otherviruses or pathogens.7. The emergency use of this product is only authorized for the duration of the declaration that circumstancesexist justifying the authorization of emergency use of in vitro diagnostics for detection and/or diagnosis ofCOVID-19 under Section 564(b)(1) of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, 21 U.S.C. § 360bbb-3(b)(1), unless the declaration is terminated or authorization is revoked sooner.8. Incorrect test results may occur if a specimen is incorrectly collected or handled.9. Do not use if any of the test kit contents or packaging is damaged.10. Leave test card sealed in its foil pouch until just before use. Do not use if pouch is damaged or open. Onceopened, the test card should be used immediately.11. Do not dip the swab into the liquid reagent or other liquid before inserting the swab into the nose.12. Do not touch swab tip when handling the swab sample.Testing supplies are provided in each box.Test Kit Contains:Swab Test Card in Pouch Dropper BottleCOV O ID-19 AgCARDorThe NAVICA app allows you to track results for yourBinaxNOW COVID-19 tests.• Compatible smart phone includes Apple iPhone running OperationSystem (iOS): latest major version and two prior major versions(iPhone running iOS v12 or later), and Android Phones: latestmajor version and two prior major versions (Android phone runningAndroid OS v9 or later).• Download the app by scanning the QR code• Create an account• Perform a COVID-19 test (digital instructions available)• Record your result in the appAlternatively go to www.binaxnow-selftest.abbott for digitalinstructions.A positive test result means that the virus that causes COVID-19 was detected in your sample and it is verylikely you have COVID-19 and are contagious. Please contact your doctor/primary care physician or yourlocal health authority immediately and adhere to the local guidelines regarding self-isolation. There is a verysmall chance that this test can give a positive result that is wrong (a false positive result).A negative test result indicates that the virus that causes COVID-19 was not detected in your sample. Anegative result is presumptive, meaning it is not certain that you do not have COVID-19. Y ou may still haveCOVID-19 and you may still be contagious. There is a higher chance of false negative results with antigentests compared to laboratory-based tests such as PCR. If you test negative and continue to experienceCOVID-19-like symptoms, (e.g., fever, cough, and/or shortness of breath) you should seek follow up carewith your health care provider.An invalid result means this test was unable to determine whether you have COVID-19 or not. Re-test witha new swab and new test device. Please contact Technical Support at + 1 833-637-1594.For Use Under an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) OnlyFor use with anterior nasal swab specimensFor in vitro Diagnostic Use Only13. Do not use kit past its expiration date.14. Do not mix components from different kit lots.15. All kit components are single use items. Do not use with multiple specimens. Do not reuse the used test card.16. Dispose of kit components and patient samples in household trash.17. INVALID RESULTS can occur when an insufficient volume of extraction reagent is added to the test card. Toensure delivery of adequate volume, hold bottle vertically, 1/2 inch above the swab well, and add drops slowly.18. Serial testing should be performed in individuals with negative results at least twice over three days (with48 hours between tests) for symptomatic individuals and three times over five days (with at least 48 hoursbetween tests) for asymptomatic individuals. Y ou may need to purchase additional tests to perform thisserial (repeat) testing.19. An anterior nasal swab sample can be self-collected by an individual age 15 years and older. Children age 2 to15 years should be tested by an adult.20. If you have had symptoms longer than seven days, you should consider testing at least three times over fivedays with at least 48 hours between tests.21. Do not use on anyone under 2 years of age.22. Do not read test results before 15 minutes or after 30 minutes. Results read before 15 minutes or after 30minutes may lead to a false positive, false negative, or invalid result.23. There is a higher chance of false negative results with antigen tests than with laboratory-based molecular tests.This means that there is a higher chance this test will give you a negative result when you have COVID-19.24. The Reagent Solution contains a harmful chemical (see table below). Do not ingest any kit components. Ifthe solution contacts the skin or eye, flush with copious amounts of water. If irritation persists, seek medicallegal-regulatory-and-policy-framework/emergencyuse-authorizationFor the most up to date information on COVID-19, please visit: /COVID19STORAGE and STABILITYStore kit between 35.6-86°F (2-30°C). Ensure all test components are at room temperature before use.The BinaxNOW COVID-19 Antigen Self Test is stable until the expiration date marked on the outer packagingand containers. For information about current expiration dates for at-home OTC COVID-19 diagnostic tests,visit /covid-tests.Read all instructions carefully before performing the test. Failure to follow theinstructions may result in inaccurate test results.Test Card Parts:Top HoleTopINSTRUCTIONS - START HERECarefully read instructions prior to starting test.It is recommended gloves (not provided) also be usedduring testing. See other side for important information.6 drops: False negative result may occur if more Abbott Rapid DiagnosticsTechnical SupportUS+ 1-833-637-1594*****************Abbott Diagnostics Scarborough, Inc.10 Southgate RoadScarborough, Maine 04074 USAwww.globalpointofcare.eifu.abbott© 2023 Abbott. All rights reserved.All trademarks referenced are trademarks of either theAbbott group of companies or their respective owners.IN195150WEB Rev. 6 2023/01BinaxNOW™ANTIGEN SELF TESTCOVID-193x。
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A Laboratory for Prototyping and Testing Multimedia PresentationsOMBRETTA GAGGI and AUGUSTO CELENTANODipartimento di Informatica,Universit`a Ca’Foscari di Venezia,Via Torino155,30172Mestre(VE),Italia{gaggi,auce}@dsi.unive.itIn this article we describe a prototyping environment,which allows an author to setup and test a complex hypermedia presentation.It contains a visual editor,based on agraph notation,in which the nodes are media objects and the edges are the synchro-nization relations between them;an execution simulator,which helps the author to testthe presentation dynamics by manually triggering media related events;and a player,which allows the author to preview the presentation and to visually relate the executionevolution with the interpretation of the synchronization schema.Keywords:Hypermedia authoring and prototyping;media synchronization;multimediapresentation;execution simulation1.IntroductionThe integration of multimedia material into hypermedia documents on the World Wide Web is widely used in many applications like distance learning,web advertis-ing and e-business,virtual tourism,cultural heritage,news delivery,entertainment, and so on.The improvements in CD and DVD technology,the price decrease and the growth of network bandwidth for home connections bring hypermedia documents and applications to the consumer market with great acceleration.Authoring multimedia documents(often called multimedia presentations to highlight their active,dynamic behavior)is a complex task,since the author must deal not only with the structure and the layout of the document,but also with its temporal behavior.The task is more difficult when dealing with interactive documents,since unanticipated user interaction can alter the expected timing rela-tionships between media.In this situation the integration and verification of a mul-timedia presentation is a critical activity which cannot rely on repeatedly checking the execution under all possible circumstances.Rather,a structured model should support the document design,and simulation of media related events and user in-teraction should be possible in the prototyping phase,in order to test the synchro-nization and coordination among media under many event combinations,besides their unattended execution.In this article we illustrate LAMP,an authoring system oriented to fast pro-totyping and testing of interactive multimedia presentations.The acronym stands for LA boratory for M ultimedia presentations P rototyping;it is based on a tempo-ral synchronization model for multimedia presentations we have developed in past12O.Gaggi and A.CelentanoVisual editor Simulator ViewsSynchronizationschema XML filePresentation executionSchemaanimation Channel use Fig.1.The architecture of the LAMP environmentyears and presented in Ref.13.It allows the author to set up and test the dynamic behavior of a complex multimedia presentation by defining the synchronization re-lationships among media in an event-driven way.The model was designed with a focus on the World Wide Web,where the media coordination can be suitably de-fined by events triggering media download and activation,but can be used as well for synchronizing locally stored media collections,as in a CD-ROM or in a DVD.The prototyping system (Fig.1)contains a visual editor for authoring the pre-sentation,an execution simulator to test the presentation behavior on different media-related and user-related events,and a player for the preview and the actual execution of the complete presentation.In Fig.1rectangles are system components,and ovals are data structures and visual results.Dotted arrows connecting the three components mean execution integration,while solid arrows show the flow of data among them.The main component of the authoring environment is a visual editor based on a graph notation in which the nodes are media objects and the edges are synchroniza-tion relations between them,defined upon the occurrence of events like begin and end of the media components.Visual layout and playback channels can be defined.An execution simulator interprets the presentation synchronization graph and the layout specification.It does not require the actual media file to be available,using placeholders if they are missing.Its goal is to help the author to test the presentation behavior not only during a normal continuous play,but also in presence of user interaction,like pausing and resuming a presentation,stopping a media playback,or following a link in a hypermedia document.Simulating the behavior of a presentation with media placeholders rather than executing it with actual media files speeds up the test phase,since the media events can be issued on an arbitrary time scale,without waiting for long playbacks in each test case.It allowsA Laboratory for Prototyping and Testing Multimedia Presentations3 also the designer to test the presentation under different relationships among the mutual time properties of media,e.g.,by changing the order in which related media end,immediately observing the synchronization behavior for each case.In such a way,the number of cases which can be checked is increased without the need of supplying alternate mediafiles.This possibility is valuable when designing not a single presentation,but a generic presentation schema which can be instantiated with several mediafiles,generating different presentation instances derived from the same template.The design of a schema instantiated with variable data is common practice in dynamic Web sites,and is a practice emerging also in the multimedia domain8:the example that will be discussed in Section3.4is very close to this case.The visual editor generates an XML external representation,suitable for further processing.It is used by the player,and supports also other applications(not shown in Fig.1)devoted to multimedia presentation retrieval9and automatic generation of standard presentations from templates and variable data8.Many different views are supported by the editor,giving the author a complete control of the presentation layout,synchronization and media relationships.The authored presentation can be translated into other models and languages for use outside the LAMP environment,e.g.,in SMIL29,the W3C standard for multimedia document integration.However,differences with SMIL exist which affect the translation,as it will be discussed later.A player supports the presentation delivery tofinal users.It can be used also during the authoring phase as a previewer,showing the actual execution evolution according to the synchronization schema designed.This article is organized as follows.After presenting the relevant literature on multimedia and hypermedia authoring in Section2,in Section3we review the media synchronization model on which the prototyping system is built.The visual authoring system is illustrated in Section4.Section5and6discuss the features and the use of the execution simulator and of the player.Section7discusses the presentation translation into SMIL,pointing out the relevant differences between the two models.Section8draws the concluding remarks.2.Related Workmercial toolsMany metaphors are proposed by existing authoring tools.The simplest is the timed-based metaphor,used by Adobe Premiere1and Apple iMovie3:multime-dia elements are presented and organized in tracks along a time line.Macromedia Director23implements a theatrical metaphor in which text,audio and other media objects are cast members on a stage,and the score is a sequencer which animates the actors.These metaphors are simple and intuitive,but are not easy to manage and maintain,since a modification to the time of an event can require to adjust the time relationships between several objects.Macromedia Authorware22uses aflowchart-based paradigm where media objects4O.Gaggi and A.Celentanoare placed in sequence and grouped into sub-routines,like commands in procedural programming.With this metaphor the author needs not to explicitly define the time intervals ruling the multimedia presentation,which are computed according to the execution order of the media components.Microsoft Producer24and Accordent’s PresenterOne26are simple but effective tools for creating presentations for the Web which synchronize an audio or a video file with a set of slides,i.e.,images or HTML pages.Video and audiofiles are divided into scenes and synchronized to images on a timeline by automatically calculating their download time.Transition effects can be added to enrich the presentation.The MPEG-4standard15has solicited a number of authoring tools for producing coded media streams and scene descriptions.Envivio Broadcast Studio12supports both spatial composition and temporal composition of media objects.iVAST Studio Author16is a visual environment dedicated to the creation of interactive MPEG-4 content that providesfine-grain control over audio,video,2D graphics,animation and interactivity.It allows the user to build rich media presentations using familiar graphical user interface paradigms.A critical review of the issues related to the specific aspects of MPEG-4standard is in Ref.31.2.2.Research worksBesides commercial products,many research works have designed multimedia au-thoring models based on different paradigms,able to create and manage temporal scenarios.Many works are based on the SMIL language29.GRiNS7,a GRaphical INterface for creating SMIL documents29,provides three views,the logical structure view to define the temporal structure,the virtual timeline view to define and adjust fine-grain temporal interaction and the playout view to preview the presentation behavior and to define the spatial layout.SMILAuthor32is an authoring tool for SMIL-based multimedia presentations implementing the timeline metaphor.It is aflexible tool which helps authors to generate reusable multimedia presentations.Since the editing functions are very difficult to perform in the language domain,the system includes an algorithm to calculate the playback duration of each object,based on the Real-Time Synchro-nization Model,(RTSM),a model to represent the temporal relationships between media objects.Madeus21is an authoring and presentation tool which uses graphs to represent both temporal and spatial constraints of a multimedia document.Graphs are used also for scheduling and time-based navigation.The Hypermedia Presentation and Authoring System(HPAS)is based on the Media Relation Graph,a simple and intuitive hypermedia synchronization model34.A hypermedia presentation is modeled by a direct acyclic graph,where vertices represent media objects and directed edges represent theflow of time.HyperProp28offers three graphical views of the document:the structural view,A Laboratory for Prototyping and Testing Multimedia Presentations5parison of the most relevant authoring toolsAdobe Premiere timeline no partial1n/a Macromedia Director theatre partial2no yes Macromedia Authorwareflow-chart yes no yesiVast Studio Author icon-based partial2yes yesGRiNS icon-based yes partial1yes SMILAuthor timeline yes partial1yesMadeus graph-based yes no yesHPAS graph-based yes no noHyperProp timeline yes no yesMICE graph-based yes partial1yesMdefitimeline yes no yesLAMP graph-based yes yes yes6O.Gaggi and A.CelentanoIn the WWW media are delivered independently,and timing is subject to delays due to server and network load.For the applications we address,the synchronization of separate media needs not to befine-grained(e.g.,lip synchronization is achieved by merging into the samefile the video and the audio tracks),while it is important to address issues like the user interaction,that can modify the temporal behavior of a presentation with stops,reloads,VCR commands provided by players,hyperlink jumps,and so on.Moreover,while continuous media have a duration defined by their playing time, for static media the concept of duration is fuzzy,since they do not evolve in time, but their life depends on the timing of other media(in our model it depends also on explicit timers).Therefore a time line specification for hypermedia presentations that integrate continuous and non continuous media with user interaction can only be an approximation of the real behavior.An event-based description is simpler to draw and to adapt,since it allows the designer to concentrate on the relationships between media without anticipating the actual behavior of each media items.A user friendly authoring tool must allow the author to easily design and main-tain multimedia presentations,but also to understand theirfinal execution.Such different features can be provided by an event based approach(e.g.,aflow-chart or a graph notation)integrated with tools to test the real presentation evolution, with particular attention to the changes in presentation behavior such as the ones produced by user interaction.2.4.Multimedia presentation testingMost approaches described in this section lack tools to test the multimedia pre-sentation during design,before producing thefinal version.GRiNS,SMILAuthor, MICE,and also some commercial products like Adobe Premiere,provide tools to preview the presentation,but the user control during the preview is poor.In gen-eral,none of the examined systems is provided with true testing functionalities, through which the designer can exercise the presentation behavior under different execution conditions,with the goal offinding errors in the design or in the execution configuration5,25.Chan et al.10point out two major difficulties of multimedia software testing:the size and variability of media objects,and the environmental settings.At one side, in today’s multimedia presentations,designed to be delivered in different environ-mental conditions,each media object is in effect a placeholder that can be mapped to several instances with different properties and behaviors.Checking a presenta-tion with specific instances could not exercise the behaviors induced by different albeit compatible instances,and the extension in time of continuous media limits the number of executions that can be run.At the other side,the uncertainty in the environment of a typical multimedia application prevents one of the fundamental requirements of traditional software testing,the predictability of the results.Therefore,real-time testing models areA Laboratory for Prototyping and Testing Multimedia Presentations7 employed,related to resource management,quality of service and performance35. In such a way,the author can check if the expected behavior of the presentation can be obtained under the constraints and the variability of the delivery environment.The testing of the conceptual design,however,is a different testing activity. It is crucial whenever the multimedia presentations deviate from simple schemas based on sequential and parallel execution of synchronized media:i.e.,whenever the possible unexpected behaviors do not come from resource failures,but from wrong assumptions about the design of the presentation dynamics and of the media relations.As in traditional software verification,formal approaches can be used4,27,33,but they are difficult to apply when hypermedia concepts are introduced which multiply the execution paths to account for user interaction.They are also hard to apply to presentations based on afixed template enriched with varying media instances taken from a repository and instantiated at run-time.As anticipated in Section1, this scenario,drawn from the technology of dynamic Web sites,is becoming popular also in the multimedia domain.In our authoring environment we aim at providing specific testing features to help the designer to prototype a multimedia presentation by checking its behav-ior under different media relationships,during all the design process.The testing activity can be performed in a simulated environment,abstracting the relevant syn-chronization properties of the media without using actualfile instances,or using a previewer,thus obtaining the same view of thefinal user.According to software testing techniques,our approach belongs to the category of structural or white box testing25,based on the solicitation of the presentation control elements,i.e.,the synchronization relations and the channel allocations.As we shall discuss in Section5,our system provides a clear connection between the media synchronization schema defined and the behavior obtained.The author can test the presentation or a part of it by triggering media related events,viewing which relationships are activated and possibly changing those relations which induce an unexpected behavior.In this way,LAMP provides a good trade-offbetween a flexible presentation description and a user friendly interface.3.The Hypermedia Presentation ModelThe authoring environment we present is based on an underlying model for mul-timedia presentations we have defined and discussed in Ref.13.In this section we briefly review the components of the model that are necessary for understanding the LAMP overall philosophy.The temporal behavior of a multimedia presentation is based on reactions of media items to events.Start and end of continuous media are the basic events which can trigger changes in the state of other media.The user can interact by pausing and resuming the media,by skipping forward or backward,and by following hyperlinks leading to a different location or time in the same document,or to a different8O.Gaggi and A.Celentanodocument.At each user action the media must be resynchronized in order to keep the presentation coherent.Due to the event-based style of the synchronization relationships,a graph no-tation is suitable for visually representing a dynamic multimedia document:media are represented as nodes,and synchronization relationships are represented as typed edges.Compared to other approaches,discussed in Section2,this model is simpler because it does not require the knowledge of actual media timing;it is moreflexible, e.g.,than a timeline-based model,since a change in a temporal property of an object does not propagate to the definition of other objects’behavior.3.1.Media and eventsA hypermedia presentation is modeled as a set of media and media containers(called composites),hierarchically organized;the outermost composites are called modules.Continuous media like video and audio,called clips,are the units to which synchronization events are associated.Static media objects like texts and images, are called pages,and are synchronized by the continuous media behavior.Two special media control user interaction and timing:a user interaction object is a continuous media object rendered as a button or as an active area,whose end is ruled by the user clicking on it;a timer is an invisible continuous media object whose length in time is set statically.Each medium(except a timer)requires a device or a set of resources to be rendered or played.A channel is a virtual device which is used by one media item at a time,for all the duration of its playback.A channel can be a window browser on the user screen,a frame in a window,an audio channel,or a combination of video and audio resources like those required to play a movie with an integrated soundtrack.3.2.Synchronization relationsTable2shows thefive basic synchronization relations.The“plays with”(⇔)and the“activates”(⇒)relations roughly correspond to the par and seq tags of SMIL, but differences exist a.They behave as described in Table2only if media objects evolve naturally:in the relation a⇔b,object b is not terminated if object a is stopped before its end,e.g.,by a user action;in the relation a⇒b,if object a is stopped before its end,object b is not activated.The synchronization relations⇓,⇋andα>are mostly used with user interaction, which involve not only the control of media execution but also the activation of hyperlinks.For example,the relation a⇓b is used to propagate a“stop”from an object to other objects,and can model skipping forward or backward inside a timed a Section7discusses the problems of translating the presentation designed with LAMP into SMIL.A Laboratory for Prototyping and Testing Multimedia Presentations9Table2.The synchronization relationsa⇔b play a plays with b:when a or b is activated,a and b play in parallel;object a is master,when it ends b is forced to terminate,if still active.a⇓b stop a terminates b:a forced end of a is propagated to b.a α>b priαa has priority overb with behaviorα:when a is activated,b is paused(α=p)or stopped(α=s).Ifα=p,b isresumed on a’s end.10O.Gaggi and A.CelentanoFig.2.A sequence of screenshots of a television news summarythe television news broadcast(named TG1,TG2and TG3)of the public Italian network,which follow a common schema illustrated by the sequence of images of Fig.2,taken from TG1.After the opening titles(first image in Fig.2),which are accompanied by a theme tune,a short summary of each story is read by a speaker and illustrated by a video(images2,4and6);a title superimposed on the video appears immediately (in TG2)or after a short delay(in TG1and TG3).A short break between the stories shows an animation,which is a loop with the logo image in TG2,a fragment of the opening title in TG1and TG3(images3and5).A background tune is played during the summary.In our example we follow a mix of features of the three television news,and assume that after the last story an index of the articles is displayed,from which the user can select the ones to be delivered.Figure3pictorially shows the synchronization structure of such a presentation. The media items are represented by symbolic icons which recall their type:video, audio,text,etc..The voice of the speaker,the video and the title of each story are played in parallel,with a2seconds delay,set by a timer,between the video start and the title.When the speaker ends reading a story,an animated break is activated by the relation⇒between the story audio and the animation timer,and by the relation⇔between the timer and the animation;the animation loops,if it is shorter than the time set by timer,due to the relation animation⇒animation. The start of the break also removes the title of the previous story;this action has to be defined explicitly because the title is a static medium(a text)which has no dynamic behavior by its own.When the delay set by the break timer has elapsed,the break ends and activatesindex.Fig.3.The synchronization structure of a news-on-demand presentationthe following story.The background tune is activated after the opening title,as modeled by the relation op-title⇒tune,and loops continuously,as modeled by the relation tune⇒tune.In the last story,the end of the audio activates an index of the articles,stopping the background tune.The index is a list of hyperlinks to other presentations each of which features a complete article.The synchronization between the summary and the articles is defined throughα>relations,but are not discussed in the example.It is worth to note that the synchronization structure,while giving no informa-tion about the time length of the media involved,states that the duration of each story is equal to the duration of the audio comment,which is the master medium in the relation audio⇔video,causing the video to stop its playback when the audio ends.This consideration shows that the use of events to represent the synchronization among the media items is moreflexible than representations based on media tempo-ral properties such as,e.g.,a timeline.In fact,the graph shown in Fig.3represents a family of executions,where the exact duration of each medium(hence the exact sequence of media related events)is not defined,but the mutual occurrences are visible.For example,assuming that the video and the audio are longer than two seconds (the delay for the title display),hence that the title is displayed while the video and audio are still playing,two different sequences of media related events can be observed for each story:(1)the video ends before the audio,and(2)the audio ends before the video.In thefirst case when the video ends,its last frame is displayed until the end of the audio,while in the second case the video is stopped when the audio ends.A strict interpretation of the synchronization schema in Fig.3would require also to analyze the case in which the audio or video end before the title display,but this situation is not meaningful from the television news point of view, even if it is considered in the presentation schema.Generally speaking,the different behaviors subsumed by the synchronizationschema of Fig.3depend on the order of the media items natural end,and can be deduced from the number of permutations of end events associated to the dynamic media.The number of different reactions to synchronization events can also be deduced from the number of different paths in the automaton that formally describes the presentation evolution(ignoring the different executions of the tune loop),which is illustrated in Fig.7,in Section5.1.4.A Visual Environment for Authoring Multimedia PresentationsWe have developed a complete visual authoring environment for prototyping mul-timedia presentations using the Java language.The choice of Java,despite of per-formance problems,comes from the availability of platform-independent GUI and media player packages which allowed us to speed-up the prototype implementation.Authoring consists mainly in drawing the synchronization graph of the presen-tation;all the temporal aspects of the presentation are defined by manipulating the graph.The visual editor provides also facilities to design the screen layout and to de-fine the playback channels,to simulate the presentation dynamics,and to generate the XML description for the player.The authoring environment does not provide functions for editing the media components,but only to assemble the correspondingfiles;this is not a limitation, since a wide choice of good programs for digital media manipulation is available.The LAMP environment has been tested on MS-Windows,Linux and Mac OS X environments.It uses the Abstract Windows Toolkit(AWT)for the graphical user interface,which relies on the native GUI toolkit,thus preserving the look and feel of each platform.Thefigures included in this article show the interface of the Mac OS X environment.Three other libraries supported the development of the visual interface:•the Swing library17,a fully-featured library implementing windowing func-tionalities,•the JGraph library20,a library for graphs visualization and manipulation,used to implement the synchronization graph,and•the EZD library11,a generic graphics drawing library used in the simulatorinterface.The Java Media Framework(JMF)API19was used for implementing the player. JMF enables audio,video and other time-based media to be added to Java appli-cations,providing a simple architecture to synchronize and control several media objects.Even if a platform-independent version of the JMF libraries is delivered by Sun Microsystems,which should guarantee media compatibility,we experienced some differences in media support on different platforms,and different video and audio codecs are supported by optimized,platform-dedicated versions,such as the one for MS-Windows.For example,Quicktime MOV videos are fully supported,while MPEG-1files are supported by the Windows optimized version,not by the platform-independent version on Mac OS X.The configuration of codecs installed on the machine also influences the JMF behavior.The authoring system exports an XML description of the presentation,that can be further processed,through the JAXB library18(Java API for XML processing).The XML description is structured in three sections:the layout section contains the description of the channels used by the media items,which are defined in the components section;in the relationships section,the synchronization relation-ships of the presentation are defined.The components section contains both the description of the hierarchical structure of the document,in terms of composites, and the information about the media items,like the channel used and the location of the corresponding resource(attributes channel and file).Details about the XML description are given in Refs.8and13.A second XMLfile is maintained by the editor to store all the information needed to manage the visual properties of the presentation schema,such as the position of the media items on the screen,the coordinates of the connecting edges,the channel colors,and so on,describing the presentation in terms of the design user interface, discussed in the next section.4.1.The user interfaceThe visual editor provides two views:one to define the channels and the layout of the presentation,and one to define the temporal behavior.Channels can be of two types:regions,i.e.,screen areas,and audio channels.The user defines the size of the multimedia presentation window,and creates the regions by drawing rectangles on it;each region has a unique name.The audio channels are defined only by assigning them a name as illustrated in Fig.4.Colors distinguish the different regions,and are used consistently in the authoring process b.Regions can be moved and resized by direct manipulation.With reference to the example,two regions are defined:videotrack for the video component of each story,and headline for the story title.The opening titles,the break animation and the index of articles are also displayed in the videotrack region. Two audio channels are defined,audiotrack for the tunes and news for the speaker’s voice reading the stories.The temporal behavior view provides the author with a panel on which to draw the graph which describes the presentation dynamics in terms of synchronization among media.Each media object is drawn as a rectangle with an icon which iden-tifies the type.The rectangle is colored like the associated region(hollow for audio objects)to show the channel used.Consistency between channel definition and us-age is checked by the editor.New media objects and composites are inserted by selecting the corresponding b In thefigures distinguishable shades of grey are used to convey color information.。